An Update on Bologna in TAICEP Philadelphia 2 October 2018

Michel Bédard Cecilia George Margaret Wenger Analyste en éducation internationale Senior Credential Evaluator Senior Director of Evaluation Ministère de l’Immigration, Swedish Council for Higher Education Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc. de la Diversité et de l’Inclusion Sweden USA Québec Session contents

• Overview of the Bologna Process Key Criteria • Overview of the AU HE Harmonisation Strategy • Arusha/Addis Convention • Tuning Africa • Regionalisation – where the reforms happen • Reforms in , , , Cameroon, • Q&A The Bologna process and the European Higher Education Area, EHEA • Higher education in 3 cycles (+ short cycle) >> ECTS, Learning outcomes, Qualifications Frameworks

• Quality assurance according to the European Standards and Guidelines (ESG) >> ENQA, EQAR

• Recognition of Qualifications and Periods of Study (Lisbon Recognition Convention, LRC) >> Mobility programmes, Automatic recognition of comparable degrees For further info: + Lifelong learning (LLL), Social Dimension, Bologna Policy Forum ehea.info The Higher Education Harmonisation Strategy (2007) Objectives: • Harmonisation of systems (Tuning Africa) • Quality assurance and Accreditation (HAQAA) https://haqaa.aau.org/ - Pan-African Quality Assurance and Accreditation Framework (PAQAF) - The African Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance (ASG-QA) - The African Quality Rating Mechanism (AQRM) • Qualifications recognition - Arusha Convention (1981) - Addis Convention (2014) – the Revised Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Certificates, Diplomas, Degrees and Other Academic Qualifications in Higher Education in African States. Source: African Union, presentation at QA conference, , 2016 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13546159 Regionalisation in Africa and Bologna process influcences • North Africa – MENA • • - CEMEC • Southern Africa – SADC • East Africa - EAC

• Francophone Africa: Cames • Lusophone Africa: Lusophone HE Area West Africa UEMOA

• Réseau pour l'excellence de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique de l'Ouest (REESAO) created in 2005 • UEMOA DIRECTIVE N°03/2007/CM/UEMOA of July 4 2007, on the adoption of the Licence, Master, Doctorat (LMD) system in the universities Higher Education Institutions in the West African Example: Sénégal

• 1960: Independence from • LMD reforms : legally implemented in 2011 and 2012 • Population: 15.1 million • Capital: • of instruction : French • : 52% • Participation rate Higher Education: 5% HE reforms

• Implementation of LMD reforms as early as 2004 • Main faculties of public universities: from 2008 on • Law on LMD reforms: 2011 • Decrees on Licence, Master end Doctorat: 2012 • Creation of ANAQ-SUP (QA Agency): 2012 • Integration in the LMD system of Docteur en pharmacie or médecine: 2015 Overview of reformed HE system Sénégal

Credential Credits Brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS), diplôme universitaire de 2 year or 120 credits technologie (DUT) Licence 180 credits Master 300 credits Diplôme d'ingénieur 300 credits Diplôme d'État de docteur en pharmacie 360 crédits Doctorat 480 crédits Diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine 480 crédits Document samples: Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar Sénégal: Resources

• Directive n°03/2007/CM/UEMOA portant adoption du système Licence, Master, Doctorat (LMD) : http://www.uemoa.int/sites/default/files/bibliotheque/directive_03- 2007-cm-uemoa_portant_adoption_lmd.pdf • Ministère de L'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche: http://www.mesr.gouv.sn/ • Autorité Nationale d'Assurance Qualité de l'enseignement Supérieur: http://anaqsup.sn/ • Journal officiel de la République du Sénégal: http://www.jo.gouv.sn Central Africa CEMAC

• Declaration of February 11, 2005 on the creation of CEMAC Area for Higher Education, Research and Professional Education (L’Espace CEMAC) • CEMAC Directive N° 01/06-UEAC-019-CM-14, 11 March 2006, on the adoptation of LMD- structure at Universities and Higher Education Institutions in the area Central African Example: Cameroon

• 1960: Independence from France • LMD reforms : from 2006 to now • Population: 23.4 million • Capital: Yaoundé • Official language of instruction : French and English • Literacy: 71% • Participation rate in Higher Education: 6% HE Reforms

• Major Higher Education reforms in 1993 • Reform of university Degress in 1999 • Law and Decrees on Higher Education in 2001 • Introduction of the LMD reforms in 2007 • QA : from 2013, Private Higher Education Institutions are regulated through Public Universities • Formal adoption in 2018 of the LMD system Overview of HE system in Cameroon

Pre LMD Structure Years after Baccalauréat Post LMD structure BTS, DUT, DEUG (First cycle) 2 year BTS, DUT (First cycle) Licence (Second cycle) 3 year Licence (180 credits)* (First cycle) Maîtrise (Second cycle) 4 year Diplôme d'études approfondies, 5 year Master (Second cycle) Master (Third cycle) Doctorat, PhD (Third cycle) 8 year Doctorat, PhD (Third cycle)

* Some Bachelor programs, at English speaking Institutions, are four year in length, mostly in applied sciences. In those case, the second cycle Master is still a two year Degree Document samples : PHEI and University of Crédits acquis dans le semestre 30/30 Crédits acquis dans le niveau 60/60 Cameroon: Resources

• CEMAC Directive N° 01/06-UEAC-019-CM-14 on LMD: https://www.izf.net/upload/document/JournalOfficiel/cemac2006/Di rective_02_06_UEAC_019_CM_14.pdf • Ministry of Higher Education: http://www.minesup.gov.cm • Ministry of Secondary Education : http://www.minesec.cm • Nuffic Country Module on Cameroon: https://www.nuffic.nl/documents/387/education-system- cameroon.pdf North Africa

• League of Arab States, extends far beyond North Africa. • Most of the Universities are members of the Association of Arab Universities, which is developing an active policy for cooperation to establish an ‘Arab space for Higher Education’. • Council for Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Arab Countries – the AARU – which has established an Arab Network of Quality Assurance Agencies (ANQAHE) • Francophone Arab Northern Africa is implementing LMD-structure North African Example: Tunisia

• Gained independence from France in 1956 • First major Education Reform Law in 1958; Université de established 1960 • 2008 Higher Education Act – necessity to adopt the LMD system (had begun change over to LMD system in 2005-2006) • Official language: (Modern Standard Arabic); Derja or Tounsi (Tunisian Arabic) and French widely spoken • Population 11.4 million, literacy rate 82% Pre-Bologna structure Source: “The Educational System of Tunisia,” ECE Current structure

Credential Years after baccalaureate/ECTS

Licence 3/180 Two types: Licence Appliquée et Licence Fondamentale

Mastère 5 (3+2)/120 Two types: Mastère Professionnel et Mastère de Recherche

Doctorat 8 (3+2+3)/180 (30 for courses, 150 for dissertation) National Diploma of “Licence Fondamentale”

Field: Languages and Literature

Major: , Literature, and Civilization Sample: Université de Carthage Resources

• Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique http://www.mes.tn/

• Association of Arab Universities http://www.aaru.edu.jo/Home.aspx

• The Educational System of Tunisia, ECE, 2002

• Overview of the Higher Education System, European Commission https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/sites/eacea- site/files/countryfiches_tunisia_2017.pdf East Africa – EAC

• Inter-University Council for East Africa www.iucea.org • East African Community Higher Education Area: http://eachea.iucea.org/ (2017) • Harmonization of educational systems: curricula, standards, assessment and evaluation of education programmes • East African Quality Assurance Network (EAQAN) • East African Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (EAQFHE), 2015 East African Example: Rwanda • 1962: Independence from • 1994: The Rwandan Genocide • 1995: Reforms, new language policy • 2005-07: LMD reforms, new HE Act • 2009: Member of the British Commonwealth • 2010: English official language and language of instruction in education • Inhabitants: 12.6 million • Literacy: 70% • Capital: Rwanda HE reforms & policy papers

2005-07 Higher Education reforms: • New HE Law – Introducing learning outcomes based curricula • New law on quality assurance + institutional handbook on quality assurance and accreditation • Rwanda Qualifications Framework for Higher Education, RQFHE (2007)

• Revised academic regulations (2013)

• Higher Education Council (HEC) for Quality Assurance and RQFHE Overview of reformed HE system Rwanda

Credential RQFHE level Credits

Certificate of Higher Education 1 120 Diploma of Higher Education 2 240 (120 Level 1 + 120 Level 2)

Advanced Diploma in Higher 3 300 (120 Level 1 + 120 Level 2 + 60 Level 3) Education Ordinary Bachelor's 4 360 (120 Level 1 + 120 Level 2 + 60 Level 3 + 60 Level 4) Honours Bachelor 5 480 (120 Level 1 + 120 Level 2 + 60 Level 3 + 60 Level 4 + 120 Level 5)

Master of Arts, Master of Science 6 180 (with a minimum of 140 credits at Level 6) Ph.D. 7 Not based on credits Document samples: National University of Rwanda Sample no 2: t o r from the merged University of Rwanda (2016) Rwanda Resources

• Ministry of Education: http://mineduc.gov.rw/home • Rwanda Higher Education Commission: https://hec.gov.rw • Rwanda National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education: https://hec.gov.rw/spip.php?article226 • Handbook on HE institutional policy and qualifications https://hec.gov.rw/spip.php?article227 Ethiopia • 1930-1974 rule of Emperor Haile Selassie (free from colonial rule except for 1936-41 Italian occupation) • 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed and established a socialist state. • 1991 Derg overthrown by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). • 1995 First democratic elections. • A border war with late in the 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. Begun re-establishing relationship with Eritrea in 2018.

• Population: 105.3 million; literacy rate 49% • Religions: Ethiopian Orthodox 43.5%, Muslim 33.9%, Protestant 18.5%, traditional 2.7%, Catholic 0.7%, other 0.6% (2007 est.) • Languages: Oromo (official working language in the State of Oromiya) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official working language of the State of Sumale) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official working language of the State of Tigray) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official working language of the State of Afar) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (2007 est.) Source: CIA Factbook Higher Education

• 1950 Establishment of University College of

• 2003: Higher Education Proclamation establishes HERQA & HESC; change in structure of educational system

• 2009 Higher Education Proclamation

• EtCTS (Ethiopian Credit Transfer and Accumulation System; by 2013 “all public universities exercising modularization and credit transfer systems” (MOE, 2013) Higher Education

Credential Years Diploma 12+2 Advanced Diploma 12+3 Bachelor 12+3 or 4 Master Bachelor + 2 Doctorate Master + 3

New system after 2003 moved the freshman year of university to “preparatory school” and bachelor’s degrees became three years Concerns about outcomes led to the return to four-year bachelors "HERQA informed us that today there are no more three-year bachelors in Ethiopia and that only those who had been enrolled in one between 2003 and 2006/2007 would be issued with 3-year bachelor degrees. Other sources at the institutions claim that enrolment in the 3-year degrees went on for as long as 2011. All agree that bachelor degrees presently are four years, as it was before the reforms." (from 2013 NOKUT report)

Resources

• NOKUT report: https://www.nokut.no/contentassets/a7779b54401f4e5a8557c55c2a 9c7fcc/gulliksen_anne- kari_audensen_erik_report_on_recognition_of_higher_education_in _eritrea_and_ethiopia_2013-1.pdf • Ministry of Education: www.moe.gov.et/English/Pages/index.aspx • Higher Education: www.higher.edu.et/index.php • HERQA: https://www.herqa.edu.et/ • TVET http://info.moe.gov.et/tv.shtml Southern Africa SADC:

• Multiple linguistic area including Anglophone, Francophone and Lusophone • SADC Qualifications Framework (SADCQF) • Established 2011 • 10 Level Qualification frameworks, with Level descriptors, Certification and Accreditation procedures included. Harmonisation • Definition: the agreement and coordination of higher education provision in Africa while developing and agreeing to minimum standards and ensuring equivalency and comparability of qualifications between and within countries. (African Union) AU HE Harmonization strategy resources • African Union HE Harmonisation strategy: https://au.int/en/education-division • Tuning Africa: http://tuningafrica.org/en/what-is-tuning-africa • Harmonisation initiative of Quality Assurance: https://haqaa.aau.org • Pan-African QA and Accreditation Framework: https://haqaa.aau.org/activities/paqaf-the-asg-qa-and-the-aqrm-an-overview • The African Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance: https://haqaa.aau.org/activities/african-standards-and-guidelines-for-quality- assurance-asg-qa • The African Quality Rating Mechanism: https://haqaa.aau.org/activities/aqrm- institutional-evaluations • The Arusha Convention: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=13518&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html • The Addis Ababa Recognition Convention: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=49282&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html شكرا! !Thank you Merci!

Cecilia George Michel Bédard Margaret Wenger [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]