Topographic Information System (TIS): a Critique to Sustainable Physical Development and Decision Making I
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 Topographic Information System (TIS): A Critique to Sustainable Physical Development and Decision Making I. C. Onuigbo1, N. Zitta2, A. M. Gbedu3, I.O. Pius4 and H. A. Samaila-Ijah5 Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics Federal University of Technology Minna Niger State, Nigeria Correspondence email: [email protected] Abstract—This paper examines topographic techniques to establish horizontal and vertical information system [TIS] as a tool to sustainable controls. physical development. A part of Federal University The implications of the above is that no meaningful of Technology (FUT) Minna, Niger state, Nigeria development can be embarked upon by an individual, was used for the study. A total station (leica government and any other agencies without product) was used to acquire the data (x y z) information about the topography of the area where coordinates within the study area. The usefulness such development is to take place. Topographic of the Topographic information generated was information system can be derived from the highlighted and map revealed the true topographic data with the employment of the configuration of study site and vacant areas for analytical capabilities of geographic information future development. A digital terrain model [DTM] system [GIS]. was created to enhance further analysis on slope, aspect, hill shade and view shed analysis in According to Burrough [1986], GIS is a tool for addition; a vector map of the study site was also collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and generated. of the area. The information is also displaying spatial data from the real world for a available for query that will assist in the physical particular set of purposes. In short, GIS can be used planning of the area under investigation. The to add value to spatial data [sharma et al, 2006]. This study concludes that Topographic Information is by allowing data to be organized and viewed System is essential for physical planning and effectively, by integrating them with other data, by accurate decision making because it allows easy analysis and by the creation of new data that can be updating and quick retrieval of information for operated on in turn to create useful information that better planning and environmental management. can help decision making. GIS is unique in its ability to integrate data from variety of sources. A GIS can thus Keywords—Topographic information system be described as a form of spatial decision support (TIS), Digital Terrain Model (DTM), decision system. The objective of this paper is to create making, physical planning topographic information system for adequate 1.0 Introduction management of immediate physical environment in FUT Minna. Land surveying is the first point of reference in any meaningful development projects. Provision of 1.1 Topographic Information System (TIS) infrastructure; planning of towns and cities; Digital technology was successfully introduced in management of hazardous natural events and human the field of mapping in late 1960’s as means of actions such as erosion, flooding, earthquakes and speeding up map production. [Perera and Shanta, subsidence; coastal management; exploration and 2002] with the change in technology in the last two exploitation of minerals; sitting of industries; resources decades and the growth in the number of spatial exploitation on the land and on the sea are dependent information systems, the concept of topographic data on land surveying products. base has been introduced in several mapping- Topography of an area describes the surface surveying organization in the world, in order to deliver characteristics of relief features of such area as more geo-information to the user community. depicted by hills, valleys and plains. It can be used to A TIS is very crucial in this present age in other to study and represent as a surface, any characteristic be able to update maps and retrieve necessary data that has a continuously changing value other than at any given time with minimal efforts. TIS can be elevation, for instance, population, geo-magnetic data explained as the combination of human effort and and geo-chemical data. Topographical surveying computer based tools for collection, storage, analysis, involves the acquisition of topographic data of the manipulation and retrieval of various kinds of data features on the earth’s surface, both man-made and relating to geographic features [man-made and natural in three-dimension (x y z). This employs the natural] on the surface of the earth. Encyclopaedia, techniques of plane surveying and other special 1989 www.jmest.org JMESTN42350661 1298 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 In view of this, it is necessary to create TIS for d) Versatility in integrating data collected from different locations because the information generated various sources from such system can be used for various purposes in e) Flexibility output possibilities physical planning and decision making in such f) Provides bases for additional information with locations. Some of the usefulness and advantages of relative ease for production of maps. this digital database for such system over the 1.2 The Study Area conventional maps include:- The Federal University of Technology, Minna, a) Possibility of fast amendment and dynamic Gidan kwano Campus, situated in Bosso Local updating of data Government Area of Niger state, Nigeria. The campus b) Fast capturing of data with total stations or is located between longitude 09° 31’ 30’N and 09°32’ GPS 15’’N and latitude 06° 26’ I4’’E and 06° 27’ 33’E c) Analysis of many important spatial problems respectively. M A P O F N IG E R IA S H O W I N G N IG E R S T A T E 2 ° 0 0 ' 3 ° 0 0 ' 4 ° 0 0 ' 5 ° 0 0 ' 6 ° 0 0 ' 7 ° 0 0 ' 8 ° 0 0 ' 9 ° 0 0 ' 1 0 ° 0 0 ' 1 1 ° 0 0 ' 1 2 ° 0 0 ' 1 3 ° 0 0 ' 1 4 ° 0 0 ' 1 5 ° 0 0 ' 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 4 ° 0104' 1144° 0 0 ' R E P U B L I C O F N IG E R 1 3 ° 0 0 ' S o k o to 1 3 ° 0 0 ' K a ts i n a J i g a w a Y o b e 1 2 ° 0102' Z a m f a r a 1122° 0 0 ' K a n o B o r n o K e b b i 1 1 ° 0 0 ' N 1 1 ° 0 0 ' K a d u n a B a u c h i G o m b e 1 0 ° 0100' 1100° 0 0 ' N i g e r A d a m w a r a N N I O 9 ° 0 0 ' N P l a t e a u O 9 ° 0 0 ' E R B E K w a r a M F A O N a s a r a w a O y o C 8 C T a r a b a F 8 8 ° 0 0 ' I 8 ° 0 0 ' O L K o g i E k i ti B O s u n IC U L P B e n u e B U 7 ° 0 0 ' E O g u n O n d o P 7 ° 0 0 ' R E E n u g u R L a g o s E d o A n a m b r a E b o n y i 6 ° 0 06' 66° 0 0 ' A T L A N T IC O C E A N A b ia C r o s s R iv e r s D e l t a Im o 5 ° 0 0 ' R i v e r s A k w a l b o m 5 ° 0 0 ' B a y e ls a 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 2 ° 0 0 ' 3 ° 0 0 ' 4 ° 0 0 ' 5 ° 0 0 ' 6 ° 0 0 ' 7 ° 0 0 ' 8 ° 0 0 ' 9 ° 0 0 ' 1 0 ° 0 0 ' 1 1 ° 0 0 ' 1 2 ° 0 0 ' 1 3 ° 0 0 ' 1 4 ° 0 0 ' 1 5 ° 0 0 ' IN T E R N A T IO N A L B O U N D A R Y 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 M e t e r s N IG E R S T A T E S T A T E S IN N IG E R IA Figure 1.0: Map of Nigeria showing Niger state, Minna. Source: Ministry of Land and Survey, Minna www.jmest.org JMESTN42350661 1299 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2015 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 600 600 Kamfani N Ung. Bunu Marafa & Genu Gari RIJAU& Ungwan Hardo Panjam Ruga W E Inana Ungwan Galadima Karenbana Anyau Danko Rofia Ubandawaki Kontokoro Dukku & & S Dorangi Dogon Danmagaji Agwara 500 Kakihu&m 500 AGW ARA Tugan Magajiya kodu Gallah G. Bashio Damtu Wabe Makwanyo MARIGAGalma & Kulgo Maiba & Koso Tunga Kawu Kigbera & Makura Bayan Dutse Dusai & B. Gona Sarki Ukuru Kabe Sahafaci M&AGAMA Hakimi & Galadima Tunga Garafin Kudu Duntoyin Barumi Allawa Swashi Nassarawa KON&TAGORA Rafin Kuka & Kontagora Udara BORGU Uzoma N&assarawa T. Kawo Babana Tadali Gus soro Shagwa T. Mabiago &Wayam Sabon Gari Rafi n Gora 400 400 Swachi & &Zumba Dugaja Maikomo Tegina & Rafin Gora Yelwa Zumu Kwana Zuzuli Gidan Gori Luma Tunga Jika Jabba Galadima Kogo T.