A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 20 YEARS of COOPERATION UNDER the NBI First Edition-February 2019 Facts About the Nile Basin

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RwRawnadnada SoSuotuht Shu SduadnanThTeh Seu Sduadnan TaTnaznaznainaia UgUagnadnada ErEitrrietraea MMajajoor rL Laakkees sw witihthinin t hthee B Baasisnin LLaakkee V Vicictotoriraia, L, Laakkee T aTannaa, L, Laakkee K Kyyooggaa, L, Laakkee A Alblbeertrt PPooppuulalatitoionn ( T(oTotatal li nin a allll t hthee N Niliele C Coouunntrtireies)s*)* 443377 M Mililliloionn %% P Pooppuulalatitoionn w witihthinin t hthee N Niliele B Baasisnin** 5544%% ( 2(23388 M Millillioionn) ) TTeemmppeeraratuturere NNigighht tM Mininimimuumm - 1-100 c0 c a anndd d daailiyly M Maaxximimuumm i nin J uJunnee 4 4770 c0 c PPrereccipipitiatatitoionn MMaaxx A Annnnuuaal l2 2,0,09988 m mmm/y/yr ri nin E Eththioioppiaia MMinin A Annnnuuaal l0 0 m mmm/y/yr ri nin E Eggyypptt MMeeaann A Annnnuaual l ooww ( D(Disicschhaargrgee) )( m(m3/3y/yr)r )a at tA Aswswaann 8844 X X 1 1009 9m m3/3y/yrr DDisicschhaargrgee/U/Unniti ta arereaa 2828 X X 1 1003 3m m3/3K/Kmm2 2 MMaiainn C Coonnsusummpptitvivee W Waateter ru usese AAggrircicuultluturere CoCmompipleilde bdy b My ilMlily lMy bMubluirloir, oG, IGSI/SR/eRmemotoet See Snesninsign Sgp Sepceiacilaisltis (Nt (Nilei l–e S–E SCE, CE,n Etnetbebbeb)e) *S*oSuorucrec: eU: NU NP oPpouplualtaiotino Dn ivDiivsiiosino Wn oWroldrl Pd oPpouplualtaiotino Pn rPorsopsepcetcst 2s0 210212 WhWhaatt’s’s o onn?? JJananuuaarryy - - M Maarrcchh 2 2001313 DDaatete AAcctitvivitiyty VVeennuuee JaJann NNCCooRRee P Prorojejecct tE Eeecctitviveenneesss AAllll C Ceenntetersrs JaJann NNEELTLATACC/N/NEELLCCOOMM M Meeetitningg KKigigaalili 111 – – 1 12th2t hF Feebb RReeggioionnaal lM Meeetitningg f ofor rN Naatitoionnaal lN NBBI ID Deesksk O Occeersrs EEnntetebbbbee 222ndn dF Feebb NNiliele D Daayy c ceelelebbraratitoionns s( R(Reeggioionnaal la anndd N Naatitoionnaal)l) BBahahr rD Daar,r E, Ethithiooppiaia ( f(ofor rr egregioionnaal lc ceelelebbraratitoionns)s) AApprirlil 3388tht hN Niliele-T-ATACC M Meeetitningg EEnntetebbbbee CComomppileilded b by yT oTomm W Waakaoko, P, rPorojejcetcst sO Ocecre, rN, Nileil-eS-ESCEC -E -nEntetbebbee

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A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 20 YEARS OF COOPERATION UNDER THE NBI First Edition-February 2019 Facts about the Nile Basin

Basin Area 3,176 X 103 Km2 Location -4 0S to 310 N and 24 0 E to 40 0 E Main Tributaries Victoria Nile/Albert Nile, Bahr El Jabel, White Nile, Baro Pibor-Sobat, Blue Nile, Atbara, Bahr El Ghazal River Length 6,695 Km (one of the world’s longest River) Estimated Navigable Length 4,149 Km Countries

Burundi DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Facts about the Nile Basin Rwanda South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda Eritrea

Basin Area 3,17M6 ajX o1r0 L3 aKkmes2 within the Basin Lake Victoria, Lake Tana, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert Location -4 0SP otop 3u1la0tNio ann (dT o2t4a0lE in t oa ll4 0th0eE Nile Countries)* 437 Million Main Tributaries Vict%or iPao Npiulela/Atilobne rwt iNthilien, tBhahe Nr Eille J Babaseiln, *White Nile, Baro Pi5b4o%r- S(2o3b8a tM, illion) BlueT eNmilep,e Aratbtuarera, Bahr El Ghazal Night Minimum -100 c and daily Maximum in June 470 c River Length 6,69P5r eKcmip (iontateio onf the world’s longest River) Max Annual 2,098 mm/yr in Ethiopia Estimated Navigable Length 4,149 Km Min Annual 0 mm/yr in Egypt 3 Facts about the9 3 Nile Basin Countries Mean Annual ow (Discharge) (m /yr) at Aswan 84 X 10 m /yr 3 3 2 Discharge/Unit area 28 X 10 m /Km 3 2 Facts about the Nile BasiBnurundi DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Basin Area 3,176 X 10 Km Main Consumptive Water use Location Agriculture -4 0S to 310 N and 24 0 E to 40 0 E Compiled by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) Basin Area 3,176 X 103 Km2 *Source: UN Population Division World Population Prospects 2012 Rwanda South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda EriMtrea in Tributaries Victoria Nile/Albert Nile, Bahr El Jabel, White Nile, Baro Pibor-Sobat, Location -4 0S to 310 N and 24 0 E to 40 0 E Blue Nile, Atbara, Bahr El Ghazal Major Lakes within the Basin LakWhe Victaortia’s, L aoken T?an a,J Lanake Kuyoagray, L a-k eM Alaberrct h 2013 Main Tributaries Victoria Nile/Albert Nile, Bahr ERl Jivaebre Ll,e Wnghitthe Nile, Baro Pibor-Sobat, 6,695 Km (one of the world’s longest River) Population (Total in all the Nile Countries)* 437 Million Date Blue Nile, AtbAacrtai,v Bitayhr El GhazaElstimated Navigable Length Venue 4,149 Km Facts% ab Popoulautiotn t wheithin N thiel Neil eB Bassiin*n 54% (238 MillionF)acts about the Nile Basin River Length Jan 6,695 Km (onNeC oof Rthee P wroojerlcdt’ sE loenCcgotieuvsnettn Rrieievssser) All Centers 0 0 TemperatureEstimated Navigable Length Nig3ht M2inim4,u1m49 -K1m0 c and daily Maximum in June 47 c 3 2 Basin Area 3,176 X 10 J Kamn Basin ANreEaLTAC/NELCOM Meeting 3,176 X 10 KKmigali Burundi DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Precipitation Fac0ts Maba0x oAnunuta lt 20he,098 Nmm0il/eyr iBn Eathsiionpia 0 0 0 0 Location Countries -4 S to 31 N and t2h 4 E toL oc40atEion -4 S to 31 N and 24 E to 40 E Facts about the NilMei nB1 A1an –nsi 1u2an lF 0e mb m/yNBIr in ERg eMEMBERygpiotnal Meeting STATESfor National NBI Desk Ocers Entebbe Main Tributaries Victoria Nile/AndlbeTrBtu HrNunidlEieM, BNaDahRin CIor LTn EgroilEb Jua EBbtgyaeprAtli,e WsShiIENttehio N piCaileO, BKeaUnryaoN PibToRr-SIoEbSat, Victoria Nile/Albert Nile, Bahr El Jabel, White Nile, Baro Pibor-Sobat, Mean Annual ow (Discharge) (m 3/yr) at AswBasnin Are8a4 X2 120 9 F meb3/yr Nile Day celebrations3 ,(1R7e6g Xio 1n0a3l Kanmd2 National) Bahr Dar, EthiRowapndia (foSro urtegh SudioannTahel ScuedalnebrTantzaionians) Uganda Eritrea Blue Nile, Atbara, Bahr El Ghazal Blue Nile, Atbara, Bahr El Ghazal 3 2 Discharge/Unit area Basin Area Location28 XA 1p0ri3l m3/Km 2 3,13786t hX N 1i0le- KTAmC MeetMinaj-g4o0rS L taok 3e1s0 wNi tahnidn 2th4e0 EB atosi 4n0 0 E Entebbe Lake Victoria, Lake Tana, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert River Length 6,6290 5 Km (one of the woRrilvde’sr lLoennggetsht River3)0 6,6954 0Km (one of the world’s longest River) 0 Fac0 ts abo0 ut the0 Nile Basin Main Consumptive WLaoctera utisoen Main TribAugtarCircomiueslptuileredR bwayn Tdoa m WSaoautk-h4o S,u PdSarno tjToehc e3 tSsu1 dOaNn caeTnra,n dNza i2nleia4-SEEC U t-VgoEain cd4tate0obbriEeaE rNitrielae/Albert Nile, Bahr El Jabel, White Nile, Baro Pibor-Sobat, Estimated Navigable Length 4,149 Km Estimated Navigable LengPtohpulation (Total in all the N4i,l1e4 C9o Kumntries)* 437 Million Compiled by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/RemoLtee Sbenasninog Snpecialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) Major LakeMs awinit hTrinib tuhtea rBieassin Lake VictoVriiac,t Loarikae N Tialen/aA, lLbaekret NKyiloeBg, lBau,ahe L Nar kiElel ,JA AalbtbeaSlr,yrt Wari,a hiBna tAehr raN bEi lRe Ge, hBpuabzrolaicl Pibor-SoIbraant , (I3slamic2 Republic of) Countries Countries Basin Area*Source: %UN PPopoulpatuionl aDivtiisoion W worlidt Phoipnula ttihone P rNospileect sB 20a12sin* 3,176 X 10 Km54% (238 Million) Blue Nile, Atbara, Bahr El Ghazal Population (Total in all the Nile CoRuivnetr iLees)n*gtQh uiz 437 Million Location Te6m,6p9e5r aKtmure (one of the world’s longes-t4 R0ivSe tro) 310 N anNdi g24ht0 EM tino i4m0u0mE -100 c and daily Maximum in June 470 c What’s on? JRaniver uLeangrtyh - MarcBhuru nd2i 013DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia6,69K5e nKyam (one of the world’s longest River) Burundi DR Congo EgyIprtaq Ethiopia Kenya % Population within the Nile BasiEns*timated NWavhigaatbl ie5s 4 Lt%ehn e(g2 t3mh8 aMjoillrio dnM)eatienr TmribinutaanrietP sore4fc, 1pip4op9it aKtumiWolnaesttio Bann kdistribution in Vtihcteo rNiai Nleil eB/AalsbMieanrxt? ANnilen,u Baahl 2r,0 E9l 8J ambmel,/ yWr hiint Eet Nhiloep, iBaa ro Pibor-Sobat, Facts about the Nile Basin Jordan Date TemperatAuEcresttiivmitayted Navigable LeCnogutnhtries Night Mini4m,1u4m9V eK-1nm0u0ec and daily MaximumIs riane lJune 470 c Min Annual 0 mm/yr in Egypt Send your answer to: [email protected] Blue Nile, Atbara, Bahr El Ghazal 0 0

3 Countries Rwanda South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania 3 Ugan2da Eritrea Rwanda 3South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Ug9anda3 3 Eritrea Jan PrBecaispinit aAtNrieoCanoRe Project Eectiveness Ma3x,1 A76n nXu 1a0l 2 K,0Am9llR8 iCv menrm Lte/eyrnsr ginth EthMioeBpuariunan dAi nnDuaR Coln goowE gy(DptischaErtghieop)i a(m Ke/nyyra)6 a,6t 9A5s Kwman (one o8f4 t Xh e1 0wo mrld/’sy rlongest River) Answer to the previous quiz question Kuwait e 3 3 2 0 0 0 l 0 Major Lakes within the Basin Lake Victoria, LakeM Tiann AaM,n LnajaukoaBerul rLK0unay dmoki egmsa /wD, yRL riCat oihnkgieo nE A gthlEybgyepei p tBtrtasinEthiopia Kenya Lake Victoria, Lake Tana, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert N Discharge/Unit area 28 X 10 m /Km Location The sing-l4e Sm to s3t1 iNm apnEsdot ri2mt4atEne tdo i N4n a0tvriEaga bblaes Lienn aggthricultural trade com4m,14o9d Kimty by volume among the Nile n Jan NELTAC/NELCOM Meeting Kigali i a 3 9 3 M Population (Total iMn eMaallan ti nhA eTn rNnibuailuet lC a oroiuewsn t(Drieissc)*harge) (m 4/y3r7) aMt iAllisowBnaansin r8i4pV Xaic r1tPoi0aoripna mu Nslai/tlyteairo/tAneCl bs(oT euiorsnt atNmril ielnaes ,ai Bzllahe th.reM E Nail iJlnae b CCeooln,u Wsnuthimritepest )Ni*viele W, Baatreor uPis4be3o7r -MSoilbliaotn, Agriculture 11 – 12th Feb Regional Meeting for National NBI Desk Ocers Entebbe Rwanda South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda Eritrea Discharge/Unit area 28B Xlu 1e0 N3 imle3, /AKtmba2ra, Bahr El Ghazal Compiled by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) % Population within the Nile Basin* Libya 54% (238 Million) % PoRpwaundlationSo uwthi Stuhdain Tthhe Seu dNanileT aBnazasnian* Uganda Eritrea 54% (238 Million) *Source: UN Population Division World Population Prospects 2012 22nd Feb Nile Day celebrations (ReMgajioonra Ll aakneds Nwaitthioin athl)e Basin Bahr DEgayrp, Et thiopia (Lfaokr er egViciotonraial c, eLalekber Taatinoan, sL)ake KyogaB,u Lruandki e ADlbR Ceorngto Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Temperature MaiRinv eCro Lnesnugmthptive Water use Night MinMimeummb -1eA0rg 06scr,t i6ac9nuTt5eldt mK usdmreapie l(yonr aMteua reoxifm thuem w ionr Jldu’ns elo 4n7g0ecst River) Night Minimum -100 c and daily Maximum in June 470 c Major Lakes within the Basin Lake Victoria, Lake Tana, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert April 38 th Nile-TAC Meeting Population (Total in all the Nile CouEntreibesb)*e CWhompil4ed3 b7ya M Miltlyi’ Mlslbiuo liorno, GnIS/R?em oteJ Seannsing Spuecialisrt (Nyile –- SE CM, Enteabber) ch 2013 Precipitation Estimated Navigable Length Max Annual 2,098 m4m,1/4yP9rr eiKncm iEptihtaiotipoina *Source: UN Population Division WorldM Poapuxla tAion Pnrouspaeclt s2 2,01298 mm/yr in Ethiopia Population (Total in all %th eP oNpiluel aCtoiounn twriieths)i*n the Nile B4a3s7in M* illion 54% (238 Million) RwSanudda i ArSaobutiha Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda Eritrea Compiled by TomC Woauanktori, Persojects Ocer, Nile-SEC -EntebbMein Annual 0 mm/yr in Egypt Date ActivityMin Annual 0 mm/yr in Egypt Venue % Population within the Nile Basin* 54% (238 Million) 0 0 WhaAtlg’esri aon?3 JanuaryTe -m Mperat9urreBcur3hund i2013DR Congo EgyMpajt or LakeEst hwioiptiahiNni gthhetK MBe3nainysaiinmum R-w1a0ndca and dSoaiulyth MSu9adaxnLi3makueThem V iiScnutd oJaunrinae, L 4a7Tkanecz aTnaiana, LakUega Kndyaoga, Lake Albert Mean Annual ow (Discharge) (m /yr) at Aswan 84 X 10 m /yr Mean Annual ow (DischaJragne) (m /yr) at AswNanCoRe 8P4ro Xje 1c0t E mec/tyirveness All Centers Temperature Precipitation Burundi DNR Cigonhgot MEingypitmumE -thi1o0pi0ac aMnKdaenx yda Aainlyn uMaal x2im,09u8m m inm J/uynr ein 4 E7t0hciopia DischaQrgue/Uiznit areDaate Activity 28 X 10 3 m3/Km 2 Discharge/PUonpiut laarteioaVne (nTouteal in all thHea lNa'ible t Crioanugnletries)*28 X 10 3 m43/3K7m M2illion Send us your comments and viewJasn NELTAC/NELCOM Meeting Kigali Precipitation Max Annual 2,098 mmM/Myari' ntian nA E natlnh-Suiaoarprl ai0a mm/yr in Egypt Main CWonhsautm ipst itvheJ aeWn matearj uosre determNiCnoaRnet P orofj epcopt AEgurelicatutiviolteunree dssistributioMnai nin C otnhse%u mN Ppoiltpeivu eBla WtAaioalls ntiCen wer? nuittsheeirns the Nile Basin* Agriculture54% (238 Million) 3 th 9 3 Mean Annual ow (DisRwcahndaarge)SM o(umtihn S uAd/anyn nrT)hu ae aStu lAd 0ans mwaTmanz/aynria 1in18 E–U4g 1aXyn2d p1a Ft0eb mEritr/eayr Regional Meeting for National NBI De0sk Ocers Entebbe 0 Send your answer to: [email protected] NCiolmepi lBedT abeym sMiilpnly Me Ibrunalirtiout, GireIaS/Rteimvoete Senesincgre Spetciaalirsti (Naitle – SEC, Entebbe) Night Minimum -10Comcp ailend bdy Mdilaly iMlybu lMiro,a GxISi/Rmemuotme S einnsi nJgu Spneceia l4ist7 (Nicle – SEC, Entebbe) 3 9*Sou3rce: UN Population Division World Population Prospects 2012 *Source: UN Population Division World Population Prospects 2012 Jan 0 NELTAC/NELCOM Meeting Kigali 3 3 2 0 2 Mean Annual ow (DiscDhisacrghea)r g(me/U/nyirt) aarte Aaswan 84 X 10 m /yr 28nd X 10 m /Km 2 Major Lakes within the Basin Lake Victoria, Lake Tana, Lake Kyogile a, Lake Albert P.O. BPorexc 1ip9i2ta Etionnteb2b2e – NFe Ubganda Nile Day celebratioMnasx ( RAengniuoanla 2l ,a0n9d8 Nmamti/oynra inl) Ethiopia Bahr Dar, Ethiopia (for regional celebrations) ain Answer to the pthrevious quiz question 3 3 2 M 11 – 12 FeDbischargeR/Uegniiot narael aMeeMtiaingn fCoor nNsautmiopntaivl Ne BWI aDters ku Ose28ce Xrs 10 m /KmEntebbeAgriculture WhaTth’se soinng?le mPJoanopsutla uitmioNanipgr (eoyTror t-a l nMint aialln rtthcreah N bi la2e sC0ion13u natgrireisc)*ultural tr4ad37Wh eM cilloTioamenlt m’so odinty? +b 2yJ5 Mvan6ao i4nluA 1Nu4pmil rea3iel2r a1y m4 -2o 4Mng athrec 3Nh8 ti hl 2Ne i0le13-TAC MeetMining Annual 0 mm/yr in Egypt Entebbe Compiled by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) nd Main Consumptive Water use Agriculture +256 414 321 329 3 9 3 22 Feb Nile Day celebrations (Regional and National) Bahr Dar, EthiopTe ia (for regional celebrations) % Population within the Nile Basin* 54% (238 MillioMne)an Annual ow (Dischake rge) (m /yr) at Aswan 8*4So Xurc 1e: 0UN P ompula/tiyonr Division World Population Prospects 2012 Basin riparian states is maize. ze Editorial Committee Compiled by To m Waako, Projects Ocer, Nile-SEC -Entebbe Date Activity DaVteenue Activity At Venue Compilbea d by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) +256 417 705 000ra ApTreiml perature 38 th Nile-TAC Meeting Night MinimumDi s-1ch0a0 crg aenE/dnU tdneaibti blayer eMaaximum in *JSuounrcee: U4N7 P0opculation Division World28 Pop uXlaC t1iohn0 Pa3ro imsrpe 3c/tsK 20m12 2 Dorothy Kaggwa Jan NCoRe Project Eectiveness What’s on? JanJauAnallF Craeyxn t-e rsMa+rc2N5hC6o 24R1e04 P 13r3o2je0c t9 E71ectiveness All Centers Member stCaomPterpesilceidp bitya Ttoiomn Waako, Projects Ocer, Nile-SEC -Entebbe Max Annual 2,M09ai8n m CmoSnu/ydsrua nimn pEtihvieo KpWihaa tretor umse AgriEcudltituorer Jane K. Baitwa Jan NELTACWh/NELCaOtM’s M oeentin?g January - MarchJ a2Kn0i gEa13mli ail nbNisEeLcTQA@Cun/NiilEzeLbCaOsMin M.oeregting Kigali ChadDate AcMtiinv iAtynnual 0 mm/yr in Egypt EritreaVenue MembersYe menTom WaCaomkpoiled by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) Website http://www.nilebasin.org *Source: UN Population Division World Population Prospects 2012 th th What is the major determinant of population dJioshtrni bOugtwioann gin the Nile Basin? 11 – 12 Feb RegionaDl Mateeeting for NationAalc NtiBvIi 3tDyesk Ocers 11E –n9 t1e2b 3Fbeeb RegionalW MVeentuineg for NTeakteiozen Aatl bNaBraI Desk Ocers Entebbe h Mean Annual ow (Discharge) (Jman /yr) at Aswan N8C4o RXe 1 P0ro jmec/ty Erectiveness i All Centers t e

Quiz SendN youDi r answer to: [email protected] i l nd e R nd Disclaimern: dT3he 3views 2expressed in this newslette er ahda o not necessarily represent those of NBI, its Member States or Partners Burundi DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan WhThe Suadant’s oTannzan?ia JanUgar undaary - March 2013 22 Feb WhDNaisletc hDisaar ytgJ hecae/nUl emnbirata ajtroieoran sd (eRteegriomNnaiCnlJo aaRnend Pt N rooafjte iopcntop aEl)uelcatitvioeNn28EneL sT dsXA2i C12sB/0tNahr FEimrbeL bDCu/OaKtriomM, E nMthi eioenpt iitnahg N(efiol erN rDegialeyio cBneAalllels bcCieraenlne?titboerndrasst i(oRnesg)ional aKnidg aNlai tional) Bahr Dar, Ethiopia (for regional celebrations)

Answer tou e the previous quiz question

th th Main Consumptive Water use th Agriculture Date ActiviN ty Venue Jan NELTAC/NELCOM Meeting Kigali i April 38 Nile-TAC Meeting ApErniltebbe 38 Nile-TAC Meel ting Entebbe Send your answer to: editor1@1 –n 1i2le Fbebasin.orgRegional Meeting for NatioWnahTli tNheB eNI iDlseienskg Olee mceorsst imporEtantnetb binetraD bjiabosuitni agricultural trade commodity by volume among the Nile Send us your comments and views Compiled by Milly Mbuliro, GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist (Nile – SEC, Entebbe) Nigeria th Compiled by Tom WaaAkon, sPrwojecrts t Oo1 1tc he–r, e 1N 2iple Fr-SeEbvC i-oEnutesb bqeuRizeg 2qui2onnde aFsle tMbioenet ing for NNatilieo nDCaaomly N pcBielIel edD bbeyras TkJtoa iOmonn Wsac (aeRkroes,g PiroojneBactls aa OsnidncE NeNn rCr,at *NieoStpoibRlouearbe-cnSe re:aPE UiClrN)ao -PEonjpneu tclseatbti oEban eDtiveiscsiotn i iWvsoeBr lnahdm Peosprau sDliatzaioern, P .Erotsphiecots p20i1a2 (for regional celebArlla tCioenste) rs Arab Blue Nile Bahr el

0 Nile Bnad sin Initiative Secretariat 0

The s1 ingle most important intra basin agricultural trade commodity by volume among the Nile 1 22 Feb Nile Day celebrations (RegthionBaalh ar nedl G NhaJztaiaonl n al) f BNahELrT DACar/,N EEthiLCoOpMia M(foere rtegingional celebrations) Kigali ra What’s on? JanuarAypr i-l March 230813 Nile-TAC Meeting e Entebbe Z P.O. Box 192 Entebbe – Uganda l Addis Ababa Basin riparian states is maize. e Abyei hr Member states th a Quiz th QLoluiz B S Jur ob April 38 Nile-TAC Meeting u 11 – 12 Feb ERatnetgeibobnealB Meeting for National NBI Desk Ocers Entebbe Tel +256 414 32C1om 4p2ile4d by Tom Waako, Projects Ocuer r, Nile-SEC -Entebbe aro Date Activity K Venue Ethiopia What is the major determinant of population distribution inW thhea tN iisl et hBean dmsinaj?or determinant of population distribution in the Nile Basin? Compiled by+ T2om56 W a4a1ko4, P3ro2je1c t3s 2O9cer, Nile-SEC -Entebbe o Baro Akobbo Sobat ng 22 Feb Nile DAay celebrations (Regional and National) Bahr Dar, Ethiopia (for regional celebrations) o P Editorial Committee ko Member states b Send your answeJra nto: editor@nilNeCboaRsei nP.rojregct Eectiveness Send your aSonusthwe Surd Aatnllo :C endtietrosr@no ilebasin.org +256 417 705 000 P ibo th Chair Doror thy Kaggwa Quiz uoApril Burundi 38 NDiRle C-oTnAgoC MeeEtgyinpgt Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda EntebSobueth Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda Jan Fax +2N5E6L T4A1C4C/ Ne3nE2tLr0aCl O 9AM7fr1i cMane eRteinpugblic S Kigali Answer to the previoCuasm qeruoizon question Answer to thTa e previous quiz question Ednitor Jane K. Baitwa Quiz What is the major determinaCnomt poj ilfe dp Bbopya hToru mell WaJetabaioeklon, P rdojiesctsr Oibcuetr,io Nilne- SiEnC -tEnhteb bNe ile Basin? The single most i1m1 –pE 1om2trh tFaaeibnl t intrnab Ribseaegcsio@inan la iMlgerebeiactisunilgnt .fuorr agNla tiroadnale N cBoI mDTehmske o Osdinictgeylr esbM yme mvoosbltue rimms Eenp taoeJmrbuTbtoaoemntg W itnahtaerk aNo bilaes in agricultural trade commodity by volume among the Nile Burundi DR Congo Egypt SeEnthidop iayour aKennysawer tRow:a nedaditor@Sounthi SleudbanasinThe.Seo Surdgnand usT aynozauniar comUmganedants and views What is the major determinant of population distribution B in the Nile Basin? Website http://www.nilebasin.org a Ilemi triangle Basin riparian states is maize. Basin riparian stateshr is maize. E John Ogwang nd l Je 22 FeSbend your Nailnes Dweay rce tloeb: raedtioitnosr (@Regniiolneabl aasnidn N.oatrigonal) Bahr beDar, Ethiopia (for regional celebrations) e il l Answer to the previous quiz question N

Quiz t Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat r A Send us your comments and views be Disclaimer: The views expressed in this newsletter do not necessarily represent those of NBI, its Ml embes r States or Partners Somalia th A w April Answer to t3h8e Npirle-vTTAioChu Mes esqeiuntinizggl equ meostsito inm portant intra basinE antgerbibceua ltural tradP.eO .c Bomoxm 19o2d Eitnyt ebbyb veo –lu Umgaen adma ong the Nile Member states Member Wstahtaets is the moria ajor determinant of population distribution in the Nile Basin? Vict Uganda CompiledT bhy Teo ms iWnNagaikloe, PBmroajoescistnst O IimnBcietpari, oaNstirleintv-Sa eErn CiS pt-Ee anicntrreeitbarbtaen r bsiaattastiens a igs rmicauilztSeue.rnadl tyroadure acnosmwemro tdoi:t ye dbiyto Tvreo@ll unmileb aams+io2nn5.og6r t4gh1e4 N32i1le 4 24 Victoria Nile Basin rPi.pOa. rBioaxn 1 s9t2a tEenst eisb bmea –iz Ueg. anda +256 414 321 329 Answer to the preKvamiopualsa quiz question Editorial Committee Tel +M25e6m 4b1e4r 3 s2ta1 t4e2s4 Lake Albert +256 417 705 000 Burundi DR Congo E0 gypt Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South SudBanurundThei SudanDR CongTaonzania Egypt Uganda Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan The Sudan T0 anzania UgaCndhaair Dorothy Kaggwa QuiGzabon The single most important inKternay abasin agricultural trade commodity by volume among the Nile a Fax +256 414 320 971 r Membe r states +256 414 321 329 M a Ka igo M Nairobi Editor Jane K. Baitwa Congo Egedr itorial Comri mittee What is the major determinant of population distribButaiosinn irnip tahreia aNni lset aBtaesi nis? maize. Mara Email [email protected] Send us your comments and vi ews +256 417 705 000 Send us your commCehnatisr and viewDsorothy Kaggwa Members Tom Waako R Send your answer to: [email protected] Lake Victoria uwan Rwanda G a Website http://www.nilebasin.org Fax +B2u5ru6nd i414 32DR0 C o9ng7o1 Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Rwanduraum South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda eti John Ogwang Editor M Jane K. Baitwa o miyu Member states a Si m Nile Basin Initiative SecretaDrieamtocratic Republic of the Congo Nile Basin Ineitiative Secretariat AnsweBru truond ti heE pmrDeaR viCloi onguo s qnubEizgyis pequtc@esntiiloeEnbtha iospiian.org Kenya Rwanda SouMth eSumdanbersThe SudaTnom TWanzaaaniako Uganda P.O. Box 192 Entebbe – Uganda BuPru.Ond.i Box 192D Eisncltaeimbbere: T–he U vigeawns dexapressed in this newsletter do not necessarily represent those of NBI, its Member States or Partners The single mWosetKb isnmisthepas oarthaSetntptn :i/dn/ wwtursa ywbo.anusiril necbo aamgsirmnic.eounrlgtsu anrald t viradewes comm odity by volJuomhne Oamgwoanngg the Nile TeBl asin rSeipn+ad2r i5ua6sn 4y so1t4ua rt3 ec2so1 mi4s2 mm4eaniztse .and views Tel +256 414 321 424 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this newsletteNr diole n Bota nseicne sIsnariitlyiB aurertupinvrdei s eSnetc threDoRst Ceao rongif oaNtBI, itsE gyMpetmber StaEttehsio opiar PartnerKsenya Rwanda South Sudan The Sudan Tanzania Uganda +256 414 321 329 Editorial Co mmittee +256 414 321 329 Editorial Committee P.O. Box 192 Entebbe – Uganda Member s+ta2t5e6s 417 705N 00ile0 Basin Initiative SecretariCathair DorUontitheyd RK+e2ap5gub6gliw c4 oa1f7 T a7n0za5n i00a 0 Chair Dorothy Kaggwa Tel +25Se6 4n1d4 u3s2 y1 o4u2r4 comments and views Fax +256 414 320P .9O7. 1Box 192 Entebbe – UgandEaditor FaJxa ne K. B+a2it5w6a 414 320 971 Editor Jane K. Baitwa Email [email protected] +256 414 3E2m1 a3i2l 9 [email protected] Tel +256 414 321 424 Members Tom Waako EditorTiHaISl MCAPo ISm NOmT AiNtt AeUeTHOMRITeYm ONbers Tom Waako Website http://www.n ilebasin.or+g256 414 321 329 +256 417 7W05e b00sit0e Nihlet tBpa:/s/iwwn Inwit.inaitlievbea Ssienc.reortgari IaNtTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES Burundi DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Rwand a South SudanJohThen OSudgawn aEndgitTanozraniiaal ComUgmandiatteCehair Dorothy Kaggwa John Ogwang +256 417F a70x 5 000 +256 414 320 971 P.O. Box 192 Entebbe – UgandDaata Source: The Global Administrative UnSite Lyaycehrse (GlleAUsL) 0 Chair DorothEyd itKoarg gwa Jane K. Baitwa 0 Disclaimer: The vie- 1 ws expressed in this newFslaetxte r do not n+e2ce5s6sa 4ril1y4 Ere m3p2rae0siel 9nt7 t1hosneD boiisf scNleaBciIm,@ itesrn :M iTlehemeb vbaiesrwi Snst .aeotxTerpsegr oel sr sPeadr tnine trhiss+ n2ew56sle 4tt1e4r d 3o2 n1o t4 n2e4ce dsastaaserti,l FyA Ore -p 2r0e14sent those of NBI, its M- 1 ember States or Partners Angola Editor Jane KM. eBmaibtweras Tom Waako Send us your comments and views Zambia +256 414 321 329 The designations employed and the presentation Email nbisec@Wnielebbsaitsei n.orhgttp://www.nilebasin.org of material in the maps do not imply the expression Maelamwibers Tom W aako John Ogwang Editorial Committee 0 300 600 1,200 +256 417 705 000of any opinion whatsoever oGn tlhoe prairot osfo FA OIs alandnd Website http://www.nilebasin.org NBI concerCninog mtheo lergaol osr constitutional status Chair Dorothy Kaggwa Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat John Ogwan ogf any country, territory or sea area, or concerning Kilometers Disclaimer: The viewZs aemxpbiraessed in this newsletter dFo anoxt necessari+ly2 rMe5po6rz ea4sme1bn4itq 3tuhe2o0se 9o7f N1BI, its MembCeorm Stoartoess or Partners P.O. Box 192 Entebbe – Uganda the delimitation of frontiers Editor Jane K. Baitwa Disclaimer: The views expressed in this newsletter do not necessarily represenEt mthoasiel of NBI,n itbs iMsemc@benr Silteatbeas soirn P.aortnrgers Tel +25260 414 321 424 30 40 Members Tom Waako Website http://www.nilebasin.org John Ogwang * Eritrea participates as an observer+256 414 321 329 Editorial Committee +256 417 705 000 DisclaimCerh: Tahier views exprDesosreod tinh tyhi Ks naegwgslweatter do not necessarily represent those of NBI, its Member States or Partners Fax +256 414 320 971 Editor Jane K. Baitwa Email [email protected] Members Tom Waako Website http://www.nilebasin.org John Ogwang

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this newsletter do not necessarily represent those of NBI, its Member States or Partners TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of figures 4

List of boxes 4

Acknowledgements 5

Foreword 6

Introduction 7

1. Establishment: The 1990s 13

1.1 The drivers of the NBI 13

1.2 Earlier Nile Cooperation Efforts 16

1.3 Emergence of a comprehensive dual track process 17

1.4 The First NBI Strategic Action Program 18

1.5 The Structure of the NBI 19

1.6 Partnership with the International Community 22

2. Evolution and change: the NBI matures 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Enabling cooperation through the Shared Vision Program 23

2.3. Evolving context: the pivotal period 33

2.4 The NBI today 34

3. Bringing the basin together: what are the lessons 41

4. Annexes 43

4.1 Documents 43

4.2 List of completed and on-going NELSAP projects 45

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 3 List of figures Figure 1 NBI time line 12 Figure 2 Map of Nile Basin showing sub-basins 13 Figure 3 GDP per capita of Nile countries (1999-2017) 15 Figure 4 NBI Shared Vision and Subsidiary Action Program Concept 18 Figure 5: The NBI structure in 2018 19 Figure 6 Executive Directors of the NBI Secretariat 20 Figure 7 Portfolio of the seven thematic projects under the Shared Vision Program 24 Figure 8 Fast track projects under the ENSAP IDEN 28 Figure 9 Indicative timeline for the Strategic Water Resources Assessment 38

List of boxes Box 1. The Nile has a lot of (modern) history too 14 Box 2. The D-3 Project: Formalizing political cooperation 17 Box 3. The Nile Basin Discourse 21 Box 4. Nile Basin Trust Fund 22 Box 5. The Nile Basin Development Forum (NBDF) 25 Box 6. Agriculture, food security and nexus challenge 26 Box 7. Developing Knowledge Management and Decision Support 25 Box 8: The Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP), 2008 – 2012. 26 Box 9: The EN Seasonal Flood Forecast and Early Warning 29 Box 10: The Eastern Nile Watershed Management Project (EN-WSM) 29 Box 11. The Regional Rusumo Falls Hydro Electric Power Development Project: An NBI flagship 32 Box 12. NBI 10-Year Strategy 35 Box 13: Key highlights of NBI programs 36 Box 14. Strategic Water Resources Assessment 37 Box 15. Lakes Edward and Albert Integrated Fisheries and Water Resources Management Project (LEAF II) 38 Box 16. Transboundary policies 39 Box 17. Interconnection of Electricity Grids of the Nile Equatorial Lakes Countries Project 39 Box 18. Eastern Nile dam safety and coordinated cascade management. 40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was produced by the NBI under the guidance of Dr Abdulkarim Seid and Ms. Dorothy Kaggwa of the Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat. It benefited from further input and support provided by a wider group of people, including past and present NBI staff. The NBI would like to thank all the respondents and interviewees who contributed their rich experience of over 20 years of Nile history.

The preparation of the report was funded by the CIWA trust fund. The Nile Basin Initiative acknowledges the financial and technical support provided by the World Bank.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 5 FOREWORD

he Nile is one of the world’s longest rivers, As we mark the 20 year-long journey on February 22, stretching some 6,695 kilometers from Burundi to 2019, despite considerable challenges the NBI has posted its delta in Egypt and into the Mediterranean Sea. remarkable achievements. Along this long journey, the River Nile feeds more T It has helped to build a culture of dialogue, mutual trust and than 250 million people who live within its Basin boundaries. confidence within member states, the knowledge generated, capacity enhancement and policies developed support the The Nile Basin – the entire watershed of the river – is shared countries and the people to better manage their shared water by 11 countries and offers significant potential for cooperative resources management and development. Notable among potential ‘win- win’ benefits are clean energy (hydropower) development and Furthermore, joint investment projects worth US$6.5 billion trade, improved and expanded cultivation under irrigated that, like the Nile itself, span national borders have been and rain-fed systems in conjunction with greater water prepared and these play an integral part in achieving water, use efficiency, as well as preserving water resources and food and energy security, as well as eradicating poverty in the protecting the environment. Additional broader benefits Nile Basin. include achieving long-term regional economic integration Going forward, the NBI is focusing on implementing its 10- and the promotion of peace and security across the basin. year Strategy (2017 – 2027) whose six strategic priorities, jointly identified by the member states, are aimed at At the same time, the Nile Basin is facing a multitude of contributing to the regional development agenda. shared challenges, which include increasing water variability, ever-growing water demand and multiple impacts of climate It is worth noting that NBI Member States have reiterated change. their commitment to Nile Cooperation as the only way to achieve effective management and development of the basin’s Realising the significant potential offered by the Basin and in shared resources. This publication, ‘A Long River Journey’ order to adequately respond to the ever increasing challenges, provides insights into what countries have been able to which like the Nile itself, span across national borders, Nile achieve working together under NBI, and the challenges Basin countries came together on February 22, 1999 and and highlights why cooperation is not a choice but a must, to established the unprecedented Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). achieve regional development and sustain the environment It was the first time in the Basin’s history that all countries on which we all depend. opted for multilateral cooperation and since then it has On behalf of the NBI Member States, I do hereby recognise continued to demonstrate tangible benefits from, and future the invaluable technical and financial support from all our potential for, Nile cooperation. partners. We re-commit to continue working together as member States, and with each one of you, to transform Over the last 20 years, the NBI has been and remains the to transform the Nile Basin for everyone and for future only basin-wide institution mandated to provide a platform generations to come. for member states to dialogue on the joint management and development of the shared water resources. Eng. Innocent Ntabana Executive Director, NBI Secretariat INTRODUCTION

he Nile – perhaps the longest river in the world countries. This was no small task, but 20 years later it – has witnessed an unparalleled record of human remains more important than ever – and as difficult. In any history. Monuments in the river basin from the international context where country inhabitants number TGreat Pyramids at Giza in Egypt, to the Stele hundreds of millions – approaching a billion by 2050 in the of Axum, Ethiopia, are testament to the extraordinary Nile’s case – supporting development processes is a complex civilizations that have grown up and been nourished by undertaking involving difficult trade-offs amid competing this great river. In more recent history the wider basin has (and growing) demands. In a system as dynamic as the Nile – seen huge transformations as societies have harnessed the in all economic, social, political, climatic and environmental Nile’s resources for development by reducing flooding and senses – this is even more complicated. evening out flows, by providing irrigation water to ever- The NBI has much to celebrate in terms of successful larger expanses of cultivated land, and through the energy achievement over these two decades, but also much more generation of huge hydropower dams. still to do. This report outlines what the evolution and As the Nile and its inhabitants progress towards the middle of development of the NBI has amounted to and what lessons can the 21st Century, this is also a river under some of the greatest be drawn to feed into future cooperation. It shows the range global pressures – from climate uncertainties and population and complexity of the programs and activities undertaken as growth, through to rapid economic development and political well as some of the major outcomes. It should be read not as change. Many parts of the basin have been beset by conflicts an evaluation – that is not its purpose – but as a statement over many years and levels of human development in some of intent: the intent being to show why the NBI is critical for areas are in the bottom tier of international indices. In short the Nile to survive as one system that can benefit all; and to the challenge remain huge, and, in some places, are growing. show what real collective action can and does achieve. We hope that you gain insights and inspiration from this work Two decades ago, the basin states decided to put into action and, after 20 years, appreciate the need for continued and the Nile Basin Initiative. Mindful of wider development strengthened engagement. Please join us in working towards challenges, the NBI sought collective action solutions to deeper and more sustained cooperation on this shared river sustainably developing the basin’s resources, and to provide for the benefit of all current and future generations. the basis for future equitable development across all Nile

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 7 Table of Acronyms

AFD Agence Française de Développement MoU Memorandum of Understanding

AfDB African Development Bank MW Megawatts

BCM Billion Cubic Metres NBD Nile Basin Discource

CFA Cooperative Framework Agreement NBFP Nile Basin Focal Project

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency NBI Nile Basin Initiative

Common Market for Eastern and Southern NBTF Nile Basin Trust Fund COMESA Africa NCORE Nile Cooperation for Results CRA Cooperative Regional Assessments Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action NELSAP DRC Democratic Republic of Congo Program

DSS Decision and Support System Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action NELSAP-CU Program – Coordination Unit EAC East African Community NELTAC Nile Equatorial Lakes Technical Committee ED Executive Director NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development ENPM Eastern Nile Planning Model Nile-COM Nile Council of Ministers ENSAP Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program Nile-SEC Nile Secretariat ENSAPT Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program Team Nile-TAC Nile Technical Advisory Committee ENTRO Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office Norwegian Agency for Development Co- FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation NORAD operation FFEWS Flood Forecast and Early Warning System NRBAP Nile River Basin Action Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product Nile Transboundary Environmental Action NTEAP GEF Global Environmental Facility Project

GERD Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam NWA Nile Waters Agreement

HoS Heads of State RATP Regional Agricultural Trade Project

Hydro-meteorological Survey of the Equatorial RBO River Basin Organisation Hydromet Lakes REC Regional Economic Community International Consortium for Cooperation on ICCON SADC Southern African Development Community the Nile SAP Subsidiary Action Program ICOLD International Commission On Large Dams SVP Shared Vision Program IDEN Integrated Development of the Eastern Nile Technical Cooperation Commission for IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought TECCONILE promotion of development and environmental ISP Institutional Strengthening Program protection of the Nile

International Union for the Conservation of UN United Nations IUCN Nature UNDP United Nations Development Program IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation JMP Joint Multipurpose Project WB World Bank kWh Kilowatt Hour Water Resources Planning and Management WRPM LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

n 22nd February 1999, in Dar es strengthen peace and security Salaam, Tanzania, the 10 Nile and provide foundations for Basin riparian1 states launched social development and economic Otheir first all-inclusive growth. transitional institutional arrangement Driven by Nile countries that was to succeed the then cooperation themselves, the establishment of mechanism known as TECCONILE23. Later the Initiative in 1999 marked the in May of the same year, in Addis Ababa, first time a truly comprehensive the riparian states through their Council of mechanism of cooperation had Ministers of Water Affairs (Nile-COM) endorsed the been agreed to among riparians. name ‘Nile Basin Initiative‘ for the new transitional institutional arrangement. The NBI was launched as a ‘transitional’ arrangement up until ‘…a final Framework for Cooperation is put On 22nd February 2019, the NBI will be 20 years old.20 in place’, i.e. the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework years old and continues to serve as the only platform in Agreement (CFA) that would provide a permanent the Nile Basin that includes all riparian states. In the legal and institutional basis for Nile cooperation. These same meeting that established the NBI, the Nile-COM two parallel processes, the implementation of the NBI also agreed to the Shared Vision Objective : ‘To achieve Strategic Action Program to which riparian countries sustainable socio-economic development through the agreed to, on the one hand, and the negotiation process equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common to arrive at a Cooperative Framework Agreement, on Nile Basin water resources”. In that meeting Nile- the other, will be referred to as the ‘NBI’ and ‘CFA’ COM also adopted (guidelines for) a Strategic Action tracks respectively in this document. Program that consisted of a set of two sub-programs: the Shared Vision Program (designed to build technical The NBI started implementation of the Strategic and institutional capacities of participating countries Action Program in 2003 through a basin-wide Shared to enable and facilitate the cooperation process) and Vision Program which comprised 8 projects, and two the Subsidiary Action Programs (designed to facilitate Subsidiary Action Programs, one for the Eastern Nile embarking on joint water resources investments to and the other for the Nile Equatorial Lakes region. At demonstrate early benefits of the cooperation process).

The establishment of the NBI was a result of many intersecting processes within and outside the basin: prior cooperation among some Nile riparian states over hydro-meteorological studies going back to the 1960s; a renewed focus on challenges facing the basin towards the end of the 20th Century; and a post-Cold War international development environment that was supportive of regional integration efforts to

1 South Sudan joined the NBI in 2012 after it became an independent state. 2 Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile River Basin 3 5th meeting of the Nile-COM, 22nd February 1999, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 9 the end of the first Strategic Action Program, in 2012, << Looking back over 20 years, this paper as part of the Institutional Strengthening Project provides reflections on the successes and executed by Nile-SEC, member states agreed on three challenges along the way. Has the NBI core functions of the NBI, namely facilitating basin succeeded in its mission? What has been cooperation, water resources management and water accomplished and what still remains to be resources development. done? Expectation levels at the launch of The NBI has evolved into a strong institution operating the NBI were very high. There was also from its three centres – the NBI Secretariat (Nile-SEC) anticipation of major investment flows into in Entebbe, the Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office the basin. Some 20 years later, a lot has (ENTRO) in Addis Ababa and the Nile Equatorial changed both within and beyond the basin. Lakes Subsidiary Action Program Coordination Unit Whilst much has been achieved, the NBI still (NELSAP-CU) in Kigali. ENTRO and NELSAP-CU has a long journey ahead. >> are mandated primarily to prepare infrastructure CFA would be signed and ratified by a sufficient number investments in the Eastern Nile and Nile Equatorial of countries with eventual transitioning of the NBI into Lakes sub-basins, respectively. In contrast, the Nile- the Nile River Basin Commission did not materialize. SEC serves as the secretariat for the Nile-COM, With impending closure of the NBTF in 20124 supports formulation of transboundary policies, as per the original plan and with no prospect of a carries out basin-wide analyses of water resources second NBTF being established, the future prospect of issues and generates shared knowledge for joint the NBI’s finances and, by extension, its existence was planning and decision making. With the adoption of put into question. the NBI core functions by member states, the Nile- SEC was given a lead mandate for facilitating basin Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan met in Addis Ababa in cooperation and water resources management while November 2012 to find a way of resuming participation ENTRO and NELSAP-CU are mandated to implement by Egypt and Sudan in ENTRO programs. This the water resources development function in the facilitated Sudan’s return to the NBI while Egypt Eastern Nile and the NEL sub-basins, respectively. continued to suspend its participation. The Nile-COM agreed in 2012 (21st Nile-COM meeting, July 2012) The breadth and depth of work programs of the NBI to gradually increase member country annual cash centres has greatly evolved in the last 5 – 7 years contributions and fully finance the core operations of adapting to changes in country priorities and funding the NBI by 2017. The agreed annual contributions of situations. The three centres, especially ENTRO and member states duly grew from US$15,000 (agreed in the NBI Secretariat evolved differently responding to Dar es Salaam in 1999) to over US$300,000 by 2017. the specific challenges they faced and the circumstances Those countries that contributed to all three NBI under which they had to operate. In 2010, following centres would now contribute over US$400,000 per the signature by 5 riparian states of the CFA, Egypt annum. This was a significant step forward to ensuring and Sudan suspended their full participation in NBI the financial sustainability of the NBI’s core operations activities. Thus ENTRO, which was established by in its three centres. Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan, was forced to operate with only one member state remaining. Further, one of the The three centres are now implementing their joint 10- scenarios (or assumptions) underlying the Institutional Year Strategy (2017 – 2027), which has been structured Strengthening Program (ISP) project, namely that the along six priority areas, namely: water security, energy

4 The NBTF was later extended by 2 years and closed on 31st December 2014. security, food security, enhancing environmental in the Nile basin, has been well established. From sustainability, climate change adaptation and its emergence on the cusp of the new Millennium to strengthening transboundary water governance. the present-day 10-Year Strategy, which takes the NBI through to 2027, the NBI has played a key role in The NBI has been driving forward a cooperation changing this discourse. Whatever the economic and mechanism that has brought new levels of understanding political developments in the countries and region in about the Nile, captured in a range of knowledge products the next 10 years, the NBI has provided a flexible and and tools, including the Nile Decision Support System constructive contribution to the development and (Nile DSS). Under the first Strategic Action Program management of Nile Water resources. Its 2017-2027 (2003 – 2012), the eight projects of the Shared Vision Strategy now offers a roadmap to achieving stronger Program (SVP) established a stronger appreciation multilateral cooperation, under which is nested the of the shared nature of the basin’s resources and built development of a portfolio of basin-wide multipurpose alliances and structures – some formal, some informal investment projects. – that persist to this day and propel forward the message of cooperation for development. Although the story of the NBI may be 20 years old, it is far from complete. Climate change uncertainty, Under the Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs) joint and population growth and economic development remain cooperative investment projects have been prepared as daunting as ever – challenges in common with other worth over US$6 billion with some that have moved major river basins. A rise in population in Nile countries to implementation. Construction of the Rusumo Falls to more than 1 billion by 2050 will be felt acutely in Hydroelectric Power project commenced in 2017 and all economic, environmental and social systems. Food is progressing well. When completed, the project will security alone will pile pressure on rain-fed systems have an installed capacity of 80 MW equally shared by in vulnerable watersheds, and challenge other farming Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania. The Ethiopia-Sudan systems where the demand for irrigated cropping is power transmission interconnection was inaugurated increasing. Energy demand will also grow and, with in 2015 by the Heads of State of Ethiopia and Sudan. it, pressure to develop hydropower. Knowledge of the Capacities of Eastern Nile countries have been right energy mix in different contexts will be key to strengthened for improved flood early warning and identifying future solutions that work from the basin community preparedness. Flood-prone communities scale down to local levels. in the Eastern Nile have benefited from flood early warnings issued by ENTRO at regular intervals during Though the NBI was launched as a transitional flood seasons. institutional arrangement up until ‘a final Framework for Cooperation is put in place’, 20 years on the CFA Slowly, the NBI has had to adapt to changes in the wider process has yet to yield that intended result. This has development context as new state entities emerged affected the NBI in a number of ways – not the least as with South Sudan’s independence and as countries left a result of Egypt and Sudan suspending participation in the initiative and then returned. New infrastructure 2010 following disagreement among countries over the has grown both as a result of the NBI’s work, but also signing of the CFA document. Although Sudan returned because countries have continued to develop their own in 2012, the continued abstention of Egypt from NBI national projects. activities has reduced the basin-wide coverage of key The idea that cooperation will generate important core work programs. Efforts are being made by the countries public goods as well as a basket of benefits surpassing to address the differences with Egypt to facilitate its full those available under conditions of non-cooperation resumption of participation in the NBI.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 11 Put simply, there is an imperative to manage a highly Many of these policy issues are complex, but the NBI complex, life-sustaining system shaped by many can continue to provide a robust and shared platform different entities, including state and non-state through which to present menus of strategic options actors, amid continued buffeting by trade, population and solutions (with an informed analysis of the costs movements, climate change and other system-level and benefits of each option); and, above all perhaps, a forces. In recent years, the NBI has moved to a stronger neutral space in which to discuss and deliberate current strategic planning approach and to using resource and future potential trade-offs. The NBI’s critical role assessments to answer such key questions as: Given in providing this knowledge and other services cannot future scenarios of demand, is there enough water be overstated. As one key participant of the last 20 in the system? What to do under a range of different years stated, “If the NBI didn’t exist, it would have to be climate scenarios and how to establish and agree future invented”. management options at basin scale? Countries of the NBI @ 20: NILE COOPERATION MILESTONES Nile will continue to pose such questions - and the NBI YEAR NILE COOPERATION EVENTS Dec: TECCONILE launched 1992 can and should continue to help in answering them, Dec: Nile-COM established from a whole-system perspective. 1993 Feb: 1st Nile 2002 Conference, Aswan 1994 Jan: Nile 2002 Conference, Khartoum

Transboundary water cooperation is a long and arduous 1995 Feb: NRBAP approved 1996 Feb: Nile 2002 Conference, Kampala process. The commitment of riparian states and Jan: Institutional and Legal Framework Project (D3) 1997 launched their development partners, Friends of the Nile, that 1998 July: First meeting of the Nile-TAC established the NBI and nurtured the cooperation over May: Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP) 1999 formulated the last 20 years needs to be reinforced in order not to Sep: NBI Secretariat launched Aug: Strategic Action Program approved lose the gains made so far and to ensure more tangible 2000 Nov: Eastern Nile countries agreed to establish ENSAP benefits are reaped from future cooperation. secretariat (later named as ENTRO) Jun: ICCON 1 donors meeting held in Geneva 2001 May, the name: Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office The future capacity of the NBI to continue its mission (ENTRO) adopted Oct: Final Nile 2002 Conference, Nairobi will require a solid financial base as well as renewed NELSAP-CU launched 2002 Feb: Nile Basin Initiative Act passed commitment both within and beyond the basin to Feb: ENTRO Headquarters Agreement signed, ENTRO managing one Nile system for the benefit of all. Basin formally established Nile Basin Trust Fund established 2003 decisions made now in response to existing and future Oct: Negotiation of the CFA7 started 2004 Oct: 1st SVP Project launched challenges will have ramifications for children of the 2005 First set of cooperative investments Nile well into the 22nd Century. 2006 Nov 30 - Dec 2: 1st NBDF 2007 Feb: Annual Nile Day launched Dec: SVP closed That we ‘don’t know exactly’ what the future holds in 2008 ISP project established the basin also means that a set of rational, scientifically- 2009 Feb: NBI’s 10-year anniversary May 14: CFA opened for signature in Entebbe, Ethiopia, Rwanda, backed products that inform decision makers will be Tanzania, and Uganda sign 2010 essential for ‘future-proofing’ current decisions. As Egypt and Sudan freeze participation in the NBI May 19: Kenya signs the CFA7 in Nairobi it progresses under the 2017-2027 10-Year Strategy, 2011 Feb 28: Burundi signs the CFA7 in Bujumbura Jan: CIWA11 formed the NBI is ideally suited to continue the development 2012 July: Sudan unfreezes participation in the NBI of tools, instruments, policies and strategies, whether July: South Sudan joins the NBI June 13: Ethiopia ratifies the CFA7 Jan: Nile Cooperation for Results Project launched related to managing a sequence of dams, or agriculture. 2013 Dec: Inauguration of Ethiopia - Sudan Power Transmission Line This should include assessing how water can be used Aug 28: Rwanda ratifies the CFA7 2014 Dec: Closure of Nile Basin Trust Fund most efficiently and effectively to help target poverty 2015 - Mar 26: Tanzania ratifies the CFA7 reduction and achieve gender equality in the basin. 2017 - Jun: 1st Nile Basin Heads of States Summit, Entebbe Figure 1: NBI Time Line 1. ESTABLISHMENT: THE 1990s

1.1 The drivers of the NBI

ntroduction: The Nile Basin Initiative is a transitional arrangement established in 1999 to foster cooperation over the shared waters of the Nile Basin. It was established through the I 5 efforts of Nile countries working closely together, and with a range of external partners.

This short report provides a reflection on the NBI from its origins through the 20 years of development to the potential pathways it could take in future. The report was written by the NBI to help a wider global public understand levels of achievements to date and the challenges faced; and to help build a stronger, more unified basin fit to face future system pressures and challenges.

<< Key question: While it is recognized that it has achieved a lot, has the NBI contributed to and/or enhanced cooperation in the Nile Basin, and if so, how? >>

Figure 2: Map of Nile Basin showing sub-basins (Source: NBI 2016) This chapter outlines the drivers behind the of the 20th Century large parts were under the control establishment of the NBI, examining the building blocks of European colonial powers. With the exception of and processes followed. Ethiopia following a five-year period under Italian Context: The Nile is a globally iconic river system occupation (1936-1941), no major part of the basin spanning about 10% of the African continent. It is home managed to escape European control. to some 437 million people across 11 countries, of which During the Cold War period client states of the United about 238 million live within the basin boundary. By States and Soviet Union fought occasional regional 2050 it is anticipated that the combined population of conflicts. Further civil conflicts within states during the all basin countries will reach over 1 billion. 1980s and early 1990s continued to hinder development The basin has a rich and complex history. For much opportunities and exacerbated the impacts of droughts,

5 Burundi, DRC, Egypt, Eritrea (observer to the NBI), Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 13 including in Ethiopia and other countries in the Horn of International Watercourses (the ‘UN Water Convention’) Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. came into being in 1997 and became the strongest international expression of the principle of equitable use At independence, Egypt became the first Nile country to of shared waters. Accompanying the notion of equitable seek construction of a new mega-dam, the High Aswan use and shared benefits, a wider paradigm shift took Dam. This would eclipse any previous structure in the place in the early 1990s towards the implementation basin and, at the time, became the largest such structure in Africa. It was built with the support of the USSR after the USA withdrew its financial offer, marking an BOX 1. THE NILE HAS A LOT OF era of superpower rivalry in the Nile basin that would (MODERN) HISTORY TOO last another 40 years. In response, the USA supported The High Aswan Dam (HAD) enabled a study (by their own USBR) on a cascade of dams along the Blue Nile in Ethiopia, which was published in 1964. Egypt to store nearly two years flow of the river in Lake Nasser (Nubia) External factors: The decade leading up to the NBI’s reservoir. This had major ramifications establishment were turbulent years in global politics. for national development and provided At the same time new opportunities for cooperation capacity to mitigate the worst impacts and joint management of shared resources contributed of flooding. The structure was enshrined to wider efforts at strengthening regional security and in a new agreement with Sudan – the stability in the region. The international community Nile Waters Agreement (NWA) signed in began to speak of a wider ‘African Renaissance’, recognizing that the continent held unlocked potential 1959. The NWA effectively apportioned and that processes of regional integration could help the entire average annual flow of realise this potential through enlarging markets and the Nile between Egypt and Sudan, expanding investment opportunities. with a proportion (about 10 BCM) assumed lost to evaporation at Aswan. Integration was viewed as a ‘regional public good’ that Ethiopia protested at the signing of could help unlock growth potential and was a dominant this agreement and for a long period narrative in efforts such as the New Partnership for some Nile states were locked in their African Development (NEPAD) that emerged from own version of a ‘cold war’ over the Nile the decade. It was also a time of unprecedented global action to tackle poverty, represented in the launch of waters. the Millennium Development Goals in 2000. In the The NBI was testament to a thawing in Nile Basin, early concerns were raised that a growing this smaller ‘cold war’ and has continued economically active population would outstrip available to be a source of rational science-led employment in what were then sluggish economic development thinking since its inception conditions (Fig 2). With the exception of Egypt, at the in 1999. time most Nile countries had very low per capita GDP.

In the water sphere this was also a time of renewed emphasis on sustainable and equitable management of water resources, including in major river basins. The Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of << The most significant challenge is how to A key element in the relationship between both internal balance the existing Nile basin water uses by and external drivers was the engagement of the World downstream Nile Basin States and new potential Bank, an early champion of the cooperation process. In water uses by the upstream Nile Basin States >> 1995 Nile-COM invited the World Bank to take a lead role (key informant) in coordinating external agencies under the Nile River Basin Action Plan (NRBAP). In 1997 the World Bank of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) at accepted and proposed that it should undertake the task a country level. Emerging from the Rio Earth Summit in partnership with UNDP and CIDA, as well as prepare and preceding Dublin Meeting in 1992, IWRM came to for a ‘donor consultation’ meeting, the International dominate policy environments and was linked closely to Consortium for Cooperation on the Nile – ICCON1 – that growing concerns over climate change and the impacts would bring together a wider basket of potential funders. of population growth on access to natural resources in A revised Action Program emerged that included both watersheds and river basins. a basin-wide ‘shared vision’ and a series of ‘actions on the ground’, establishing the basis for the final form the Internal factors: Countries of the Nile Basin were a key NBI would take. In March 1998 the Revised Action Plan part of this global environment, and soon adopted the was endorsed and a Nile Technical Advisory Committee principles of IWRM in policy instruments from the (Nile-TAC) established. This plan subsequently received mid-1990s onwards. Some Nile Baisn countries were agreement from the wider development community in emerging from armed conflict and all realisted that 1998 and began to form the outline for what would become mutual cooperation over shared resources would be key a Nile Basin Initiative agreement on a ‘Shared Vision’ and to avoiding conflict and ensuring sustainable development ‘Action Program’ on the ground. and maximum benefits from future investment in these resources.

GDP per capita at current prices in US Dollars for Nile Basin countries from 1999 to 2017

4000

3500 Ethiopia Sudan 3000 South Sudan 2500 Eritrea Egypt, Arab Rep. 2000 Rwanda

1500 Tanzania Uganda 1000 Burundi Congo, Dem. Rep. 500 GDP per capita at current prices (US Dollars) (US prices current at capita per GDP Kenya 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Figure 3: GDP per capita of Nile countries (1999-2017) (Source: World Bank Datasets) 1.2 Earlier Nile Cooperation Efforts

development across the basin. Six countries took part y 1995, and within a wider context of change, under the auspices – DRC, Egypt, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda of TECCONILE, the design of a Nile River Basin Action Plan – with the remaining four at the time participating as emerged prepared by the same riparian states and supported observers. Bby CIDA, a key partner in early efforts at transboundary cooperation in the Nile Basin. One of the key departures of the Nile River Undugu (1983-1992) focused on economic cooperation Basin Action Plan (NRBAP) was the inclusion of an element on a new legal under the patronage of Boutros Boutros Ghali, Egypt’s agreement, otherwise known as the D-3 Project (see Box 2). former foreign minister (NBI, 2013), but like the earlier efforts, was not truly basin-wide. Ethiopia joined Out of the Action Plan grew the Transitional Institutional Arrangement Hydromet as an observer only after 1971 and DRC, (later renamed as the Nile Basin Initiative) and the Nile Basin Cooperative similarly, in 1977. Framework Agreement (CFA) process under the D-3 project.

<< The major difference between the earlier The combination of these two parallel tracks (referred to as the NBI and CFA cooperation arrangements and the NBI tracks in this document) recognised that change was required in the basin, but that it needed to go beyond the purely technical and involve changes arlier iterations of cooperation had existed was that none of them involved all riparian, in the basin-wide political dynamics. It was also recognised early on that since the 1960s, but none had been as including major water source states and countries – and indeed different institutions within countries – could hold comprehensive as the NBI, or gone beyond did not amount to truly comprehensive and different perceptions of what cooperation meant at the same time.However, technical levels. Mostly these were efforts basin-wide cooperation looking at the Nile as E this was particularly the case with the political track (negotiations for a at sharing technical data including in response to an one system. >> legal and institutional framework under D3/CFA), which would become a era of unprecedented rainfall during the 1960s and A series of conferences that began at Aswan in 1993 long-drawn out process. serious drought events during the 1970s and mid- (see Fig 3), the Nile 2002 Conference, would be held 1980s. These extreme events underscored the value of On 22nd February 1999, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the ten Nile Basin annually in a different Nile country for 10 years and cooperation efforts such as the WMO/UNDP-supported riparian states6 launched their first all-inclusive Transitional Institutional provided an additional track for building confidence and Hydro-meteorological Survey of the East African Lakes Arrangement that was to succeed the existing cooperation mechanism strengthening networks in the basin. Although largely (Hydromet) (1967-1992) which produced reports in 1974 known as TECCONILE7. Later in May of the same year, in Addis Ababa, the technical in nature and focusing on scientific knowledge, and 1982, and its successor the Technical Cooperation riparian states through their Council of Ministers of Water Affairs endorsed the process of convening provided space for discussions Committee for the Promotion of the Development the name ‘Nile Basin Initiative’ for the new transitional institutional between participants, including government, science and Environmental Protection of the Nile Basin arrangement. In the same meeting, the Nile-COM also agreed to the communities, development partners, and non- (TECCONILE) (1992-99) (Sutcliffe and Park, 1999). proposed Shared Vision Objective: ‘To achieve sustainable socio-economic governmental organizations. These conferences were TECCONILE was established by the Nile Council development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the described by one key informant as an “innovation of Ministers of Water Affairs of Nile Basin States common Nile Basin water resources’. bridge” between past cooperation efforts and the NBI. (Nile-COM) and sought to promote cooperation and The NBI was envisaged only to be a transitional mechanism that would run alongside the CFA. The intention was that once the CFA had been concluded the NBI could evolve into a full Nile River Basin Commission. Key milestones of Nile cooperation including those in the last 20 years of the NBI are shown in Figure 3.

6 South Sudan joined the NBI in 2012 after it became an independent state. 7 Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile River Basin

Figure 4 NBI time line (Source: Nile-SEC) 1.3 Emergence of a comprehensive dual track process

y 1995, and within a wider context of change, under the auspices BOX 2. THE D-3 of TECCONILE, the design of a Nile River Basin Action Plan PROJECT: THE ORIGIN emerged prepared by the same riparian states and supported OF THE CFA by CIDA, a key partner in early efforts at transboundary The ‘D3 project’ began in B February 1997, endorsed by cooperation in the Nile Basin. One of the key departures of the Nile River the 3rd meeting of Nile-COM Basin Action Plan (NRBAP) was the inclusion of an element on a new legal in Arusha and supported agreement, otherwise known as the D-3 Project (see Box 2). by UNDP. Though this set of negotiations towards Out of the Action Plan grew the Transitional Institutional Arrangement establishing a Cooperative Framework Agreement (later renamed as the Nile Basin Initiative) and the Nile Basin Cooperative was a separate track to the Framework Agreement (CFA) process under the D-3 project. emerging Nile Basin Initiative it grew out of the same The combination of these two parallel tracks (referred to as the NBI and CFA NRBAP and would also be presided over by Nile-COM. tracks in this document) recognised that change was required in the basin, but that it needed to go beyond the purely technical and involve changes The objective of the D-3 project was in the long term in the basin-wide political dynamics. It was also recognised early on that to “pave the way for the countries – and indeed different institutions within countries – could hold Nile River Basin countries to achieve milestones different perceptions of what cooperation meant at the same time.However, which would determine net this was particularly the case with the political track (negotiations for a equitable entitlements for legal and institutional framework under D3/CFA), which would become a each riparian country for the use of the Nile waters and long-drawn out process. therefore to enhance and promote the utilization of On 22nd February 1999, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the ten Nile Basin the Nile waters for optimum riparian states6 launched their first all-inclusive Transitional Institutional sustainable socioeconomic benefits for the inhabitants of Arrangement that was to succeed the existing cooperation mechanism the basin” (UNDP, 2000). known as TECCONILE7. Later in May of the same year, in Addis Ababa, the The evaluation report of the riparian states through their Council of Ministers of Water Affairs endorsed D3 Project in 2001 stated that, the name ‘Nile Basin Initiative’ for the new transitional institutional “To date, the main results of the D-3 project in the context arrangement. In the same meeting, the Nile-COM also agreed to the of the Nile Basin Initiative proposed Shared Vision Objective: ‘To achieve sustainable socio-economic have been: heightened trust among riparians and their development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the recognition that cooperation common Nile Basin water resources’. around the Nile is indeed possible and would bring The NBI was envisaged only to be a transitional mechanism that would benefits to them all; [and the] conclusion of the draft run alongside the CFA. The intention was that once the CFA had been document for a cooperative concluded the NBI could evolve into a full Nile River Basin Commission. framework, to be further Key milestones of Nile cooperation including those in the last 20 years of developed by specially appointed representatives the NBI are shown in Figure 3. from all the concerned countries.” (UNDP, 2000).

6 South Sudan joined the NBI in 2012 after it became an independent state. 7 Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile River Basin A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 17

Figure 4 NBI time line (Source: Nile-SEC) 1.4 The First NBI Strategic Action Program

n 1999, the Nile-COM endorsed the political process. The relationship the Policy Guidelines for the envisaged is represented in Fig 4. Shared Nile River Basin Strategic Vision Projects would help build trust IAction Program. A defining that would then provide foundational document under the NBI, this set support for investment projects, the out the Shared Vision Objective: “to completion of which could generate more achieve sustainable socio-economic belief and engagement in the vision – development through the equitable establishing, in effect, a ‘virtuous circle’ utilisation of, and benefit from, the to reinforce and ‘cement in’ cooperation common Nile Basin water resources”. processes. Seven guidelines set for the SAPs included planning actions at the The five specific objectives were: a) to ‘lowest appropriate level’ related to the develop the Nile Basin water resources hydrological conditions of the Nile, in a sustainable and equitable way: b) << Now the power the need to work at sub-basin levels, to ensure prosperity, security, and peace politics has changed appropriate planning to include all those for all its peoples; c) to ensure efficient because of the NBI >> affected, building on the principles water management and the optimal (key informant) of equitable utilization, no significant use of the resources; d) to ensure harm and cooperation, and undertaking cooperation and joint action between investigations on “solutions that both have benefits for riparian countries, seeking win-win gains; d) to target all involved and distribute benefits, costs, and risks poverty eradication and promote economic integration; equitably as well as use resources efficiently and protect and e) to ensure that the program results in a move from the environment” (Nile-COM, 1999). planning to action.

These policy principles helped define the structure of the Shared Vision NBI which was built on the notion of both geographic (subsidiary basins) and thematic duality: The first Shared Vision Strategic Action Program (2003 – 2012) comprised of Program two complementary programs, namely, the basin-wide Shared Vision Program (SVP) and the Subsidiary Action Programs – one for the Eastern Nile and, the other, for the Nile Equatorial Lakes (NEL) sub- basins. Subsidiary The SAPs aimed at identifying cooperative development Action opportunities through action on the ground, Program emphasising the need for early delivery of benefits (see Section 2.3). The SVP would focus on establishing a Action on the ground wider enabling environment that could help underpin cooperation in the basin and, by extension, support Figure 4: NBI Shared Vision and Subsidiary Action Program Concept (Source: NBI, 1999) 1.5 The Structure of the NBI

verseeing both the NBI track and CFA The Nile-SEC was inaugurated in September, 1999 at the track, the Nile-COM was originally same premises where TECCONILE was headquartered. established under TECCONILE and This was followed by the establishment of the Eastern Oremains to this day the key policy and Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) on 13 February, political decision-making body of the NBI. Approving 2002 under a separate Headquarters Agreement with annual work plans and budgets, overseeing the the Government of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, implementation of NBI activities, and helping to ensure which provided the office premises in Addis Ababa. the receipt of government contributions, Nile-COM also To implement the NEL-Subsidiary Action Program engages the external support of development partners (NELSAP), a regional coordination unit was established and on the recommendation of the Nile TAC, selects a in Kigali under the Nile-SEC. new Executive Director of Nile-SEC every two years (see Each NBI centre has its own governance structure Fig 6). involving a Council of Ministers of Water Affairs and a The NBI operates from its three centres – the NBI Technical Advisory Committee. Thus, the NBI structure Secretariat (Nile-SEC) in Entebbe, the Eastern Nile involves the Nile-COM, which is the decision-making Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) in Addis Ababa and body for the Nile-SEC, the Eastern Nile Council of the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program Ministers (ENCOM), which is the decision-making body Coordination Unit (NELSAP-CU) in Kigali. ENTRO and for ENTRO and, similarly, the NEL-COM. Each of the NELSAP-CU primarily are mandated to prepare water Council of Ministers is supported by a Technical infrastructure investments in the Eastern Nile and Nile Equatorial Lakes sub-basins, respectively.

NEL-COM EN-COM Nile-COM

Nile-TAC NEL-TAC EN-SAPT Regional Expert Working Groups

Hydromet Wetlands Others Nile-Sec NELSAP-CU ENTRO Joint Project Implementation Units and Committees

Project A Project B Others

regional national

National Focal Point Energy Agriculture

Transboundary Water Affairs Unit National Intersectoral Coordination

Water Environment Foreign Affairs Planning and Finance

Figure 5: The NBI structure in 2018 (Source: NBI)

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 19 Advisory Committee comprised of two to three senior The NBI started implementation of the first Strategic technical officials from the member states. Thus, Nile- Action Program in 2003 through the basin-wide Shared TAC and NEL-TAC serve as advisory committees for the Vision Program, implemented by Nile-SEC, and the two Nile-COM and NEL-COM, respectively. The Eastern Subsidiary Action Programs, implemented by ENTRO Nile Subsidiary Action Team (ENSAPT) serves as the and NELSAP-CU. advisory committee for EN-COM. At national level, the At the end of the first Strategic Action Program, in ministry responsible for water affairs serves as the focal 2012, as part of the Institutional Strengthening Project national institution for all NBI affairs. executed by Nile-SEC, the member states agreed on The current NBI overall structure is shown in Fig 5. The three core functions of the NBI, namely, facilitating Executive Director of the Nile-SEC is appointed by the basin cooperation, water resources management member countries on rotational basis with a term of 2 and water resources development. With the adoption years. The Executive Director of ENTRO has a term of of the NBI core functions by the member states, 3 years and is selected through open competition. The the Nile-SEC was given a lead mandate for the core position is offered to each member state on a rotational functions of facilitating basin cooperation and water basis according to their alphabetical order. The Regional resources management while ENTRO and NELSAP- Coordinator of NELSAP-CU has a maximum term of 6 CU are mandated to implement the water resources years and is also selected through open competition. development core function in the Eastern Nile and the NEL sub-basins, respectively.

Mr. Meraji Msuya Eng. Patrick Kahangire Mr. Audace Ndayizeye Ms. Henriette Ndombe (R.I.P.) 1999 - 2004 2004 – 2006 2006 – 2008 2008 – 2010 Country: Tanzania Country: Uganda Country: Burundi Country: DR Congo

Dr. Wael Khairy Eng. Teferra Beyene Dr. John R Nyaoro Eng. Innocent Ntabana 2010 – 2012 2012 – 2014 2014 – 2016 2016 – 2019 Country: Egypt Country: Ethiopia Country: Kenya Country: Rwanda

Fig 6: Executive Directors of the NBI Secretariat The Nile-SEC further serves as the secretariat for the Nile-COM, supports in formulation of transboundary BOX 3. THE NILE BASIN DISCOURSE policies, carries out basin-wide analyses of water resources issues and generates shared knowledge for joint planning and decision making. The breadth and depth of work programs of the NBI centres has evolved in the last 5 – 7 years adapting to changes in country priorities and funding situations. The three centres are currently implementing their joint 10 Year Strategy (2017 – 2027), which has been structured along six priority areas, namely water security, energy security, food security, enhancing environmental sustainability, Set up in 2001 just after the NBI’s climate change adaptation and strengthening establishment, the Nile basin Discourse is transboundary water governance. a civil society network that has continued Over nearly 20 years, these three arms of the NBI, to function alongside and sometimes in commonly known as ‘centres’, have grown in size partnership with the NBI. The idea for its and undergone important changes in their internal establishment emerged out of concerns structuring as well as the size and scope of their that country-driven processes could ignore work program. In addition to the Technical Advisory (deliberately or inadvertently) views, needs Committees for the three centres, a number of expert groups and steering committees have been formed to and wishes of local civil society across the represent member states in NBI programs and provide basin. Initially using the motto ‘keeping the necessary technical support to the decision making an eye on the NBI’, the NBD subsequently process by the TAC, and eventually by the relevant established a more collaborative approach, council of ministers. including the signing of an MoU with Nile-

In tandem with the new SVP and SAP programs, SEC in 2006, which states the NBI and NBD there was recognition that these processes should be will: “exchange information, collaborate in accompanied by civil society engagement in Nile Basin the development [of] projects and activities, development. The Nile Basin Discourse (NBD) was improve the mutual benefit of existing established as separate to, but expected to engage with, cooperation amongst all stakeholders and co- the NBI and build civil society dialogue and action on operate in identifying strategic alliances that Nile development issues from basin to local levels. The promote social and development equity”. NBD was funded by a range of donors and initially The NBD continues to engage with the NBI run as a project by IUCN, before achieving regional organization status by the end of the 2000s. It was set at both a strategic basin level and national up in Entebbe to be close to Nile-Sec operations, and had levels, where National Discourse Forums have a structure based on national-level Discourse Forums been convened. For more information see: that would meet annually at a General Assembly (see https://nilebasindiscourse.org/ Box 3).

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 21 1.6 Partnership with the International Community

oordinated by the World Bank, the content of The Nile-TAC and representatives of development the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action partners meet once per year in what has become known Program (NELSAP) and the Eastern Nile as the Strategic Dialogue to deliberate on issues of CSubsidiary Action Program (ENSAP) was mutual interest and concern. The Strategic Dialogue agreed at the ICCON 1 meeting held in Geneva in 2001. serves as a platform for feedback and exploration of This meeting also established the Nile Basin Trust Fund options for addressing key emerging issues of Nile as a ‘streamlined, cost-effective vehicle to administer cooperation. the funds received from the donor community’ (see Box 4).

BOX 4. NILE BASIN TRUST FUND

Development partners attend annual Nile-COM meetings The idea of the NBTF, established in projects were recipient-executed, helping to 2003 at the request of Nile-COM, was to ensure ownership and build capacity. streamline and ensure cost-effectiveness in Treated as a regional initiative, support to funding operations, helping to consolidate the NBI by the World Bank was part of wider donor support and ensure the clarity and efforts to strengthen regional cooperation cohesiveness of the whole NBI program. after the launch of the New Partnership for At basin level the NBTF also supported the Africa’s Development (NEPAD) in 2001. Other process of NBI dialogue and engagement efforts included the Senegal River basin and efforts to strengthen the capacity of NBI the West Africa Power Pool. The concept was institutions. At sub-basin level the NBTF to pursue regional integration to overcome supported the preparation of joint investment Africa’s fragmentation and reduce economic projects. Nearly all NBTF-financed NBI marginalization. 2. EVOLUTION AND CHANGE: THE NBI MATURES

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Enabling cooperation through the Shared Vision Program he NBI has gone through several phases of development over the last two decades. The NBI started implementation of the first Strategic These include the early development of Action Program in 2003. This program comprised a Tprogramming in order to fulfil the original set of two sub-programs: the Shared Vision Program vision of the initiative, accompanied by the development (designed to build technical and institutional capacities of projects at ground level across all countries to help of participating countries to enable and facilitate demonstrate tangible results. Some of the changes that the cooperation process) and the Subsidiary Action have taken place have been in response to external and Programs (designed to facilitate embarking on joint internal pressures, including a change in the wider water resource investments to demonstrate early development partner environment towards the end of the benefits of the cooperation process). The SVP was second decade, and the shift to a more country-focused formally closed on 31 December, 2012. The SAPs were financial model from the beginning of the first decade not designed to last for a specific period but rather onwards. This ‘maturing’ of cooperation has important were expected to grow in terms of portfolio as the NBI implications both for the future capacity to sustain the would grow towards preparing several large scale multi- NBI through country-level commitments, but also for purpose investment projects. Both SAPs are still under the way the NBI works and acts – increasingly as a river implementation, albeit with major changes in focus – basin organisation that maintains standards, protocols especially in the Eastern Nile, as presented later in this and knowledge systems underpinning robust decision chapter. making on investments across the basin and at all levels. The Shared Vision Program (SVP) played a key role All in all, the NBI has evolved from an institution which in enabling and strengthening the wider cooperation has cemented a shared vision for the basin and identified environment under the NBI. The SVP portfolio was several water-related investment projects towards an approved for funding at the first ICCON meeting in institution that is more programmatic in nature and Geneva in 2001 and included implementation of projects that provides sound analytical and strategic directions totalling some US$140 million. The program comprised to decision-makers at national level. The NBI – despite seven projects with an eighth project on coordination its continuing transitional nature – is now a mature across the portfolio (see Fig 7). institution that is central for regional and basin-wide decisions on how to manage and develop transboundary water resources. This chapter provides a brief account of the NBI’s major milestones.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 23 Applied Training Project Confidence Building and Stakeholder Efficient Water Use in Agriculture Project Involvement Project

Focus: Human resource & institutional Focus: Assist in addressing issues on Focus: Build trust; ensure stakeholder capacity development (in IWRM); Short efficient use of water for agricultural involvement and reach out to civil society, and long-term training (graduate and productions; assess irrigation potential; strengthen in communication of NBI postgraduate); fostered Nile Basin strengthen capacity in agricultural water program results University networks management

Socio-Economic Development and Water Resource Planning and Transboundary Enviromental Benefit Sharing Project Management Project Action Project

Focus: Enhance analytic capacity to support Focus: Support development framework Focus: Enable the riparians to form a range IWRM: Nile Basin DSS, strengthening to address transboundary environmental of basin-wide development scenarios; transboundary dimensions issues. Prepared first inventory of wetlands support in national water policies, Capacity in the Nile Basin; drafted dialogue and strengthen analytic development in project planning and wetlands management strategy; framework for benefit sharing management supported environmental education

Regional Power Trade Project

Focus: Develop power generation and trade options; strengthen capacity of riparian professionals in power trade

Fig 7: Portfolio of the seven thematic projects under the Shared Vision Program (SVP)

Beside promoting and fostering dialogue and coordination of thematic projects. The SVP program was engagement between riparian countries, the projects transformational in ambition, changing the nature of the sought to develop common strategic and analytical basin-wide discourse on cooperation and establishing frameworks and practical tools, as well as build stronger ‘new cooperation norms’. human and institutional capacity. The eighth project The SVP projects were implemented in all countries called the ‘Coordination Project’ had a cross-cutting thereby enhancing visibility of the NBI across the whole mandate to build the capacity of the NBI to execute a basin. basin-wide program and ensure effective oversight and BOX 5. THE NILE BASIN DEVELOPMENT FORUM (NBDF)

Guidelines for design and usage – for bilateral projects abroad | 13

Guidelines for design and usage – Introduction | 5 policy dialogue that brings together

examPles of PosITIonInG Introduction The cooperationin bilateral logoexam projectsPles of PosITIonInG stakeholders from across the basin and in bilateral projects

Three versions of the logo are used: Version 1: Usage in bilateral projects abroad Example: Fiji; Official language: English 1_For bilateral projects abroad (> page 8)

2_For multilateral projects abroad (> page 17) example: banner, roll-up (image size greatly reduced) 3_For unilateral projects abroad (> page 23) around the world to build consensus on Nile example: banner, roll-up (image size greatly reduced) The three options described on the following pages prescribe the german usage of the logo in precise detail. cooperation DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT Please address any questions or concerns to:

Federal Foreign Office Version 2: Usage in multilateral projects abroad (and in excep- Division 600 tional cases in bilateral projects) [email protected] Example: Official language: English tel. +49 (0)30 5000-2634 (administrative office)

Federal Foreign Office cooperation agenda and the way forward for Division 608 [email protected] tel. +49 (0)30 5000-2858 (administrative office) ImplementedImplemented by: by: germangermangerman or cooperationcooperation EUROPEANcooperation UNION DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEITDEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT and Development (BMZ) [email protected] [email protected] Version 3: Usage in unilateral projects abroad single version in English and German sustainable development and management

(scale: Cooperation logo 100%, implementing (organizationscale: Cooperation logos and logo 100%,other logos implementing 80%) german organization logos and of the Nile Basin. cooperation other logos 80%) DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT german cooperation DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT LOGO1 Unterzeile Logo

LOGO1 Unterzeile Logo There have been five NBDFs to date: Addis Ababa, 2006 – which focused on poverty

These examples show possible ways to use the logo when no relevant guidelines for the situation are provided in the German Government style Guide. reduction and economic development;

These examples show possible ways to use the logo when no relevant guidelines for the situation are provided in the German Government style Guide. Khartoum, 2008 – with a focus on FORUM PROCEEDINGS environment, water resources management, peace and regional cooperation; Kigali, TH NE SN EEOENT OR 2011 – which focused on climate change and Theme: Investing in Nile Cooperation for a Water Secure Future cooperation and Nairobi 2014, with a focus October 23 – 25, 2017. Radisson Blu Hotel and Convention Centre, Kigali on sustainable cooperation in a complex river basin.

The 5th Forum’s theme was ‘Investing in Nile Cooperation for a Water Secure Future’ Following on from the Nile 2002 (for more information, visit www.nbdf. Conferences, the NBDF allows space for nilebasin.org). More than 400 professionals, debate and sharing on Nile development government officials and ministers, the issues across institutions, countries and media and students took part in the 5th individuals – both from within and beyond Forum in Kigali in October 2017. the basin. The forum is a biennial science-

Figure 8: Nile Basin journalists receive awards at the 5th NBDF, Kigali, for excellence in reporting on Nile cooperation (Source: NBI)

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 25 BOX 6. AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY AND NEXUS CHALLENGE

Agriculture accounts for more cent of the total area under than 80% of water withdrawals irrigation in the Nile Basin is in the Nile Basin (Timmerman in Egypt and Sudan8. In fact, 2005, Karyabwite 2000, FAO in most Nile Basin countries, 2011b). The NBI has developed a cropped area is much greater understanding of water less than area equipped demand in agriculture, how to for irrigation highlighting ensure sustainable watershed that irrigation is not just management to support rain fed- about water availability, but dependent upland agricultural also economic feasibility. communities, and improve Many irrigable areas in water use efficiency including in Figure 9: Agro-ecologies in the Nile the basin are far from economies where the agricultural Basin (Source: NBI, 2012) markets, for example. Overall sector is by far the most important most agricultural output is productive sector and employer. Most produced on the 87% of lands under rain irrigation is practiced in Egypt and Sudan, fed cultivation, including in upstream states. where topography and proximity to the For more on the NBI’s approach to water in Nile valley make this form of farming agriculture, see: http://nilebasin.org/index. economically attractive. More than 90 per php/investments/agriculture

BOX 7. DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND DECISION SUPPORT operation of infrastructure. The Nile Basin Decision Support System (Nile DSS) is a software framework delivering a shared analytical and knowledge system that assists member states in making rational decisions on water resources planning and management, and forms the backbone of the strategic planning process in the second decade of the NBI’s development. The DSS provides communications, information management and analysis of water To underpin the ‘NBI track’ a sound resources. knowledge base has always been a priority area not least to reduce knowledge The development of the system during asymmetries between countries. One of the 2006 - 2012 generated a ‘user community’ flagship information products of the NBI, comprising over 200 professionals from the Nile Decision Support System, responds across the basin. The NBI developed the Nile to this need for strong information systems DSS through a series of needs assessments built on comprehensive databases, helping to provide both policy and strategy-level support project planning, monitoring the and planning- and management-level inputs. state of the basin and ensuring optimal For more information see: http://nbdss. nilebasin.org/support/home

8 NBI Strategic Water Resources analysis synthesis report, Nile-SEC (2016) At the time of the mid-term review of the Shared Vision Program, which was conducted from July 16 – 27, BOX 8: THE INSTITUTIONAL 2007, there was the anticipation that the NBI would STRENGTHENING PROJECT (ISP), soon start its transition into a permanent institution. 2008 – 2012. This wasn’t surprising because, in February 2007, the The design of ISP was completed with remaining issue of the CFA negotiations, i.e. Article optimism that Nile Basin countries 14b, was referred to the Heads of State and there was would sign and ratify the Cooperative expectation that this would possibly be resolved quickly. Framework Agreement (CFA) and As a result, the SVP mid-term review recommendations establish a permanent institution within focused, among others, on how the SVP can respond to the lifespan of the project. With the delay this evolving context of Nile Basin cooperation. Already many of the SVP projects had passed their mid-term and in signing the CFA by some countries, the would soon be completed. Therefore, it was critically context changed significantly and called important the SVP outputs needed to be captured for a redesigning of the project. and mainstreamed into the anticipated permanent institution. This was designed to happen through the With delay in ratification of the CFA and, hence, the non- Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP). establishment of a permanent institutional mechanism The NBI launched the ISP to pave the way for the for the Nile cooperation changed the project context and establishment of a Nile Basin Commission (Cascao, the ISP had to be adapted to new realities during 2010 2012). This was to build on the successes achieved under – 2012. the SVP, to prepare the NBI for the next phase of its Under the ISP, the three core functions of the NBI development given uncertainty over the outcome of the were articulated as: Facilitating Basin Cooperation, CFA negotiations. The ISP was to provide an integrated Water Resources Management and Water Resources package of strengthening to be implemented by NBI Development. institutions.

2.2.2 Action on the Ground; the Subsidiary Action Programs

The SAPs delivered tangible impacts on the ground, transboundary resources would then be reinforced, and to complement the wider ‘enabling’ logic of the SVP. countries would engage more actively in basin-wide Preparation of SAPs cost some US$30 million and projects rather than national and unilateral projects that each project included two or more countries – the goal would then provide a less optimal outcome. Developing being to showcase that infrastructure and investment the SAPs included not just project planning, but also projects can deliver a multitude of benefits for several wider analysis of socio-economic environments, actors if the projects are studied and designed having including the role of gender-focused planning and a regional perspective in mind. The logic was to realize development. transboundary development opportunities within the Most SAP projects focused on the major water agreed basin-wide framework. These projects provided resource thematic area with related joint investments ‘fruits of cooperation’ that were more tangible at in infrastructure, power and agricultural trade, country level. The expectation was that as benefits grew the environment, and disaster management. SAPs in number and extent, the purpose of cooperating over

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 27 established programs that were driven, respectively, evolve over time with a portfolio to be decided by the from Addis Ababa through the Eastern Nile Technical respective countries as the transboundary cooperation Regional Office (ENTRO) and from Kigali through would progress and according to strategic directions the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program about what, when and where to materialise those Coordination Unit (NELSAP-CU). In contrast to the investments. Shared Vision Program, the SAPs were designed to

2.2.2.1 Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP) ENSAP was premised on the recognition that Eastern << ENTRO vision: To be a credible Eastern Nile water resource management and development Nile institution fostering sustainable challenges are essentially transboundary in nature and transboundary cooperative water resource cannot be addressed or tackled in isolation. The Eastern management and development; and Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO), the executive promoting regional integration >> arm of ENSAP, started operations in 2002. The first set of projects under ENTRO, the Integrated Development generation and trade, and Water Resource Planning and of the Eastern Nile (IDEN) program, included both fast Management studies, investment preparation, flood and multipurpose track projects. With a legal status of early warning, monitoring and capacity development its own, ENTRO was jointly owned at its establishment through an internship program. In addition, ENTRO by Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan, and later joined by South works on dam safety and coordinated cascade operation, Sudan in 2012. including sediment management, and institutional strengthening. In 2019, ENTRO began implementation ENTRO is responsible for driving the Water Resource of a third five-year strategic plan and continues to run Development function in ENSAP under two core a successful ENTRO Young Professionals Internship thematic areas: Water Resources Development which program, having enrolled over 163 interns from across includes cooperative investment preparation for irrigated the Eastern Nile since 2011. The key projects under agriculture, watershed management and hydropower IDEN are as shown in Fig 8.

Ethiopia-Sudan Transmission Irrigation and Drainage Study Power Trade Program Study Interconnection

Conducted regional assessments of Supported feasibility and ESIA studies; Conduct regional assessments of power generation and power trade power purchase agreements; irrigation development, costs and options; prepared investment projects projects implemented by power benefits across countries; completed (generation and transmission); Trained utilities of Ethiopia and Sudan and was detailed feasibility studies(Ethiopia and professionals from Eastern Nile countries inaugurated in 2015 Sudan; trained professionals (Egypt, Ethiopia,Sudan)

EN Planning Model Project (ENPM) Watershed Management Project Flood Preparedness and Early Warning Project

Strengthened capacity to address Strengthened capacities in modeling and Conducted regional assessments to flood risks and disasters (regional flood decision support; developed quantity watershed management coordination unit at ENTRO; national suite of models for the Eastern Nile benefits across countries; prepared and flood forecasting centres; flood warnings sub-basin and enhanced the regional projects; enhanced capacity for regularly issued; community flood knowledgebase addressing watershed degradation preparedness strengthened) ENSAP: FAST TRACK (INVESTMENT) PROJECTS (INVESTMENT) TRACK FAST ENSAP:

Fig. 8: Fast track projects under the ENSAP IDEN (more information in: http://entro.nilebasin.org/) BOX 9: THE EN SEASONAL FLOOD FORECAST AND EARLY WARNING PROJECT

The Flood Forecast and Early Warning System (FFEWS) project started in 2010. Since the start FFEW has supported EN countries by producing flood bulletins with three day lead time; forecasted flood level and provided inundation maps for Lake Tana (Ethiopia), Blue Nile (Sudan), Gambella (Ethiopia) and South Sudan flood prone areas. Flood warnings and alerts are used Results: Enhanced regional coordination by local communities, relief organisations capacity; and governments. • National flood coordination units in the EN regularly share information and data that has contributed to a reduction in devastation from floods. • Strengthened institutional linkages; National governments work closely with regional governments, relief agencies, and local communities, enhancing ownership of the system and processes. • Protected lives and property; overall reduced the risk of flood devastation for about 2.2 million people in the Eastern Nile.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 29 BOX 10: THE EASTERN NILE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (EN-WSM)

Jointly agreed upon by Egypt, Ethiopia and Ethiopia (Tana-Beles Watershed Project in Sudan, the EN-WSM project became one of Upper Blue Nile over 80,000 ha); in Sudan the earliest success stories of ENTRO. The (Dinder and Lower Atbara Watersheds, project strove to establish a sustainable 27,000 ha) and in Egypt Lake Nasser- framework for the management of selected Nubia (Lake Management Framework, watersheds in Eastern Nile in order to sediment and water quality monitoring, address the root causes of catchment bi-annual bathymetric survey). The project degradation, and reduce sediment has designed a regional sediment and transport and siltation of water bodies and water quality monitoring framework along infrastructure. with Field Guides and Manuals. About 700 professionals from Egypt, Ethiopia, The project first undertook a collaborative South Sudan and Sudan have been trained study – the CRA (Cooperative Regional through workshops and exchange study Assessment) – supervised by experts visits in various fields, including: gully from Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. The mapping and rehabilitation; soil and CRA employed a range of no-borders, water conservation; rainwater harvesting; basin-wide analyses and quantified drainage control structures; GIS; nursery win-win benefits to be derived from management and agro-forestry. Four regional cooperation. On that basis the bankable watershed projects covering project designed long term watershed nearly a million hectares and potentially management strategies along with benefiting a million people have also been 13 project profiles for fast-track prepared (2 in Sudan, 2 in Ethiopia) and are implementation and piloting including in awaiting implementation. The two ‘multipurpose’ activities under ENSAP were the of which was regional integration and transformations Baro-Akobo-Sobat Multipurpose Development and the in socio-economic development and stability in the Joint Multipurpose Program. The Baro-Akobo-Sobat Eastern Nile. Led by multi-sectoral Regional Working Multipurpose Water Resources Study looked at Groups, the JMP carried out assessments and analyses expanding irrigation and rain-fed agriculture, improving of joint development opportunities and scenarios under water conservation and developing hydropower and a Scoping Study which took a ‘no borders’ approach as navigation. The data generated and analysed would its organizing framework. A study commissioned by form the basis for planning multipurpose projects in the decision-makers of the three riparian countries, the sub-basin. In 2017 the project produced the first commonly referred to as the ‘Scoping Study’ (2008), was ever applied strategic study, in which was included a conducted to inform discussions among the then three Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment. ENTRO members of ENTRO, i.e. Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. prepared an integrated water resources development and However, no final consensus was reached on investment management plan for the Baro-Akobo-Sobat sub-basin in priorities and the project will have to be revived 2017. according to new political, economic and institutional realities. By contrast, the Joint Multipurpose Project (JMP) sought to coordinate investments and create an enabling institutional environment, the final goal

2.2.2.2 Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) – Capturing opportunities, exploring options

Focused on the key riverine and lake resources in Since NELSAP was first established in 1999 as an the upper portion of the White Nile/Albert Nile, the investment arm of the NBI for the Nile Equatorial Lakes Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program sub-basins, it has become a catalyst for stimulating Coordination Unit (NELSAP-CU), headed by a Regional and accelerating regional power development and Coordinator, is the executive and technical arm of the Nile integration, taking account of the nexus between water Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP). and energy and therefore positioning itself as a strategic The CU is responsible for driving the Water Resource partner in strengthening the linkages between the Development Program under NELSAP by assisting Ministries in charge of Water Affairs and those in charge member states to identify and prepare investments in of Energy, where these are separate. NELSAP has built regional and transboundary water-related projects. extensive experience, reputation and trust, as a result of NELSAP, which now comprises Burundi, DRC, Kenya, implementing regional, high impact, bankable projects, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, South with continued support from development partners. Sudan and Sudan promotes investments in a range of The NELSAP-CU with the support of cooperating areas including power development and transmission development partners and countries, works strategically interconnections, water resources management, and collaboratively with other regional institutions, lakes and fisheries management, and agricultural to facilitate asset creation, preparation of in-country development. NELSAP’s mission is to contribute to the projects of regional significance and cross-border eradication of poverty, promote economic growth and regional projects, resource mobilization, project reduce environmental degradation. implementation coordination and technical oversight on behalf of member countries.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 31 NELSAP supports riparian countries to prepare and (NELCOM) in October 2015. From a long list of 71 implement a number key regional investment projects pipeline projects, 21 have been selected as priority in power development and trade, and water resources projects for preparation at an estimated cost of US$72 management and development. To date, it has mobilized million dollars; a further 16 investment bankable cumulative finance for pre-investment programs of projects have also been prepared for implementation US$92 million and an additional US$980 million for at a cost of US$1.9 million dollars during the short- to investment projects. NELSAP has prepared pipeline medium-term period, 2017-2022 (see Annex 4.2 for list projects which were approved for further development of past and ongoing projects under the NELSAP). by the Nile Equatorial Lakes Council of Ministers

BOX 11. THE REGIONAL RUSUMO FALLS HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: AN NBI FLAGSHIP

The Rusumo Falls was identified as a potential area for hydropower generation as early as the 1970s to address the energy needs of Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania. For several years, the three partner states discussed implementation of this important project without success. In 2006, the idea of developing the Regional Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric Project was revived by NELSAP-CU. NELSAP-CU coordinated preparation and the signing Figure 11 Rusumo Fall main site, 2018 (Source: NBI) of several agreements, which includes the to NELSAP-CU. The RPCL will decide on the Joint Project Development Agreement, modalities for management and operation the Implementation Agreement and the of the power plant. Shareholding Agreement in 2013 by the three countries. NELSAP-CU further Construction of the Regional Rusumo mobilized a US$7.72 million grant for Falls Hydroelectric Project kicked off in the preparation of the project and March 2017 with implementation currently US$340 million for the construction of under the supervision of NELSAP-CU. The the hydropower plan to generate cheaper project’s construction is expected to be electricity for the three countries. The completed by the end of 2020, at which three beneficiary countries formed the point 80MW of electricity will be generated government-owned Rusumo Power and shared by the three countries (each to Company Ltd (RPCL) that owns the plant receive 26.6MW on their national electric and delegated the project implementation grids). 2.3. Evolving context: the pivotal period

n the history of the NBI, the period between technical and political representatives on how to address 2010 and 2012 can be considered pivotal. Several the different positions of the countries, achieving internal and external factors contributed to very an ambiguous solution that would allow the three to dynamic changes. This section does not deal continue cooperation under ENTRO without necessarily I compromising their positions regarding the CFA. Signed with changes at national level that have influenced at a ministerial level on the 12th of November 20129by the decisions over the future of the NBI, but rather focuses three countries, it was immediately endorsed by Sudan on two main developments – an internal one, with the and Ethiopia but not by Egypt. It was this agreement signature of the CFA by six of the NBI member states, that allowed Sudan’s return to the NBI, while Egypt and an external one related to changes in the funding continued to suspend its participation. landscape. With the impending closure of the NBTF in 201210 as On one hand, a new type of collective action emerged per the original plan and with no prospect of a second based on an upstream coalition deciding to go ahead NBTF being established, the future prospect of the NBI’s with the signature of the CFA in May 2010, followed by financial sustainability and, by extension, its existence strong reactions from downstream countries and some was called into question. development partners. Downstream countries decided to opt out from the NBI (Sudan would only return at The period from 2010 to 2012 was therefore a critical the end of 2012) and development partners strongly period for the dialogue between development partners opposed any moves which would not include all the and also countries, with the former putting a lot of riparian states, as envisioned a decade before. Below is emphasis on countries increasing their financial a brief account of main events that have provided the contributions to the NBI in order to cover minimum current shape of the NBI. levels of functionality. The countries have committed more financial resources – although payment by some Following the signature of the CFA by six upstream has yet to be secured as expected. riparian states in May 2010, Egypt and Sudan suspended their participation in NBI activities. They The Nile-COM agreed in July 2012 to gradually increase announced their decision during the Nile-COM meeting member country annual cash contributions and fully in Addis Ababa in June 2010. This particularly affected finance the core operations of the NBI by 2017. The agreed ENTRO, which was established by Egypt, Ethiopia and annual contributions of member states duly grew from Sudan, and forced it to operate with only one member US$15,000 (agreed in Dar es Salaam in 1999) to over state remaining (South Sudan at the time was not an US$300,000 by 2017. Those countries that contributed independent state and, hence, not a member of the to all three NBI centres would now contribute over NBI). Further, one of the scenarios (or assumptions) US$400,000 per annum. This was a significant step underlying the ISP project, namely that the CFA would towards ensuring the financial sustainability of the be signed and ratified by a sufficient number of countries NBI’s core operations in its three centres. with eventual transitioning of the NBI into the Nile The closure of the SVP and ISP projects in 2012 meant River Basin Commission, had not materialized. a substantial shrinking of the NBI’s activities and The complex situation in the Eastern Nile Basin was funding levels. All regional Project Management Units addressed when Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan met of the projects under the Shared Vision Program, which in Addis Ababa in November 2012 to find a way of were located in various riparian countries, were closed resuming participation by Egypt and Sudan in ENTRO and all national project staff left the NBI, significantly programs. It involved detailed negotiations between reducing the physical presence and, hence, the visibility

9 Full text available at: http://www.nilebasin.org/2016/entro/index.php/latest-news/131-outcome-of-theconsultations- among-the-eastern-nile-en-countries-on-ensapentro- challenges-sheraton-addis-ababa-november-5-6-2012 A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 10 The NBTF was later extended by 2 years and closed on 31st December 2014. 33 of the NBI at national levels. However, if the national Having the above-mentioned political, institutional presence and the visibility of NBI has been reduced, the and financial pathways in mind, the NBI centres same cannot be said about the outcomes of the SVPs and subsequently changed their working approaches. ISP which were streamlined into the activities/projects The second Strategic Action Program (2013 – 2017) of the ‘new’ NBI which had started under a new modus was approved by Nile-COM in 2012 and provided the operandi from 2013. overarching program document for NBI activities. Mid- way into the implementation of the second Strategic At the beginning of 2013, the NBI started to adapt to new Action Program, the scope of NBI programs changed financing realities as differences between countries substantially. The Nile-SEC moved from a project-based (regarding the CFA, and any kind of possible scenario of to a programmatic approach and ENTRO’s work program continuing technical cooperation in spite a deadlocked was gradually geared towards knowledge generation, political track) could not be solved and continued to capacity development and analytic work to generate affect operations. options for infrastructure management, including those for the coordinated operation of a cascade of dams and dam safety frameworks.

2.4 The NBI today

tarting around 2013, NBI programs changed ●● ENTRO has adapted its program more towards substantially, adjusting not only to new knowledge generation, capacity development realities of funding but also responding (with a strong young professionals program) and Sto the need to move away from a project- consolidated its flood forecasting and early warning based towards a program-based approach in which activities; the NBI increasingly assumes the role of a river basin ●● The NBI moved to a program-based approach organization. (PBA) moving away from the project-based ones. The programs are stable work areas into which new By the conclusion of the second Strategic Action Program activities are integrated, thereby providing stability in 2017, both the NBI’s institutions and programs had and a more strategic focus to the work program of made noticeable changes. Important changes include: the NBI. ●● The Nile-SEC’s water resources management unit, ●● For the first time in the NBI’s history, all three NBI established at the end of the ISP, has grown into a centres jointly developed a 10-Year Strategy (2017- core technical unit of the Nile-SEC, operating the 2027). This is now being implemented through Nile Basin DSS and providing user support and the strategic plans of ENTRO and NELSAP and carrying out basin-wide water resources analyses to the basin-wide program of Nile-SEC. The 10-Year inform the dialogue on cooperative water resources Strategy was formulated based on intrinsic basin management, formulating transboundary policies water resources management and development (e.g. the NBI Environment and Social Policy, the NBI priorities to ensure the NBI’s work programs remain Wetland Management Strategy, among others) and relevant regardless of how the NBI evolves as an advancing the hydro-meteorological monitoring institution in the coming decade. The six pillars agenda that started under the SVP. (priority areas) of the 10-Year Strategy are shown in Box 12. BOX 12 NILE BASIN STRATEGY 2017-2027 1. Enhancing availability and 5. Improve basin resilience sustainable management of to climate change impact. the transboundary Nile water Here, the NBI plans to carry resources. Under this goal, out climate vulnerability the NBI strives to identify and assessment for major water prepare investment projects to systems and water use sectors increase storage capacity in the in the Nile Basin; generate basin; support the improvement NBI STRATEGY 2017 - 2027 scenarios of water availability ABRIDGED VERSION of water use efficiency in major under different climate change water-use sectors; strengthen scenarios; prepare short-term river basin monitoring and to seasonal river flow forecasts analysis of data from monitoring to support operational water networks; promote conjunctive resources management; support use of surface and ground harmonisation of climate change water resources. and improve policies of the partner states; preparedness for flood and and build capacity of NBI centres drought risks is Nile sub-basin. and member states in areas of global climate finance. 2. Energy security. Under this goal, the NBI endeavours to enhance hydropower 6. Transboundary water governance. development and increase interconnectivity This focuses on building the capacity, and of electric grids and power trade in the basin. efficient operation, of the three NBI centres; Under this goal, the NBI will identify and facilitating meetings and other activities of prepare investment projects for regionally NBI’s governance bodies; raising funds for significant hydropower generation options; the Nile cooperation; building the capacity of and identify and prepare investment project transboundary water units of the members for regional power interconnection and power states; organising multi-stakeholder trade. dialogue events to deliberate on issues of Nile cooperation and the management and 3. Food security. the NBI plants to induce and knowledge products; and forge strategic promote, through analytical work, an approach partnership with other regional inter- that examines and processes options for governmental institutions such as IGAD and addressing the water-food nexus in the nile EACsee: basin. The NBI will also identify and prepare investment projects for enhancing agricultural http//www.nilebasin.org/images/docs/NBI- irrigation and promoting fisheries and Strategy-2017-2027-pdf) aquaculture production

4. Environmental Sustainability. Under this priority area, the NBI will to promote the wise use and sustainable management of wetlands of transboundary significance; support eniromental flow assessments for critical river and lake ecosystems, support partner states in establishing and operating a strategic network of water quality monitoring stations,and identify and prepare projects for restoration of degraded watersheds and wetlands

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 35 ●● Further, institutional capacities of national contemporary institutions. Commensurate budgets transboundary issues have improved significantly have also been provided to cater for the increased enabling better integration of transboundary responsibility. policies and practice in national processes. In the Notable new developments in the NBI’s work program last 20 years most of the countries have stepped are highlighted in Box 13 with examples given in Boxes up their national transboundary offices to match 14 – 18. the emerging needs from the NBI and other

BOX 13: KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF NBI PROGRAMS

In Nile-Sec knowledge management ENTRO’s analytic work to develop options for the and production moved to a new level of coordinated operation of the cascade of dams in comprehensiveness with inclusion of social, multiple countries provides an opportunity for economic and physical data and completion of the three Eastern Nile countries to undertake the first State of the Basin Report in 2012 and deliberations on managing water storage dams. the completion of the Nile Water Resources Atlas The implementation of the first phase of the Nile in 2016. Basin Regional Hydro-meteorological network In Nile-Sec the NBI Strategic Water Resources has started. Assessment (see Box 14) and 10-Year Strategy Advancing the work that started under the SVP identified new specific goals to be followed and (NTEAP), the NBI has expanded its work program provided overall programmatic guidance to the to address issues on sustainable management whole process. A new 5-year program (2017- of wetlands of transboundary significance. The 2022), referred to as ‘Basin-wide Program’, also work program includes enhancing the knowledge established priorities for the Nile-Sec. base (an updated inventory and wetland atlas), The NBI supported the development of conducting economic valuation of wetland transboundary policies (see Box 16) that address ecosystem services and developing management key water and environmental management plans. issues. Nile Basin Environmental Flows Strategy was In NELSAP the breaking of the ground on the developed by the NBI and approved by the Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project (see Box 11): Nile-COM. Currently, the strategy is being For the first time in the Nile Basin, a jointly- operationalized through a basin-wide assessment owned infrastructure arrangement had been of environmental flows, which also feeds into the agreed between three states, facilitated by the Strategic Water Resources Assessment. NBI. The first Heads of State (HoS) Summit was In ENSAP, new Dam Safety Guidelines produced conducted in June 2017 and focused on strategic by ENTRO represented a key step in performing regional development issues. The HoS agreed a wider RBO-type role, illustrating both the gap to meet in the future. The NBI developed the and need for such capacity support and the role concept note for the second HoS Summit, which that the NBI centres can play in providing such was approved by the Nile-COM in August 2018. support. BOX 14. STRATEGIC WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

The Strategic Water Resources Assessment was initiated following a directive of the Nile Council of Ministers in June 2015, to assess the current and projected future water demand in the Nile Basin and hence support the dialogue among the riparian states on how to address growing water demands in a sustainable manner. The first phase has been completed and established the status of water demand and water use in 2015. Debate at the Nile Economists’ Forum in Entebbe, 2017, providing input The analysis was accepted by the riparian into the wider strategic water resource analysis, phase II. (Photo: NBI) states. Further, preliminary projections of Overall, the main components of the water demand over the 2050 time horizon Strategic Water Resources Assessment were made based on water resources plans are: collaborative water demand and of the riparian states (focusing on irrigation, water supply assessment; hydro-economic hydropower and dam development). Likely analysis of trade-offs between water uses water shortages were quantified under a and allocations and optimization of water range of climate change and natural climate allocation efficiency; as well as generation scenarios. The results of Phase I were of strategic options for reducing any presented to the Nile-COM in 2016. Based projected water shortfall. These options will on that, the scope of the second phase was cover infrastructure and water resources approved by the Nile-COM. The second management measures that can be phase focuses on refining the water demand implemented individually by NBI Member projections and generating strategic options States or through regional investment and for addressing likely imbalances in water basin management plans. supply and demand. (Source: http://nilebasin.org/images/ The work on dam cascade coordinated newsletters/Nile-News_March-2018.pdf) operation, one of the building blocks currently undertaken together with ENTRO, An indicative timeline of the Strategic Water has also been reviewed under the Strategic Resources Assessment is shown in Fig 9. Water Resources Assessment. The Experts agreed to extend the analytic work on dam cascade operation to the Nile Equatorial Lakes sub-basin (Lake Victoria to White Nile).

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 37 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Reference Option Basin Investment Plan Scenario - Adding Assessment Management Plan up the countries master plans

Fig 9: Indicative timeline for the Strategic Water Resources Assessment

BOX 15. LAKES EDWARD AND ALBERT INTEGRATED FISHERIES AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT (LEAF II)

The LEAF II project, regionally coordinated in Lake Edward and Lake Albert and by NELSAP-CU, is supporting the their basins on October 20, 2018. A key government and communities of the DRC outcome of this Bilateral Agreement is the and Uganda to sustainably utilize the establishment of a joint commission, the fisheries and shared water resources of Lake Edward and Lake Albert Fisheries Lakes Edward and Albert Basins through and Aquaculture Organization, which, a harmonized national legal framework once established, will be a permanent and policies that reduce conflicts between organization managing and coordinating the two countries over resources of the activities for the two trans-boundary lakes two lakes and their respective basins. The with representation from both countries led two governments accessed loan funding by a Council of Ministers, a joint Executive (Uganda) 5 million Unit of Account (UA) Committee and a Secretariat. The Bilateral and grants (DRC) of 6 million UA both from Agreement recognizes the right of each AfDB whereby the regional coordination country to equitable access and utilization interventions are supported by a grant of the water and aquaculture resources in from GEF of US$8.1 million. a sustainable manner. It forms mechanisms for the harmonization of fisheries policies The two governments signed the Bilateral and joint management and surveillance of Agreement for Sustainable Management activities of the lake. of Fisheries Resources and Aquaculture BOX 16. TRANSBOUNDARY POLICIES Nile riparian states endorsed a policy framework in 2012, the Nile Basin Sustainability Framework (NBSF), as an overarching policy document towards sustainability in the Nile Basin. The Nile Basin Sustainability Framework (NBSF) includes addressing Climate Change as one of its four pillars. Based on the NBSF, the NBI has developed a number of transboundary policies and strategies to guide transboundary water resources management and development.

Further information on the NBI’s work in this area can be found here: http://nilebasin.org/ index.php/transboundary-policies

BOX 17. INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICITY GRIDS OF THE NILE EQUATORIAL LAKES COUNTRIES PROJECT The project is aimed at strengthening side the Zambia – Tanzania – Kenya (ZTK) the power trade not only among the NEL power interconnection line on the other region member countries, but also other part at 220kV. A feasibility study for the regional countries’ electric grids at a total interconnection of the electric grids of cost of US$415 million. The on-going power the NEL region was conducted to upgrade interconnection lines constructed by the the line to 400 kV that was completed in project are meant to bring power trade October 2012 at a cost of US$3.8 million between the Eastern Africa Power Pool under NBTF World Bank support. This (EAPP) and the Southern Africa Power Pool study report was the basis of the on-going (SAPP). The project’s total transmission infrastructure development in the five line length is 927km at 220kV and 400kV, countries mentioned above. The Rwanda – with an associated 17 sub-stations involving Uganda interconnection and Rwanda – DRC five countries of the NEL region; Burundi, interconnection lines are complete while DRC, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda on one others have construction on-going.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 39 Under the ZTK power transmission line, engaged contractors to construct the there is the Nairobi/Isinya–Arusha/Singida lines internally. On the other hand, the portion at 400kV running for 257km. Tanzania – Zambia power interconnection The line is part of the EAPP System feasibility studies, detailed design, and Master Plan 2005 recommended by the tender documents preparation, and ESIA/ NELSAP Strategic/Sectoral, Social and RAP were completed and handed to the Environmental Assessment (SSEA) 2017 two governments in December 2017 for studies of Power Development options financial closure. Tanzania has reached full in the Nile Equatorial Lakes Region. financial closure while Zambia is mobilizing Under the coordination of NELSAP the the required funds to implement the line. feasibility study, detailed design and Once complete, the Zambia – Tanzania tender documents preparation, were – Kenya power interconnection lines will conducted and completed in 2012. The fully interconnect EAPP and SAPP. This interconnection was found bankable will improve the welfare of the population with Kenya and Tanzania having beyond the NEL region.

BOX 18. EASTERN NILE DAM SAFETY AND COORDINATED CASCADE MANAGEMENT Initiated on the basis of the 2012 Strategic Program has also helped institution Social and Environmental Assessments building by helping set up National Dam (SSEA) of the Eastern Nile Joint Safety Units and preparing training Multipurpose Project (JMP-1), ENTRO’s modules and dam safety guidelines for Dam Safety Program has become an small and large dams. ENSAP flagship. The program strives to ENTRO has now embarked on standardize dam safety management in institutionalizing the coordinated the Eastern Nile. So far, the program has operation of planned and existing trained more than 250 persons – including transboundary cascade dams in the policy makers, regulatory ministry staff, Eastern Nile. Toward this end a Road Map water resources planners, dam owners, has been prepared. ENTRO’s Reference academia, related civil society and Dam Safety Guideline is being reviewed even parliamentarians of Eastern Nile by ICOLD (International Commission on countries. The program, in partnership Large Dams) for adoption world-wide. with NORAD, has also extended assistance The recent appointment of ENTRO’s Dam to the training of professionals from Safety Coordinator as Vice President of Liberia, Rwanda, Angola, Tanzania, ICOLD is testament to the recognition of Kenya, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, ENTRO’s pioneering work in Dam Safety. Malawi and Uganda. ENTRO’s Dam Safety 3. BRINGING THE BASIN TOGETHER: WHAT ARE THE LESSONS

ven though the NBI has faced many << The current level of cooperation is still challenges in the past 20 years, it has never fragile. The regional aspiration is to have a lost its relevance. The future of the NBI is Nile River Basin Agreement that establishes Eprobably no longer in question. Countries a permanent Nile River Basin Commission have committed to continuing the development of the acceptable to all the Nile Basin States. >> (key NBI through country contributions. But the question informant) is what kind of future? This section provides pointers 1. The vision of ‘regionalism’ in which the ideal on lessons that potentially can help in shaping future of cooperation is embedded requires constant directions of the Initiative based on lessons learnt to refreshing through new generations of practitioners date. being engaged in regional-level planning and analysis. The idea of cooperation can otherwise << The NBI remains strongest when it is be easily lost, and the default position return to an idea, and that idea continues to have national-level planning and development only. importance to most of the countries sharing 2. Difference in interests and positions among riparian this unique and fragile resource. >> (key countries are not unitque to the Nile Basin. Currently, informant) among the NBI member states three of them have not signed the CFA, three of them have signed and ratified the CFA while the other three have signed

What is now on-going under the NBI is embedding but not ratified. However, they are working together the regional processes it has established more firmly and advancing the cooperation regardless of their in national contexts, including planning and national differences over the CFA. Therefore, differences development surrounding the SDGs. This is a key task shouldn’t be seen as disruptive rather as reasons for and future direction and builds on an earlier lesson building more trust and stronger consensus among learnt that the NBI needs to remain grounded in national the countries. development processes while taking a one-system, 3. The tension with ‘regionalism’ is that continued basin-wide view. Basin-wide impacts of climate change, population pressures, the demand for employment << Signing of the CFA should not be a pre- and the safety of the environment remain paramount condition for the NBI cooperation nor concerns at national levels. should the non-progression of CFA be a constraint upon the NBI’s performance of From the reflections of those closely involved in the its own mandate. Fundamentally, regional 20-year journey of the NBI, a number of lessons cooperation entails some level of risk, e.g. illustrate that although success has been achieved, to national sovereignty – and therefore future sustainability and impact should not be taken for granted. requires developing and maintaining a level of trust – both within and among participating countries.>> (key informant)

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 41 << Analyzing the Nile cooperation journey approach across the sub-basins and to avoid overly twenty years since its establishment, what projectized programming in future. Subsidiarity, in were its objectives, what was/was not other words, needs to be accompanied by continued achieved, and why; and the benefits accrued basin-wide stakeholder engagement and project to date from that cooperation >> development across the NBI that surpasses the simple binary division of NEL and EN.

unilateral project development at national levels 6. Large projects that can leverage change at scale could detract from the wider NBI purpose. This is are critically important, even if the success of such not necessarily the case if the NBI is seen as more projects has only been partial. Their capacity to than a basin-wide planning institution, but rather effect change and be ‘transformational’ on multiple a curator of developments in the basin and one to levels and at scale is necessary to create incentives which basin states regularly pose questions and for future cooperation and to ensure a move away seek answers. Whilst not everything that constitutes from a profusion of smaller-scale projects. river basin development can be accommodated 7. More substantive engagement with regional under one umbrella organization, the fact that major development mechanisms such as the EAC, structural changes to the Nile system have occurred COMESA, IGAD, LVBC will enable the NBI to in the past 20 years outside the NBI but that the NBI connect its planning and strategizing with regional has responded and remained relevant and useful, is economic development plans, strategies and targets. evidence of its continued purpose and added value. In the last 10 years the NBI has regularly acknowledged 4. Benefit sharing as a concept has been central challenges ahead. Among the lessons learnt has been to the purpose of the NBI and to its design and the inherent slow pace of joint investment projects implementation. Yet a more systematic approach prepared by the NBI with participation of member to identifying and understanding benefit-sharing states, and therefore delays in meeting the demands frameworks has not fully emerged. Under the and development priorities of growing economies and strategic planning process this could continue populations. If perpetuated, this could precipitate an to be constructed as a framework for continual increasing number of major unilateral water resources identification of mutual benefits, and identifying how investment projects planned and implemented at a benefits can be gained through more cooperative national level. planning as one system across 11 countries. At the start of the third decade of its existence, it is clear 5. The nature of subsidiarity in the basin has proven that the NBI will, more than ever before, need to continue an effective device to speed up decision-making developing as an initiative owned (and supported) by all and tailor projects to local circumstances. There countries. The inexorable logic of collective action in the is need to do more to ensure commonalities in face of mounting threats is expected to draw countries closer together. What is needed now from stakeholders << Fragmented approaches are still the rule, both within and beyond the basin is a renewed sense of not the exception >> (key informant) commitment to the core idea of cooperation – the NBI’s greatest strength and its most enduring legacy. 4. ANNEXES

4.1 Documents

Abulhoda, A. B. (1997) The role of international Transboundary Water Management as a Regional organizations in the development of water resources Public Good. Financing Development – An Example in the Nile Basin. In: Proceedings of the 5th Nile 2002 from the Nile Basin. Report 20. Stockholm: Stockholm Conferences, Addis Ababa 24-28 February 1997. Addis International Water Institute. Ababa: Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources. 125-136. Metawie, A.F. (2004) History of co-operation in the Allan, J.A. (1999) The Nile Basin: Evolving Approaches to Nile basin. International Journal of Water Resources Nile waters management. Occasional Paper 20. London: Development, 20(1), 47-63. SOAS Water Issues Group, University of London. MoWR – Ministry of Water Resources, Ethiopia (1997) Amer, S.E.; Arsano, Y.; El-Battahani, A.; Hamad, O.E.; Proceedings of the 5th Nile 2002 Conferences, Addis Hefny, M. and Tamrat, I. (2005) Sustainable development Ababa 24-28 February 1997. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian and international cooperation in the Eastern Nile Basin. Ministry of Water Resources. Aquatic Sciences, 67(1), 3–14. NBD (2006b) Memorandum of Understanding between Nile Basin IWMI Working Paper 131. Colombo: NBD and NBI. Unpublished document.. International Water Management Institute. NBI - Nile Basin Initiative (1999) Policy Guidelines for the Caponera, D.A. (1993) Legal Aspects of Transboundary Nile River Basin Strategic Action Program. Prepared by River Basins in the Middle East: The Al Asi (Orontes), the NBI Secretariat in cooperation with the World Bank. The Jordan and The Nile. Natural Resources Journal, Kampala: Nile Basin Secretariat. 33(3), 629-664. NBI (2001) Water Resources Planning and Management Cascão, A.E. (2008a) Ethiopia – Challenges to Egyptian – Project Appraisal Document. Entebbe: Nile-Secretariat. hegemony in the Nile Basin. Water Policy, 10(S2), 13-28. NBI (2002b) Transboundary Environmental Action Cascão, A.E. (2009) Changing power relations in the Project – Project Implementation Plan. Entebbe: Nile Nile river basin: Unilateralism vs. cooperation?. Water Basin Initiative. Alternatives, 2(2), 245-268. NBI (2009c) Telling the Nile Story – Ten years of Collins, R.O. (2000) In Search of the Nile waters, 1900- Successful Cooperation. Entebbe: Nile-SEC. 2000. In: H. Erlich and I. Gershoni, eds. The Nile: NBI (2013) Cooperation on the Nile – The Nile Basin Histories, Cultures, Myths. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Initiative inspires hitherto [sic] dialogue among riparian Rienner Publishers, 2000, 245-267. countries for joint management and development of Dinar, A. and Alemu, S. (2000) The Process of Negotiation the common Nile Basin water resources. Dev Comm over International Water Dispute: The Case of the Nile Publications, 01/Nov, Nile-SEC. Basin. International Negotiation, 5(2), 331-356. NBI (2017) Corporate Report 2017, Nile-SEC, Entebbe. ENSAP – Eastern Nile Subsidiary (n.d.) Integrated NBI (2012) The State of the River Nile Basin Report Development of Eastern Nile (IDEN) Projects. [Online]. NBI (2017) The Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas ENSAP (2008). ENSAP Projects Brief Status Report and Future Activities, April 2008. Unpublished document. NBI (2014) Nile Cooperation – Flagship papers: Lessons for the World and Lessons from the World for the Nile ENSAP (2009). Factsheets of the 8 IDEN Projects. Addis Basin; Opportunities and Challenges, September 2014 Ababa: ENTRO Office NBI Strategy 2017-2027 Jägerskog, A.; Granit, J.; Risberg, A.; and Yu, W. (2007)

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 43 NELSAP (2009). Factsheets on NELSAP Investment World Bank (2004) Socio-Economic Development and Projects. Kigali: NELSAP-CU. Benefit-Sharing Project – Initial Project Implementation Document. Washington DC: World Bank. Nicol, A. (2003) The Nile: Moving Beyond Cooperation. UNESCO Technical Documents in Hydrology, PC-CP World Bank (2005a) Regional Power Trade Project – Series 16. UNESCO, Paris. Project Appraisal Document. Washington DC: World Bank. NBI (undated) What Does a Global Average Temperature Rise of 1.5 and 2 Degree mean for the Nile Basin: Climate World Bank (2005b) Efficient Water Use for Agriculture Change Projections—Ethiopia, Nile-SEC, Entebbe. Production – Project Appraisal Document. Washington DC: World Bank. Nicol, A.,,van Steenbergen, F., Sunman, H., Turton, A.R., Slaymaker, T., Allan, J.A., de Graaf, M. and van World Bank (2007a) Flood Preparation and Early Harten, M. (2001) Transboundary water management Warning Project (Phase 1) – Project Appraisal Document. as an international public good. Stockholm: Ministry of Washington DC: World Bank. Foreign Affairs. World Bank (2007d) Project Appraisal Document on Qaddumi, H. (2008) Practical approaches to a Proposed Credit to the Federal Democratic Republic transboundary water benefit sharing. Overseas Of Ethiopia for an Ethiopia/Nile Basin Initiative Development Institute (ODI) Working Paper 292. Power Export Project: Ethiopia-Sudan Interconnector. London: ODI. Washington DC: World Bank.

Sadoff, C.W. and Grey, D. (2002) Beyond the river: the World Bank (2008) Institutional Strengthening Project (NBI- benefits of cooperation on international rivers. Water ISP) - Project Appraisal Document. Unpublished document. Policy, 4(5), 389-403. World Bank (2009a) Nile Basin Trust Fund Annual Sadoff, C.W. and Grey, D. (2005) Cooperation on Report 2009. Prepared by the World Bank for the Sixth International Rivers: A continuum for securing and NBTF Committee Meeting. Unpublished document sharing benefits. Water International, 30(4), 1-8. World Bank (2009b) Eastern Nile Planning Model Shady, A.M.; Adam, A.M..; and Ali, M. K. (1994) The Nile – Project Information Document: Appraisal Stage. 2002: The vision toward cooperation in the Nile Basin. Washington DC: World Bank. Water International, 19(2), 77-81. World Bank (2009c) Project Appraisal Document on Sutcliffe, J. V. and Parks, Y. (1999) The hydrology of the Three Proposed Grants from the Global Environment Nile. IAHS Special Publication 5. Wallingford: IAHS Facility Trust Fund for an Eastern Nile Watershed Press. Management Project. Washington DC: World Bank. Tamrat, I. (1995) Constraints and Opportunities for World Bank (2009d) Eastern Nile First Joint Basin-Wide Cooperation in the Nile: A legal perspective. Multipurpose Program Identification (JMP1 ID) - In: J.A. Allan, and C. Mallat, eds. Water in the Middles Project Information Document (PID) CONCEPT STAGE. East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications. Washington DC: World Bank. London: I.B. Tauris, 1995, 177-188. World Bank (2009e) Eastern Nile First Joint Multipurpose Waterbury, J. (2002) The Nile: National Determinants of Program Identification (JMP1 ID) - Project Information Collective Action. New Haven: Yale University Press. Document (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE. Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank (2003a) Applied Training Project – Project Appraisal Document. Washington DC: World Bank. WRPM (2006b) Water Policy Guidelines and Compendium of Good Practice. Addis Ababa: WRPM. World Bank (2003b) Confidence-Building and Stakeholders Involvement – Project Information Zeitoun, M. and Warner, J. (2006) Hydro-Hegemony: A Document. Washington DC: World Bank. framework for analysis of transboundary water conflicts. Water Policy, 8(5), 435-460. World Bank (2003c) Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project – Project Appraisal Document. Washington DC: World Bank. 4.2 List of completed and on-going NELSAP projects

Completed water resources projects 3. Technical Assistance for Capacity Building for River Basin Planning Project: Funded by Agence 1. Lakes Edward and albert Fisheries Project (LEAF Française de Développement (AFD) to a tune of I), AfDB funded with US$2.3 million (2005-2008). Euro 1 million. 2. Regional Agricultural Trade and Productivity 4. Multinational Lakes Edward & Albert Integrated Project (RATP), financed by the World Bank up to a Fisheries & Water Resources Management Project tune of US$7.0 million and implemented over a four (LEAF II): Funded by African Development Bank (4) years period (2009 -2012). (AfDB) through a Grant of 6 million UA (US$8.785 3. NELSAP Trans-boundary River Basin Management million) to the Democratic Republic of Congo, a Program, funded by Sweden and Norway to the Loan of 5 million UA (US$7.321 million) to Uganda, tune of US$6.484 million and implemented over and Grant of US$8.1 million from the Global eight years (2006-2014) Environment Facility (GEF) through the AfDB to 4. Nile Equatorial Lakes Water Resources Development the NELSAP-CU. The project will be implemented Project, funded by World Bank at a cost US$4.895 over 5-year period (July 2016 – June 2021) with a million and implemented over a two year period total financing of US$ 23.75 million. (2010-2012). 5. Climate Adaptation Mainstreaming Project: Funded Completed power projects by the Government of Germany through KFW to a tune of Euro 400,000 to develop criteria for 1. The Regional Power Trade Project. Funded by the mainstreaming climate adaptation into investment World Bank up to tune of US$10.35 million and projects. The project was implemented over two (2) implemented over a five (5) year period (2004- years period (2010-2012). 2009). 6. Integrated Management of Transboundary Water 2. The Strategic/Sectoral, Social and Environmental Resources of Lakes Cyohoha, Rweru and Akanyaru Assessment SSEA) of Power Development Options Marshland Project. Funded by African Development in the Nile Equatorial Lakes Region Study Project. Bank through African Water Facility to a tune of Euro Funded by World Bank to a tune of US$3.0 Million 770,000. The preparatory study was implemented and was implemented over three (3) years period over three (3) period (2010 – 2012). (2005 -2007). 3. Feasibility study of the Interconnection of the Electric Grids (220 & 110 kV) for of the Nile On-going water resources projects Equatorial Lakes Countries Project. Funded by 1. The Nile Cooperation for Results Project: US$14.7 African Development Bank to a tune of UA 1.99 million project funded through the Nile Basin Trust MUA (US$3.08 million), which implemented over 2 Fund and the Cooperation in International Waters year period (2007-2008). in Africa (CIWA). It is part of the Nile Basin Climate 4. Feasibility study of 80MW Regional Rusumo Resilient Growth Program, (2013 to 2021). Hydroelectric Power Plant & 220 kV Transmission 2. NYIMUR/LIMUR Multipurpose Water Resources Lines. Fund ed by the Word Bank-AITF to a tune of Project Studies: Funded by the African Development US$7.72 million and implemented over four (4) year Bank through the African Water Facility of the period (2006-2010). (AWF/AfDB) to a tune of Euro 1.975 million.

A LONG RIVER JOURNEY 45 5. Feasibility study of Kenya-Tanzania 400 kV million. The studies were implemented over one and Interconnection Project: Kenya (Isinya) to Tanzania half year’s period May 2015 to March 2017. (Arusha to Singida) with a distance of 507 Km (93km in Kenya and 414km in Tanzania), funded On-going power projects by Norwegian Government to the tune of US$4.0 million (NOK 24 million) and implemented over 1. Interconnection of Electric Grids of the Nile four (4) period (2009-2012). Equatorial Lakes Countries Project: The Power 6. Feasibility study of Iringa-Mbeya 400 kV in Interconnection project covers five (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania: Iringa to Mbeya (292Km) section inside Rwanda, Burundi and DRC) countries with a total Tanzania. Funded by Nile Basin Trust Fund (NBTF) of 946km of 220kV/ 400kV transmission lines and to tune of US$1.88 million. The project was 17 associated substations. The project was financed implemented over 2 year’s period (2010-2013). up to a tune US$490 million (US$443 million from Donors and US$47 million from countries). 7. Feasibility study of Uganda-DRC 220 kV Power Interconnection. Funded by Norwegian Government 2. Regional Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric and to a tune of NOK 18.0 million (US$3 million) and Multipurpose Project: Power Plant of 80 MW implemented over a two (2) year period (2012-2013). installed capacity, funded by World Bank Loans/ The projects comprises power interconnection Grants at a cost of US$340 million the and (ii) of 352 km between Uganda (Nkenda) - DR Congo the transmission lines to three countries, funded (Beni-Bunia-Butembo) (72 km in Uganda and 280 by African Development Bank (AfDB) at a cost of km in DRC. US$121 million. These include 220kV transmission lines double circuit running 161 km from the power 8. Feasibility study of Tanzania-Zambia 330/400 plant to Gitega substation in Burundi, 119km double kV, Power Interconnection Project: Financed by circuit line from the Power plant to Shango sub- Norwegian Government and the European Union, station in Rwanda and 98.2 km double circuit line COMESA regional window, through KfW with from the power plant to Nyakanazi sub-station in a total of US$5.86 million (EU through KFW to Tanzania. The transmission lines implemented the tune of euro 2.26 million and the Norwegian through respective countries. government in the tune of NOK 18.612 million). The project was implemented over four and half year’s 3. Regional Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric and period (2013 to 2017). The Project comprises a power Multipurpose Project: Power Plant of 80 MW transmission interconnector between Tanzania installed capacity, funded by World Bank Loans/ (Mbeya) to Zambia (Kabwe) with a stretch of 1,322 Grants at a cost of US$340 million the and (ii) km of new transmission lines (414 km is in Tanzania the transmission lines to three countries, funded and 908 km in Zambia) as well as development of by African Development Bank (AfDB) at a cost of nine(9) associated substations. US$121 million. These include 220kV transmission lines double circuit running 161 km from the power 9. Hydropower Expansion and Regional Integration plant to Gitega substation in Burundi, 119km double for South Sudan Study. Funded under the Nile circuit line from the Power plant to Shango sub- Cooperation for Results Projects (NCORE) station in Rwanda and 98.2 km double circuit line instrument to a tune of US$0.985 million and from the power plant to Nyakanazi sub-station in implemented over one(1) period (2014-2015) Tanzania. The transmission lines implemented 10. Supplementary Power Interconnection studies through respective countries. Project. Financed by the European Union through the African Development Bank to a tune of Euro 2.0 nbI DeVeloPMent PaRtneRs

36 our DevelopMeNt partNers “I thank the Development Partners for the moral, technical nbI DeVeloPMent PaRtneRs nbI DeVeloPMent PaRtneRs and financial support extended to NBI to-date”. nbI DeVeloPMent PaRtneRs

Hon. Alemayehu Tegenu, Ethiopia’s36 Minister of Water our Develop36MeNt partourNers DevelopMeNt partNers nbI DeVeloPMent PaRtneRs Guidelines for design and usage – for bilateral projects abroad | 13 36and Energy,“I thank speaking theo Developmentur as Develop MeNt part“I thank theN Developmenters “I thank the DevelopmentNile-COMPartners chair for during the moral, the technical 19th Partners for the moral, technical Partners for theNile-COM moral, technicaland meeting financial support on 28 thextended July, and financial support extended to NBI to-date”. and financial support extended to NBI to-date”. Guidelines for design and usage – for bilateral projects abroad | 13 to NBI to-date”.2012 in Nairobi, Kenya Guidelines for design and usage – Introduction | 5 Hon. Alemayehu Tegenu, 36 our DevelopMeNt partNers Hon. Alemayehu Tegenu, Hon. Alemayehu Tegenu, Ethiopia’s Minister of Water Ethiopia’s“I thankMinister the Developmentof Water Ethiopia’s Minister of Water and Energy, speaking as nbI nbDeIV DeeloandVPMelo Energy,Partnersent PMspeaking forent Pathe as moral, R Patne technicalRtneR s Rs and Energy, speaking as th DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS Nile-COM chair during the 19 and financial support extendedth th nbI DeNile-COMVelo chairPM duringent the 19 PaRtneRs Nile-COM chair during the 19 th Nile-COM meeting on 28 July, to NBI to-date”. th Nile-COM meeting on 28th July, Nile-COM meetinge on xam28 July, Ples of PosITIonInG 2012 in Nairobi, Kenya 2012 in Nairobi, Kenya The Nile Basin Initiative2012 in Nairobi,Introductionsincerely Kenya thanks its Development Partners and Friends of the Nile, Hon.The cooperationAlemayehuin bilateral logoTegenu, projects for their continued supportEthiopia’s and Minister commitmente of xamWater P lesto the ofNile CooperationPosITIon processInG since 1999. 3636ouro urDevelop DevelopMeandMN Energy,teN speakingptartp as artNersNers in bilateral projects 36 our DevelopNile-COMMe chairN duringt ptheart 19th Ners “I thank the“I thank Development the Development Three versions of the logo are used: Version 1: Usage in bilateral projects abroad th Partners Partnersfor“I thankthe moral, forthe theDevelopment technical moral, technical Nile-COM meeting on 28 July, Example: Fiji; Official language: English 1_For bilateral projects abroad (> page 8) and financialandPartners financialsupport for extended supportthe moral, extended technical 2012 in Nairobi, Kenya 2_For multilateral projects abroad (> page 17) to NBI to-date”.toand NBI financial to-date”. support extended example: banner, roll-up (image size greatly reduced) to NBI to-date”. 3_For unilateral projects abroad (> page 23) example: banner, roll-up (image size greatly reduced) Hon. AlemayehuHon. Alemayehu Tegenu, Tegenu, nbI DeVeloPMent PaThe threeR optionstne describedR on thes following pages prescribe the german usage of the logo in precise detail. cooperation Ethiopia’sEthiopia’sHon. Minister Alemayehu Ministerof Water Tegenu, of Water DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT Ethiopia’s Minister of Water Please address any questions or concerns to: and Energy,and speakingEnergy, speaking as as th th Federal Foreign Office and Energy, speaking as Version 2: Usage in multilateral projects abroad (and in excep- Nile-COMNile-COM chair during chair the during 19 the 19 Division 600 th tional cases in bilateral projects) Nile-COMNile-COM Nile-COMmeeting meeting onchair 28 thduring July, on 28 theth July, 19 [email protected] Example: Official language: English tel. +49 (0)30 5000-2634 (administrative office) 2012 in Nairobi,2012Nile-COM in Nairobi,Kenya meeting Kenya on 28th July, 36 our DevelopMeNt Federalpart Foreign Office Ners 2012 in Nairobi, Kenya Division 608 “I thank the Development [email protected] tel. +49 (0)30 5000-2858 (administrative office) ImplementedImplemented by: by: Partners for the moral, technical germangermangerman and financial support extended or cooperationcooperationcooperation DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEITDEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT to NBI to-date”. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT and Development (BMZ) [email protected] [email protected] Version 3: Usage in unilateral projects abroad Hon. Alemayehu Tegenu, single version in English and German Ethiopia’s Minister of Water and Energy, speaking as Nile-COM chair during the 19th th Nile-COM meeting on 28 July, (scale: Cooperation logo 2012 in Nairobi, Kenya 100%, implementing (organizationscale: Cooperation logos and logo 100%,other logos implementing 80%) german organization logos and cooperation other logos 80%) DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT german cooperation DEUTsChE ZUsAMMENARBEIT LOGO1 Unterzeile Logo

LOGO1 Unterzeile Logo July 2011 – June 2012

July 2011 – June 2012 July 2011 – June 2012 July 2011 – June 2012

July 2011 – June 2012

These examples show possible ways to use the logo when no relevant guidelines for the situation are provided in the German Government style Guide. July 2011 –July June 2011 2012 – June 2012 July 2011 – June 2012

These examples show possible ways to use the logo when no relevant guidelines for the situation are provided in the German Government style Guide.

July 2011 – June 2012

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