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Mesta Stradanja I Antifašističke Borbe U Beogradu 1941–44

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Mesta Stradanja I Antifašističke Borbe U Beogradu 1941–44 Mesta stradanja i antifašističke borbe u Beogradu 1941–44. Priručnik za čitanje grada uredili Rena Rädle i Milovan Pisarri Priručnik za čitanje grada . Mesta stradanja i antifašističke borbe u Beogradu 1941–44 borbe u Beogradu i antifašističke Mesta stradanja Mesta stradanja i antifašističke borbe u Beogradu 1941–44. Priručnik za čitanje grada 1 Impresum Publikacija: Mesta stradanja i antifašističke borbe u Beogradu 1941-44. Priručnik za čitanje grada Izdavač: Milan Radanović, Jurija Gagarina 109, Beograd Uredništvo: Milovan Pisarri (Pisari), Rena Rädle (Redle) Autori: Olga Manojlović Pintar, Milan Radanović, Milovan Pisarri, Nenad Lajbenšperger, Enzo (Enco) Traverso Autori tekstova u apendiksu: Ilija Malović, Nataša Lambić, Petar Atanacković Prevod: Milena Popović Lektura i korektura: Aleksa Golijanin Grafičko oblikovanje: ш kart Štampa: Pekograf, Beograd Tiraž: 700 Svi tekstovi su objavljeni pod licencom Autorstvo-Nekomercijаlno 3.0 Srbijа (CC BY-NC 3.0 RS) Dozvoljeno je: - deliti, umnožаvаti, distribuirаti i jаvno sаopštаvаti delo - remiksovаti i prerаditi delo Pod sledećim uslovimа: - Autorstvo: Morаte dа nаvedete ime izvornog аutorа nа nаčin koji je određen od strаne izvornog аutorа ili dаvаocа licence (аli ne tаko što ćete sugerisаti dа vаs podržаvа ili odobrаvа vаše korišćenje delа). - Nekomercijаlno: Ne možete dа koristite delo u komercijаlne svrhe. Bez uticаjа nа: - Odricаnje: Od svаkog ugovornog uslovа može dа se odstupi, аko dobijete dozvolu nosiocа аutorskog prаvа. - Jаvni domen: Ako je delo, u celini ili delimično, u jаvnom domenu, po merodаvnom prаvu, licencа ne može dа promeni stаtus tog delа. - Ostаlа prаvа: Licencа ne utiče nа sledećа prаvа: - Prаvа nаstаlа iz zаkonskih ogrаničenjа аutorskog prаvа; - Morаlnа prаvа аutorа; - Prаvа licа povezаnih s delom ili s korišćenjem delа, kаo što su, prаvo nа lični život i lični zаpis ili prаvo nа privаtnost. Nаpomenа Prilikom svаkog korišćenjа ili distribuirаnjа delа, morаte jаsno dа predočite drugimа ugovorne uslove pod kojimа je delo licencirаno. Nаjbolji nаčin je link premа ovoj internet strаni: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/rs/ Publikacija je realizovana uz podršku Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe a producirana je od strane Fonda B92 u okviru projekta „Poseta Starom sajmištu – Staze“. www.starosajmiste.info 2 3 Skraćenice 300 Indeks mesta 302 Indeks ulica 304 Indeks fotografija 306 Biografije 308 5 Predgovor 6 Umesto uvoda Enco Traverso - Istorija i sećanje: antinomski par? 10 Nenad Lajbenšperger, Olga Manojlović Pintar, Milovan Pisari, Milan Radanović Mesta stradanja i antifašističke borbe u Beogradu 1941–44. Prvi krug terora Uspostavljanje fašističkih zakona i institucija 34 Sedišta i zatvori okupacione uprave i kvislinškog aparata: Stari Grad – Palilula 38 Progon Jevreja: Palilula – Dorćol 84 Antifašistički otpor Širenje ustanka 104 Otpor u Beogradu: Vračar 105 Drugi krug terora Logori 134 Banjički logor i Topovske šupe: Banjica – Voždovac 135 Logor na Sajmištu: Staro sajmište – Ušće 176 Treći krug terora Mere odmazde 209 Stratišta: Okolina Beograda 212 Oslobođenje Beograda Kontinuitet borbe 230 Borbe u centru: Palilula – Stari Grad 232 Apendix: Petar Atanacković, Nataša Lambić, Ilija Malović Osnovne odrednice o fašizmu i antifašizmu 264 4 Predgovor Svrha ove publikacije je da bude oruđe u rukama svih onih koji nisu ravnodušni prema događajima u Beogradu tokom fašistič- ke okupacije 1941–1944. godine i koji žele da se angažuju protiv zaboravljanja, ćutanja i falsifikovanja tog mračnog perioda istorije. U uverenju da se žrtve zločina rasističkog genocida, počinjenog od strane fašista i njihovih pomagača, ne smeju zaboraviti, cilj nam je da razvijemo savremenu praksu sećanja, koja se ne ograničava na službene komemoracije, i koja bi mogla biti dostupna i važna mlađim generacijama. Zbog ponovnog uspona fašističkih pokreta i stranaka širom Evro- pe, sve više se ukazuje potreba za analizom i uvidom u društveno- ekonomske uslove fašizacije društva, te ideologiju i mehanizme fašističke politike. Usled diskreditacije komunističkog pokreta od strane vladajuće klase kapitalističkih država, nakon nestanka državnih socijalizama u Evropi, na površinu je isplivala politička rehabilitacija profašističkih snaga, koja izokreće istorijske činje- nice o antifašističkom otporu. Stoga je vrlo važno da u svetlu tih savremenih dešavanja, podstaknemo sećanje na ogorčenu borbu mladih i radnika Beograda organizovanih u antifašističkom otpo- ru. Oni su svoju borbu izneli pod nezamislivo teškim okolnostima, u okupiranom gradu i zemlji, održali su je i vodili sve do oslobođe- nja od strane Narodno-oslobodilačke vojske i Crvene armije. Nema sumnje da je na ovu temu već napisano mnogo značajnih studija, bez kojih ova knjiga ne bi ni mogla postojati; njih preporu- čujemo na odgovarajućim mestima u našoj publikaciji. Posebnost ove publikacije leži u transpoziciji istorijske građe u formu isto- rijskog vodiča kroz prostor jednog grada. Za nastanak ove istori- ografske metodologije zaslužna je sama praksa. Autorke i autori ove publikacije su se proteklih nekoliko godina u okviru inicijative „Poseta Starom sajmištu – starosajmiste.info“ intenzivno suočili s kontroverznim odnosima koje ovo društvo ima prema istoriji koncentracionog logora Sajmište i ideologiji fašizma. Kao sastavni deo proizašlih aktivnosti, organizovane su javne posete mestima terora i antifašističke borbe u Beogradu i okolini. To iskustvo i tada proizvedeni materijali poslužili su kao osnova za razvoj ove publikacije. 6 Publikacija je podeljena u tri celine: teorijski uvod u opšte proble- me istoriografije; praktični deo, koji se sastoji od tematskih organi- zovanih tura kroz izabrane delove grada Beograda; i sveobuhvatni pojmovnik o fašističkoj ideologiji, antifašizmu i pravnim merama protiv zločinaca. Publikaciju otvara prilog Enca Traversa (Enzo Traverso), koji donosi promišljanja o odnosu između ličnog seća- nja i istoriografije, kao i o javnoj upotrebi i politici istorije. Tekst je, uz ljubazno dopuštenje autora, preuzet iz knjige Il passato: istruzioni per l’uso. Storia, memoria, politica, i preveden sa italijan- skog na srpski jezik. Vodič kroz grad, sa prostorno-tematski uokvirenim turama i tekstovima Milana Radanovića, Olge Manojlović Pintar, Milovana Pisarija (Milovan Pisarri) i Nenada Lajbenšpergera, čini glavni deo priručnika. Taj deo je podeljen u Tri kruga terora i Dve linije otpora. Zatvori i institucije okupacione uprave u centru grada for- miraju prvi krug terora. Tura Stari Grad-Palilula vodi do zatvora Gestapoa, specijalne policije i sedišta raznih fašističkih organiza- cija, i objašnjava mehanizme aparata fašističkog terora i njegovu propagandu. Tura Palilula-Dorćol daje uvid u život Jevreja pod antijevrejskim zakonima. Drugi krug terora formiraju logori na periferiji tadašnjeg Beograda: Banjički logor, Topovske šupe i logor Sajmište. To poglavlje se uglavnom bavi Holokaustom, genocidom nad Romima i represijom nad antifašističkim borcima. Treći krug terora formira se od mesta egzekucija i masovnih streljanja izvan grada, kao što su Jajinci i Jabuka. Drugo poglavlje se odnosi na antifašističku borbu u okupiranom gradu. Jedna staza vodi na Vračar, a druga prema lokacijama borbe za oslobođenje u centru Beograda, sve do Groblja oslobodilaca Beograda. Treba naglasiti da je u izboru lokacija važnu ulogu imao kriterijum prostorne blizine i povezanosti. Zato smo se, osim u slučaju mesta za streljanja nadomak Pančeva i sela Jabuka, ogra- ničili na teritoriju Beograda, tako da, nažalost, sigurno jednako važna istorija Zemuna nije ušla u ovo izdanje. Za svako mesto terora ili otpora dat je uvodni tekst, koji sadrži osnovne informacije. U prilozima se nalazi veći broj istorijskih do- kumenata, pisama, priča i biografija ljudi koji su stradali i borili se na određenom mestu. Neki od tih dokumenata su objavljeni prvi put, kao, na primer, svedočanstva o stradanju Roma iz Marinkove Bare i Jatagan Male. Apendix sadrži pojmovnik, to jest, pregled osnovnih pojmova u vezi s fašizmom i antifašizmom, koji su sastavili Petar Atanacko- 7 vić, Ilija Malović i Nataša Lambić. Na samom kraju publikacije se nalazi registar ulica i mesta. Kako se može čitati ova publikacija? Iako je podeljena po lokacija- ma, ova knjiga se može čitati hronološki, od početka prema kraju, kao klasična istorijska studija. Ali, još bolje se može iskoristiti kao vodič i, zavisno od interesovanja, kao predlog za obilazak opisanih mesta. Ova publikacija je pre svega zamišljena kao vodič za struč- njake, nastavnike, istoričare, aktiviste i sve one koje žele da organi- zuju posete mestima koja svedoče o otporu i fašističkim zločinima u Beogradu. Predstavljeni materijali i predložene ture mogu im poslužiti kao orijentiri i građa za pripremu i osmišljavanje sop- stvenih obilazaka. Zahvaljujemo se svima koji su nam dali stručne savete i podršku, izašli u susret i pomogli u prikupljanju informacija, istorijskih dokumenta i fotografija. Zahvaljujemo se Dragošu Petroviću i Zorici Nataj iz Arhiva Jugoslavije, Slobodanu Mandiću i Isidori Stojanović iz Istorijskog arhiva grada Beograda, Biljani Stanić iz Muzeja grada Beograda, Vojislavi Radovanović i Branki Džidić iz Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja, Veselinki Kastratović i Radovanu Cukiću iz Muzeja istorije Jugoslavije, Milanu Koljaninu, Oliveri Milosavljević, Snežani Vicić, Draženu Viciću, Vesni Maslačak, Beati Niman, Mariji Vasiljević i Stanki Živanović. Rena Rädle i Milovan Pisarri 8 9 Enco Traverso Istorija i sećanje: antinomski par? Prisećanje Istorija i sećanje nastaju iz iste težnje i
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