Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Patterson Britton & Partners Pty Ltd September 2003
SUTHERLAND SHIRE COUNCIL
Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Issue No. 4 SEPTEMBER 2003
Document Amendment and Approval Record
Issue Description of Amendment Prepared by [date] Verified by [date] Approved by [date] 1 Draft GWB (11.10.02) GWB (11.10.02) 2 Revised Draft GWB (5.11.02) MMc (7.11.02) 3 Draft for Public Exhibition GWB (3.12.02) MMc (3.12.02) 4 Final GWB (2.7.03) GWB (8.7.03)
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Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Table of Contents
Foreword I-I 4. Summary of Management Strategies and Actions 4-1
1. Introduction 1-1 5. Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan 5-1
1.1 Background 1-1 6. Monitoring and Review 6-1 1.2 Study Area 1-1 1.3 Planning Framework 1-1 Appendix A Members of Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee 1.4 Land Status and Zonings 1-1 Appendix B Predicted Location of the Immediate, 50 Year and 100 Year Erosion 1.5 Key Features of Bate Bay 1-2 Escarpment Lines (Based on the Do Nothing Option) 1.6 Acknowledgements 1-2 Appendix C Geological Evolution of Bate Bay and Surrounds Appendix D Zoning Plans 2. Summary of Management Plan Studies 2-1 References and Bibliography 2.1 Coastline Processes and Coastline Hazards 2-1 2.2 Past and Current Shoreline Protection Works 2-4 2.3 Development Pressures 2-6 2.4 Water Quality 2-6 2.5 Access 2-7 2.6 Recreation 2-9 2.7 Landscape 2-10 2.8 Beach Safety and Amenity 2-12 2.9 Terrestrial Ecology 2-12 2.10 Aquatic Ecology 2-13 2.11 Cultural Heritage 2-14
3. The Plan 3-1
3.1 General 3-1 3.2 Existing Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards 3-2 3.3 Future Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards 3-5 3.4 Water Quality 3-6 3.5 Access 3-7 3.6 Recreational Activities 3-9 3.7 Landscape 3-11 3.8 Beach Safety and Amenity 3-13 3.9 Terrestrial Ecology 3-14 3.10 Aquatic Ecology 3-15 3.11 Cultural Heritage 3-16 3.12 Indicative Concept Plans 3-17
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Foreword
Bate Bay is a site of imposing natural beauty characterised by a sense of openness created by the long stretch of gently curving beaches and rocky headlands. The beaches are some of the most popular surfing beaches in Sydney and during the summer months are subject to intensive use. Because of its intrinsic scenic and recreational values the beach is highly valued by the community.
Despite these considerable attributes and the community’s concern for its protection, Bate Bay has not achieved its potential as a premier coastal attraction and recreational resource. Its inherent natural qualities have been lost or severely compromised by progressive development and the coastline hazards of beach erosion and shoreline recession.
The purpose of this Management Plan is to provide an overall framework for the management of Bate Bay to achieve the Vision of the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee:
To preserve Bate Bay as a high quality and ecologically sustainable recreation area
The Management Plan aims to improve our knowledge and understanding of the physical dynamics of the Bate Bay system. It includes objectives, strategies and actions related to the medium term and longer term preservation, maintenance, development and use of Bate Bay and its foreshores, as well as for the short term restoration of particular beach areas.
In keeping with the requirements of the NSW Government’s Coastline Hazard Policy, the objectives of the Management Plan consider social, economic, aesthetic, recreational and ecological factors as well as coastline hazards.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Background • Zone 3: The City Beaches – Cronulla to North Cronulla Beach; As a result of the ongoing erosion of the beaches within Bate Bay, • Zone 4: The Surf Beaches – Prince Street Seawall, Elouera leading to a gradual degradation of the recreational beach Beach to Wanda Reserve; amenity and threat to public assets, Sutherland Shire Council • Zone 5: The Beach Reserve – Green Hills, Boat Harbour, elected to pursue the preparation of a Management Plan for Bate Potter Point. Bay. Council recognised the need for the Plan to address a wide range of aspects including beach use, water use, safety, flora and While the Plan relates to the coastline, the landward and seaward fauna, water quality and the impact of adjacent development. limits of the study area were quite flexible, depending on the issue. A Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee was formed to oversee formulation of the Plan, under the stewardship of 1.3 Planning Framework Sutherland Shire Council. The Committee includes Council officers and representatives of relevant State government This Coastline Management Plan represents the application of the departments, interest groups and the local community. NSW Government’s Coastline Hazard Policy (1988) to Bate Bay. Other broad polices and strategies relevant to the Bate Bay The Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee has as its vision: coastline include:
To preserve Bate Bay as a high quality and ecologically • NSW Coastal Policy 1997 sustainable recreation area • Sydney Regional Coastal Management Strategy 1998 • State Environmental Planning Policy No 71 – Coastal The Management Plan aims to improve our knowledge and Protection understanding of the physical dynamics of the Bate Bay system. It includes objectives, strategies and actions related to the Land use along Bate Bay is currently controlled by: medium term and longer term preservation, maintenance, development and use of Bate Bay and its foreshores, as well as • Regional Environmental Plan (REP) No.17 Kurnell Peninsula for the short term restoration of particular beach areas. 1989
• Sutherland Shire Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2000 1.2 Study Area • Cronulla Centre Development Control Plan (DCP)
Bate Bay is a coastal embayment located 25 km south of Sydney The use of reserves and facilities along Bate Bay is managed Heads. The shoreline comprises a mix of natural rocky cliffs, under various Plans of Management, including: pocket beaches, seawall structures, and a long sweeping beach and dunal system some 4 km in length. The Bay is subject to • Plan of Management for Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club intense population pressure and development pressure. At the • Plan of Management for North Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club same time, the Bay is affected by a range of coastline hazards, • Plan of Management for North Cronulla Beach to Wanda most particularly beach erosion and shoreline recession. Reserve • Plan of Management for Elouera Surf Life Saving Club The study area extends alongshore from Bass and Flinders Point • Plan of Management for Wanda Surf Life Saving Club in the south to Potter Point in the north. The character ranges • Plan of Management for Public Lands Adjoining and to the from dense urban development interspersed with cultural parks to South of the Sydney Destination Resort, Bate Bay, suburban and ‘naturalistic’ foredune environments and rocky Sutherland. coastlines. For the purpose of describing the study area, the site can be divided into four zones. These are based on the relative homogeneity of the natural and cultural values and settings, as 1.4 Land Status and Zonings follows1: Foreshore land along Bate Bay is zoned 6(a) Public Recreation • Zone 2: The Cliff-Top Walk – ‘The Esplanade’, Bass and under the Regional Environmental Plan (REP) No 17 Kurnell Flinders Point, Oak Park, Shelly Park, Shelly and Peninsula and Sutherland Shire Local Environmental Plan (LEP) Blackwoods Beaches; 2000. The exceptions to this are land east of Wanda Reserve, which is zoned 6(b) Recreation Proposed, and land around Boat Harbour which is zoned 9(a) Reservations Open Space 1 The zone numbering for Bate Bay starts at Zone 2, since the Gunnamatta Bay (Regional). eastern foreshore, which is the subject of a separate Management Plan being prepared by Council, has been denoted Zone 1. rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-f’wd & Intro PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 1-1 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Introduction Cont’d
The Cronulla foreshore reserves are generally Council owned or Crown land under the care, control and management of Council. The foreshore land zoned 6(b) and 9(a) at Kurnell is currently in private ownership.
The zoning plans are included in Appendix D.
1.5 Key Features of Bate Bay
Bate Bay has a number of key features:
• imposing natural beauty characterised by a sense of openness created by the long stretch of gently curving beaches and rocky headlands; • high recreational value for a range of activities and people of all ages including surfing, swimming, fishing, sunbathing, Elouera observation tower cycling, walking and picnicking; • remnant coastal vegetation; • landscape items of cultural heritage and community value; • a range of aquatic habitats, including intertidal rocky platforms, subtidal rocky reefs, sandy beaches, subtidal soft sediments, and seagrasses; • Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve; • terrestrial habitats containing rare or threatened species and endangered ecological communities; • places of cultural heritage significance.
1.6 Acknowledgements
The Management Plan has been prepared by Patterson Britton & Partners in association with Hassell and Nelson Consulting. Biosis Research and The Ecology Lab provided advice in relation to natural and cultural heritage. Mr Angus Gordon (formerly of NSW Department of Public Works) kindly made available Walkers along path at Shelly Beach unpublished manuscript on the physical processes of Bate Bay.
The Plan was formulated with the assistance and input of the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee. The current members of this Committee are listed in Appendix A.
Bate Bay, October 1999
Oak Park Pavillion
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Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
2 Summary of Management Plan Studies
This section provides background information on the physical, modification of the nearshore wave climate caused by Merries Shoreline Recession Hazard ecological and social environment of Bate Bay, including Reef located in the north of the study area, and the existence of The hazard of shoreline recession is the progressive landward areas/items of conservation significance. It also includes less erodible cemented calcareous or shelly sands (calcarenite) in shift in the average long term position of the coastline. The two discussion of management issues affecting the Bay. the beach and dune system. The bump is likely to remain a causes of shoreline recession are net sediment loss and an feature of the embayment and may become more prominent over increase in sea level. Both of these causes exist at Bate Bay. The management issues are sufficiently well understood to time. enable preparation of this Management Plan which forms an Shoreline recession due to a net loss of sediment from a beach overall framework for management of the Bay. In some cases, system tends to occur when one or more of the following additional investigations of certain issues are recommended, as processes operate: actions in the Plan, to guide more detailed decision-making. • the outgoing longshore transport (littoral drift) of sand from a 2.1 Coastline Processes and beach is greater than the incoming longshore transport; • offshore transport processes move sand to offshore “sinks” Coastline Hazards from which it does not return to the beach; • there is a landward loss of sediment by windborne transport. A range of coastline processes affect coastal areas and cause coastline hazards. These processes include wind, waves, The shoreline recession rate due to net sediment loss is currents and sediment movement. The NSW Government’s Long term shoreline recession – profile displaced landward due to net sand expressed in terms of the distance in metres of landward shift of loss Coastline Management Manual identifies six coastline hazards the shoreline per year (m/yr). The long term recession rates relevant to Bate Bay: established recently for the study area for future planning Oblique aerial photo of the north-eastern end of Bate Bay. The vegetated purposes are tabulated overleaf. These rates are lower than Sand Drift Hazard • beach erosion; foredune is evident along with the “bump” in the curvature of the shoreline previous estimates of long term recession, due in part to the (centre right) (2000) Sand drift is a result of the movement of beach sediment by wind. • shoreline recession; beneficial effect of the stabilisation of the dunes against wind It can be controlled to a large extent by the existence of a well • sand drift; Beach Erosion Hazard blown sand losses. vegetated foredune. • coastal inundation; The beach erosion hazard refers to the extent of erosion that • slope and cliff instability; and could be expected due to a severe storm or series of closely- Shoreline recession due to an increase in sea level can occur Significant sand drift has occurred in Bate Bay in the past, as • stormwater erosion. linked storms. It is often referred to as the “storm demand”. through two mechanisms: first, by drowning low lying coastal land, evidenced by the transgressive hind dunes visible in the historical and second, by shoreline readjustment to the new, higher, coastal vertical aerial photography. Historically, the sand drift resulted in An understanding of the geological evolution of the Bate Bay area Beach erosion can be measured in terms of the volume of sand water levels. The second mechanism is the more important factor significant recession of the shoreline. is also important as it is likely that those processes that have transported offshore in the storm or in terms of the landward for Bate Bay. shaped the area in the past are still active today. A summary of movement of a significant beach feature such as the back beach the geological evolution of Bate Bay and surrounds is provided in erosion escarpment. The volume is usually expressed in terms of The magnitude of the shoreline recession due to an increase in Appendix C. cubic metres of sand per metre run of beach (m3/m), measured sea level depends on the amount of predicted sea level rise and above Mean Sea Level. the slope of the shoreline profile. The values adopted for Bate Coastline Processes Bay are tabulated overleaf. Refer also to page 2-3 for further Bate Bay is particularly exposed to storms from the south-east. In The storm demands considered appropriate for the study area for discussion of potential hazards due to climate change. terms of erosion damage, the most devesting storm to strike Bate a 100-year return period storm are tabulated overleaf and are Bay since records began is the May 1974 storm. typical of values for open coast beaches in NSW.
Storms play an important role in determining the rate and magnitude of shoreline change. Sand is eroded from the beach during storms, forming offshore bars. The eroded sand is worked back onshore and alongshore during calmer wave activity. Net Unvegetated foredune and hind dune area in the vicinity of Wanda Reserve in transport of sand occurs in Bate Bay from south to north in slugs 1974 or pulses, resulting in ongoing erosion, or recession, of the southern beaches within the Bay. At present, the hazard posed by drifting sand is generally not significant in Bate Bay because of the existence of a well Historically, there has been significant losses of sand from the vegetated foredune. The hind dunes have also been largely Bate Bay coastal system due to wind action. Revegetation of stabilised except where sand extraction is proceeding. However, dunes in the centre and north-east of the embayment have it is important to remember that there is always potential for sand significantly reduced wind blown losses from the system in more drift to occur and the maintenance of the foredune is critical to recent years. ensure that sand drift does not once again become a major problem in Bate Bay. Beach erosion at North Cronulla in front of Dunningham Park in 1974 Beach erosion/accretion cycle – no net sand loss or shoreline recession The ‘bump’ is a distinct shoreline feature in the northeast of the embayment (refer photo). This has formed due to the rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 2 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-1 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Summary of Management Plan Studies Cont’d
Although there is little or no foredune in the south of the study Slope and Cliff Instability Hazard area, seawalls largely prevent the loss of any significant volumes Sea cliffs are located in the Bate Bay area between Potter Point of sand from the beach berm by sand drift. and Boat Harbour, between North and Cronulla Beaches, and south of Cronulla Beach along the Cronulla Peninsula. There There are some localised sand drift issues near Elouera SLSC would not appear to be any significant instability hazard in the which may necessitate some regrading to control dune height and study area with the exception of an area along the promenade revegetation of the foredune. between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches. This is being addressed by Council in conjunction with the private land owners. Coastal Inundation Hazard Coastal inundation is the flooding of coastal lands by ocean At times of storms which cause erosion into the foredune, a waters. It is generally caused by large waves and elevated water pronounced near-vertical erosion escarpment forms in the sand. levels associated with severe storms. As this escarpment dries out, the escarpment tends to “fail” by slumping back to a more stable angle. Account needs to be Coastal inundation occurred in Bate Bay in the May 1974 storm in taken of this zone of slope adjustment in the determination of the the dunes to the north of Wanda with a number of wash-throughs full extent of the beach erosion hazard. occurring. Wave runup into Cronulla Park behind Cronulla Beach also occurred at high tide in this storm. Landward of the zone of slope readjustment is a “zone of reduced foundation capacity”. This is a zone where the bearing capacity At Cronulla Beach, it is likely that some wave runup could still of the sand to support buildings is reduced due to the proximity of occur into Cronulla Park, mostly through access gaps in the the steep back beach erosion escarpment. seawall upstand, although this is not considered to be a significant problem. At the southern end of the beach, significant Stormwater Erosion Hazard wave runup into the Cronulla SLSC has occurred 4 to 5 times in During significant stormwater runoff events, stormwater collected the last 50 years. At such times the Club opens the bottom doors from back beach areas and discharging into coastal waters can of the building to reduce the force acting on them and lets water cause significant erosion to the dune and beach berm. This in flow into the building. turn can allow larger waves to attack the beach, causing greater erosion. Wave runup and overtopping onto the promenade between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches is a common occurrence Generally, stormwater erosion is not a significant issue within during storm events. Measures are provided along the Bate Bay with the exception of localised areas at each end of the promenade to allow overtopping water to drain off the promenade. Prince Street seawall, and at the emergency vehicle access point Depending on the severity of the overtopping, the hazard to immediately south of Wanda SLSC. Here runoff from the carpark pedestrians using the promenade can range from a nuisance to a and roadways flows directly down the emergency accessway significant risk of being injured. causing scour of the beach (refer photo). This also comprises a public safety issue due to the exposure of rock-filled wire baskets Coastal inundation does not represent a significant hazard at with sharp broken wire strands. North Cronulla Beach/Dunningham Park, or around Prince Street, due to the high ground elevations. The wave return wall along Prince Street seawall minimises any wave runup encroaching on the walkway.
The maximum wave runup level along the “natural” shoreline in Magnitude of Coastline Hazards1 the northern part of the study area is estimated to be between 7.0 Zone and 7.5 m AHD1. There is little development in this section of the Type of Hazard study area and the land generally rises to above 7.5 m AHD in the 3 4 5 hind dunes beyond the foredune. Hence, even if inundation were to occur there would be few consequences other than short-term Beach erosion (m3/m) 200/2502 250 250 inundation of the swale between the foredune and hind dune. Shoreline recession due to net sediment loss (m/yr) 0.2 0.1 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.0 Shoreline recession due to Sea Level Rise (m) • 50 year planning period 9.5 9.5 9.5 Beach erosion at the bottom of the emergency access immediately south of Wanda SLSC in a light shower of rain. The rock-filled baskets are • 100 year planning period 23.5 23.5 23.5 visible in the foreground (October 2002) 1 For further detail refer to the Bate Bay Coastline Hazard Definition Study (Patterson Britton, 2001). 2 3 3 200 m /m for Cronulla Beach and 250 m /m for North Cronulla Beach. 3 The magnitudes of the shoreline recession due to sea level rise are based on a predicted sea level rise of 0.19 m for a 50 year planning period 1 AHD means Australian Height Datum and corresponds approximately to Mean and 0.47 m for a 100 year planning period, and a multiplying factor for the slope of the shoreline profile of 50. Sea Level (MSL). A value of 7.5 m AHD means 7.5 m above AHD or MSL. rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 2 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-2 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Summary of Management Plan Studies Cont’d
Hazards of Climate Change Conclusions The most significant climate change hazard is due to the If no management action is taken: “Greenhouse Effect”. This is the term used to refer to the build-up • over time as sand continues to be transported from the in the atmosphere of certain gases that prevent the radiation of southern beaches in the study area towards the north, the heat from the earth and, consequently, result in global warming. southern beaches will continue to narrow and steepen with Climate modelling suggests that trends of global warming will an associated loss in beach amenity and increased threat to result in a rise in sea level, as well as altering wind and wave coastline assets; climates. It is generally accepted that recession of the open coast • there are significant assets throughout the study area at will occur under conditions of sea level rise. potential risk from wave erosion in the immediate term; • assets will come under greater threat in the future due to the The estimated shoreline recession for 50 year and 100 year effects of shoreline recession. planning periods are set out in the table on the previous page. Existing seawalls, if stable, can protect the assets at potential risk. Another potential outcome of the Greenhouse Effect is an Section 2.2 provides information on existing seawalls and other increase in the frequency and intensity of storm events. However past shoreline protection works and issues or problems there is little reliable information available on which to base associated with these works. planning and design decisions. A number of shoreline protection works need to be Given the above uncertainty, no specific account can be taken of implemented/upgraded to address coastline hazards along Bate any potential changes to storm frequency and intensity or Bay, including seawalls, beach nourishment and continued Schematic diagram showing the method of establishing the estimated position of the erosion escarpment line. The shoreline recession allowances due to sediment changes in wave direction. However, this uncertainty should be maintenance of dune vegetation. loss and due to sea level rise are a function of the number of years adopted for the planning period. For the “immediate” planning period, the allowances are zero taken into consideration when assessing the risk and consequences of recession occurring in the future. The potential A drainage study followed by the design and implementation of an for climate change impacts needs to be continually reviewed as upgraded drainage system at Wanda SLSC is required. The more information comes to hand from the scientific community. runoff should be directed to infiltration zones behind the frontal dunes wherever practical. Consideration should also be given to Coastline Hazard Zones replacement of the rock-filled baskets with an accessway which The hazard of shoreline recession, both from net sediment loss poses less risk of injury to the public. and predicted future sea level rise, and the beach erosion hazard, including an allowance for post-storm readjustment of the erosion escarpment, can be combined for different planning periods to allow prediction of the future shoreline position. The planning periods of interest are the immediate, 50 year and 100 year scenarios.
The landward limit of the overall coastline hazard zone for each planning period corresponds to the estimated position of the back beach erosion escarpment for the particular planning period. It is estimated by summing the hazards as demonstrated in the figure opposite.
The coastline hazard zones for the study area for each of the three planning periods are presented in Appendix B.
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Summary of Management Plan Studies Cont’d
2.2 Past and Current Shoreline The current Prince Street seawall is approximately 340 m long The nourishment of Cronulla Beach in 1977/1978 involved and was constructed in 1985/1986 (refer design cross-section on placement of more than 120,000 m3 of sand. The quantity of Protection Works following page). It comprises precast concrete armour units nourishment sand exceeded the capacity of this pocket beach (seabee units) with rock-filled baskets providing toe support. A and consequently sand covered much of the adjacent rock Protection works fall into four main categories; seawalls, beach walkway is incorporated at a level of 6.0 m AHD, protected from shelves and filled the southern-most of the two rock pools nourishment, dune stabilisation, and the dumping of rock on wave overlopping by a curved wave return wall. between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach (refer photo). beaches in an emergency in response to storm erosion. The current Prince Street seawall has suffered from storm Monitoring of the behaviour of the nourishment sand indicated it Seawalls have been used in the southern portion of the study damage in recent years. Undermining, rupture and movement of moved offshore in “slugs” and then northwards towards North area to protect infrastructure and property. Beach nourishment the rock-filled baskets has occurred. This in turn has caused Cronulla Beach and beyond. Initially the movement offshore was has been undertaken in the southern portion of the study area, movement of individual seabee units in the face of the seawall, relatively rapid. This is not unusual in those cases where aimed at improving beach amenity rather than as a means of affecting adversely their stability under wave action. Council is placement of the sand is restricted to the beach area above sea shoreline protection works. Dune stabilisation works have been closely monitoring the behaviour of the seawall. level. The material which moves offshore rapidly is generally not undertaken in the central and northern portions of the study area. lost from the active system, but rather is redistributed to fill that
Rock has been dumped at both Cronulla and North Cronulla The stepped concrete seawall in front of Dunningham Park in the 1930s It is apparent that toe support of the Prince Street seawall is not part of the beach profile below sea level. Beaches on a number of occasions. adequate, or is unlikely to perform adequately in future storms. As such, the stability of the seawall is questionable and future Seawalls failure could be rapid, placing at risk the development behind the At Cronulla the first seawall is thought to have been constructed wall. Detailed investigation of the existing toe support is required in 1922. Damage and collapse of this seawall occurred during followed by remedial action. storms in June 1950 (refer photo). The current seawall is thought to have been constructed in the 1970s. Few details of this wall are available and investigations are required to check its adequacy to protect the promenade and Cronulla Park into the future.
Highly nourished state of Cronulla Beach at the end of August 1977
The nearshore zone nourishment exercise in 1998/1999 involved Destruction of the stepped concrete seawall in front of Dunningham Park in 1946 3 placement of approximately 60,000 m of sand. No detailed monitoring of this nourishment project was undertaken, however it Damage to the section of vertical gravity seawall fronting Prince is understood from long term members of the local SLSCs that Street occurred during a severe storm in 1967. The wall was the outcome was generally positive. View of exposed and damaged rock-filled baskets along toe of Prince Street completely destroyed in the subsequent severe storms of May- seawall (2000) June 1974 (refer photo). Sections of concrete from this wall still A similar nearshore zone nourishment exercise involving 3 exist in the beach today and are exposed from time to time during approximately 80,000 m of sand from maintenance dredging of Collapse of the Cronulla seawall in 1950, with electric light poles being used as Port Hacking is planned for late 2002. This nourishment exercise stays erosion events. Beach Nourishment should be subject to a comprehensive monitoring program in Two significant beach nourishment exercises have been carried order to understand the behaviour of the nourishment sand and, out on the Cronulla Beaches: accordingly, to assist in the design of future nourishment The first seawall at North Cronulla was constructed in the 1920s. exercises. In 1936 it was extended by 134 m to the north in front of • nourishment of Cronulla Beach in 1977/1978 using sand Dunningham Park in the form of a stepped reinforced concrete trucked in from the dunes behind Wanda (refer photo). The Suggestions have been made that installation of structures at the structure on timber piles (refer photo). In 1938 the seawall was aim was to improve the recreational amenity of the beach, northern end of Cronulla Beach could assist in retaining extended a further 305 m along the front of Prince Street in the which had become badly eroded; nourishment sand on this beach for longer periods. form of a vertical reinforced concrete gravity wall. • nourishment of the nearshore zone between North Cronulla Beach and Elouera Beach in 1998/1999 about 250 m Alternatively, placement of smaller nourishment quantities on the In 1942 and again in 1946 storms caused major damage to the offshore in water depths of 4 to 8 m using sand derived from beach area above sea level than was the case in 1977/1978, stepped section of seawall in front of Dunningham Park. In the maintenance dredging of the navigation channels in Port repeated at more frequent intervals, could be considered. later storm, total collapse of the seawall occurred (refer photo). Hacking. This nourishment had the dual aims of improving Remnants of this wall are also evident in photos of the beach in beach amenity (sand deposited in the nearshore zone would 1974. It is evident this wall was constructed well seaward of the move onshore over time) and serving as a method of current fenced dunal area in front of Dunningham Park. There is beneficial reuse of maintenance dredging material. currently no formal seawall protection to Dunningham Park. Storm damage in front of Prince Street in 1974 rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 2 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-4 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
Summary of Management Plan Studies Cont’d
Dune Stabilisation Prior to dune stabilisation works being undertaken, the dunes to the north of Wanda had been in a loose and unstable state for a long period of time. With the dunes in a largely denuded state, shoreline recession proceeded at a relatively high rate. In particular, the Wanda Reserve area acted as a large “sink” for wind blown sand lost from the active beach system.
The first stabilisation works were undertaken by the Holt family in Stabilised dunal system in 1999 the 1950s on the foredunes of their land in the northern part of the Bay. Subsequently, a dune management program was commenced by Council in the Elouera and Wanda areas in the Emergency Dumping of Rock early 1970s and became more concerted following the severe Rock has been dumped on Cronulla Beach on at least two May-June 1974 storms. It involved frontal dune reconstruction, occasions to provide emergency protection; in November 1966 temporary stabilisation, establishment of vegetation and and in 1967. In 1972, some rock was removed from the beach as protection of vegetation. These dune management works are part of works to remove the then promenade behind the beach. ongoing today, under a Coastal Dune Management Program. Rock was dumped in front of Dunningham Park and along Prince The dune stabilisation works have been very successful in re- Street during the severe May-June 1974 storms to protect the establishing a healthy foredune system in the central and northern Park and promenade, and the roadway, respectively. The parts of the study area. This has resulted in a reduction in the substantial rock wall at the southern end of North Cronulla Beach recession of the shoreline, as one of the primary recession is also understood to have been constructed in response to the mechanisms, that of wind blown sand losses landward, has been May-June 1974 storms. curtailed. A continuation of the dune management activities is essential to avoid the re-emergence of dune instability and high Emergency dumping of rock by Councils at times of storms is not rates of shoreline recession. an uncommon practice along the coastline. Historically, little else may have been able to be done where valuable public and private
assets were under immediate threat of undermining and collapse. Design cross-section through Prince Street seawall, constructed in 1985/1986. Problems with the toe of the wall have led to loss of sand from below the seabee units and localised subsidence. The rock-filled baskets at the toe have been repaired on a number of occasions. The wire in the baskets also poses some risk to public safety. Future management of the erosion and recession hazards along Bate Bay needs to consider such emergency situations through preparation of a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan (refer Section 5 of this Management Plan). It is important that the Emergency Action Plan give consideration to the impact of any emergency works on beach amenity.
Condition of the dunal system in 1974
Stabilisation works in progress in 1983 Exposed rock along the toe of the foredune at North Cronulla Beach
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2.3 Development pressures The EPA Beachwatch Program monitors 8 beaches in Bate Bay: Cronulla Sewer System Council has implemented end-of-pipe Nettech devices for Boat Harbour (closest to the Potter Point outfall), Greenhills The Cronulla sewer system is considered by Sydney Water catchments that are moderate in size and contain both significant Beach, Wanda Beach, Elouera Beach, North Cronulla Beach, Corporation to be in good condition as it is less than 30 years old. levels of high density residential development and some pockets Future development within the existing Cronulla urban area is Cronulla Beach, Shelly Beach and Oak Park. Samples are Nevertheless, chokes in the system and wet weather overflows of commercial development. These devices are used to trap likely to be limited to re-development in low-density residential collected every six days and analysed for both faecal coliforms represent potential sources of impacts on water quality, visible pollutants such as litter and require regular maintenance. areas. Some new development is possible on lots zoned medium and enterococci. particularly at North Cronulla. The priorities established by There are five outlets that currently have Nettech devices, and high density residential and for business purposes Sydney Water’s Overflow Risk Reduction Program will determine however there are other outlets where use of the devices would (approximately 7 ha in total). Since commissioning of the Cronulla STP upgrade in April 2001, what remedial works are undertaken to minimise potential be suited.
the EPA has reported dramatic improvements in the swimming overflows from the Cronulla system. Development of various lots on the Kurnell Peninsula is currently water quality at Cronulla Beaches. subject to review. Over the past 10 or so years various proposals Council need to continue to liaise with Sydney Water and receive have been put forward for housing estates and tourist resorts, Between October 2000 and April 2001 (the summer swimming regular progress reports as to the status of Overflow Risk which have the potential to significantly increase the season prior to the upgrade), compliance with Beachwatch Reduction Program initiatives in the Cronulla area. permanent/visitor population and use of the Bate Bay area. guidelines was very low at most Cronulla beaches, especially for
enterococci. Enterococci compliance for summer 2000-2001 was Stormwater 2.4 Water Quality 0% for Boat Harbour, 39% for Greenhills Beach, 94% for Wanda Stormwater discharging from the stormwater outlets in Bate Bay Beach, 71% for Elouera Beach, 61% for North Cronulla Beach, has the potential to contribute to poor water quality for the General 29% for Cronulla Beach, 74% for Shelly Beach, and 71% for Oak beaches and rock pools. Following the recent upgrade to the The significant potential sources of pollution to Bate Bay have Park. Cronulla STP, stormwater flows are likely to be the most been identified as: significant potential source of water pollution to Bate Bay. It is In the 16 months since the April 2001 upgrade, Greenhills Beach, possible that raw sewage is entering the stormwater system from • the effluent from the Cronulla Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Wanda Beach, Elouera Beach, North Cronulla Beach, Cronulla broken sewer pipes. This should be investigated which is released from a cliff face outfall at Potter Point; Beach, Shelly Beach and Oak Park have all consistently passed Nettech device on stormwater outlet • sewer overflows from the Cronulla sewer system; the Beachwatch swimming guidelines. • stormwater; and • leachate from the former tip in Wanda Reserve. Boat Harbour has passed in 13 of the 16 months since April 2001, For the larger catchments draining to North Cronulla and Cronulla with failures for enterococci in January 2002, April 2002 and May Beaches, Council has constructed below-ground gross pollutant Operation and maintenance of the Cronulla STP and the Cronulla 2002. Discharges from Cronulla STP are unlikely to be traps/trash racks. These devices reduce visible pollutants such sewer system are the responsibility of the Sydney Water responsible for these failures, with low levels of bacteria as litter, however in the longer term consideration should be given Corporation. Council is responsible for performance of the consistently recorded in the effluent during these months. Initial to devices or modifications that reduce finer particulate pollutants stormwater system. investigation by EPA has indicated some elevated levels of such as sediments, nutrients, oils and greases and heavy metals. bacteria in the surface and groundwater draining to the beach. A number of water quality monitoring programs have been Routine monitoring of these sources is currently being undertaken None of the stormwater outlets discharge directly into rock pools established over the last decade to check water quality conditions by EPA as part of the Beachwatch Program. although in two locations outlets are close to rock pools. Minor and identify pollution sources within Bate Bay. These include modifications to the outlets adjacent to the pool at Oak Park and Council’s strategic water quality monitoring program and the the northern pool between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Beachwatch Program. Beach could be made to ensure that polluted stormwater runoff Stormwater outlet near Cronulla Beach cannot possibly enter these pools directly. Cronulla STP The Cronulla STP has recently been upgraded (commissioned There are 23 stormwater outlets that discharge into Bate Bay. They range in diameter from 225 mm to a 900 mm and a twin The performance of the stormwater system should be monitored April 2001). It now provides full primary, secondary and tertiary and be subject to regular review to ensure best management treatment of those flows up to three times the average dry 600 mm diameter outlet. practices continue to be employed. Consideration should be weather flow (ADWF). At times of wet weather, flows in excess of given to a review of the water quality monitoring regime for the three times ADWF are still subject to preliminary treatment and Council undertake some monitoring of the quality of stormwater discharged at the outlets at Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches. stormwater outlets and the rock pools. primary treatment and then are blended with the tertiary treated There is no monitoring by Council of the receiving waters near flows (flows less than three times ADWF) and disinfected prior to Leachate from Former Tip outlets or the water within the rock pools. Council relies on the release into the ocean at Potter Point. A tip operated for a number of years in the area of Wanda EPA Beachwatch data for such information. Reserve up until the late 1980s. Anecdotal evidence suggests
Sydney Water notify relevant parties, including Sutherland Shire that leachate from this tip may be polluting the groundwater As the Beachwatch data is generally not available for several Council and the EPA, when a wet weather bypass of the full system and possibly entering Bate Bay. An investigation is days following collection of the water sample, the SLSCs have primary, secondary and tertiary treatment process occurs. Some required to map the extent of the old tip and test the groundwater raised the possibility of developing an instrument which could give consideration could be given to establishing a means of Cronulla STP system for contamination. an “instant” read out of any bacteriological contamination. Such conveying this information more generally to the public using the beach. an instrument is not currently available.
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2.5 Access • between North Cronulla SLSC and Wanda Reserve the foreshore path should be widened to accommodate both History of Use cyclists and pedestrians, with each use defined by a different Around the turn of the Century, the beach areas of Cronulla pavement treatment; became popular with tourists. Opening up of the area came with government subdivision and created a demand for suitable • north of Zone 4, a pedestrian only path should run parallel transport to link Cronulla with the south coast railway, where it and closer to the beach. Secondary paths should then link passes through Sutherland. In 1911 a steam tramway this path to the beach. A shared pedestrian/cycle path should commenced and operated until 1931 when private buses put it out follow the existing worn path on top of the hind dune and of business. connect into the proposed Botany Bay Trail. These paths should all be designed for emergency, service and The State Government, in 1918, opened a tourist wharf at maintenance vehicle access. Cronulla and ferries brought holiday makers from Sydney. The great majority of visitors to Cronulla came for the surf, however Traffic and Parking importance was placed on the scenic values of the Cronulla Generally people use the car parking associated with the area of peninsula. The older guide books directed the visitors to Cronulla the beach they wish to use. This can mean a shortage of parking on either a picturesque motor trip or a leisurely walk around the at the southern beaches whilst there is a surplus further north. peninsula Esplanade. Many people, especially surfers, enjoy stopping at Bate Bay to take in the view of the Bay and the surf. Cars tend to congregate In December 1939 the government opened a branch electric and stop for a ‘surf check’ at the car parks to the north of North railway between Sutherland and Cronulla and things would have Cronulla where there is an elevated view over the ocean. taken off then had it not been for World War II. It is interesting to note that Cronulla is the only beach suburb in or around Sydney The “Report on the Cronulla Traffic and Parking Study” prepared served by rail. This results in a great influx of tourists and surfers by Egis for Council recommends a number of changes to the from the landlocked suburbs of Sydney and the inner city areas to roads and parking to improve current access and parking the Cronulla beaches. problems. Street trees, landscape, and improved pedestrian crossing opportunities should be designed into the new road work Pedestrian and Cycle Access proposals. During the week, walkers are generally members of the local community whilst on the weekend they are a mix of tourists and Currently the widths of Prince Street and Mitchell Road are locals. They use the beach promenade for access between excessive. Where possible road widths should be reduced and points of destination and for general exercise. Promenading is a street tree planting and landscape incorporated to improve the popular pastime along the full length of the Bay, but mostly amenity of the foreshore zone in this area. ‘Surf check’ parking between Elouera and Bass and Flinders Point. should be accommodated in any re-design of the road and parking in this area as it is a key attractor for visitors to this part of The greatest pressure placed on the Bate Bay foredune and the beach. beach system is public access and usage. This is most pronounced at North Cronulla and Cronulla Beaches due to their Beach Access proximity to the train station. Within Zone 2, access to the water is limited due to the rocky coastline. Within Zone 3 at Cronulla Beach, the seawall Currently cyclists share the roads and foreshore paths with generally provides good access to the beach, although some pedestrians. This has the potential to cause conflicts in the parts of the wall should to be upgraded to provide better access to intensely used areas between Wanda Reserve and Bass and the beach when sand levels are low. At North Cronulla Beach, Flinders Point. beach access from Cronulla via Dunningham Park is limited to timber slatted paths across sand dunes and a rocky path which There is a need to improve access along the foreshore for provide poor access for the elderly and disabled users and do not cyclists. To date there have been numerous cycle proposals adequately cater for the large number of visitors that use the prepared by Council. As outlined in the Report on the Cronulla beach. Traffic and Parking Study prepared by Egis in June 2001, there is a need to consolidate the various cycle proposals into a Existing parking areas and foreshore access coordinated master plan incorporating the following key elements:
• south of North Cronulla, due to restricted space along the foreshore path, a dedicated on-road cycle path loop along Gerrale Street, Ewos Parade and returning along Nicholson Parade should be investigated; rp3828gwb_hrf020927-Management Plan PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-7 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
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Within Zone 4, the Prince Street seawall also restricts access between the beach and the residential community behind. Although this will be difficult to address in the short term, it could be addressed in the long term if the Prince Street seawall were to be replaced. Any consideration of improved beach access in the Prince Street area would need to have regard to beach safety, as this section of beach can be more dangerous than adjacent areas.
Access to the beach for both visitors and maintenance and emergency vehicles in Zone 5 is currently poorly catered for. 4WD access to beaches in Zone 5 has been raised as an issue. Currently, a substantial length of the beach and adjacent land is in private ownership. 4WD access within this area has been managed for a number of years. There is a need for Council to establish a policy on 4WD use within Zone 5 on Council- controlled land, specifically along the beaches.
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2.6 Recreation Improvements Small parks Large Parks The main recreational features and activities in the Bate Bay area include: Shading/Shelters 18.4 17.2 Play Equipment 20.9 5.6 • coastal walking path; Cycle Track 3.8 23.2 • surf life saving clubs; Tree Canopy 13.8 14.0 • cycling, rollerblading, running; Landscaping 13.9 6.3 • swimming and sunbathing; Supervision 4.3 8.3 • fishing; Seating 11.8 8.5 • surfing; Multiple Use 3.9 10.0 • picnicking; and BBQ Areas 7.5 14.1 • other organised activities in the reserves. Public Toilets 13.7 17.5 Information/Educational 2.3 5.1 Most forms of recreation are non-organised, passive activities Other 1.6 2.0 such as swimming, picnicking and walking. Table 1 : Suggested Improvements to Parks/Reserves (% of sample population).
The findings of the Sutherland Shire Council’s “Sutherland Shire Open Space and Recreation Needs Survey” undertaken in 1995 suggested the following recreational trends.
The highest demand is for walking tracks /boardwalks, bushland regeneration, family recreational settings and bike paths. Around twenty five percent of the residents surveyed placed a cycle track as highest priority for improvements. Fifteen percent placed tree canopies in parklands as the highest priority for improvements. Swimming at the beach or pools is the favoured activity for children under 10 years of age.
Collation of more recent recreational survey data collected by Council should be undertaken to refine the current recreational uses and future needs. Members of the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee have emphasised the importance of restoring beach width for improved beach amenity and recreation.
A proposal has been raised by a number of Cronulla residents to dedicate the area surrounding Boat Harbour, Voodoo and Merries Reef as a Surfing Recreation Reserve, in a similar manner to the dedication of the Bells Beach Surfing Recreation Reserve in Victoria which occurred in 1973.
Distribution of different recreational activities
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2.7 Landscape Zone 4: The Surf Beaches
Existing Landscape Character
Zone 2: The Cliff-Top Walk
Zone 4 is characterised by broad open expanses of beach encroached by urban residential development and a strong emphasis on surfing activities.
It has a regenerated dune and beach foreshore protection Zone 2 is characterised by a rocky coastline landscape, which is character, which is currently dominated by the Prince Street in contrast to the beach foreshore to the north. seawall.
Remnant vegetation occurs sporadically along the walk. Other Little public amenity in terms of parklands, tree planting and areas are mown turf and invasive weed species. alternate recreational use is provided other than the provision of access to the beach. Shelly Park provides wide-open grassed area primarily for locals. Shelly Park and Oak Park provide intermediate ‘nodes’ along the Zone 5: The Beach Reserve coastal walk. Cultural planting visually links these parks to Cronulla and Dunningham Parks.
Zone 3: The City Beaches
Zone 5 is characterised by dune regeneration and low intensity recreational use. Sand mining on the peninsula has created a disturbed and disjointed landscape of low visual quality. The Zone 3 is characterised by urban beaches and parks connected existing sand dune profiles to the south of the peninsula are by a rocky coastline landscape. To the south of the zone, visually prominent from North Cronulla Beach and foreshore and Cronulla beach immediately adjoins parkland whereas in the north enhance the visual quality of the region. of the zone, a dune protection zone separates North Cronulla Beach from the adjacent Dunningham Park. From Wanda to Boat Harbour, dune stabilisation works carried out in the 1970’s have created a visually strong foreshore zone Dunningham Park and Cronulla Beach provide amenity to a wide that is representative of a ‘naturalistic’, if species/habitat simple, range of users. North Cronulla Beach is more popular with dune environment. surfers. The edge treatment of dune protection zone is out of character with urban development. Opportunity exists in the Potter Point area to create a special recreational area, following revegetation and improvements to Little or no remnant vegetation remains in this Zone. Planting is pedestrian access. mostly iconic, cultural planting in the parks.
Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria) and Phoenix Palm planting in the parks is characteristic of late 19th Century coastal park planting on Existing Landscape Character the NSW coast. The tall, upright character and avenues of tree planting in the parks compliments the adjoining dense urban development and provides valuable shade and amenity in the vicinity of the beaches.
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The Original Landscape The foreshore of Zones 2 to 4 is characterised by residential development and formal parks. Little of the area’s original landscape remains. Some sporadic remnant bushland areas remain along the coastal walk within Zone 2. These areas should be conserved and the conflict between maintenance of exotic grassed areas adjoining the coastal walk and remnant pockets of vegetation should be managed.
There is little or no remnant vegetation in Zones 3 and 4. Most of the original vegetation was removed when the land was cleared for development and later replaced with cultural plantings, many Photo 2.7.6 Dune stabilisation works have created a visually strong foredune of which still exist today in the parks and streetscapes. (Refer and hind dune zone that is representative of a ‘naturalistic’ dune environment. Photos 2.7.1, 2.7.2 and 2.7.3). Seawalls and foreshore Photo 2.7.1 “Cronulla Beach c.1895. The beach was still in its pristine state when this elegant party visited. Native vegetation was later cleared, the frontal promenades replaced the original foreshore dunes. The dune flattened and a seawall and rock pools were constructed.” Photo 2.7.4 The foreshore dune stabilisation works in front of Dunningham Park foreshore dune stabilisation work which was later carried out is out of context in this intensive beach and urban environment and its habitat behind North Cronulla Beach is of little significance, as it is significance is low due to poor species diversity. species and habitat simple and is out of character with the intensive use of the beach and its urban context (Refer Photo 2.7.4).
To the north in Zone 5, much of the Kurnell Peninsula landscape from the late 1800’s to the 1970’s consisted of unstable, unvegetated sand dunes (Refer Photo 2.7.1 and 2.7.5). Over the years, sand mining on the peninsula has resulted in a disturbed Photo 2.7.2 “Remnants of native vegetation, mostly Casuarina littoralis, are and disjointed landscape. As noted in Section 2.2, from Wanda still in the park at this time. The land was later cleared and Norfolk Island pines to Boat Harbour, dune stabilisation works started in the 1950s and planted.” 1970s have created a visually strong foredune and hind dune zone that is representative of a ‘naturalistic’, if species/habitat simple, dune environment.
Although much reduced in height, the current sand dune profiles to the south of the peninsula are still visually prominent from North Cronulla Beach and foreshore and enhance the visual quality of the region. Future development proposals for the Kurnell Peninsula should retain and maintain the revegetated foredunes as a buffer zone for visual and habitat reasons as well as to address the coastline hazards. Photo 2.7.5 “28 March 1956. Although sand mining had been under way for some time, the dunes north of Wanda Beach were still huge at this time”.
Photo 2.7.3 The land was cleared to make way for development and the native vegetation was replaced with cultural plantings in the parks and streetscapes.
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2.8 Beach Safety and Amenity A number of matters have been raised by the SLSCs in regard to Raking of the beaches is undertaken using a tractor with beach An assessment of threatened species, populations or beach safety. rake. Raking is undertaken three days per week during winter communities listed under the Schedules of the Threatened and on a minimum of four days per week during summer. The Species Conservation Act 1995 and/or the Environment Despite being renowned for its surfing and swimming beaches, The existing Observation Tower at North Cronulla has restricted area raked extends from Cronulla Beach to a distance of around Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 has found as much of the study area, particularly Zones 3 and 4, offers little visibility along the front of the Prince Street seawall. 500 m north of Wanda SLSC. Raking of the beach further to the many as 14 distinct plant communities. The dominant amenity to the public. Here the major viewing areas are in fact Consideration should be given to repositioning the Tower to the north is occasionally undertaken on an as-required basis. communities are Coastal Dune Heath, Sydney Sandstone Heath, the car parks along Prince Street and Mitchell Road and there is southern end of the seawall. Sydney Sandstone Gully Forest and Sydney Sandstone Ridge- little shade or shelter. These zones possess an atmosphere of Access to the beaches for the tractor is gained via Cronulla Park top Woodland. tired neglect. Nestled between two semi-natural areas, Zone 2 to There are no surf life saving provisions either to the northeast of at Cronulla Beach and for areas to the north via an accessway at the south and Zone 5 to the north, the beach and adjacent fringe Wanda SLSC or to the south of the Cronulla SLSC. As such, the southern end of the Wanda Reserve carpark. When the Five endangered ecological communities are known to exist on in Zones 3 and 4 are marked by a disjointed collection of urban rescue operations in these areas are difficult to organise due to beaches are in an eroded state and access past the Prince Street the Kurnell Peninsula: Kurnell Dune Forest, Sydney Freshwater elements, wide roads and narrow pedestrian areas with little or no problems of accessibility, communication and locating the specific seawall is not possible, access to North Cronulla Beach is gained Wetlands, Sydney Coastal Estuary Swamp Forest, Eastern shade, shelter or seating opportunities. site of any incident. Consideration should be given to improving via the pedestrian board and chain accessway. This is not ideal Banksia Scrub and Sutherland Shire Littoral Rainforest.
emergency access to the beaches in the study area and as it can result in damage to the accessway. The parks behind Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach in incorporating a system for quick identification of the location of an At least 257 native vertebrate species have been recorded from Zone 3 and the pocket parks in Zone 2 provide highly valued emergency such as a series of numbered poles. In addition to mechanical beach raking, a hand-clean of those the study area of which 36 are listed under the Schedules of the amenity, shade and shelter for the foreshore area. These parks areas of beach that are inaccessible by tractor, such as along Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. They included the serve as spaces through which people must pass to either reach There were reports of some increase in the number of surf fence lines, is undertaken by Council staff. This is undertaken Green & Golden Bell Frog, Wallum Froglet, Blue Billed Duck, Pied the beach or the shops/public transport, depending upon their rescues following the beach nourishment campaign in 1998/1999 daily although only Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches are Oystercatcher, Sooty Oystercatcher, Terek Sandpiper, Great direction of travel, and provide seating, playgrounds, toilets, BBQ which involved dumping of sand in the nearshore zone between hand-cleaned during the winter months. Knot, Sanderling, Bar-tailed Godwit, Little Tern, Grey-headed and picnic facilities. The large open space areas to the north of North Cronulla and Elouera Beaches. Future campaigns need to Flying Fox, Common Bent-wing bat and Fishing Bat. Prince Street are largely undeveloped. be carefully planned with the involvement of Council’s lifeguards Following storm events tracts of kelp and algae can wash onto the
and the SLSCs. beach berm. This can be both odourous and unsightly. The The total number of native plant species in the Bate Bay area is issue is handled on a case-by-case basis by Council. In general, likely to be well over 350. Weeds occur in virtually all of the A number of beach maintenance activities are undertaken by the kelp/algae is left in place, as it is thought to assist in the build habitats and while many species can be controlled, others Council. The frequency of maintenance is higher in the summer up of sand on the beach and it is essentially a natural process. (including Bitou Bush) are more problematic and require a months and is concentrated around the heavy usage areas However, on occasions the kelp/algae is removed from the beach, concerted effort to reduce their distribution. Council and the between Wanda and Cronulla. especially when there litter caught amongst the material or there Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources is a significant amount of kelp/algae. (DIPNR) have ongoing programs to attempt to control Bitou Bush. The removal of algae from around the rock pools is undertaken on an as-required basis to remove the slipping hazard. The removal 2.9 Terrestrial Ecology No threatened aquatic species have been found within the of sand from the rock pools is also undertaken on an as-required terrestrial water bodies. Identified species have included the basis using mechanical plant. A review of the frequency and Mosquito Fish, an introduced species, and the Short Finned Eel, a The Bate Bay area contains a variety of habitats including methods of maintenance of the rock pools is considered native species. beaches, rocky shores, intertidal zones, coastal dunes, terrestrial worthwhile, including consideration of practices employed by water bodies, heath, woodland, forests, and an array of micro- other coastal Councils. In addition, an investigation of the issue fauna habitats. Of particular interest are poorly represented of sand infilling of rock pools should be undertaken. habitats, habitats containing rare or threatened species and
communities, and habitats threatened by existing or proposed
Cafe at Cronulla Beach human activities.
There are only a few commercial or retail outlets providing a limited range of services and products for beach users and the local community within the foreshore area.
Beaches can be a dangerous natural environment which, when combined with high public usage especially during the summer months, generate the need for supervision and control. At Bate Bay, this is provided year round by Council’s lifeguard service and during the swimming season by four Surf Life Saving Clubs (SLSCs): Cronulla, North Cronulla, Elouera, and Wanda.
Three main functions need to be addressed when considering Bitou Bush fruit and flowers beach and surf safety:
Terrestrial habitat • observation of surf conditions and guidance of bathers; • provision of First Aid and Rescue; and Rock pool along promenade from North to Cronulla
• training and competition. rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 2 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-12 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
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Specific issues for the management of Bate Bay include: maintenance and enhancement of remnant vegetation/habitat, would compliment the existing Aquatic Reserve managed by localised foredune stabilisation, protection of threatened species NSW Fisheries. and endangered ecological communities, continuation and expansion of existing weed control and revegetation programs, An invasive marine seaweed, Caulerpa taxifolia , has been control of introduced predators, erosion control, preparation of found within Port Hacking adjacent to the study area. It is a baseline species data, and preparation of species and habitat threat to the environment because it over runs native management plans. seagrasses and is difficult to eradicate. The existence of the Caulerpa taxifolia was a consideration in the recent A key component of species protection is the protection of their maintenance dredging of Port Hacking and the placement of preferred habitats. It is also important to encourage the long-term the dredged material in the nearshore area off the Cronulla viability of habitat by reducing or eliminating major threats such as Beaches. invasion by Bitou Bush, predation by European Red Fox, predation by Plague Minnow, and high frequency fires affecting The existence of Caulerpa taxifolia in Port Hacking and its life-cycle processes. potential to spread to Bate Bay is being monitored by NSW Fisheries. A Bushcare Group has been established at Hume Road, situated between Elouera SLSC and Wanda SLSC, known as the John McKinn Park Bushcare Group. Additional community participation in bushcare and dunecare activities should be encouraged. Approximate extent of Halophila inside Merries Reef
2.10 Aquatic Ecology The Atlas of NSW Wildlife and the Environment Australia databases indicate that 97 protected species have either been Bate Bay contains a number of aquatic habitats, including sighted or have the potential to occur in Bate Bay. The list intertidal rock platforms, subtidal rocky reefs, sandy beaches, comprised two species of reptiles, 60 species of birds, 30 species subtidal soft sediments and seagrasses. of fish and five species of marine mammals. Confirmed sightings of threatened or endangered species in the waters of Bate Bay The aquatic flora and fauna assemblages found at the rock include the southern right whale and humpback whales. platforms at Potter Point and around Cronulla are considered to be typical of those found at rock platforms in the Sydney region. On 31 March 2002, Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve was declared Nevertheless, concern has been expressed by Coastal under section 194 of the Fisheries Management Act 1994. The Management Committee members at the degradation of the rocky boundaries of the reserve are shown on the map accompanying platform ecology due to excessive collection and human the declaration, which is reproduced below. A number of interference. activities are prohibited within Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve, as follows: The aquatic flora of the rock platforms is dominated by species of algae such as Ulva lactuca, Corallina officianalis and several • recreational fishing competitions, unless authorised by a species of filamentous red algae. Ulva lactuca is the dominant permit issued pursuant to section 37 of the Fisheries species immediately adjacent to the sewage outfall at Potter Management Act 1994; Point. Barnacles, limpets, anemones and ascidians are the most • the taking of fish and plants for scientific purposes, unless dominant animals in the intertidal zone of the rock platforms. authorised by a permit issued pursuant to section 37 of the Fisheries Management Act 1994; The subtidal reefs in Bate Bay are dominated by algae such as • the taking of tunicate ‘cunjevoi’ – Pyura spp., and all Ecklonia radiata (kelp), Sargassum sp., Padina pavonea and invertebrates (including anemones, barnacles, chitons, Corallina officianalis in the shallow areas while in deeper water cockles, crabs, mussels, octopus, oysters, pipis, sea urchins, these species are joined by species such as Phyllospora comosa sea stars, snails, worms) with the exception of eastern rock Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve and Amphiroaa sp. lobster (Jasus verreauxi), southern rock lobster (Jasus novaehollandiae) and abalone (Haliotis ruber); There are two areas of seagrass within Bate Bay. There is a • collecting, destroying or interfering with marine vegetation, large bed of Posidonia at Jibbon Beach and there is a large bed with the exception of sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) and bait weed of paddleweed (Halophila) on the northwestern side of Merries (Enteromorpha intestinalis). Reef. The presence of the Halophila is unusual as this seagrass does not usually occur on exposed NSW coastlines and its The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) has indicated it existence is thought to be due to the protection afforded by is seeking to establish a nature reserve over the rocky platform of Merries Reef. The bed is considered to be rare or possibly even Merries Reef and the adjacent sandy shore for the protection of unique in a regional context and should be protected. migratory wading birds and other important bird species. This rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 2 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 2-13 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
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2.11 Cultural Heritage The following heritage items are listed in the Sutherland Shire Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2000:
Aboriginal Heritage Much of the information on the Aboriginal people in the region • Bass and Flinders Point and Salmon Haul reserve – regional containing Bate Bay is derived from European accounts. There significance; appear to have been several different Aboriginal groups present • Oak Park – local significance; in the area. In 1770 the area was occupied by the Dharawal tribal • Shelly Beach and Park – local significance; nation, many of who still live in the area, especially at La Perouse, • Cronulla Beach and Cronulla Park – regional significance; as well as throughout Sydney and the Illawarra. • Dunningham Park – local significance; • North Cronulla Surf Club – local significance; Aboriginal heritage cannot be restricted to sites and artefacts. It • Cronulla Surf Club – local significance; is a broader concept which encompasses artistic works, • Cronulla Sports Complex – local significance; traditional knowledge, ancestral remains, social and cultural • The Esplanade (eastern foreshore walking path) – local histories as well as archaeological material. The Aboriginal significance. heritage of the Bate Bay area includes all of these elements. Of particular note is the very high significance of the area, especially The landscape items within these areas form part of the heritage the Kurnell Peninsula, to contemporary Aboriginal communities. significance.
There are over 250 archaeological sites listed in the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service’s register of Aboriginal sites as occurring within the Bate Bay area. Site types include shell middens, shelters with art/deposit/midden, open camp sites, rock engravings, open artefact scatters, scarred trees and burials.
Many archaeological sites have been destroyed on the Kurnell Peninsula and along the Bate Bay shoreline. Although parts of the Bate Bay area are heavily industrialised and urbanised, it is still considered to be sensitive for Aboriginal archaeological sites. There may be more archaeological sites present that have not been recorded to date.
A comprehensive Aboriginal heritage study has recently been completed on behalf of Sutherland Shire Council by Mary Dallas. The findings of this study should be considered in the implementation of this Management Plan.
Non-Aboriginal Heritage The vast majority of non-Aboriginal archaeological heritage and cultural heritage sites in the Bate Bay area are built structures. These sites and places have value to the local community. Captain Cook’s landing place on the Kurnell Peninsula just to the north of the study area is one of the most significant sites in modern Australia’s history.
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3 The Plan
3.1 General
The Management Plan comprises a series of objectives, strategies, actions and responsibilities corresponding to a range of issues identified in the management studies and agreed with the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee, as follows:
• existing development and land use at threat from coastline hazards; • future development and land use at threat from coastline hazards; • water quality; • access; • recreation; • landscape; • beach safety and amenity; • terrestrial ecology; • aquatic ecology; and • cultural heritage.
The following abbreviations are used to denote responsibility for various organisations:
• Sutherland Shire Council (Council); • Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Resources (DIPNR); • Sydney Water Corporation (SWC); • Environment Protection Authority (EPA); • State Transit Authority (STA); • NSW Fisheries (Fisheries); • National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS); and • Community.
Several indicative concept plans have been prepared to illustrate selected strategies and actions. These concept plans are included in Section 3.12 and cover the following areas: View towards North Cronulla Beach. The upper part of the existing toe protection along Prince Street seawall (rock-filled baskets) is visible in the right of • Dunningham Park; the photo. Remnant elements of former protection works are also evident in the foreground of the photo (2002) • Prince Street;
• Dune regeneration area.
A summary of the main management strategies and actions, on a zone by zone basis, is set out graphically in Section 4. Further detail relating to a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan is included in Section 5.
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3.2 Existing Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards
1.0 Objective: To reduce to an acceptable level, the risk of damage to existing development as a result of beach erosion and shoreline recession
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Develop and implement a co- • review existing monitoring activities ordinated shoreline and • consider monitoring requirements for Emergency Action Plan, individual shoreline structure monitoring nourishment exercises, and beaches and structures generally program • consider use of remote imaging techniques where appropriate • liaise with DIPNR Council • development and implement program • review program regularly • revise assessment of coastline hazards as required based on findings of monitoring program Trailing suction hopper dredgers operating in Port Hacking in 1998/1999 maintaining navigation channels. The sand removed from the channels was deposited just offshore 1.2 Determine the stability of the • confirm toe level of existing seawall from the Cronulla Beaches as beach nourishment. This proved a good beneficial reuse of Cronulla Beach seawall in Zone • confirm foundation conditions of existing seawall the material 3 – The City Beaches • confirm structural condition of existing seawall Council • assess stability of the existing seawall in the design storm in the immediate and future planning time frames • undertake detailed design and implement upgrading works as required 1.3 Stabilise the toe of Prince Street • confirm foundation conditions along the existing seawall toe seawall and reinstate dislodged • investigate design options for upgrading of the seawall toe, including seabee units in Zone 4 – The removal of existing rock-filled baskets and replacement with sheet piling or Surf Beaches contiguous bored grout injected piles Council • investigate options for fixing dislodged seabee units to ensure stability of individual units • select preferred option, undertake detailed design, and implement upgrading works as required 1.4 Undertake beach nourishment • confirm quantities of nourishment sand and frequency of nourishment in Zones 3 and 4 • select source(s) of nourishment sand including consideration of: Example of nearshore placement of nourishment sand by a trailing suction hopper - Port Hacking dredger. This form of placement of material can take place with little disruption to beach - offshore activities
- beach berm at northern end of Bate Bay
• adopt nearshore nourishment or nourishment of the beach berm, or, where practical, a “profile nourishment” technique, ie nourishment of the full beach profile above and below sea level • investigate the use of structures to reduce the required nourishment volume and/or to retain sand on the beaches longer such as groyne Council/DIPNR structures, including a proposal put forward by North Cronulla SLSC involving groynes and reconstruction of the two rock pools between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches • alternatively, consider placement of smaller nourishment quantities on Cronulla Beach above sea level (compared to the 1977/1978 nourishment exercise) repeated at more frequent intervals • consult with the Council’s lifeguard service and SLSCs in regard to the timing and location of nourishment works • select preferred nourishment scheme and implement • carry out comprehensive monitoring of nourishment works
Cont’d Example of beach nourishment involving trucking of sand to the beach and placement/spreading by front end loader and dozer
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1.5 Construct a new seawall at • confirm foundation conditions along proposed alignment of seawall North Cronulla Beach to protect • investigate design options which ensure, among other things, no Dunningham Park in Zone 3 – undermining of the seawall toe and no outflanking during the design storm Council The City Beaches during the life of the structure (minimum 50 years) • select preferred option and implement. Refer Section 3.12 for a possible indicative concept plan for the seawall 1.6 Continue dune management • continue to support the Coastal Dune Management program activities to minimise wind blown • prepare formal Dune Maintenance Plan Council/DIPNR sand losses in Zones 4 and 5 1.7 Prepare a Coastal Erosion • refer to Section 5 of this Management Plan for further detail Council Emergency Action Plan
2.0 Objective: To ensure any protective works minimise impact on beach amenity and access, and where practicable improve existing amenity and access
Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Remove past shoreline • identify location of past protection works protection works where they • evaluate the impact of the works on beach amenity compared to any Council impact adversely on beach ongoing beneficial effect on shoreline protection amenity • remove works when appropriate 2.2 Minimise impact of new • locate new works as far landward as practicable protective works on coastal • design new works to minimise wave reflections, eg include a sloping and/or Council processes stepped seaward face and avoid high vertical walls 2.3 Minimise visual impact of new • adopt use of coloured concrete to match the colour of the beach sand protective works • avoid excessive use of handrails, where practicable, by adoption of flat grades on ramp structures Council • avoid high vertical walls • undertake beach nourishment in conjunction with the new protective works 2.4 Incorporate amenity • incorporate seating within new seawall at Dunningham Park improvements in new protective • consider inclusion of showers within new seawall at Dunningham Park Council works • undertake beach nourishment in conjunction with new protective works 2.5 Incorporate beach access • determine special access requirements for the disabled, emergency improvements in new protective vehicles and beach maintenance plant works • consider options for improved access including consideration of shared Council uses • selected preferred option and include in detailed design of new works
3.0 Objective: To reduce to an acceptable level, the risk of damage to existing development and risk of public injury as a result of coastal inundation
Strategy Action Responsibility 3.1 Ensure there is an adequate • educate/promote an understanding of coastal inundation levels and understanding of the hazard of frequencies to existing foreshore owners and occupiers at potential risk coastal inundation by existing • provide suitable advisory signage of potentially hazardous areas such as Council foreshore owners and occupiers the promenade between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach, erect at potential risk, and foreshore safety barriers during inundation events if required users 3.2 Ensure adequate drainage • develop design guidelines where required, adopt best management provisions for coastal inundation practice Council • undertake regular inspections of the drainage provisions
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4.0 Objective: To minimise the erosion of the beach berm and dunes as a result of stormwater flows
Strategy Action Responsibility 4.1 Ensure that back beach • develop design guidelines where required; adopt best management stormwater collection and practice discharge is appropriately • investigate and prepare designs for upgrading of the drainage system at designed and maintained Wanda SLSC, and implement. Consider use of infiltration zones behind Council the frontal dunes and removal of existing rock-filled baskets on the beach. • undertake regular inspections of the stormwater systems draining to the beach
5.0 Objective: To reduce to an acceptable level, the risk of damage to existing development and risk of public injury as a result of slope instability
Strategy Action Responsibility 5.1 Ensure there is an adequate • carry out regular inspections of the study area by suitably qualified understanding of the status of personnel Council the slope instability hazard throughout Bate Bay 5.2 Ensure that any identified risks • assess the magnitude of the risk and erect safety barriers, advisory are appropriately managed signage and the like if required • assess management options Council • select preferred management option and implement. Examples include regrading of slopes and installation of rock fall netting Erosion of the beach berm and dunes at the emergency access point immediately south of Wanda SLSC in light rainfall. The exposure of the rock-filled baskets is also a safety concern. In addition, litter and debris have been introduced onto the beach in the stormwater flow (2002)
6.0 Objective: To take into account the potential for future climate change to affect the magnitude of coastline hazards
Strategy Action Responsibility 6.1 Ensure there is an up-to-date • regularly liaise with DIPNR to obtain the latest predictions for future sea understanding of future climate level rise and other predicted impacts of climate change change and the implications of • revise the magnitudes of the coastline hazards as required Council these changes for the magnitude of coastline hazards
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3.3 Future Development and Land Use at Threat from Coastline Hazards
1.0 Objective: To ensure future development is compatible with the coastline hazards and enhances environmental and recreational values
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Control new development so • designate buffer zones to new subdivision/development which accommodate that it is appropriately sited and coastline hazards over the adopted planning period, as well as a vegetated maintains ecological function dune system, pedestrian access and access for emergency/maintenance and foreshore public access into vehicles. Adopt the following criteria in determining the width of the buffer the future zone: - planning period for infill development : 50 years - planning period for major new development on greenfield sites : 100 years - minimum additional distance allowance beyond position of erosion escarpment to account for retention of some secondary dune vegetation following the design storm and for scenic quality (where dunes exist) : 50 m Council
• where possible, all future public facilities to be located landward of the adopted planning period hazard line • develop controls/guidelines for future development which address matters such as: - visual impact - public access - planting/landscaping - height/overshadowing - water sensitive urban design Example of beach erosion leading to destruction of buildings. Bilgola Beach 1974
1.2 Ensure any redevelopment and • review SLSC and coastal reserve plans of management to ensure proposed
public facilities in the coastline future uses and facilities do not increase the value of public assets under hazard zone are compatible with threat those hazards • develop controls/guidelines for development/structures in the hazard zones which address matters such as: Council - siting - foundation design - visual impact - beach access
Elouera Surf Life Saving Club building
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3.4 Water Quality
1.0 Objective: To ensure water quality meets the community’s expectations and provides water quality suitable for swimming, boating and fishing
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Ensure the sewerage • liaise with Sydney Water regarding: infrastructure is performing - performance of the Cronulla STP, particularly during wet weather satisfactorily - the status of the Overflow Risk Reduction Program initiatives in the Council/SWC Cronulla area • review results of EPA Beachwatch Program 1.2 Determine cause for poor water • liaise with EPA regarding results of recent investigations and ongoing Council/EPA quality at Boat Harbour monitoring 1.3 Improve the quality and reduce • encourage community awareness of water pollution sources and solutions the volume of stormwater runoff • ensure future urban development incorporates water-sensitive urban to the shoreline design • ensure redevelopment incorporates, where practical, design solutions such as restricting hard surfaces, use of natural infiltration, and inclusion of rainwater tanks Council/Community • conduct detailed review of the design and performance of the existing stormwater system including investigation of whether sewage is entering the stormwater system • consider development of a stormwater quality monitoring program to supplement the EPA Beachwatch Program • adopt best management practice for the stormwater system Cronulla Beach
1.4 Ensure water quality in rock • undertake minor modifications to the stormwater outlets adjacent to the
pools is satisfactory pool at Oak Park and the northern pool between Cronulla Beach and North
Cronulla Beach to ensure polluted water cannot directly enter the pools Council • consider development of a water quality monitoring program for the rock pools to supplement the EPA Beachwatch Program 1.5 Determine the water quality • conduct a study to determine whether leachate from the tip is polluting the impacts of the old tip at Wanda groundwater and possibly entering Bate Bay Council Reserve 1.6 Adopt a co-ordinated approach • ensure all water quality monitoring undertaken by Council is integrated and Council to water quality monitoring co-ordinated
Rock pool along the promenade between Cronulla and North Cronulla Beaches
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3.5 Access
1.0 Objective: To improve and control access for pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles, minimising conflicts and negative impacts
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Strengthen visual Zones 2 & 3 connections and access to • create ‘entry nodes’ where local streets connect with the foreshore walk the coastal walk with enhancing access from adjacent residential, commercial and recreational existing and future areas to the shoreline adjoining streets, urban • reinforce vistas and streetscape views towards foreshore areas and residential areas • establish continuity of landscape character and treatments from foreshore Council areas into surrounding streetscapes Zone 4 – The Surf Beach • reinforce vistas and streetscape views towards foreshore areas • enhance pedestrian access to foreshore areas reducing psychological vehicle/road barriers through pedestrian scale landscape treatment 1.2 Enhance and encourage • reinforce connections to recreational, social and transport nodes public transport • establish a regular public transport/tourist bus service between Cronulla connections with a greater Railway Station and Wanda Reserve with stops at strategic locations along emphasis on facilitating the foreshore Council/STA links to train and bus • reinforce facilities and connections to foreshore zones from public transport services to reduce traffic including directional signage from interchange areas congestion and parking • publicise new/enhanced public transport connections or services to local provision requirements communities and encourage use 1.3 Enhance existing cycle • ensure path design enhances use of foreshore areas links and reduce conflicts • clearly identify path usage via signs, ensure adequate sight lines and between cyclists and pavement treatment in accordance with Council guidelines pedestrians • all paths should be designed to accommodate service, emergency and maintenance vehicles • develop a pedestrian / cycle master plan Zone 2 – The Cliff Top Walk retain existing foreshore pedestrian promenade character by maintaining a • Council pedestrian priority, with cycle access outside peak times • incorporate cycle path into adjacent road system Zones 3, 4 & 5 • incorporate shared/separated recreational cycle and pedestrian paths along the beach front as appropriate to provide safe and convenient access along the length of the coastline. Reduce width of Prince Street and Mitchell Road to provide for wider pedestrian / cycle areas and street trees • provide for commuter cyclists within the road system 1.4 Enhance and improve • implement traffic improvements to reduce congestion and improve traffic existing car parking flow in adjacent streets facilities and access • rationalise on-street/off-street parking arrangements • provide tree planting to foreshore streets/car parking to improve street and Council car park amenity and provide shade • improve pedestrian and driver safety with traffic control/calming and reinforced pedestrian connections and spaces Cont’d
Access Objectives
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The Plan Cont’d
1.5 Enhance existing • provide for disabled access to the Beaches, particularly from Prince Street pedestrian access and to North Cronulla Beach. Minimise visual impact of disabled access by provide ‘access for all’ to designing so that handrails are not required (max 1:20 ramps instead of the beach 1:14 to AS 1428) • no dogs to be allowed on beaches • no dogs off leashes to be allowed on beach reserves/paths Zone 3 – The City Beaches • improve access from Dunningham Park to the beach Council • provide for disabled access to North Cronulla Beach • construct a stepped seawall including seating at North Cronulla Beach to improve access to the beach from Dunningham Park • reduce dominance and scale of the roadscape and introduce pedestrian elements across the roadscape indicating pedestrian priority where strategic access points are required. This might incorporate the use of traffic calming devices, planting to improve streetscape amenity and reduce the scale of the road 1.6 Enhance existing • potential to provide a pedestrian link into Endeavour Heights and Captain pedestrian access along Cook’s landing place the foreshore from Bass • extend the public reserve for the full length of the beach frontage. Width of and Flinders Point to the reserve to be based on providing for the foredune and public access during Kurnell Peninsula in Zone the 100 year planning period 5 – The Beach Reserve • incorporate a more trafficable pathway, in conjunction with dune protection fencing to control pedestrian access to Green Hills. Path and fencing to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management guidelines • restrict pedestrian/cycle and vehicle movements in fragile environments. Fencing should be provided where dune vegetation is susceptible to damage from pedestrian and vehicular traffic in accordance with DIPNR Council Coastal Dune Management guidelines • provide ‘formalised’ paths and incorporate directional/interpretive signage at strategic locations • accessways should provide for pedestrian, cycle and authorised vehicle Aerial image of Zones 2 & 3 highlighting restricted areas along the rocky shoreline. Pedestrian priority access is to be retained along these sections linking passive recreation areas, bicycle access will be provided by designated bicycle lanes within the road system. The foreshore connection to the Cronulla Town Centre is access across dunes to the beach in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune also highlighted Management guidelines • improve pedestrian access to Potter Point for recreation • prepare an open space master plan for the study area • ensure that when access is being provided or enhanced to Zone 5 weeds are not introduced 1.7 Minimise impact of • establish and enforce a policy on 4WD use and Jet Ski use in Council- recreational vehicles on the controlled areas Council/Community/ environment in Zone 5 – • enforce controlled access use zones in fragile/sensitive environments, limit DIPNR The Beach Reserve vehicular access to the beach to emergency and maintenance vehicles 1.8 Minimise and control the • provide controlled primary and secondary accessways to the beach. Paths impacts of future to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Council development on beach guidelines amenity 1.9 Improve emergency and • incorporate controlled access for emergency and maintenance vehicle maintenance access along access to Kurnell Peninsula including controlled access points to the beach the foreshore and to the in Zones 4 and 5 (possible to do along shared pedestrian cycleway) Council beach • review controlled vehicular access to Potter Point (Sydney Water) track and consider potential to make pedestrian and cycle access only Example of a pedestrian priority path at Manly
• integrate disabled access with emergency vehicular access to the beach
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The Plan Cont’d
3.6 Recreational Activities
1.0 Objective: Encourage recreational use and enjoyment of Bate Bay, minimising the impact of these recreational activities on the environment by responding to the area’s carrying capacity and patterns of use
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Encourage pedestrian • investigate the opportunity for small-scale cafe/kiosk at Oak and Shelly scale interpretive/ Parks, include consideration of the potential impact on existing shops educational, low intensity • potential to incorporate interpretive artworks along cliff top walk recreational activities in • provide additional seating along length of promenade Zone 2 – The Cliff Top • install educational/interpretive signage explaining important natural Council Walk features and events, consequences of human interaction and significant past events. A consistent suite of signage should be developed for the Bate Bay open space network • prepare an open space master plan 1.2 Encourage intensive • provide a more civic/urban setting to support intensive use and upgrade civic/urban and family image recreational activities in • possibly incorporate intensive recreation facilities (eg. skate parks) in Zone 3 – The City urban area for better supervision and to create greater 'buzz’ Beaches • construct a stepped seawall of coloured concrete (to match beach sand and local rock) to protect Dunningham Park from erosion, provide informal Council seating for large volumes of visitors and improve access to the beach from Dunningham Park • establish a palette of landscape treatments that draws from the surrounding area and unifies as a whole • prepare an open space masterplan 1.3 Encourage a transition from • provide an emphasis on surfing activities and associated recreation and intensive to nature based leisure recreational activities from • reduce intensity of landscape treatment heading north to reflect passive the south to the north of activities and use Council Zone 4 – The Surf Beach • introduce informal indigenous/endemic planting to reflect surrounding natural environments • provide viewing platforms convenient to carparks • prepare an open space masterplan
Recreational Activities Objectives
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The Plan Cont’d
2.0 Objective: Allow for a range of recreational opportunities consistent with the natural values of the reserve, foredune and beach environment
Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Encourage nature based • enhance opportunities for recreational activities at Wanda Reserve. Include recreational activities that consideration of a skate board ramp in the Reserve as one of a number of reduce in intensity from the possible locations for a ramp south to the north of Zone • consider opportunities to improve recreation at Potter Point 5 – The Beach Reserve • consider dedication of a Surfing Recreation Reserve in the area surrounding Boat Harbour, Voodoo and Merries Reef • control access points from Wanda Reserve north to Potter Point and restrict access to formalised paths and roads only, to protect dunes from recreational pressures. Paths to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Guidelines Council • provide educational/interpretive information at strategic locations to inform users of ecological processes and reinforce desired patterns of use. Signage to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Guidelines Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve: Encourage nature based recreational activities appropriate to the sensitivity of the site (2001) • monitor compliance with prohibited activities within Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve • prohibit the use of motorised craft in the vicinity of the rock platform in accordance with NPWS Guidelines • consider provision of viewing platforms in selected areas • prepare an open space masterplan
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3.7 Landscape
1.0 Objective: To link and reinforce existing landscapes in keeping with their natural and cultural heritage value and proposed intensity of use
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Protect and enhance • coastal walkway to be naturalistic in character with emphasis on conservation existing landscapes of and enhancement of remnant and endemic plant species natural and cultural • extend the area of coverage of the remnant bushland around Bass and heritage along the coastal Flinders Point walk and associated pocket • strengthen pockets and fragments of remnant vegetation with new planting parks in Zone 2 – The Cliff from locally sourced stock to compliment the distinctive coastal landscape Top Walk • use bushland species within publicly accessible areas and as street trees to increase scope for interpretation of both cultural and natural history • implement weed removal and indigenous planting program in conjunction Council/Community with Council’s Bushcare Officers and local communities to reinforce the coastal landscape character • enhance and define landscape character at water access points with structural planting • apply Councils’ Heritage DCP and Tree Preservation Order to existing and future trees as well as regenerated bushland/coastal vegetation along the foreshore • integrate with Council’s “Greenweb” actions 1.2 Protect and enhance parks • design to provide for large volumes of visitors on peak days and landscape items of • construct a new sea wall at North Cronulla Beach, to protect the cultural cultural heritage and heritage of Dunningham Park community value in Zone 3 • use cultural planting to retain and enhance the existing cultural landscape – The City Beaches character of the parks and foreshore within this zone • extend street tree planting in adjacent streets to extend and link to the Council foreshore zone • landscape treatment to respect existing historic/cultural planting and park design promoting strong design ethic and commitment to the use of quality materials and finishes • integrate with Council’s “Greenweb” actions 1.3 Provide a transition from • design the transition to occur between the southern end of Prince Street and the cultural urban foreshore Mitchell Road to indigenous foreshore • extend street tree planting as appropriate into adjacent streets to extend and
landscape treatments link to the foreshore zone Council within Zone 4 – The Surf • redevelop streetscape and introduce street trees to provide an attractive Beach backdrop to the beach, provide shade and reduce visual impact of buildings • integrate with Council’s “Greenweb” actions Cont’d
Landscape Objectives
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Strategy Action Responsibility 1.4 Protect and enhance • provide a ‘green’ park reserve at Wanda that anchors community based existing indigenous recreation activities within a naturalistic environment to contrast with The City foreshore landscapes in Beaches recreation node Zone 5 – The Beach • implement weed removal and indigenous planting program to disturbed areas Reserve in conjunction with Council’s Bushcare Officers and the local community. Rehabilitate disturbed areas avoiding the use of non-local species • control access to fragile environments surrounding recreational areas and pedestrian/cycle paths and encourage use of patrolled swimming and surfcraft access areas Council/Community • provide interpretive material regarding the fragility of the rock platform ecology and its significance as a safe roosting and feeding habitat for shorebirds and information on wildlife present in the area. Signage to be designed in accordance with DIPNR Coastal Dune Management Guidelines • avoid direct access to the rock platform area and focus public access areas away from the rock platform area • maintain regular liaison with relevant government agencies, resident groups and private land owners with an interest in the protection of the Bate Bay environment (eg. DIPNR, EPA, Fisheries, etc.) Aerial image of Zone 5 – The Beach Reserve showing Wanda Reserve on the left and the dune system to the right. Enhancement of the landscape amenity in this zone would involve a comprehensive weed removal, controlled access, and indigenous/endemic planting strategy (October 1999)
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The Plan Cont’d
3.8 Beach Safety and Amenity
1.0 Objective: Improve amenity of the beach and foreshore area of Bate Bay without compromising access and views
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Improve the safety and • undertake beach nourishment to combat the erosion and recession hazards amenity of existing beach, and thus maintain beach amenity. Consult with Council’s lifeguards and the foreshore, car parks, roads SLSCs in regard to the timing and location of nourishment works and paths • reinforce foredunes with indigenous flora and grade any excess frontal dune build up near Elouera and Wanda SLSCs back into the beach system, and stabilise the area • remove past shoreline protection works where they impact adversely on beach amenity • replace rock-filled baskets at bottom of emergency access immediately south of Wanda SLSC to improve beach safety • introduce shade trees and landscape treatments to existing foreshore road • redistribute car parking and reduce through traffic on Prince Street and Mitchell Road to allow for landscape improvements Council • allow for the provision of ‘surf check’ parking in any proposals for foreshore improvements • establish an approach to and design a coordinated suite of urban and landscape elements to be implemented gradually as areas are upgraded • consider relocation of North Cronulla Beach Observation Tower closer to Prince Street • redesign the car park at the southern end of Prince Street to provide for improved pedestrian connections/circulation space and trees for shade and amenity • consider introduction of a system for quick identification of the location of an emergency, such as a series of numbered poles • retaining helicopter landing platform inn Wanda Reserve 1.2 Maintain a high standard of • establish/continue a beach maintenance program, maintenance vehicles to beach amenity by regular operate outside of normal active beach hours (e.g. 5-7am) cleaning and maintenance • ensure the adequate provision of litter bins at appropriate locations along the programs beach/foreshore environs and throughout adjoining areas • provide continuous clean and safe beach sand and pavements with continuity Council of materials • investigate the issue of ocean pools filling with sand and options to reduce the potential of infilling • review the current frequency and methods of maintenance of the rock pools 1.3 Construct viewing platforms • undertake site selection study to determined most suitable sites, including at selected locations community consultation between Elouera SLSC • prepare design options Council and carpark north of • undertake detailed design and implement Wanda SLSC
Beach Amenity Objectives
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3.9 Terrestrial Ecology
1.0 Objective: To manage threats to coastal habitats, flora and fauna such as exotic species and bushfire
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Address ‘key threatening • develop monitoring program to assess effectiveness of current methods processes’ and other threats used for Bitou Bush control such as wildfire • ensure weed control programs are staged to take into account use of Council/DIPNR exotic plants by native fauna • increase efforts for control of the European Red Fox • coordinate and integrate fire management across the Kurnell area
2.0 Objective: To protect areas of ecological significance
Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Identify areas of habitat value to • undertake systematic surveys for terrestrial and aquatic fauna threatened or locally significant • identify existing and potential habitat corridors Council/Community fauna 2.2 Introduce development controls • protect areas of high habitat value/habitat corridors, and those identified in on Kurnell Peninsula to protect the Draft LEP Wetlands, as environment protection zones (include 100 m Council/DIPNR areas of ecological significance buffers to wetlands in environment protection zone) Fencing to trap sand on Kurnell Peninsula
3.0 Objective: To enhance habitat corridors and increase biodiversity
Strategy Action Responsibility 3.1 Provide linkages between • preserve habitat linkages between Wanda Reserve and Charlotte Breen ‘bushland’ parks/coastal Memorial Park, as per amendments to REP 17 Council/Community/ remnants • encourage habitat corridors along the foredune area of the Besmaw DIPNR property 3.2 Rehabilitate cleared and • implement replanting/bush regeneration programs using species Council/Community/ degraded areas in the coastal indigenous to the Kurnell Peninsula which will also provide structural and DIPNR zone floristic diversity
Landscape behind foredune in north east of embayment
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The Plan Cont’d
3.10 Aquatic Ecology
1.0 Objective: To protect, conserve and enhance aquatic habitats
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Undertake measures to protect, • undertake detailed mapping of the extent of the Halophila bed in the lee of conserve and enhance aquatic Merries Reef habitats in Bate Bay • consider extending the boundaries of the Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve to include the Halophila • monitor impacts of nourishment works on the Halophila, the rocky reef, and Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve • provide a buffer of at least 50 m between aquatic habitats in Bate Bay such Council/Fisheries/ as intertidal rock platforms, rocky reefs and seagrasses, and any areas Community selected as sources for nourishment sand • prepare guidelines to minimise impacts of development on the Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve • investigate opportunities for the creation of Intertidal Protected Areas (IPAs) in the study area outside the boundaries of Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve, through consultation with the Minister for Fisheries
2.0 Objective: To minimise potential effects of any works on marine mammals and other threatened species
Strategy Action Responsibility Halophila 2.1 Employ mitigation measures • consider the timing of nourishment works so as to minimise the potential effects of works on marine mammals and other threatened species that may Council visit Bate Bay at various times of the year
Panoramic view of Boat Harbour and Merries Reef (2002)
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The Plan Cont’d
3.11 Cultural Heritage
1.0 Objective: To protect areas of high archaeological significance
Strategy Action Responsibility 1.1 Identify sites of archaeological • conduct surveys/review of Aboriginal heritage relating to the Kurnell or cultural significance Peninsula (now recently completed in the Mary Dallas study) Council • require cultural heritage assessments as part of proposed major development proposals 1.2 Provide/enforce legislative • support listing of the ‘Kurnell Sand Dune’ on the H6 site on the register of the protection of archaeological National Estate and Stage heritage listing, subject to review by the National Council/NPWS/ sites and areas of cultural Heritage Trust, as well as appropriate re-zoning to reflect heritage values Community significance • protect sites of high cultural significance (as identified in Mary Dallas study)
2.0 Objective: To improve understanding and awareness of cultural values
Strategy Action Responsibility 2.1 Provide information to the • develop interpretive signage/brochures for cultural heritage items, as general community and visitors appropriate Council/NPWS on cultural heritage values
Bass and Flinders Point
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The Plan Cont’d
3.12 Indicative Concept Plans
Three indicative concept plans have been prepared as part of the preparation of this Coastline Management Plan. These concepts could be further developed as part of an Open Space Master Plan for the foreshore zone.
The first plan shows an indicative concept for a stepped seawall to protect Dunningham Park, which also incorporates improved access to the beach including disabled access and access for emergency/maintenance vehicles.
The second plan shows an indicative concept for the short term development of the Prince Street area.
The third plan shows an indicative concept for the Wanda Reserve area in Zone 5.
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The Plan Cont’d
Dunningham Park Seawall
Example of a stepped seawall providing beach access. Seating or ‘bleachers’ are visible in the mid ground. Beyond the bleachers are further steps and shower facilities
Indicative concept for a new Dunningham Park seawall, incorporating seating, stepped and ramp access to the beach, and showers. The seawall would be constructed as far landward as practical and coloured to match the beach sand. Beach nourishment should be undertaken in conjunction with the new seawall to widen the beach and provide general beach amenity improvements
Example of a stepped seawall including seating and disabled access, and featuring coloured concrete to reduce the visual impact of the structure
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The Plan Cont’d
Prince Street
Segregated pedestrian and cycle foreshore paths
Short term indicative concept for the Prince Street area showing one way traffic south, angled parking, widened foreshore reserve, segregated cycle/pedestrian foreshore path and foreshore planting. A segregated path is necessary through this area due to the volume of pedestrian and cycle traffic. Provide a transition from the cultural urban foreshore to indigenous foreshore landscape treatments between the southern end of Prince Street and Mitchell Road
Example of foreshore tree planting and segregated cycle/pedestrian path rp3828gwb_hrf021009-Management Plan-Section 3 PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING page 3-19 Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan
The Plan Cont’d
Wanda Reserve Area
Example of path
Example of path
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4 Summary of Management Strategies and Actions
The main management strategies and actions in the Bate Bay Coastline Management Plan, on a zone by zone basis, are summarised on the following four sheets. The reader should refer to Section 3 of this Plan for the complete listing of management strategies and actions.
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Summary of Management Strategies and Actions Cont’d
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Summary of Management Strategies and Actions Cont’d
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Summary of Management Strategies and Actions Cont’d
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Summary of Management Strategies and Actions Cont’d
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5 Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan
Preparation of a Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan for Bate Bay is an essential strategy of the Coastline Management Plan since:
• there are significant assets at threat from coastal erosion in the immediate term, that is, in the next severe storm; • implementation of the management actions recommended in the Coastline Management Plan, which would address the erosion threat, may not take place for some period of time as approvals are sought and funds become available; • in the absence of an Emergency Action Plan, there is the risk that ad-hoc protection works will be undertaken during the height of an erosion emergency, with consequent adverse effects on beach amenity and adjacent shorelines and structures.
Further detail regarding preparation of the Emergency Action Plan is provided below.
Objective: To combat the threat of erosion at times of emergencies in the period prior to implementation of management actions, in a manner which minimises any adverse impacts on beach amenity and adjacent shorelines and structures
Strategy Action Prepare a Coastal Erosion • form a Working Party to prepare the Emergency Action Plan, including representatives from Emergency Action Plan Sutherland Shire Council (SSC), State Emergency Services (SES), Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Resources (DIPNR) and the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee • select the Combat Agency • ensure consistency between the Coastal Erosion Emergency Action Plan and the existing Local Disaster Plan for the Sutherland Shire Council area • consider the following matters in preparation of the Emergency Action Plan - methods/materials available to protect assets from erosion in emergency situations - land ownership - whether land owners consent and/or development consent is required for the emergency protection works - whether it is necessary to remove the emergency protection works following the emergency - monitoring requirements - trigger mechanisms for moving between different action “levels” within the Emergency Action Plan - education of foreshore owners and occupiers regarding the coastline hazards
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6 Monitoring and Review
The Coastline Management Plan should be periodically reviewed by the Bate Bay Coastal Management Committee. The role of the Committee would be to report to the community on the implementation of the Plan. This could be via inclusion of information in Council’s State of the Environment Report, website or articles in the local newspaper, The Leader.
The following reviews are recommended:
• annual review of development program; • review of Coastline Management Plan itself every 3 to 5 years.
Future monitoring should include:
• monitoring progress of capital works implementation; • monitoring of beach behaviour generally; • monitoring the performance of particular works such as beach nourishment; • monitoring of natural system performance, such as monitoring of species diversity, weed species or other similar indicators; • monitoring of user satisfaction, including use of facilities, number of visitors and their views, and the like; and • monitoring of water quality, in particular stormwater quality.
Consideration should be given to the installation of coastal imaging technology (involving cameras mounted on tall buildings) to monitor matters such as beach behaviour generally and the performance of works, for example beach nourishment.
Further recommended studies include:
• investigation and design studies for: - Cronulla Beach seawall - Prince Street seawall - Dunningham Park seawall • beach nourishment study; • study of water quality impacts of the old tip at Wanda Reserve; • site selection study for viewing platforms; • public transport strategy; • open space master plan for the study area; and • pedestrian and bicycle master plan for the study area.
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APPENDIX A MEMBERS OF BATE BAY COASTAL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
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Appendix A
Councillor Bob Spencer, Chair Andrew Addinall ,North Cronulla Precinct Committee Stephen Bourke, Director Community & Recreation Services Harry Brown, Combined Surf Clubs Executive John Brunton, Director Environmental Services
Gwyn Cleeves, Parks & Waterways Manager Lesley Diver, NSW Fisheries Stuart Dutton, Manager Beach Operations Jack Eden, Community Representative Mike Fursland, Environmental Planner Des Hewitt, Director Engineering Peter Hile, North Cronulla Precinct Committee Annette Hogan, Cronulla Dune & Wetland Alliance Phillip Holt, Holt Group Mark Moratti, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources Lee Orford, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources Kate Panayotou, Community Representative John Scott, Kurnell Progress & Precinct Committee Ian Spencer, Eloura, Cronulla, Garie Surfriding Clubs
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APPENDIX B PREDICTED LOCATION OF THE IMMEDIATE, 50 YEAR AND 100 YEAR EROSION ESCARPMENT LINES (BASED ON THE DO NOTHING OPTION)
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Appendix B
The figures on the following pages show the extent of the coastline hazard zones for the immediate (post design storm), 50 year and 100 year planning periods taking into account beach erosion and shoreline recession.
The landward limit of the coastline hazard zones corresponds to the estimated position of the back beach erosion escarpment for the particular planning period. As such, the zones make no allowance for any additional buffer distance beyond the physical extent of the erosion/recession.
When considering siting of proposed development, inclusion of an additional distance allowance beyond the position of the erosion escarpment is necessary to account for factors such as retention of some secondary dune vegetation following the design storm (in the case where dunes exist) and for scenic quality. This additional allowance should be a minimum of 50 m.
Two scenarios for the coastline hazard zone are shown for those areas with seawalls (Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach/ Prince Street). The first scenario assumes that the seawalls represent a terminal revetment (that is, they represent a limit to beach erosion and shoreline recession into the future). The second scenario assumes failure of the seawalls during the planning period.
Note that the positions of the coastline hazard zones assume:
• no management action is taken to modify the erosion and recession behaviour within the study area in the future, that is, the zones correspond to the “Do Nothing” option; • the foredune is kept well vegetated so that significant wind blown sand losses do not re-emerge in the future. If such losses do re-emerge, the coastline hazard zones would be further landward.
Any development located on the seaward side of the immediate (post design storm) erosion escarpment is potentially at immediate risk from wave erosion in the design storm. Similarly, any development located on the seaward side of the 50 year erosion escarpment and the 100 year erosion escarpment is potentially at risk from wave erosion in the design storm in the next 50 years and 100 years respectively.
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
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APPENDIX C GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF BATE BAY AND SURROUNDS
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Appendix C
C.1 General C.3 Phase Two C.4 Phase Three C.5 Phase Four
Understanding the geological evolution of Bate Bay is important The second phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in This phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure C.3 The fourth phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure as it is likely that those processes that have shaped the area in Figure C.2 below) lasted from 9,000 to 7,000 years bp when sea below) occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years bp when sea C.4 below) occurred between 4,000 and 1,000 years bp with sea the past are still active today. Roy and Crawford (1979) level was between -20 and –9 m below its present level. As sea level rose from –9 m to its present level. During this phase, the level at its present level. This phase of evolution was dominated undertook a detailed study of the geological evolution of the level continued to rise, a large shallow estuary formed that proto-barrier was destroyed by ocean waves after it had been by coastal instability which is highlighted by the formation of Kurnell Peninsula and southern Botany Bay area. They incorporated both Botany and Bate Bays. This estuary was steadily eroded by deflation (wind blown sand losses) and littoral transgressive barrier dunes on the Kurnell isthmus. These dunes recognised five phases of evolution, which are summarised in the blocked at the mouth of Bate Bay by a coastal sand barrier, which drift (longshore transport of sand dune to wave action). After were fed by sand from the erosion of the Bate Bay foredunes and following sections. is referred to as a “proto-barrier”. The evidence for the existence destruction of the proto-barrier, the calcareous sands in Bate Bay coastline. The dunes migrated towards the north under the of this feature are the transgressive sand dunes on Kurnell were worked onshore by wave action. These calcareous sands influence of winds from the south and south-east. C.2 Phase One Headland. The existence and morphology of these dunes implies formed beach ridges along the Kurnell isthmus. a source of sand located in Bate Bay. The estuary was open to the sea at Botany Heads. The first phase of evolution occurred up to 9,000 years before present (bp) when sea level was 20 m below its present level. At this time the Cooks, Georges and Hacking rivers all drained to the south-east beneath Bate Bay. As sea level rose the inner continental shelf was flooded and the lower reaches of the river valleys drowned. Landward of the river mouths, embryonic estuaries formed with estuarine sedimentation resulting.
The geological evolution in phase one is presented diagrammatically in Figure C.1 below
Figure C.4: Fourth phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)
Figure C.3: Third phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay Figure C.2: Second phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979) (Roy & Crawford, 1979)
Figure C.1: First phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979) rp3828gwb_hrf0201107-Appendices & Ref PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING
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Appendix C
C.6 Phase Five
The last phase of evolution (shown diagrammatically in Figure C.5 below) has lasted from 1,000 years bp to the present with sea level at its present level. During this time, the migration of the transgressive sand dunes on the Kurnell isthmus has continued along with the retreat of the Bate Bay coastline.
Figure C.5: Fifth phase of the geological evolution of Bate Bay (Roy & Crawford, 1979)
C.7 Summary
It is evident that following the growth of the proto-barrier in the second phase of evolution the Bate Bay coastline has been retreating. Roy and Crawford (1979) estimate that based on the volume of sand forming the barrier dunes the coastline extended some 250-800 m into Bate Bay and may have even blocked the mouth of Port Hacking.
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APPENDIX D ZONING PLANS
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Appendix D
Sutherland Shire LEP Zoning Map Source: Sutherland Shire Council
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Appendix D
Sutherland Shire LEP Zoning Map Source: Sutherland Shire Council
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Appendix D
Kurnell Peninsula REP Zoning Map rp3828gwb_hrf0201107-Appendices & Ref PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
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References and Bibliography
Presented below is an exhaustive bibliography and list of references for documents used in the preparation of the Bate Bay Gordon A.D. (unpublished) Coastline Study. References have been grouped under headings corresponding to the specialist studies undertaken in Stages 1, Coastal Processes of the Kurnell Peninsula. 2 and 3a of the Coastline Study. The main reference (report prepared for the specialist study) under each heading has been highlighted in bold text. Gordon A.D. (1988) Coastal Processes of the Kurnell Peninsula, Interim Summary Coastline Processes, Hazards and Past and Present Shoreline Protection Works PWD Report No. 88047 in Preparation.
Patterson Britton (2001) Gordon A.D. (1992) Bate Bay Coastline Study. Stage 1 - Coastline Hazard Definition Report The Restoration of Bate Bay, Australia – Plugging the Sink Prepared for Sutherland Shire Council, Issue No 1, November 2001 23rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1992.
Australian Water Technologies (1994) The Hurstville Propeller Bate Bay Pollution Study Volume 6 – The Bate Bay Scour Hole Johnson B.D. et al (1978) Prepared by Australian Water Technologies for the Water Board, 1994. The bedrock topography of the Botany Basin, New South Wales Geological Society of Australia – Journal 24(7), 403-408. Brown C.T. (1979) Some Factors Affecting the Use of Maccaferi Gabions and Reno Mattresses for Coastal Revetments NSW Government (1990) Water Research Laboratory Report No. 156, 1979. Coastline Management Manual New South Wales Government, September 1990. Bryant E. (1984) Sediment Characteristics of some Eastern Australian Foreshores The Observer Australian Geographer, Vol. 16/1984. Pickard J. (1972) Curby P. (1998) Rate of movement of transgressive sand dunes at Cronulla, NSW A pictorial history of Cronulla Journal of Geological Society Australia, 19, 213-216. Kingsclear Books, 1998. Panayotou K (1998) Department of Land and Water Conservation (1999) Shoreface Bypassing and Aeolian Rollover: Transgressive Volumetric Simulation of Kurnell Peninsular Sand Dune Evolution Port Hacking dredging and nearshore nourishment of Cronulla beaches since European settlement Application for the 1999 case earth awards category one: projects to $1 million BA (Hons) Thesis, University of Sydney, 1998. Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1999. Patterson Britton & Partners (1995) Foster D.N. & Gordon A.D. (1978) Dunningham Park, Cronulla – Coastal Engineering Advice Beach Protection, Cronulla Prepared by Patterson Britton and Partners for EDAW (Aust) Pty Ltd, 1995. Fourth Australian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 1978. Patterson Britton & Partners (1998) Foster D.N. et al (1963) Nearshore Nourishment of North Cronulla Beach – Review of Environmental Factors Preliminary Study of Beach Erosion on Cronulla Beach Prepared by Patterson Britton and Partners for Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1998. University of NSW Water Research Laboratory Report No. 59, April 1963. Patterson Britton & Partners (1989) Foster D. & Hirst E.H.W (1987) Sydney Destination Resort Bate Bay The Design and Construction of Prince Street Seawall, Cronulla Concept Plan Engineering Assessment 8th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 1987. Prepared by Patterson Britton and Partners for Planning Workshop, 1989.
Geomarine and Coffey Partners International (1991) PWD (1985) Narrabeen-Collaroy Fishermans Beach - Criteria for the Siting and Design of Foundations for Residential Development Elevated Ocean Levels – Storms Affecting NSW Coast 1880-1980 Prepared for Warringah Shire Council, Geomarine Report No 69021R02, February 1991. Report No. 85041 Prepared by Blain Bremner and Williams Pty Ltd for Public Works Department, 1985.
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References and Bibliography
Rendell N.G. (1993) Water Research Laboratory (1982) Re-establishment of a Frontal Dune Barrier from Wanda to Boat Harbour, Cronulla Prince St, Cronulla N.S.W. Revetment Model Studies Department of Conservation and Land Management, pp22. Technical Report No. 82/19 Water Research Laboratory, UNSW, 1982. Rendell N.G. (1994) Rehabilitation of the Beaches in the Bate Bay Area Water Research Laboratory (1980) 4th Annual NSW Coastal Management Conference. Proposals for the Long-Term Protection of Prince Street and the Improvement of the Amenity of North Cronulla Beach – Technical Report No. 80/7 Roy P.S. & Crawford E.A. (1979) Water Research Laboratory, UNSW, 1980. Holocene Geological Evolution of the Southern Botany Bay – Kurnell Region, Central New South Wales Coast New South Wales Geological Survey – Records 20 (2). Water Research Laboratory (1978) Protection to Prince St, North Cronulla by beach nourishment St George and Sutherland Shire Leader Technical Report No. 78/1 Water Research Laboratory, UNSW, 1978. The St George Call
Short A.D. & Wright L.D. (1981) Management Options and Issues Beach Systems of the Sydney Region Australian Geographer, Vol. 15/1981. Patterson Britton (2002) Bate Bay Coastline Study – Stage 3a Report – Management Options and Impacts Short A.D. & Meleo J.F. (1998) Prepared for Sutherland Shire Council, Issue No 1, June 2002. Dune stabilisation at Cronulla-Bate Bay: A Review of Maintenance Works and Funding Prepared for the Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1998. Albani A. et al (1988) Cainozoic Morphology of the Inner Continental Shelf near Sydney, NSW Sutherland Shire Council (1974) Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Vol. 121, pp 11-28, 1988. Cronulla Beach Erosion - Proposed Remedial Work and Preliminary Cost Estimates Prepared by D.N. Foster, UNSW in association with Posford Pavry Sinclair & Knight, 1974. Hallermeir, R.J. (1981) A Profile Zonation for Seasonal Sand Beaches for Wave Climate Sutherland Shire Council (1980) Coastal Engineering Vol. 4, pp 253-277, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company 1981. Protection of Prince Street, Cronulla Beach – Environmental Assessment of Alternative Schemes Prepared by Soros Longworth and McKenzie Pty Ltd and Cox & Corkhill Pty Ltd. Gordon A.D. (unpublished) Coastal Processes of the Kurnell Peninsula. Sutherland Shire Council (1982) Stabilisation of Sand Dunes at Cronulla Patterson Britton & Partners (2001a) Sutherland Shire Council, pp3. Bate Bay Coastline Study. Discussion Paper – Identification of Management Options Prepared for Sutherland Shire Council, Issue No 1, October 2001. Sutherland Shire Council (1987) Construction of Seabee Seawall and PVC Mattress Scour Blanket at Prince St, Cronulla Patterson Britton & Partners (2001b) Sutherland Shire Council, pp5. Bate Bay Coastline Study. Stage 1 - Coastline Hazard Definition Report Prepared for Sutherland Shire Council, Issue No 1, November 2001. The Shire Pictorial Short, A.D. & Meleo J.F. (1998) Water Research Laboratory (1974) Dune Stabilisation at Cronulla-Bate Bay: A Review of Maintenance Works and Funding Beach Protection Cronulla – Report No. 2 – Design Wave Conditions – Prince St. Seawall Prepared for the Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1998. Technical Report No. 74/20 Water Research Laboratory, UNSW, 1974.
Water Research Laboratory (1967) Investigation of Proposed Baths at Southern End of South Cronulla Surfing Beach - Technical Report No. 67/2 Water Research Laboratory, UNSW, 1967. rp3828gwb_hrf0201107-Appendices & Ref PATTERSON BRITTON & PARTNERS / HASSELL / NELSON CONSULTING
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AMBS (1996) Cowling S.J. (1977) Species Impact Statement for proposed effluent transfer pipeline construction: Cronulla STP upgrade Unpublished report for Classification of the Wetland habitats of waterbirds Sydney Water Corporation. Australian Marine Science Bulletin, 58: 15-16.
AMBS (2000) Churchill S. (1998) Assessment of Little Grassbird Habitat and Recommendations for Habitat Creation at Tempe Australian Bats Unpublished report prepared for Marrickville City Council by Australian Museum Business Services. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
Ancliff P. (1995) Davey S.M. (1993) Flora and fauna survey; preliminary report: Proposed industrial subdivision at Lot DP 586986 Captain Cook Drive, Kurnell Notes on the Habitat of four Australian Owl Species - Australian Raptor Studies Report prepared for Cooper and Richards. Australian Raptor Association, R.A.O.U. Melbourne.
Barling R.D. & Moore, I.D. (1994) Debus S.J.S. & Chafer C.J. (1994) Role of buffer strips in management of waterway pollution: a review The Powerful Owl Ninox strenua in New South Wales Environmental Management 18: 543-558. Australian Birds Vol 28. (Supplement) pp. 21-39.
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