TABLE 6 The Most-Cited Legal Scholars Compiled by Fred R. Shapiro

Most-cited legal scholars: Richard A. Posner 7,981 4,488 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. 3,665 John Hart Ely 3,032 3,018 Herbert Wechsler 3,011 Lon L. Fuller 2,957 Alexander M. Bickel 2,935 Archibald Cox 2,915 Guido Calabresi 2,887

Harry Kalven, Jr. 2,872 Richard A. Epstein 2,819 Lawrence M. Friedman 2,723 Henry M. Hart, Jr. 2,713 Cass R. Sunstein 2,701 Robert H. Bork 2,586 Bruce A. Ackerman 2,547 Karl N. Llewellyn 2,539 Louis L. Jaffe 2,452 Gerald Gunther 2,440

Frank Easterbrook 2,432 Frank I. Michelman 2,373 2,338 Louis Henkin 2,191 Duncan Kennedy 2,166 Grant Gilmore 2,145 Henry J. Friendly 2,123 Charles A. Reich 1,991 Mark V. Tushnet 1,989 Owen M. Fiss 1,971

William M. Landes 1,969 Catharine A. MacKinnon 1,958 Thomas I. Emerson 1,949 Marc Galanter 1,798 Charles L. Black, Jr. 1,785 Joseph Goldstein 1,762 Myres S. McDougal 1,738 William W. Van Alstyne 1,738 Steven Shavell 1,691 Edward S. Corwin 1,659

Philip B. Kurland 1,629 Albert A. Ehrenzweig 1,628 Erwin N. Griswold 1,592 Richard B. Stewart 1,572 Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. 1,538 Daniel A. Farber 1,536

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Kenneth L. Karst 1,531 J. Willard Hurst 1,525 Charles Fried 1,524 Paul Brest 1,514

Most-cited treatise and text writers: Laurence H. Tribe 5,351 William L. Prosser 4,984 Kenneth C. Davis 3,329 Charles Alan Wright 3,027 Wayne R. LaFave 2,905 John Henry Wigmore 2,805 Robert E. Keeton 2,385 W. Page Keeton 2,035 Fleming James, Jr. 1,967 Charles T. McCormick 1,900 J. W. Moore 1,664 Arthur L. Corbin 1,565 Boris I. Bittker 1,527

Additional highly cited scholars (incomplete list of scholars with citation totals between 1,000 and 1,500, including treatise and text writers): Phillip E. Areeda Louis Loss Paul M. Bator Stewart Macaulay Raoul Berger Jonathan R. Macey Louis D. Brandeis Henry G. Manne William J. Brennan, Jr. Jerry L. Mashaw Stephen G. Breyer Alexander Meiklejohn Benjamin N. Cardozo Martha Minow Zechariah Chafee, Jr. Robert H. Mnookin Abram J. Chayes Henry P. Monaghan Jesse H. Choper Melville B. Nimmer John C. Coffee, Jr. John E. Nowak Robert D. Cooter Herbert L. Packer Robert M. Cover Michael J. Perry Brainerd Currie A. Mitchell Polinsky Richard Delgado George L. Priest William O. Douglas Martin H. Redish William N. Eskridge, Jr. Ronald D. Rotunda E. Allan Farnsworth Joseph L. Sax Daniel R. Fischel George P. Fletcher Peter H. Schuck Jerome N. Frank Bernard Schwartz Marvin E. Frankel Joseph Story Paul A. Freund Jacobus tenBroek Walter Gelhorn Donald F. Turner Milton Handler Morton J. Horwitz Charles Warren Sanford H. Kadish Jack B. Weinstein Yale Kamisar Harry H. Wellington Anthony T. Kronman Samuel Williston James M. Landis Hans Zeisel Leonard W. Levy

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TABLE 6 (Continued)

Most-cited younger scholars (age 50 or under):a Cass R. Sunstein (1954) 2,701 Frank H. Easterbrook (1948) 2,432 Daniel A. Farber (1950) 1,536 A. Mitchell Polinsky (1948) 1,245 Daniel R. Fischel (1950) 1,095 William N. Eskridge, Jr. (1951) 1,071 Jonathan R. Macey (1955) 1,051 Martha Minow (1954) 1,021 Akhil R. Amar (1958) 859 Lewis A. Kornhauser (1950) 854

Most-cited very young scholars (age 40 or under):a Akhil R. Amar (1958) 859 Ian Ayres (1959) 598 Kimberle´ W. Crenshaw (1959) 550 Kathryn Abrams (1958) 310 Angela P. Harris (1961) 287

a Year of birth is in parentheses.

Looking at subject areas of scholarship, constitutional scholars loom large on the lists, as expected, but other topics are also very visible. Admin- istrative law contributes a number of very highly cited scholars, such as Sunstein, Louis Jaffe, Frankfurter, Friendly, Reich, and Davis. Jurispru- dence furnishes many others, starting with , Dworkin, and Holmes at the very top of the main list and continuing down with Pound, Fuller, and so forth. The success of may be seen in the presence of Posner, Calabresi, Epstein, Easterbrook, Frank Michelman, Landes, and Steven Shavell among the top 40 most-cited scholars, to name only those most closely linked with that movement. Some of the listees spanned an amazing range of subject areas in their interests: Albert Ehren- zweig, for example, wrote in two languages about conflict of , torts and insurance, legal philosophy, , and psychoanalysis, not to mention translating poetry. Ultimately my rankings are stories of individuals, not subjects or demo- graphic categories. The stunning citation total of Posner, the vitality of Holmes in a study whose coverage begins a generation after his death, the impact of Bickel in a life of only 49 years and of Sunstein, now a mere 44 years old, are only some of the highlights among those stories. I invite read- ers not to attach any more significance to my numbers than is warranted but, rather, to peruse these lists and use them as windows into a rich schol- arly conversation, through which a spotlight is directed at some very note- worthy participants in that conversation.

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