Introduction ii

The Seven Pillars of Breeding Arabian 13

The First Pillar: The 15

• Al-Badiya and Al-Sahra 17 • Trees and Plants of the Desert 19 • Animals of the Desert 21 • Carnivorous Animals 21 • Herbivorous Animals 21 • Birds of the Desert 22 • Desert Reptiles and Insects 23 • Adaptation of Animals to the Desert 23

The Second Pillar: The 25

• The Bedouins - the Lords of the Desert 27

1. History 29

• Prehistoric Times 29 • The Early Iron Age 29 • The Establishment of Long-distance Trading Routes 30 • Kinship, Genealogies and the Development of Nations 32 • and 33 • Did Abraham and Ishmael own ? 33 • The Development of the Term in the Time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 34 • Pre-Islamic Times: The Era of the Persian and Roman Empires 37 • The Rise of up to Umayyad Times 40 • The Abbasid Era 41 • The Era of the Crusaders and beginning Mongol Invasions 41 • The Mamluk Period - The Rise of the Fadl 42 • Ottoman Times 43 • The Wahhabite Wars 1811-1818 44 • After the Wahhabite Wars 46 • The Arab Revolt in World War One 46 • The Bedouin World vanishes 48

2. Bedouin Society 56

• Bedouins in Arabia Deserta in 1503 56 • Settlers and Nomads 57 • The Tribal Order 58 • The Family: The Foundation of the Tribal Order 58 • Descent-Group Solidarity - the ibn amm Principle 59 • A!, Ahl, and Feriz 59 • The Meaning of Asil 60 • Tribal Territories 61 • The Bedouin Family 61 • Marriage 62 • Boys and Girls 62 • The Bedouin Tent 62 • The Bedouin Camp 63 • Bedouin Appearance 64 • Education and Instruction 65 • The majalis as School of the Desert 65 • Cultural Life in the Desert 65 • Bedouin Religion 66 • The markab, or sacred Litter 67 • Lawrence on Bedouin Religion 66 • Bedouin Justice 69 • The Office of sheikh among Bedouins 70 • The Search for Water and Pasturage 70 • The yearly Circle of Nomadic Life 71 • Raiding and Bedouin Economy 72 • „Brother Laws" 79 • Bedouin Hospitality 79 • Bedouin Character 82 • Mutlak Bata I of the Mutair 84 • The - the critical Pillar of Bedouin Life 86 • Other Domesticated Animals 91 • The 92 • The Guard Dog 92 • The 92 • Sheep, Goats, and Cattle 92 • The Falcon 92 • The 94 • Blacksmiths 100 • On Violence in Bedouin Society 100

3. Bedouin T ribes 104

• The Anaza - the great Nomad People of Northern Arabia 106 • The Weld All 106 • The Hsana 106 • The Rwala 106 • TheSba'ah 108 • The Feda 'an Anaza 108 • The Amarat 109 • The House of al-Khalifah on the Island of Bahrain 110 • The Shammar 110 • The Tai Tribe 113 • The Jibuti 114 • AI Aqaydad 114 • The Horse Market at Deyr Az Zor 114 • Baqqara Bedouins 114 • AI Muntafiq 115 • The Beni Sakhr 116 • The Howeitat 117 • Larger Tribes in 117 • The Mutair 117 • The Utaybah 118 • The Qahtan 118 • The Da fee r 119 • The Ajman 119 • The Dawasir 119 • The Harb - the Masters of Hejaz 119 • The Sherifs of Mecca 120 • The House of Saud 122 • The House of Rasheed at Hail 123 The Third Pillar: Strains of the Arabian Horse

• The Kuhaylan Strains 129 • The Strain of Kuhaylan Krush 131 • The Strain of Kuhaylan Rodan 134 • The Strain of Kuhaylan Haifi 134 • The Strain of Dahman Shahwan 135 • The Strain of Hadban Enzahi 139 • The Strains of Saqlawi 141 • The Strain of Saqlawi Jedran 141 • Abbas Pasha 141 • The Strain of Saqlawi Sheifi 146 • Desert Imports of the Blunts of the Saqlawi Strain 147 • Saqlawi Horses of Saudi Origin 148 • The Ubayan Strains 148 • The Strain of Shuweyman Sabbah 151 • The Strain of Hamdani Semri 152 • The Muniqui Strains 154 • Conclusions 154 The Forth Pillar: Bedouin Tradition 159

• The Power of Poetry 160 • The Role of the Horse in Shaping Bedouin Society 160 • The Development of the Language 161 • Arabic classical Poetry 161 • Nabati Poetry 164 • Description ( wasf) in classical Arab Poetry 164 • Genealogies of the Bedouins 167 • The Value of 169 • The Horse in post-classical Arab Poetry 170 • The first Pedigree 171 • The Bedouin Traditions on the Origin of their Horse 171 • Did a wild Arabian Horse exist? 173

The Fifth Pillar: The Bedouin Horse 177

• Homeless Asil-Arabian-Horse? 178 • The Arabian Horse 182 • Character 182 • The War Horse 184 • The Family Horse 186 • Conclusions 189 • The Head 190 • Type 199 • Carriage and arched Neck 201 • Bedouin Judgement of their Horses 201 • Did a special Nejd Horse exist? 202 • Raswan's Theory of the three Types 206 • Bedouin Breeding Principles 207

The Sixth Pillar: Science 211

• The Origin of the Arabian Horse - a Sientific Approach 212 • mtDNA 212 • The al Maqar Archaeological Site 215 • Petroglyphs - Horses in the Rock Art of Arabia 215 • 216 • Line-Breeding, and Out-crossing 217 • Genetic Diseases 219 • Veterinary 220 • The Birth of a 221 • Aberrant Maternal Behavior 226 • The newborn Foal 226 • Diseases of the newborn Foal 227 • Problems of the around Parturition 228 • The Estrous Cycle and some Observations on the Breeding of Arabian Horses 230 • Sexual Behavior Dysfunction of 230 • Sexual Behavior Dysfunction in 231 • Fertility 232 • Getting older Mares and Problem Breeders in Foal 232 • The Conformation of the Arabian Horse 235 • Horses 246 • No Hoof - no Horse 248 • Laminitis 249 • Developmental Orthopedic Disease 250 • Orthopedic Disease in adult Horses 254 • Deworming Strategies - Mastering Parasites 255 The Seventh Pillar: God who cares 258

• A God who cares? 258 • The Horse in Biblical Texts 258 • Bedouin Culture in Old Testament Sources 260 • Bedouin Culture in New Testament Sources 261 • Different Books of Revelation - Bible and Koran 262 • The Good Shepherd of the Bible as Model for the Relation of God and Man 262 • Bedouin Sbciety as Model for Relation 263 » The coming Messiah 265 • The Lost Son - The Lost Brother 267 A personal Word by the Author 269

Bibliography 272