Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 Topographic Information System (TIS): A Critique to Sustainable Physical Development and Decision Making I. C. Onuigbo1, N. Zitta2, A. M. Gbedu3, I.O. Pius4 and H. A. Samaila-Ijah5 Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics Federal University of Technology , Correspondence email: [email protected]

Abstract—This paper examines topographic techniques to establish horizontal and vertical information system [TIS] as a tool to sustainable controls. physical development. A part of Federal University The implications of the above is that no meaningful of Technology (FUT) Minna, Niger state, Nigeria development can be embarked upon by an individual, was used for the study. A total station (leica government and any other agencies without product) was used to acquire the data (x y z) information about the topography of the area where coordinates within the study area. The usefulness such development is to take place. Topographic of the Topographic information generated was information system can be derived from the highlighted and map revealed the true topographic data with the employment of the configuration of study site and vacant areas for analytical capabilities of geographic information future development. A digital terrain model [DTM] system [GIS]. was created to enhance further analysis on slope, aspect, hill shade and view shed analysis in According to Burrough [1986], GIS is a tool for addition; a vector map of the study site was also collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and generated. of the area. The information is also displaying spatial data from the real world for a available for query that will assist in the physical particular set of purposes. In short, GIS can be used planning of the area under investigation. The to add value to spatial data [sharma et al, 2006]. This study concludes that Topographic Information is by allowing data to be organized and viewed System is essential for physical planning and effectively, by integrating them with other data, by accurate decision making because it allows easy analysis and by the creation of new data that can be updating and quick retrieval of information for operated on in turn to create useful information that better planning and environmental management. can help decision making. GIS is unique in its ability to integrate data from variety of sources. A GIS can thus Keywords—Topographic information system be described as a form of spatial decision support (TIS), Digital Terrain Model (DTM), decision system. The objective of this paper is to create making, physical planning topographic information system for adequate 1.0 Introduction management of immediate physical environment in FUT Minna. Land surveying is the first point of reference in any meaningful development projects. Provision of 1.1 Topographic Information System (TIS) infrastructure; planning of towns and cities; Digital technology was successfully introduced in management of hazardous natural events and human the field of mapping in late 1960’s as means of actions such as erosion, flooding, earthquakes and speeding up map production. [Perera and Shanta, subsidence; coastal management; exploration and 2002] with the change in technology in the last two exploitation of minerals; sitting of industries; resources decades and the growth in the number of spatial exploitation on the land and on the sea are dependent information systems, the concept of topographic data on land surveying products. base has been introduced in several mapping- Topography of an area describes the surface surveying organization in the world, in order to deliver characteristics of relief features of such area as more geo-information to the user community. depicted by hills, valleys and plains. It can be used to A TIS is very crucial in this present age in other to study and represent as a surface, any characteristic be able to update maps and retrieve necessary data that has a continuously changing value other than at any given time with minimal efforts. TIS can be elevation, for instance, population, geo-magnetic data explained as the combination of human effort and and geo-chemical data. Topographical surveying computer based tools for collection, storage, analysis, involves the acquisition of topographic data of the manipulation and retrieval of various kinds of data features on the earth’s surface, both man-made and relating to geographic features [man-made and natural in three-dimension (x y z). This employs the natural] on the surface of the earth. Encyclopaedia, techniques of plane surveying and other special 1989

www.jmest.org JMESTN42350661 1298 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 In view of this, it is necessary to create TIS for d) Versatility in integrating data collected from different locations because the information generated various sources from such system can be used for various purposes in e) Flexibility output possibilities physical planning and decision making in such f) Provides bases for additional information with locations. Some of the usefulness and advantages of relative ease for production of maps. this digital database for such system over the 1.2 The Study Area conventional maps include:- The Federal University of Technology, Minna, a) Possibility of fast amendment and dynamic Gidan kwano Campus, situated in Bosso Local updating of data Government Area of Niger state, Nigeria. The campus b) Fast capturing of data with total stations or is located between longitude 09° 31’ 30’N and 09°32’ GPS 15’’N and latitude 06° 26’ I4’’E and 06° 27’ 33’E c) Analysis of many important spatial problems respectively.

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Figure 1.0: Map of Nigeria showing Niger state, Minna. Source: Ministry of Land and Survey, Minna

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Figure 1.1: Map of Niger state showing Bosso LGA, Minna. Source: Ministry of Land and Survey, Minna

Figure1.2: Google image of FUT Minna, Gidan-Kwano Campus

www.jmest.org JMESTN42350661 1300 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 2.0 Materials and Methods topographic operations and analysis of surface terrain becomes paramount. Slope, aspect and other DTM For this study, the following data were collected generations are considered as the most common uses from both primary and secondary sources: previous in application of terrain model use in GIS. Further analogue map covering the area, previous control analysis using Arc view 3.2a could generate products points at the vicinity of the project area and a such as Hill shade map, Aspect map, Slope map etc, streamed google earth image. to further enhance sustainable physical development Vector approach of data acquisition was used that of the study area. is, x, y, coordinates of the objects of interest work 3.3 Query and presentation of analysis acquired using total station which is a computerized electronic instrument having a combination of EDM The most fundamental of all tools provided by a and theodolite was used for measuring distances, GIS are those involved with database query and its angle, fixing of details and determination of ability to perform complex spatial analysis and coordinates or points. modelling operations in support of environmental management planning and mapping. Queries may be It is a basic rule in surveying that for a new area; simple or multiple. references must be made to old existing controls by way of connecting the new survey to the existing one. Based on the Database created for this study, it is The principle of ‘’Working from Whole to Part’’ was easy to query for land use/land cover, its size; show upheld. This is the basis for carrying out perimeter building and use [bungalow and lecture room]. traverse first before the detailing and spot 4.0 Application of Topographic Information heightening. Heights of instrument and target were System [TIS] Products. measured and stored in the memory of the instrument after the perimeter traversing which started from the The various products generated in the study can control point FUT GPS 25 and closed back on another be very useful for planning purposes and decision control point FUT GPS 21. All the detailing and spot making. The topographical map of the Federal heightening were done by orienting with the University of Technology, Minna, shows all features coordinate boundary marks/ stations. as they exist on the ground and other available areas for future development. Some of the products that 3.0 Results and Discussion could be generated include slope, aspect and hill The major characteristic that differentiates GIS shade maps. These are maps that are very essential from other information system is the spatial analytical for taking good decision on environmental issues. capabilities especially overlay operation, buffering, a) Aspect map shows the direction the surfaces spatial search, topographic operation, and faces. It is very useful in building construction and neighbourhood and connectivity operations. GIS uses agricultural management. Aspect map is useful for this spatial analytical capability to answer fundamental drainage network. Its usefulness is pronounced in the generic question of location, condition, trend, routing, laying of pipes where direction of flow is prominent. pattern and modelling by manipulation and analysis of b) Hill shade map is like aspect map, it shows input data. The major analysis performed in this how rugged the landform is. It is used in hilly area to project were overlay operations, topographic determine the amount of sunlight that will be received operation and spatial search in a given area. It can be used to determine the vest 3.1 Overlay operation part of farmland to reserve for drying of crops after harvesting. In fact, hill shade is used to portray relief In this study the contour map was overlaid on difference and terrain morphology in hilly and detailed map of the study area to produce the mountains area. The colour tones in a hill shade topographic map of the area, which shows the raster represent the amount of reflected light in each relationship that exists between the various spatial location, depending on its orientation relative to the entities in the study area. This result can be used to illumination source. This illumination source is usually determine area that need access road to the structure chosen at an angle of 45° above the horizon in the or other facilities. north-west direction. [Oriola, 2011]. The contour map of the study area is shown in Fig c) Viewshed analysis: TIS is useful in visibility 2.0. This map assists in planning and control of studies, that is, determining what is visible on a erosion in the study area [FUT Minna], while the surface from a set of one or more location. detailed map of the area under investigation can be d) TIS are also use in the evaluation of land use used to ascertain area that are available for future land cover for effective appraisal of the environment. developments. e) Other products generated from the query can be used for physical planning, decision making, and 3.2 Topographic operation solution of some spatial problems of FUTMX. These This operation was performed from digital elevation products are all very essential for environmental model generated using Arcview 3.2a version. The management and easy analysis of our physical earth is 3-dimensional, most GIS applications include environment. some element of 3-dimensional analysis of which

www.jmest.org JMESTN42350661 1301 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 5.0 Conclusion 4. Jawahar, S.L (1991): Geographic Information System ‘’ A management perspective, WDI This paper has been able to showcase topographic publication, Ottawa Canada. information system [TIS] as a necessary tool for 5. Lexicon University Encyclopaedia (1989). managing environmental issues and abate some Lexicon publication Inc. New York N.Y (1989). environment related challenges. With this system, it is 6. Musa A. A (2014): Unpublished Lecture notes now possible to amend and update data in the on geoinformatics I & II, for PGD FUTY YOLA. system, quickly analyse many important spatial 7. Oyegun R.O (1983) Waler Resources in problems in the area, produce output that is flexible . Matanmi and sons publishing co. Ltd. and supply data for producing interactive maps of the p.7 area. 8. Onola E.O & Asonibare S.O (2011): REFERENCES ‘Topographic Information System as a tool for Environmental Management’. Journal of Asian 1. Adeyemi W (1998): Topographic survey of Scientific Research, vol.1 NO_8, PP 441-450. Abdulkareem Lafene Secretariat and Environs. 9. Perera, siand shanta, v.o. (2002). ‘A Unpublished M.Tech project submitted to the topographic database for geoinformation process in department of land surveying and photogrammetry, the survey department of sir lanka’ pp1-6. Federal University of technology, Minna, Niger state, 10. Sharma, H.S, (2006) Modelling through Nigeria. Geographical information system and global system in 2. Burrough, P,A (1986): Principle of shatma, H.1, Ram, D.R, Rara Prasad and Binda P.R Geographical Information System for land Resources (eds) Mathematical modelling in geographic Assessment:- Oxford University Press, New york, information system and digital cartography. Concept pp194. publication, New Delhi, india.p2. 3. Doyle, F.(1978): Digital Terrain Models: An 11. Weibel and Heller (2001):A concise overview, photogrammetric Engineering and Remote introduction to Digital Terrain Model. Sensing, 44, 1481—1487.

APPENDIX 1; PRODUCT OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING OF FUT MINNA (TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM) CONTOUR MAP OF FUTMX;

Figure 2.0: Contour map of FUT Minna.

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Figure 2.1: 3 DIMENSIONAL MAP OF FUTMINNA. APPENDIX 3;

FIGURE 2.1a: Wire frame/DTM of Gidan Kwano Campus FUTMx

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Figure 2.1b: Vector map of gidan kwano campus futmx

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