DOCSLIB.ORG

LATE PREHISTORIC OBSIDIAN PRODUCTION and EXCHANGE in the NORTH COAST RANGES, CALIFORNIA Thomas L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LATE PREHISTORIC OBSIDIAN PRODUCTION and EXCHANGE in the NORTH COAST RANGES, CALIFORNIA Thomas L LATE PREHISTORIC OBSIDIAN PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE IN THE NORTH COAST RANGES, CALIFORNIA Thomas L. Jackson I NTRODUCHION OBSIDIAN SOURCES IN THE NORTH COAST RANGES This is a paper ofthree parts. The first part Obsidian in the North Coast Ranges originates in examines the geological distribution of obsidian in the either the Sonoma Volcanics or the Clear Lake Volcan- North Coast Ranges. A number of obsidian quarries ics (Figures 1 and 2). Obsidian fragments from the vol- and other potential sources not previously reported are canic fields are also found as clasts in the gravels of described and their trace-element geochemistry younger alluvial deposits along the fringes of the summarized. Secondly, I review the history and volcanics. In the Sonoma Valley and in areas west and concept of obsidian artifact "sourcing" by archaeolo- north of Santa Rosa, obsidian pebbles "apparently gists and geologists. Although the discussion relates derived through erosion of obsidian in the upper specifically to North Coast Ranges obsidian, the member of the Sonoma Volcanics" are definitive of the example is appropriate to a much broader audience Glen Ellen Formation (Fox 1983:11). Erosion of the concerned with determining the original source of raw Sonoma Volcanics and the Glen Ellen Formation has, material for any lithic artifact. I offer a "cautionary in turn, resulted in the incorporation ofobsidian pebbles tale" about how we come to "know" where obsidian into localized Quaternary alluvial and fluvial deposits. was obtained by prehistoric people. A number of Fox (1983:10) has divided the Sonoma Volcanics semantic conundrums arise and I make a recommenda- into two units, according to their age: "The lower tion for greater care in the use of terminology. Finally I member occupies most of the southern part of the discuss the selective exploitation of obsidian in the volcanic field as it is exposed today. The member North Coast Ranges by late prehistoric populations. consists chiefly of silicic basalt, andesite, and dacite Although there are numerous obsidian sources in the flows, with subordinate interlayered ash flows and region, not all were exploited for the manufacture of all rhyolite flows, and thus contrasts with the predomi- types of chipped stone artifacts. For example, only nately tuffaceous rock of the younger part ofthe field to certain obsidian types were used for projectile (arrow) the north" (Figure 2). Rocks of the lower member of points, while a broader inventory of obsidians was used the Sonoma Volcanics date from 5.5 million years for other artifact types. Available data strongly suggest (m.y.) to >7.1 m.y., and the youngest dated material in that the production and distribution of certain obsidian the Sonoma Volcanics is assigned an age of ca. 2.9 m.y. artifacts was closely controlled by social elites. 80 Contibudons ofthe Archaeological Research Facility Number 48, December 1989 FIGURE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF SONOMA VOLCANICS AND OBSIDIAN LOCALITIES IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH COAST RANGES. 4 WA (Geologc base mm after Fox 1963:Pato 1) [ Glen Ellen Formation Upper member Lower member Sonoma Volcanic* * city * geologic sample locality: quarry: A-Annadel SV-1 = Oakmont BC-Blossom Creek SV-2= Trinity CS-Crystal Summit seob 0 5 10 1s 20 25km MC-Meg's Crown NGM-Napa Glass Mtn. Obsidian Produedon andExchange in the North Coast Ranges, California 81 FIGURE 2 OBSIDIAN FLOWS IN THE CLEAR LAKE VOLCANICS Borax Lake obsidian flow o 5 lOmi 0o 5 i0k. Cache Formation Mt. Konoct i obsidian flow (Fox 1983:11; Mankinen 1972:2065). Obsidian occurs location of obsidian "quarries" in the North Coast in association with rhyolitic rocks in both members of Ranges. Heizer and Treganza (1944) examined the the Sonoma Volcanics. ethnographic and archaeological literature to determine Obsidians of the Clear Lake basin were produced the sources of various rocks and minerals (including during eruptions of the Clear Lake volcanics, and are obsidian) used by native Californians. Their inventory largely confined to the basin itself. The Clear Lake ofobsidian quarries contains numerous errors, stem- Volcanics are much younger than the Sonoma Volcan- ming in part from their identification of certain chert ics, generally dated as less than ca. 2 m.y. Obsidian quarries as obsidian sources. Ball (1941) reports a flows of the Clear Lake Volcanics have been radiomet- number of obsidian sources in the study area but rically dated, and range from ca. 1.01 m.y. to .088 m.y., locational data are minimal. Efforts at correlating more the younger date being for the Borax Lake obsidian recently discovered quarries in the Napa Valley region flow (Donnelly 1977:3-4; Donnelly-Nolan et al. 1981). with Ball's inventory are stymied for lack ofprecise Obsidian occurs as massive flows, domes and brecci- map data. Elsewhere (Jackson 1973; 1974)1 have ated tuffs on the south side of Mt. Konocti (Brice 1953; discussed the problems related to sorting out the lists of McNitt 1968)). Borax Lake, on the east side of Clear archaeologically reported obsidian sources in the Lake, was created when the small basin in which the region. lake is situated was sealed by an olivine dacite flow, Other terminological and comparative problems which is capped by a rhyolite obsidian flow (Anderson arise. For example, Ericson's (1977:101) obsidian 1936). Obsidian pebbles are a minor constituent of samples reportedly from "Napa Glass Mnt." were, in Cache Formation deposits southeast ofClear Lake fact, collected not only from Glass Mountain itself, but (Brice 1953:33; Figure 2). also from "E. Dago Valley", "W. Dago Valley", and There is some confusion regarding the number and "Hill 450+". Obsidian collected by Ericson from Dago 82 Coneribudons ofthe Archaeological Research Facility Number 48, December 1989 Valley (ca. 1A kilometers north of Glass Mountain) manufacture, and has not been detected in archaeologi- would almost certainly have been material eroded from cal collections. The obsidian is chemically unique the source I call "Crystal Summit" (discussed below). (Figure 3), and its distinctive physical appearance The location of his "Hill 450+" is uncertain, as there are would make it conspicuous in any collection of several hills near Glass Mountain with summit altitudes debitage or artifacts.- in excess of450 feet. The point is not to denigrate Ericson's important efforts, but with increased resolu- OBSIDIAN IN THE LOWER MEMBER OF THE tion in our knowledge of the complexity of the geology SONOMA VOLCANICS (apart from the semantic problems discussed earlier), there is a need for explicit geographical mapping of Obsidian occurs in both the upper and lower sources with a concern for distinguishing among inusitu members of the Sonoma Volcanics. The best known versus redeposited obsidian. obsidian in the lower member occurs in the vicinity of Obsidian occurs throughout much of the Sonoma Annadel State Park in the upper Sonoma Valley. In Volcanics field, for the most part, as very small pebbles addition to this archaeologically well known obsidian at ("Apache tears") unsuited for tool manufacture. I make least two other chemically discrete obsidian types are no attempt to discuss these occurrences, except those now recognized: Los Guilicos and Trinity. for which I am aware that obsidian pebbles are of In the upper member of the Sonoma Volcanics we sufficient dimensions to possibly have been used in tool find the famous 'Napa Glass Mountain" quarry and manufacture. I concentrate on obsidian in those areas several other newly documented quarries which I call where there is evidence for prehistoric quarrying. Blossom Creek, Crystal Summit, and Meg's Crown. Likewise, I do not attempt to describe the geographical These quarries all yield obsidian which is chemically distribution of obsidian which occurs as float in stream and physically very similar, although slight chemical channels. For example, obsidian is a constituent of variability exists among them. In addition to these gravels in the Napa River and in the streams which quarries, a chemically distinctive obsidian is found in drain the area of the Mt Konocti obsidian flow. tuffs ofthe upper member of the Sonoma Volcanics near Franz Valley. Other quarries are likely to exist. Burdell Mountain Annadel A highly weathered obsidian crops out on the southwest slope of Burdell Mountain in Marin County The Annadel obsidian quarry is located in what is (Figure 1). This obsidian consists of a black glassy now Annadel State Park in Sonoma County. The matrix containing a nearly equal volume of crystalline aboriginal quarry area is still covered with with vast inclusions, primarily feldspar. The obsidian is exposed amounts of obsidian flakes, partially completed tools, over an area ofapproximately 20 square meters, with and rejected raw material. Heizer and Treganza no evidence of quarrying. A recent excavation for a (1944:304) cite a personal communication with L. L. water tank adjacent the outcrop reveals isolated, nearly Loud, pioneering California anthropologist, to the effect disintegrated obsidian masses to a depth of more than 3 that quarry depressions excavated by the Indians were meters, suggesting that the remains are the last vestiges still visible ca. 1940. More recently Parkman (1983) of a small obsidian extrusion which has been nearly indicates that some of these features remain. It is obliterated by weathering. certainly true that distinct lithic reduction activity areas The obsidian and associated rhyolitic tuffs have not are still discernible at the site. Although the Annadel been recognized in published geologic mapping. The quarry has been explored by many archaeologists over area of the obsidian and tuffs has been mapped as part the years, to my knowledge no comprehensive mapping of serpentine and marine sedimentary units of the of the quarry exists. A map of the main quarry area Franciscan Complex (cf. Fox 1983; Koenig 1963; Sims made by archaeology classes from Santa Rosa Junior et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado by Peter W
    Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado By Peter W. Lipman Pamphlet to accompany Geologic Investigations Series I–2799 dacite Ceobolla Creek Tuff Nelson Mountain Tuff, rhyolite Rat Creek Tuff, dacite Cebolla Creek Tuff Rat Creek Tuff, rhyolite Wheeler Geologic Monument (Half Moon Pass quadrangle) provides exceptional exposures of three outflow tuff sheets erupted from the San Luis caldera complex. Lowest sheet is Rat Creek Tuff, which is nonwelded throughout but grades upward from light-tan rhyolite (~74% SiO2) into pale brown dacite (~66% SiO2) that contains sparse dark-brown andesitic scoria. Distinctive hornblende-rich middle Cebolla Creek Tuff contains basal surge beds, overlain by vitrophyre of uniform mafic dacite that becomes less welded upward. Uppermost Nelson Mountain Tuff consists of nonwelded to weakly welded, crystal-poor rhyolite, which grades upward to a densely welded caprock of crystal-rich dacite (~68% SiO2). White arrows show contacts between outflow units. 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey CONTENTS Geologic setting . 1 Volcanism . 1 Structure . 2 Methods of study . 3 Description of map units . 4 Surficial deposits . 4 Glacial deposits . 4 Postcaldera volcanic rocks . 4 Hinsdale Formation . 4 Los Pinos Formation . 5 Oligocene volcanic rocks . 5 Rocks of the Creede Caldera cycle . 5 Creede Formation . 5 Fisher Dacite . 5 Snowshoe Mountain Tuff . 6 Rocks of the San Luis caldera complex . 7 Rocks of the Nelson Mountain caldera cycle . 7 Rocks of the Cebolla Creek caldera cycle . 9 Rocks of the Rat Creek caldera cycle . 10 Lava flows premonitory(?) to San Luis caldera complex . .11 Rocks of the South River caldera cycle .
    [Show full text]
  • Reflecting on the Moche Past 2000 Years of Mirrors in Andean Art
    Reflecting on the Moche Past 2000 Years of Mirrors in Andean Art Reflecting on the Moche Past Mirror Frame Moche, Loma Negra, Peru, AD 500-800 Gilded copper/bronze H. 9 ¼ in. W 5 in. irrors, useful for seeing one’s own image, or for reflecting light, are a commonplace today. But in ancient M times pooled water was the only readily available reflective surface. Artificial mirrors could be made only by processing rare natural substances or forging new man-made materials. Vanity is a universal human trait, and ancient peoples undoubtedly sought to admire their own faces, coiffures, and bodies. Numerous ceramic vessels portray individuals with elaborate coiffures or using pincers (tweezer-like tools) to pluck facial hair. At least two ceramic vessels portray women holding small black disks – presumably mirrors - up to their faces. After the con- quest, Garcilaso de la Vega wrote about mirrors: "Los espejos en que se miravan Las mugeres de LA sangre real eran de Plata muy brunida y Las comunes en acofar [The mirrors in which the women of royal blood looked were of highly polished silver; commoners used bronze mirrors]" libro II cap xxxviii. But pre-Columbian mirrors were undoubtedly used for purposes far more significant than facilitating personal adornment. Mirrors made by labori- ously mining, shaping, and grinding dark, shiny minerals were exchanged over long distances, incorporated in public and private rituals, and sometimes were buried with the dead. Today’s mirrors are made from glass or plastic sheets coated with silver or an- other reflective material. While glass was never manufactured in the ancient Americas, dark volcanic glass – obsidi- an – was sometimes ground flat and polished to produce a reflective sur- face.
    [Show full text]
  • (2000), Voluminous Lava-Like Precursor to a Major Ash-Flow
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 98 (2000) 153–171 www.elsevier.nl/locate/jvolgeores Voluminous lava-like precursor to a major ash-flow tuff: low-column pyroclastic eruption of the Pagosa Peak Dacite, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado O. Bachmanna,*, M.A. Dungana, P.W. Lipmanb aSection des Sciences de la Terre de l’Universite´ de Gene`ve, 13, Rue des Maraıˆchers, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland bUS Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA, USA Received 26 May 1999; received in revised form 8 November 1999; accepted 8 November 1999 Abstract The Pagosa Peak Dacite is an unusual pyroclastic deposit that immediately predated eruption of the enormous Fish Canyon Tuff (ϳ5000 km3) from the La Garita caldera at 28 Ma. The Pagosa Peak Dacite is thick (to 1 km), voluminous (Ͼ200 km3), and has a high aspect ratio (1:50) similar to those of silicic lava flows. It contains a high proportion (40–60%) of juvenile clasts (to 3–4 m) emplaced as viscous magma that was less vesiculated than typical pumice. Accidental lithic fragments are absent above the basal 5–10% of the unit. Thick densely welded proximal deposits flowed rheomorphically due to gravitational spreading, despite the very high viscosity of the crystal-rich magma, resulting in a macroscopic appearance similar to flow- layered silicic lava. Although it is a separate depositional unit, the Pagosa Peak Dacite is indistinguishable from the overlying Fish Canyon Tuff in bulk-rock chemistry, phenocryst compositions, and 40Ar/39Ar age. The unusual characteristics of this deposit are interpreted as consequences of eruption by low-column pyroclastic fountaining and lateral transport as dense, poorly inflated pyroclastic flows.
    [Show full text]
  • Source to Surface Model of Monogenetic Volcanism: a Critical Review
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Source to surface model of monogenetic volcanism: a critical review I. E. M. SMITH1 &K.NE´ METH2* 1School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 2Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Small-scale volcanic systems are the most widespread type of volcanism on Earth and occur in all of the main tectonic settings. Most commonly, these systems erupt basaltic magmas within a wide compositional range from strongly silica undersaturated to saturated and oversatu- rated; less commonly, the spectrum includes more siliceous compositions. Small-scale volcanic systems are commonly monogenetic in the sense that they are represented at the Earth’s surface by fields of small volcanoes, each the product of a temporally restricted eruption of a composition- ally distinct batch of magma, and this is in contrast to polygenetic systems characterized by rela- tively large edifices built by multiple eruptions over longer periods of time involving magmas with diverse origins. Eruption styles of small-scale volcanoes range from pyroclastic to effusive, and are strongly controlled by the relative influence of the characteristics of the magmatic system and the surface environment. Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license. Small-scale basaltic magmatic systems characteris- hazards associated with eruptions, and this is tically occur at the Earth’s surface as fields of small particularly true where volcanic fields are in close monogenetic volcanoes. These volcanoes are the proximity to population centres.
    [Show full text]
  • OPAR CFP Advances in the Studies of Obsidian Sources and Artifacts Of
    THE BLACK GOLD THAT CAME FROM THE SEA. ADVANCES IN THE STUDIES OF OBSIDIAN SOURCES & ARTIFACTS OF THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN AREA COORDINATING EDITORS Franco Italiano, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy. Franco Foresta Martin, Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustica, Palermo, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy. Maria Clara Martinelli, Polo Regionale delle Isole Eolie per i siti culturali, Parco Archeologico e Museo Luigi Bernabò Brea, Lipari, Messina, Italy. DESCRIPTION Open Archaeology invites manuscripts for the Special Issue on The Black Gold That Came from the Sea. Advances in the Studies of Obsidian Sources and Artifacts of the Central Mediterranean Area. This Special Issue collects most of the contributions presented at the international workshop on the same subject which took place in Palermo, Italy, on 10-12 June 2019. The topics are: archaeometric studies of obsidian sources and artifacts; new methods of obsidian sources discrimination; genesis of the Central Mediterranean obsidian outcrops exploited during the Prehistory; obsidians as an edutainment tool; a section is dedicated to studies of characterization of ancient glasses. HOW TO SUBMIT The authors are kindly invited to submit their contribution via online submission system Editorial Manager available at http://www.editorialmanager.com/opar/ It is important that authors include a cover letter with their manuscript, making it clear that the manuscript is dedicated to Special Issue on The Black Gold That Came from the Sea. Advances in the Studies of Obsidian Sources and Artifacts of the Central Mediterranean Area. The cover letter should explicitly state that the manuscript (or one with substantially the same content, by any of the authors) has not been previously published in any language anywhere and that it is not under simultaneous consideration or in press by another journal.
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to Christ Church Cathedral's 'How Did They Do That?' Family Trail
    Welcome to Christ Church Cathedral’s ‘How Did They Do That?’ Family Trail Christ Church has teamed up with local makers to create a fascinating self-guided trail which explores the huge amount of work and the many materials and methods that were used to create the Cathedral building and its priceless collection of artefacts. Ever wondered how to make stone look like fur, how to carve wood or the secret to making coloured glass? Here’s your chance to find out, with help from the ex- perts. You can follow this trail in any order you like around the Cathedral. Directions to each object can be found at the start of each section. Where to find Chapel of St things... Laud North Quire South Transept Transept Crypt Entrance Carved pulpit Strongbow’s Entrance Tomb Baptistery Welcome Desk Stained Glass Windows These can be found all over the Cathedral — just look up! Stained glass windows tell stories. They were originally used to teach people who couldn’t read about the Bible. With sunlight shining through them, casting bright colours around the Cathedral, they provided quite a show. Almost like an early form of cinema, before films were even thought of… What is glass and how is it made? Glass is basically molten sand (silica). As obsidian it occurs naturally in volcanos. About 7,000 years ago people discovered that by adding soda ash or potash and lime to sand they could melt it themselves at a much lower temperature. How can you make different coloured glass? Coloured glass is produced by adding min- erals or metal oxides to the glass mix.
    [Show full text]
  • Rock and Mineral Eggs
    Rock and Mineral Eggs Pisolithic limestone is a sedimentary rock made of pisoids, which are concretionary grains usually made of calcium carbonate. They generally resemble ooids but are larger than 2 mm in diameter and can reach up to 10 mm in diameter. The grains are approximately spherical and have concentric layers. Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. It is produced when felsic lava from a volcano cools so rapidly that there is minimal crystal growth. The obsidian samples in the display are regular obsidian, snowflake obsidian, and brecciated obsidian. Some varieties of obsidian have inclusions of small, white, radially clustered crystals of cristobalite in the black glass, called snowflake obsidian. Brecciated obsidian is partially broken down and recrystallized pieces of obsidian in angular patterns. 3+ Epidote (Ca2Al2(Fe ;Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)) is easily identified by its characteristic yellowish green or pistachio colour. It is an important constituent of low- and medium-grade metamorphic rocks and occurs in large amounts in contact-metamorphosed limestones. Azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) is a dark to light blue mineral that commonly occurs with malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2). It forms when carbonated waters and copper minerals undergo a chemical reaction and can be identified by its effervescence with cold dilute HCl. Malachite is a mineral that can be distinguished by its green colour and typical banding. It effervesces in HCl and is a widespread secondary copper mineral. It occurs in the upper oxidized zones of copper deposits where limestone is present. Fluorite (CaF2) is a vitreous and transparent mineral that can vary in colour from clear to yellow, purple, blue, and even green.
    [Show full text]
  • Jackson's Auction
    Jackson's Auction Collector's Choice: Antiques & Collectibles Wednesday - September 19, 2012 Collector's Choice: Antiques & Collectibles 675: REED & BARTON STERLING SILVER FLATWARE, 148 PIECES USD 4,000 - 6,000 A LARGE 148 PIECE SET OF REED AND BARTON FRANCIS 1ST STERLING SILVER FLATWARE, MID 20TH CENTURY. Comprising 24 table knives, 24 table forks, 24 salad forks, 35 teaspoons, 13 cream soup spoons, 5 tablespoons, 12 individual butter knives and 11 various serving pieces. Contained in two fitted chests, not matching. Total weight approximately 194 troy oz. 676: DUTCH SILVER EPERGNE, 1853 USD 1,000 - 1,500 A VERY FINE DUTCH SILVER AND CUT CRYSTAL CENTERPIECE EPERGNE, 1853. Stamp hallmarks including "Z&B" probably for Pieter Zollner and William Beijoer (1849-1871) comprising a silver entwining stem with extending foliage supporting two scallop cut crystal trays below a tulip blossom finial raised on a scalloped floral repousse and chased bell form base. Additionally stamped "Pde Meyer te'Hage." Silver weight approximately 34.76 troy oz. Height 22.5 inches (57cm). 677: WALLACE ROSE POINT STERLING SILVER FLATWARE, 63 PIECES USD 1,200 - 1,800 A VERY FINE SET OF WALLACE ROSE POINT STERLING SILVER FLATWARE, MID 20TH CENTURY. 63 pieces comprising 10 each place knives, place forks and salad forks, 20 teaspoons, 10 individual butters, a gravy ladle, sugar shell and pastry server. All contained in a fitted mahogany chest with drawer. Weight approximately 60 troy oz. 678: A FINE CONTINENTAL SILVER BACCHANALIAN FOOTED BOWL USD 200 - 400 A FINE CONTINENTAL SILVER BACCHANALIAN FOOTED BOWL, 20TH CENTURY. With embossed and chased facial mask within hammered scalloped lobes and grape vine rim in deep relief.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Stratigraphic Nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1973
    Changes in Stratigraphic Nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1973 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1395-A NOV1419/5 5 81 Changes in Stratigraphic Nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1973 By GEORGE V. COHEE and WILNA R. WRIGHT CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATIGRAPHY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1395-A UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1975 66 01-141-00 oM UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cohee, George Vincent, 1907 Changes in stratigraphic nomenclatures by the U. S. Geological Survey, 1973. (Contributions to stratigraphy) (Geological Survey bulletin; 1395-A) Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3:1395-A 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Nomenclature United States. I. Wright, Wilna B., joint author. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Bulletin; 1395-A. QE75.B9 no. 1395-A [QE645] 557.3'08s 74-31466 [551.7'001'4] For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, B.C. 20402 Price 95 cents (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02593 CONTENTS Page Listing of nomenclatural changes ______ _ Al Beulah Limestone and Hardscrabble Limestone (Mississippian) of Colorado abandoned, by Glenn R. Scott _________________ 48 New and revised stratigraphic names in the western Sacramento Valley, Calif., by John D. Sims and Andre M. Sarna-Wojcicki __ 50 Proposal of the name Orangeburg Group for outcropping beds of Eocene age in Orangeburg County and vicinity, South Carolina, by George E. Siple and William K. Pooser _________________ 55 Abandonment of the term Beattyville Shale Member (of the Lee Formation), by Gordon W.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhyolite and Trachyte Formation at Lake City Caldera: Insight from Quantitative Textural and Geochemical Analyses
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2016 Rhyolite and Trachyte Formation at Lake City Caldera: Insight from Quantitative Textural and Geochemical Analyses Jordan Lubbers Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2016 Jordan Lubbers Recommended Citation Lubbers, Jordan, "Rhyolite and Trachyte Formation at Lake City Caldera: Insight from Quantitative Textural and Geochemical Analyses", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2016. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/99 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Geochemistry Commons, and the Geology Commons RHYOLITE AND TRACHYTE FORMATION AT LAKE CITY CALDERA: INSIGHT FROM QUANTITATIVE TEXTURAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES By Jordan E. Lubbers A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Geology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Jordan E. Lubbers This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences ThesisDepartment Advisor: ofChad Deering Committee Member: Olivier Bachmann Committee Member: William Rose Department Chair: John Gierke Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanoes a to Z
    Mount St Helens National Volcanic Monument – Teacher’s Corner -Teacher Info. Gifford Pinchot National Forest USDA Forest Service Volcanoes A to Z – Bus Activity Time Requirement: all day Exhibit / Trail Used: all exhibits/trails visited Locations: all locations visited, review on the bus en route back to your school. This activity is to be completed throughout the day and between other activities. Students will make note of key words while reading exhibits, interpretive signs, or labels, or by hearing them from each other, their teacher, movies or rangers. Consider distributing on the bus and collecting on the bus. Goal: 1) The student will become familiar with terminology related to the study of volcanoes, geology, or the ecosystems that surround them. Objectives: 1) The student will listen attentively. 2) The student will recall and list vocabulary words for things and concepts encountered on a field trip to Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. 3) The student will distinguish nouns from other parts of speech. WASHINGTON EALRS and OREGON BENCHMARK STANDARDS Washington Social Studies 2.0- The student understands the complex physical and human characteristics of places and regions. Geography 2.1- Describe the natural characteristics of places and regions. Science 4.2 Use writing and speaking skills to organize and express science ideas. a. Use science vocabulary appropriately in written explanations, conversations and verbal presentations. Oregon Science-CCG The Dynamic Earth- Understand the properties and limited availability of the materials which make up the Earth. BM1- Recognize physical differences in Earth materials. Language-CCG Select functional, precise, and descriptive words appropriate to audience and purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.12 Paleontological Resources
    3.12 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.12 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.12.1 Definitions Paleontological resources—or fossils—are the remains of ancient plants and animals that can provide scientifically significant information about the history of life on earth. Paleontological “sensitivity” is defined as the potential for a geologic unit to produce scientifically significant fossils. This sensitivity is determined by rock type, history of the geologic unit in producing significant fossils, and fossil localities that are recorded from that unit. Paleontological sensitivity is assigned based on fossil data collected from the entire geologic unit, not just at a specific site. Paleontological sensitivity ratings are described as follows: High Sensitivity. Indicates fossils are currently observed on site, localities are recorded within the study area, and/or the unit has a history of producing numerous significant fossil remains. Moderate Sensitivity. Fossils within the unit are generally not unique, or are so poorly preserved as to have only moderate scientific significance. Low Sensitivity. Indicates significant fossils are not likely to be found because of a random fossil distribution pattern, extreme youth of the rock unit, and/or the method of rock formation, such as alteration by heat and pressure. Marginal Sensitivity. Indicates the limited probability of the geologic unit composed of either pyroclastic or metasedimentary rocks conducive to the existence and/or preservation of fossils. Zero Sensitivity. Origin of the geologic unit renders it not conducive to the existence of organisms and/or preservation of fossils, such as high‐grade metamorphic rocks, intrusive igneous rocks, and most volcanic rocks. Indeterminate Sensitivity. Unknown or undetermined sensitivity indicates that the geologic unit has not been sufficiently studied, or lacks good exposures to warrant a definitive rating.
    [Show full text]