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Cost Effective Precise Positioning with GNSS

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Cost Effective Precise Positioning with GNSS FIG REPORT FIG PUBLICATION NO 74 Cost Effective Precise Positioning with GNSS FIG Commission 5 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG) Cost Effective Precise Positioning with GNSS FIG Commission 5 Editors: Dr. Leonid A. Lipatnikov, Russia Dr. Stanislav O. Shevchuk, Russia INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG) Copyright © The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), March 2019. All rights reserved. International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Kalvebod Brygge 31–33 DK-1780 Copenhagen V DENMARK Tel. + 45 38 86 10 81 E-mail: [email protected] www.fig.net Published in English ISSN 2311-8423 (pdf) ISBN 978-87-92853-87-5 (pdf) Published by International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Front cover image: GNSS constellation (rendered with free JSatTrak software using NORAD orbit data and NASA’s Visible Earth image), GNSS antenna on rod centered above a coin (© L.A. Lipatnikov). Back cover image: IGS Tracking Network (© IGS). Editors: Dr. Leonid A. Lipatnikov, Russia and Dr. Stanislav O. Shevchuk, Russia Layout: Lagarto CONTENTS FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................................5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................7 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................9 2 DEFINING COST-EFFECTIVENESS .......................................................................................11 3 PRECISE POSITIONING METHODS .....................................................................................13 3.1 Methods ................................................................................................................................13 3.2 Relative Positioning with Phase Measurements ......................................................13 3.3 Precise Point Positioning ..................................................................................................14 3.4 Combination of Methods .................................................................................................17 3.5 Post-processing ..................................................................................................................18 3.6 Real-time High-precision Positioning ..........................................................................18 3.7 General Remarks ................................................................................................................19 4 GNSS USER EQUIPMENT AND ITS COST ..........................................................................21 4.1 High Precision GNSS Hardware ......................................................................................21 4.2 Technical Aspects of Reducing Costs ...........................................................................22 4.2.1 Modular Design ......................................................................................................22 4.2.2 Optional Functionality ..........................................................................................24 4.2.3 Open Programming Interface ............................................................................24 4.2.4 Software Defined Radio........................................................................................25 4.2.5 Low-cost GNSS Equipment .................................................................................26 4.2.6 High Precision Positioning with Smartphone ..............................................29 4.3 Market-related Factors Defining Cost ..........................................................................30 4.3.1 Market Trends and Forecasts ..............................................................................30 4.3.2 Effects of Production Scale ..................................................................................32 4.3.3 Demand Elasticity as the Key Factor ................................................................32 5 CORS NETWORKS AND CORRECTION SERVICES ........................................................34 5.1 CORS Networks ...................................................................................................................34 5.2 Correction Services .............................................................................................................35 5.3 Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) .......................................................37 5.4 Precision-oriented Satellite Based Correction Systems .........................................38 5.5 Cost-effective Solutions for GNSS Infrastructure ....................................................40 6 GNSS SOFTWARE ........................................................................................................................42 7 FREE ONLINE POST-PROCESSING SERVICES ................................................................46 7.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................46 7.2 Static Tests .............................................................................................................................48 7.3 Kinematic Tests.....................................................................................................................50 8 COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS BY APPLICATION ........................................................53 8.1 Surveying ..............................................................................................................................53 8.2 Automated Guidance .......................................................................................................54 8.2.1 Road Vehicles ...........................................................................................................54 8.2.2 Industrial Machines ................................................................................................55 8.2.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ...................................................................................55 8.3 High Accuracy Location Based Services .....................................................................56 9 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................58 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................59 APPENDIX A – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND RESOURCES ..................................60 APPENDIX B – GLOBAL AND REGIONAL REFERENCE STATION NETWORKS ........62 APPENDIX С – IGS PRODUCTS ......................................................................................................68 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................................72 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................82 FOREWORD Most surveyors today are aware that data acquisition, management, analysis, presen- tation and controlling systems are becoming more elaborate and automated. On the other side the results to be provided need to be produced with less cost, so in a cost- effective way. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 5 – Positioning and Meas- urement, has been and remains an essential part of the surveying community. During the past three decades, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have and continue to play an increasingly important role in the profession. FIG enhances this develop- ment by facilitating GNSS sessions at their conferences, encouraging GNSS research and education, and cooperating with sister organisations such as the International As- sociation of Geodesy (IAG) in the respective domain. Additionally FIG Commission 5 reacts on these developments by establishing Working Groups that deal with GNSS measurement techniques (WG 5.4), the use of GNSS for 3D and vertical reference sys- tems (WG 5.2 and WG 5.3), data fusion in multi sensor systems (WG 5.5) as well as for cost-effective positioning and measurements (WG 5.6). This Technical Report deals with “Cost Effective Precise Positioning with GNSS” thus focusing on GNSS as well as cost-effectiveness. There is a strong focus on precise po- sitioning and how to reach “geodetic performance” at the least possible cost. As Chair of FIG Commission 5 – Positioning and Measurement, I thank Dr. Leonid A. Lipatnikov, Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technology, Russia and Dr. Stanislav O. Shevchuk, Aerogeophysical surveys CJSC, Russia for their efforts in compiling and cre- ating this very detailed and impressive report. Volker Schwieger Chair FIG Commission 5, 2015–2018 March, 2019 5 FIG REPORT FIG PUBLICATION NO 49 Cost Effective GNSS Positioning Techniques FIG REPORT FIG PUBLICATION NO 49 FIG Commission 5 Publication Cost Effective GNSS Positioning Techniques INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG) FIG Commission 5 Publication 2nd Edition INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG) The present study is a follow-on to the FIG Report No. 49 Cost-effective GNSS positioning techniques edited by Dr. Neil D. Weston and Prof. Dr. Volker Schwieger initially in 2010. The second updated and enhanced edition of that report by the same editors was pub- lished in 2014. That publication
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