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Anthony Wood's Athenae Oxoniensesand the Subscription The Society ofofEnglish English Studies 77 Tes>RAit:i･ 40, 77-88 (2010) ISSN: 0917-3536 Anthony Wood's Athenae Oxonienses and the Subscription Publication in Seventeenth-Century England TAKANO Michiyo Abstract The subscription publication is a publishing method which is thought to have devel- oped in seventeenth-century England, and it enabled authors and publishers to publish more specialized and expensive academic books. This study attempts to look at how Anthony Wood's Athenae (ixonienses was produced by the subscription method, including such as- pects as its advertisements, the subscribers, and the readership. Athenae (]xonienses was written by the antiquary, Anthony Wood, and published by the London bookseller, Thomas Bennet, by subscription in 1690-]691. There is a list ofsubscribers at the end ofthe vol- ume II ofAthenae ()xonienses. It contains infbrmation on the subscribers' names and titles. This paper examines the list and studies its influence and significance. At the same time this study attempts to reveal the involvement of the author and the publisher in the selling of the book. Introductien ene ofthe most Anthony Wood is important antiquaries ofthe seventeenth century. He was born in 1632 in Oxfbrd, and he graduated from-Merton College in 1652. Encouraged by Dn John Fell, the Dean of Christ Church, Wood started to compile his studies on the history of Oxford University. In 1674 he published Historia et Antiquitates Ciniu dron, through the university press. With this work his narne began to be renovvned. After the publication of Historia he proeeeded to write Athenae Qxonienses, again at the suggestions ofDr. Fell, who wanted him to write biographies of the writers and bishops who were assooiated with the university. Athenae is one of the most important biographical works in the history ofEnglish literature, arid it continues to have much value to this day. The first edition ofAthenae was published by subscription in 1691-1692 and it contains a IiSt of the subscribers, which pro- NII-Electronic Library Service The Society ofofEnglish English Studies 78 Tff)K Ji:IItl 4o (2elo) vides us with an idea of its contemporary readership, without it we might never have so pre- cisely identMed the audience of this important work. The subscription publication was a publishing method which supposedly developed in seventeenth-century England, and it enabled authors and publishers to publish more special- ised, and expensive academic books. This. study attempts to look at howAthenae (]xonienses was produced by the subscription method, including such aspects as its advertisements, the subscribers, and the readership. Therefbre, it is nQt the text this study will be looking at, but "paratext". what is called the There is a list of subscribers at the end of the volume II of Athenae dronienses. It contains infbrmatlen on the subscyibers' narnes and titles. This paper will exaJnine the list and study its influence and significance. I The practice ofsubscription publication emerged in seventeenth-century England'. The subscribers helped the publication ofbooks by giving money to the authorlpubtisher in ad- vance ofprinting. Befbre Athenae (]xonienses was published by subscription in 1691, sev- eral famous scholarly books had been printed using the same publication method. One exam- ple is John Minsheu's Ductor in Linguas: the Guidb into the 7bngtdes. Minsheu was an active linguist in the English Renaissance. The book, composed of 726 pages'in folio, contains Greek, Anglo-Saxon, and Hebrew letters. It came out at atime when England was experienc- ing an influx ofliterature frorn Europe. People wanted a good dictionary to be able to read all those new books, and Ductor in Linguas was undoubtedly something which weuld have fi11ed that category. On the other hand, because of the cornplexity of the type set, a great deal of ･have cost vvas certainly anticipated. Publishers would hesitated tQ deal with this sort of ' costly book since it would have been a kind of venture to do so. So finally it was the author himself who advenised hls book, showing a sample to his prospective customers. Minsheu successfu11y attracted a good number ofpatirons and, as a resuit, this dictionary was in print in 1 61 7. The subscribers counted more than 300, and the names were Iisted up and printed in 2 folio pages, at the end ,ofthe book. The list included the members ofthe royal family, arch- bishops, aristocrats, politicians, and other individuals. Minsheu actually updated the list of his subscribers several times. Another early example ef subscription publication in England is Brian Walton's Biblia Sbcra Polyglotta (I657). This bible is a set of6 volumes in folio, and･the subseription was NII-Electronic Library Service The Society ofofEnglish English Studies TAKANO Michiyo Athenae Cixonienses and the Subscription Publication in 17C England 79 1O pounds, which was an extremely high price at that time. Unlike Mlnsheu's case, it was not the author/editor who advertised this book. A person named John Pearson undertook adver- tising, and collected enough money to pay for the printing. Pearson himselfwas awriteT, but fbr this book he only functioned as an advertising agent, Other examples ofsubscription publication include Edmund Castell's Lexicon Hbptaglotton (1669), which vvas a dictionary in 7 languages; Alt these cases above were for highly learned and apparently very costly books. Even though these sorts ofbooks had tremendous academic value, they wouldnot sell well. There- fore, the publishers were naturally not keen on dealing with them. In these circumstances the author would have had to raise rnoney himsel£ Minsheu was a successfu1 exarnple. He would visit people trying to collect subscriptions, and he kept his subscribers' tist updated. What were his intentions? Was it his way ofshowing his gratitude immediately to his･new customers by adding their names to his original list? Or was it his tactics to attract mere subscribers by making the list ionger with many famous names? Some may give support to the ]atter view but it seems unwise to deny the former2. It is only proper that an author wishes to express his thanks to his patrons who have helped his dream come tme. The subscription publication was effected with subscribers' aid, and subscribers' names were reyealed in the published book in different ways. Their names are often listed in the book, and sometimes we see their names and ooat of arms in il1ustrations. A good example is Sir William Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (1655)f which was not favoured by publish- ers because monasteries were an unwelcome subject in the 1650s. Dugdale invited subserip- tions for the engravings at 5 pounds each, and he promised that the subscribers would have their name, coat ofamis, and motto on the illustration. Dugdale's other book 71Vie Histoi:y of St. Pauts Cathedral (1658) was also published after many patrons subscribed to the engrav- ings. In addition, there is amixed approach to subseriptions as well. We can see both two ways of revealing subscribers' names in John Dryden's 7]lie }lorks of P/iT:gil (1697). These who paid 5 guineas had their name, title, and coat of arms in the illustration, whereas those who paid 2 guineas had their name listed up in the preface. These are vaiuable pieces ofin- formation for the modern readers as they provide us with clues to the readership ofthe books vvhich we might not otherwise get to know. NII-Electronic Library Service The Society ofofEnglish English Studies 80 TenJ}ICJStM 40 (2010) II Anthony Wbod was an unusual antiquary: he was not interested in ancient buildings or prehisteric stones, but he was an antiquary who preserved the history of literary rnen. He wrete Athenae Oxonienses for the glory ofOxford University. No one had written a book like this to show the literary heritage ofa university. There are no such books for Paris University (The Sorbonne), or for Padua or Bologna or Uppsala. Wbod saw 0xfbrd as the place that has produced the greatest number ofwriters in history. It is better than ancient Rome, and it is as good as Athens, which had produced the greatest writings the world had known: Plato, Ae- 'Herodotus, schylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Euclid, etc. That is why Wbod titles his book Athenae Qxoniensis, the Athens ofOxfbrd. He explored every kind of record in order to compile his catalogue ofwriters. He reconstructed their biographies, and has identified their books, and he also knew what existed in manuscript. He read church records fbr their births, deaths and burials, and legal manuscripts. He knew the documents of the university intimately. He gives the reader personal memories ofmany of the writers, er he communicates stories about authors from people whom Wood knows. There are many personal anecdotes, often amusing or strange. The work is an astonishing record ofa univer- sity that has always encouraged writers. WOod tells us about mathematicians and philoso- phers, composers ofmusic and collectors ofmanuscripts. This is why Athenae Onfonienses has been of such importance since its publication. The eriginal title ofAthenae reads An Exact Histony)p ofAll the neitens and Bishops PVho have had their Education in the .Adost Ancient and thmous Uitiversity qf' Opt)re( .fi'om the F'ij7eenth }?ar ofKringHenry theSeventh, Dom I500, to theEhdofthe }Ziar I690. Represent- ing the Birth. fortunq Pwfermen4 andDeath ofall thoseAuthors and Prelates the great Accicients oftheir Lives, and the Ecxte and Character oftheir I7i"itings. 7b which are adoedl lhe thsti or Annals, ofthe said UinivensiijI IJbr the same time. As this long title suggests, the book contains biegraphies ofthe writers and bishops who had a cennection with Oxfbrd Uni- versity The first volume (1691) covers the years from 1500 to 1640, and it consists of 904 deuble-column pages in fblio.
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