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Polityka Zagraniczna Singapuru W Regionie Azji I Pacyfiku

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Polityka Zagraniczna Singapuru W Regionie Azji I Pacyfiku Polityka zagraniczna Singapuru w regionie Azji i Pacyfi ku 1 2 Anna Grzywacz Polityka zagraniczna Singapuru w regionie Azji i Pacyfi ku Warszawa 2019 3 4 Dedykuję Rodzinie 5 © Copyright Anna Grzywacz, 2019 Projekt okładki: Beata Świerczyńska Redakcja i korekta: Mateusz Błaszczyk Skład: Robert Lijka ISBN: 978-83-950424-5-4 Publikacja dofi nansowana ze środków dotacji celowej na pro- wadzenie badań naukowych lub prac rozwojowych oraz zadań z nimi związanych, służących rozwojowi młodych naukow- ców. Numer decyzji: 218919/E-656/M/2017 z dn. 18 kwietnia 2017 r. oraz 218919/E-656/M/2018 z dn. 10 lipca 2018 r. Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Asian Century/ Instytut Boyma WeWork Labs Patrycja Pendrakowska ul. Krucza 50 00-025 Warszawa tel. +48 600 363 955 Wydanie I Warszawa 2019 6 SPIS TREŚCI Wykaz skrótów i akronimów................................................10 Wstęp.....................................................................................17 Rozdział 1. Analityczna użyteczność kategorii adaptacji w badaniu polityki zagranicznej..........................................35 1.1. Pojęcie adaptacji w naukach społecznych ..........................35 1.2. Debata na temat adaptacji w polityce zagranicznej...........37 1.3. Charakterystyka i uwarunkowania adaptacji politycznej......................................................................47 1.4. Modelowe ujęcie adaptacji w polityce zagranicznej..........57 Rozdział 2. Wewnętrzny kontekst polityki zagranicznej Singapuru........................................................70 2.1. System polityczny i gospodarczy Singapuru.......................70 2.2 Tożsamość kulturowo-cywilizacyjna Singapuru...............103 2.3. Ogólne zasady i cele polityki zagranicznej Singapuru..............................................................122 7 Rozdział 3. Adaptacja w polityce Singapuru wobec Stowarzyszenia Narodów Azji Południowo-Wschodniej............................................135 3.1. ASEAN – znaczenie i rola organizacji...............................135 3.2. Polityka Singapuru wobec ASEAN w czasie zimnej wojny.................................................................139 3.3. Singapur wobec zmian politycznych zachodzących w ASEAN............................................................146 3.4. Singapur wobec zmian ekonomicznych zachodzących w organizacji.......................................................153 3.5. Singapur wobec zmian społeczno-kulturowych zachodzących w organizacji.......................................................171 3.6. Ocena zdolności adaptacyjnych Singapuru......................179 Rozdział 4. Adaptacja w polityce Singapuru wobec potęg obecnych w regionie Azji i Pacyfi ku: Chin i Stanów Zjednoczonych....................................................188 4.1. Znaczenie Stanów Zjednoczonych w regionie Azji i Pacyfi ku...........................................................188 4.2. Polityka Singapuru wobec USA – zmiany polityczne i bezpieczeństwo .....................................190 4.3. Polityka Singapuru wobec USA – zmiany ekonomiczne...............................................................197 4.4. Znaczenie Chin w regionie Azji i Pacyfi ku.......................199 4.5. Polityka Singapuru wobec Chin – zmiany polityczne i bezpieczeństwo .....................................200 4.6. Polityka Singapuru wobec Chin – zmiany ekonomiczne...............................................................209 4.7. Singapur między USA a Chinami – równoważenie sił w regionie...................................................212 4.8. Ocena zdolności adaptacyjnych Singapuru......................222 8 Rozdział 5. Adaptacja w polityce Singapuru wobec instytucji regionalnych, dyplomacji ekonomicznej obronnej oraz potęg regionalnych.............230 5.1. Adaptacja w polityce Singapuru wobec ASEM................230 5.2. Adaptacja w polityce Singapuru wobec APEC.................234 5.3. Adaptacja w obszarze dyplomacja obronnej....................236 5.4. Adaptacja w obszarze dyplomacji ekonomicznej............247 5.5. Adaptacja w polityce wobec potęg średniego zasięgu regionu Azji i Pacyfi ku................................253 5.6. Ocena zdolności adaptacyjnych Singapuru......................263 Podsumowanie...................................................................272 Spis tabel, schematów i wykresów......................................284 Bibliografi a.........................................................................286 9 Wykaz skrótów i akronimów AANZFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu ASEAN – Au- stralia – Nowa Zelandia (ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area) ACFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu ASEAN – Chiny (ASEAN-China Free Trade Area) ADMM+ – Spotkania Ministrów Obrony ASEAN Plus (ASE- AN Defense Ministers Meeting Plus) ADMM+8 – Spotkanie Ministrów Obrony ASEAN+8 (ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting plus Eight) AEC – Wspólnota Ekonomiczna ASEAN (ASEAN Economic Community) AFAS – Ramowe Porozumienie w Sprawie Usług ASEAN (ASE- AN Framework Agreement on Services) AFTA – Umowa o wolnym handlu ASEAN (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) AIA – Obszar Inwestycyjny ASEAN (ASEAN Investment Area) AICHR –Międzyrządowa Komisja ds. Praw Człowieka ASEAN (ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights) AIFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu ASEAN – Indie (ASEAN-India Free Trade Area) AIIB – Azjatycki Bank Rozwoju i Infrastruktury (Asian Infra- structure Investment Bank) AJCEP – Kompleksowe Partnerstwo Gospodarcze ASEAN – Japonia (ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership) AKFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu ASEAN – Korea (ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Area) AMDA – Anglo-Malezyjskie Porozumienie Obronne (Anglo- -Malaysian Defense Agreement) 10 AMF – Azjatycki Fundusz Monetarny (Asian Monetary Found) AMF – Forum Morskie ASEAN (ASEAN Maritime Forum) AMM – Spotkania Ministrów Spraw Zagranicznych ASEAN (ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meetings) ANZSCEP – Kompleksowe Partnerstwo Gospodarcze Nowa Zelandia – Singapur (New Zealand-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Partnership) APEC – Wspólnota Gospodarcza Azji i Pacyfi ku (Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation) APT – ASEAN+3 (ASEAN Plus Th ree) ARF – Forum Regionalne ASEAN (ASEAN Regional Forum) ASA – Stowarzyszenie Azji Południowo-Wschodniej (Associa- tion of Southeast Asia) ASEAN – Stowarzyszenie Narodów Azji Południowo-Wschod- niej (Association of South-East Asian Nations) ASEAN-ISIS – Instytuty ASEAN ds. bezpieczeństwa (ASEAN security institutes) ASEM – Dialog Azja–Europa (Asia-Europe Meeting) AWARE – Stowarzyszenie Kobiet na rzecz Działania i Badań (Association of Women for Action and Research) BIZ – Bezpośrednie Inwestycje Zagraniczne (Foreign Direct In- vestments) CECA – Kompleksowe Porozumienie o Współpracy Gospo- darczej Indie–Singapur (India-Singapore Comprehensive Econo- mic Cooperation Agreement) CLMV – Kambodża, Laos, Mjanma i Wietnam – grupa „no- wych” członków ASEAN CMIO – Chińska, Malajska, Indyjska i inne – kategoryzacja grup etnicznych w Singapurze CPIB – Biuro Badania Praktyk Korupcyjnych (Corrupt Practi- ces Investigation Bureau) 11 CSCAP – Rada ds. Współpracy w zakresie Bezpieczeństwa Azji i Pacyfi ku (Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacifi c) CSFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu Chiny–Singapur (China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement) DBS – Bank Rozwoju Singapuru (Development Bank of Singa- pore) EALAF – Forum Azja Wschodnia – Ameryka Łacińska (East Asian Latin American Forum) EAMF – Rozszerzone Forum Morskie ASEAN (Expanded ASE- AN Maritime Forum) EAS – Szczyt Azji Wschodniej (East Asia Summit) EDB – Rada Rozwoju Ekonomicznego (Economic Development Board) EFTA – Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Wolnego Handlu (Europe- an Free Trade Association) ESFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu ASEAN – EFTA (EFTA-Singapore Free Trade Agreement) EUSFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu Unia Europejska – Singapur (European Union-Singapore Free Trade Agreement) FPA – Analiza polityki zagranicznej (Foreign Policy Analysis) FPDA – Porozumienia Obronne Pięciu Sił (Five Power Defence Arrangements) FTA – Umowa o Wolnym Handlu (Free Trade Agreement) GCC – Rada Współpracy Zatoki Perskiej (Gulf Cooperation Co- uncil) GLCs – Przedsiębiorstwo powiązane z rządem (Government- -Linked Companies) GRC – Okręgowa Grupa Reprezentacyjna (Group Representative Constituency) GSFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu ASEAN – Rada Współ- pracy Zatoki Perskiej (GCC-Singapore Free Trade Agreement) 12 HDB – Rada Mieszkalnictwa i Rozwoju (Housing and Develop- ment Board) HDI – Wskaźnik Rozwoju Ludzkiego (Human Development Index) IAI – Inicjatywa na rzecz Integracji ASEAN (Initiative for ASE- AN Integration) IISS – Międzynarodowy Instytut Studiów Strategicznych (In- ternational Instituite for Strategic Studies) ISA – Ustawa o Bezpieczeństwie Wewnętrznym (Internal Secu- rity Act) JSEPA – Porozumienie o Partnerstwie Gospodarczym Japonia– Singapur (Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement) KSFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu Korea–Singapur (Korea-Singapore Free Trade Agreement) MAS – Władza Monetarna Singapuru (Monetary Authority of Singapore) NAFTA – Północnoamerykańska Umowa o Wolnym Handlu (North American Free Trade Agreement) ONZ – Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych (United Nations) PAP – Partia Czynu Ludowego (People’s Action Party) PECC – Rada Pacyfi cznej Współpracy Ekonomicznej (Pacifi c Economic Cooperation Council) PeSFTA – Porozumienie o Wolnym Handlu Peru–Singapur (Peru-Singapore Free Trade Agreement) PMC – Spotkania Poministerialne ASEAN (Post-Ministerial Conference ASEAN) POCA – Ustawa o
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