Family Breadwinners in the Labor Force in March 1962 Affected the Welfare Of

1 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 022 856 VT 003 896 By-Feldman, Uoyd; Peevey, Michael R. FAMILY BREADWINNERS: THEIR SPECIAL TRAINING NEEDS. Office of Manpower, Automtion, and Training (DOL), Washington, D.C. Pub Date Jan 64 Note-19p. EDRS Price MF-S025 I-IC-SO.84 Descri_ptors *EDUCATIONAL NEEDS, EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS,*INDIVIDUALCHARACTERISTICS, SEX (CHARACTERISTICS), *UNEMPLOYMENT Identifiers-*Breadwinners, Manpower Development and Training Act Family_ breadwinners are individuals primarily responsible for the support of family members. This report provides an economic profi;e of the breadwinners and outlines their special training needs. The unemployment of more than 1.7 million of the 39 million family breadwinners in the labor force in March 1962 affected the welfareof approximately 6.3 million Americans. During 1963, more than three of every five persons enrolled intraining and retraining classes under the Manpower Developmentand Training Act (MDTA) of 1962 were family breadwinners. A fairly high proportionof workers with family responsibilities consisted of older persons who had difficulty in securing lobs. A considerable number of adults lacked basic education inreading, writing, and arithmetic. Under the 1963 amendments to the MDTA, traineeswho need both basic education and occupational training could receive training allowancesfor a period up to 72 weeks. The large number of women breadwinners with preschool-a9e children indicated a need for more low-cost day care services. Establishingadditional programs to help handicapped breadwinners merits seriousconsideration. ( S) I

IL. BULLETIN, NUMBER D ; . , . JANUA01964 .

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IMP

.,.. , ,1 WILLARD WI,RTZ,, Secretary. u:s. DEPAATMENT OF LABOR: W. ,--- / V :. MANPOWER ADMINISTRATION / Auionii.ation and Training , Office of Manpower, o % . j. I

OTHER MANPOWERRESEARCH BULLETINS

Mobility and Worker Adaptation toEconomic Change in the UnitedStates (No. 1, Revised 1963.) (No. 2, 1963.) b Manpower and TrainingTrends,Outlook, Programs 0 Young Workers: TheirSpecial Training Needs(No. 3, 1963.) Selected Manpower Indicators forStates(No. 4, 1963.) CI

OFFICE- OF MANPOWER,AUTOMAI011 'AND TRAININb SEYMOUR L. WOLFBEIN,Diector .;.

e' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION& WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATINGIT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENTOFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY.

FAMILY BREADWINNERS: Their Special Training Needs

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PREFACE

Development and Training Act of1962, the Secretary ofLabor Under the Manpower in the is required to develop andcompile information relating tothe manpower situation United States. An analysis of theemployment problems of familybreadwinners was under- taken in this bulletin becauseof the large number of personswhose welfare is dependent profile upon. whether or notthese individuals have jobs.This report provides an economic of the breadwinners and outlinesfLair special training and otherneeds. Division This bulletin was preparedby Lloyd Feldman andMichael R. Peevey of the of Manpower Requirementsand Resources.

iii CONTENTS

Page PREFACE iii

INTRODUCTION 1

UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG BREADWINNERS 3

A PROFILE OF THE BREADWINNERS 7

Occupation.. 7

[ Education 7 1 Age 7 Income 10 Women Breadwinners 10

SPECIAL TRAINING AND OTHER NEEDS 13

Adult Education 13 Handicapped Breadwinners 13 Geographic Mobility 14

OTHER ASSISTANCE FOR BREADWINNERS 14 INTRODUCTION

More than three out of every five persons en- ment is following the mandate of theCongress as rolled in training and retraining classes underthe expressed in the Manpower Developmentand Manpower DevelopmentandTrainingAct Training Act : "The Secretary of Labor shall pay (MDTA) of 1962 are familybreadwinners.1 training allowances only to unemployed persons These individualsabout 75 percent ofwhom are who have had not less than 2 years ofexperience in menrepresent one of the mostimportant groups gainful employment and who are eitherheads of in our labor force in need of new skills during a families or heads of households ... orwho are the period of significant technological change. members of a household in which the head of Nearly half of the breadwinners in theMDTA household or the head of the family is un- training programs had not completed highschool employed." and approximately two-fifths had been amongthe In underscoring this group's needfor training, long-term unemployed (jobless for 15 weeks or Congress recognized their special needs.In view more) before starting training.Almost one- of the fact that a sizable number of personsin this fourth of the trainees who head families are non- country are dependent upon theearnings of key whites.Slightly more than 10 percent of all breadwinners, their employment constitutes a breadwinners in training courses are 45 yearsof element in the Nation's economicwell-'oeing. age and over.(See chart 1.) More than 1.'7 million of the 39 million(36.5 In enrolling a high proportion of familybread- million men and 2.4 million women)family breadwinners in training programs, the Labor Depart- winners in the labor force in March 1962 werejob- less.Because of the unemployment of family 1Fami/y breadwinners are individuals primarily responsiblefor of the support of family members.Throughout this report, except heads, it has been estimated that the welfare for the few references to "family heads," most of thedata on approximately 6.3 million Americans was affected.2 breadwinners refer to married men living with their wives, who account for most of the family breadwinners in ourpopulation. As a result of unemployment, families must A "family" is a group of two or more persons related byblood, often reduce expenditures for manynecessities. marriage, or adoption and residing together.Married women, liv- whose husbands are not present, and who supportfamilies, are They may be forced to move into less desirable considered to be family breadwinners.Married women are not ing quarters and spend less for food andmedical classified as heads of families if their husbands are livingwith care. Plans for the educationof children may also them. "Heads of families" and "heads of households," under the Man- individuals, married 2 This estimate of the number of persons affected bythe unem power Development and Training Act, are family size and unmarried, who support and maintain homes andhouseholds ployment of breadwinners is based upon an average for dependents. of 3.7.

1 SEX: Male

Female

COLOR: White

Nonwhite

EDUCATIONALATTAINMENT:11 High school graduates

Non-high school graduates

AGE: Under 45 years of age

45 years of age or over

WEEKS OF UNEMPLOYMENT PRIOR TO TRAINING: Less than 15 weeks

15 weeks or more

100 0 20 40 60 80 PERCENT

1/ Based on a limited sample of trainees who werebreadwinners. Source: Office of Manpower,Automation and Training.

be adversely affected. Unemployedbreadwinners, consists of older persons who haveconsiderable particularly those jobless for extended periods, difficulty in securing jobs. Manyfamily bread- often have to overcome motivational andother winners, particularly the older ones, arereluctant. psychological problems which result fromtheir to take jobs which involvemoving from their home failure to get jobs. communities. Many heads of large familiesand A careful examination of the characteristicsof women who supportfamilies have incomes which family breadwinners indicates that many ofthem are inadequate toprovide their dependents with have special problems which are notreadily ap- basic necessities.Other breadwinners are handi- parent froman examination of theiroverall unem- capped by low levels of educationalattainment ployment rates.For example, a fairly high pro- which prevent them from qualifying forbetter portion of workers with familyresponsibilities jobs.

2 F

This report presents a profile of familybread- ment rate (11.2 percent in 1962) between the ages winners and suggests some approaches which may of 20 and 24, the age group in which the largest alleviate the special employment problems ofthese number of marriages occur.(See chart 2.) workers. Thus, at a time when they are taking on new responsibilities, the employment prospects for non- whitesareoftenpoorest.Incontrast,the unemployment rate for white male breadwinners in the 20 to 24 age bracket was 4.8 percent in 1962. Nonwhite women with family responsibilities UNEMPLOYMENT have an extremely high unemployment rate com- AMONG pared with others in the labor force.(See chart 2.)Their inability to secure employment BREADWINNERS affects P., considerable number of children because many of these women have soleresponsibility for the support of their families. The full economic implications ofunemploy- Although the unemployment rate for older ment for breadwinners have beenmasked in re- breadwinners is rather low, those who lose their centyearsbytheirrelativelylowoverall jobs remain unemployed for longer periods of time unemployment rate.Although the unemploy- than other married men (see chart 3), and some ment rate of 3.4 percent for malebreadwinners in leave the labor force altogether. Unemployed December 1963 was considerably less than the5.5 male breadwinners between the ages of 45 and 64 percent rate for the total labor force, many groups averaged about 19 weeks of joblessness in 1962 of breadwinners had rates of unemploymentmuch compared with about 13 weeks for the 25 to 34 age higher than the average.3 group.Those who were 65 years old and over Many unemployed breadwinners arenonwhites, a v era gedapproximatelyahalfyearof and poor- older workers, young workers, unskilled unemployment. ly educated workers who have considerablediffi- A considerable number of workers with families culty in securing jobs in today's labormarket to support are employed in jobs oremployment which places increasing emphasis onskill, educa- areas which are decliningin importance. Many tion, and training.Because of their special prob- of these workers have higher 7memployment rates lems and handicaps, a sizable numberof these than others with family responsibilities.For ex- disadvantaged individuals have had high unem- ample, 5.1 percent of the male breadwinnerswho ployment rates and have felt the corrosiveeffects were operatives(semiskilled) and 10.8 percent ol of long-term unemployement. Thelow unem- those who were unskilled industrial laborers were ployment rate for these workers obscuresserious jobless in 1962. The unemployment rate of un- problems of underemployment andunderutiliza- skilled workers was three times as high as that tion which occur when, in order to meetpressing for all male breadwinners (see chart 2). family responsibilities, they are forced totake The income situation for unemployed males who jobs at levels of skill which do notfully utilize support families is not always improvedwhen their training and experience. their wives seek jobs because the wives of jobless Nonwhite breadwinners, both male andfemale, breadwinners also have high rates of unemploy- had much higher unemployment ratesthan others ment. In March 1962, the unemployment rateof with family responsibilities.The younger, non- wives whose husbands were unemployed was 16 white married men have the highestunemploy- percent.(The rate of unemployment for all workers was 6 percent.)Many of these unem- 3 Most of the detailed data on characteristics ofbreadwinners ployed wives have the characteristics associated referred to throughout this report are based upon annual averages with high unemployment rateslimited education for married males (wife present) in 1962. Annual averagesfor 1968 were not available at the time this report was prepared. and training and little skill.

3 1,007rererimerr Trit1:11C9-4:,1:

CHAR1 2 1.01 rrr

,11ViorTeve.rfirVINEFeWSISr.":1,11 ARE CHART 3 .OLDERBREADWINNERS UNEMPLOYED LpNGER

Average Duration ofUnemployment for Unemployed Married Males (Wife Present) ,by Age, 1962 Average number of weeks unemployed 20

18-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-64 65 AND OVER AGE

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

411111110.--

5 4 i

A PROFILE OF THE BREADWINNERS

OCCUPATION college education.In contrast, nearly one-half of the 45- to 64-year-old breadwinners had only 8 perpent had The more remunerative and stable jobs in our years or less of schooling and only 16 some college education. economy are generally held by a highproportion Three-fourths of all the A high proportion of nonwhite breadwinners of family breadwinners. educational at- and were handicapped by their low managers, ofAcials, and proprietors in 1962, tainment. More than 60 percent of the heads of nearly 85 percent of the skilled workers were males nonwhite husband-wife families had only a grade chart4.) withfamilyresponsibilities.(See school education or less in 1960 and less than 4 Married men also held more than 50 percent of the percent were college graduates.In comparison, jobs in the professional and technical categories. 36 percent of the heads of white husband-wife However, the lower paying and less skilled jobs families had 8 years or less of schooling while 11 are held by a disproportionatelyhigh percentage percent were college graduates. heads.While nonwhite of nonwhite family While no current data are available on the num- breadwinners constituted 9 percent of all family ber of illiterate breadwinners, there is little doubt heads in 1960, they held more than one-fourth of that a considerable number of persons with little all service and unskilled workers' jobs and less or no education havefamilies to support and are than 4 percent of all white-collar jobs. in the labor force.About 2.3 million men age 25 and over in the labor force in March 1962 had less than 5 years of schooling. EDUCATION

Younger men who support families have more AGE education than older persons with dependents. Less than one-fifth of married men under the age More than 2.3 million married men were be- of 35 in 1960 had only a grade school education tween the ages of 18 and 24 in 1962.Although or less and 25 percent of this group had some many of these young men havelittle training, 7

i MARRIED MALES (WIFE PRESENT) IN THE LABOR EORCE AS PERCENT OF TOTAL, CHART 4 EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, Iri%0CCUPATIONAL GROUP,1962

ALL OCCUPATIONS

PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL, AND KINDRED WORKERS MANAGERS, OFFICIALS, AND PROPRIETORS, EXC. FARM

CLERICAL WORKERS

SALES WORKERS

CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN, AND KINDRED WORKERS OPERATIVES AND KINDRED WORKERS LABORERS, EXCEPT FARM AND MINE

SERVICE WORKERS, INCLUDING PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD

FARMERS AND FARM MANAGERS FARM LABORERS AND FOREMEN

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau they cannot afford to prepare for betterjobs be- was 45 or over.Many women who are divorced, cause of theirfamily responsibilities.The pop- widowed, or separated are forced tobecome bread- ulation explosion which took place afterWorld winners and reenter the labormarket when they War II is expected to result in a sharpincrease are more than 30 yearsof age.Because their in family formation in the late 1960's.It is ex- skills and education have not beenupdated during pected that many of the future youngbreadwinners the period when they werehousewives, they often, will be inadequately prepared for the more com- lack the training and skillsneeded in today's plex jobs developing in our economy. labor market. Almost one out of every two men withfamilies A. very large proportion of breadwinners, em- to support in March 1962 was45 years of age or ployed in lower-paid and less skilledoccupations, Almost 60 over.More than one out of every two female are age 45 and over.(See chart 5.) breadwinners in the United States in March1962 percent of the breadwinners who arefarm workers

8 11,..17_11 : 1 TAO 4IId r*IM :,_,,,_

...... 4...

1/ WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS: Under 35 35-44 45 and over

BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS: Craftsmen Under 35 35-44 45 and over

Operatiies Under 35 35-44 45 and over

Laborers, exc. farm and mine Under 35 35-44 45 and over

SERVICE WORKERS: Under 35 35-44 45 and over

2/ FARM WORKERS: Under 35 35-44 45 and over

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PERCENT .1/ Includes professional, managerial (except farm), clerical, and sales workers. // Includes farmers, farm managers, farm laborers, and farm foremen. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

9 t i

married men by men had incomes under$2,000 in 1962, about and more than two-fifths of the with women bread- working as laborers in industry (exceptfarm and one-third of the families under $2,000.This mine) are more than 45.If older workers in winners reported incomes lose their relatively low income level is duein part to the these declining areas of employment breadwinners with full- jobs, they can expect to face considerabledifficulty low percentage of women in finding employment because oftheir lack of time jobs. Families face serious financialhardship when training. unemployed and use a Approximately 2 million heads of husband-wife the chief wage earner is About families who were age 65 and over were stillin variety of means to meet living expenses. in the survey referred the labor force in March 1962.Recent studies 22 percent of the families handi- to above received someform of public or private indicate many mature workers already than 1 out capped by age are not aware ofemployment op- welfare assistance in 1961 and more portunities and when they lose their jobsthey of 10 was forced to move tocheaper housing be- head had lost his job.One-fifth fail to look for work in an efficient. manner.Many cause the family from friends or rela- older workers who are faced with lengthyperiods of the families received help of unemployment experience serioussocial and tives outside the household.° about dou- psychological problems.4 The incomes of white families were ble those for nonwhite families.Proportionately, the difference between the incomesof white and nonwhite families was greatest amongthose liv- INCOME ing on farms.For this group, the whitefamily median annual income of $3,700 wasalmost three The median income of all families in theUnited times as great as the $1,400 receivedby the non- However, almost 11.5 States was $5,956 in 1962. whites in 1962. million children under 18 years of age werebeing raised in families whose total money income was less than $3,000. Of about 2.6 millionfamilies in the Nation with 5 or more children belowthe WOMEN BREADWINNERS 650,000 families, or one- age of 18, there were About 2.4 million of the 39 million familyheads fourth, whose total money income was under $3,000 March 1959 Assuming that each of in March 1962 were women. Between in 1962.(See chart 6.) and March 1962 the number of familiesheaded these 650,000 low income families had aminimum these by women rose by nearly 200,000. of 5 children, the number of youngsters in When at work, women with preschool-agec:iil- families could total about 314 million. On a per dren often face difficult problems in providingfor capita basis, the amount of money available for the care of their children.These problems are the raising of each child would indicate that most growing up magnified in the case of women who are divorced, of these youngsters are probably widowed, or separated.Almost one-half million under conditions of serious deprivation. A 1961 present) with family heads women (whose husbands were not survey indicates that unemployed children under the age of 6, were in the labor force generally have larger families to support than em- in March 1962.It is estimated that these women ployed breadwinners.° breadwinners had a total of approximately 600,000 The income of families headed by women was children of preschool age. Many of these young- about half that of families with male bread- sters are probably being taken care ofunder winners.While only one-tenth of families headed makeshift arrangements with neighbors or older 4 Unwanted W orkers, Richard C. Wilcock and Walter H. Franke, children, or are left unattended while their mothers p. 85, The Free Press of Glencoe, aDivision, of the Macmillan Co., are at work. New York, 1963. ' Monthly Report on the Labor Force, Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics, U.S. Department of Labor, p. 19, August 1963. e Ibid., p. 27.

10 , +7 , r ; e "

CHART 6

, ;, titPi)

, r-- Income Distribution in1962, of Families, byNumber of Children Under 18 Yearsof Age

Under $3,000

$3,000-$7,999

$8,000 or more

11 SPECIAL TRAINING AND OTHER NEEDS

Although many breadwinners are enrolledin The1963amendments to the Manpower Devel- educational and training programs which will en- opment and Training Actrecognized the need to able them to qualify for better jobs athigher correct basic educationaldeficiencies in order to incomes, a high proportion of those unemployed qualify for occupational training thoseworkers who would benefit the most from furthereduca- who have the greatest need for suchtraining. tion and training are not fullyparticipating in Experience under the act indicated that manyjobs these programs. Many jobless familyheads lack in our economy require the ability toread and basic educational qualifications needed foradmit- write as a prerequisite to jobtraining.Under need both basic tance to training ; others lackmotivation, and some the 'amended MDTA, trainees who have handicaps which require specialtraining pro- education and occupational training can now grams. In somesituations, unemployed bread- receive training allowances for a period upto72 winners who have skills and education which weeks of combined literacy and jobtraining. would enable them to find employmentin areas The major thrust of the. MDTAis to assist distant from their homes do not move to take these workers with family responsibilities.The1963 of the jobs because of financial or other problems. amendments to the act should enable many "hard-core" unemployed breadwinners toagain become employed.Additionaleducationand training should also enable manyof these workers ADULT EDUCATION to secure better jobs thanthey ever held before.

A considerable number of adults who are breadwinners lack basic education in reading, writing, HANDICAPPED BREADWINNERS and arithmetic. Of the almost 3 millionadults enrolled in public school adult education programs Approximately2.5million disabled persons in 1963were in need ofvocational rehabilitation or a (1958-59),less than2percent were taking courses to improve their ability to read andwrite. job opportunity, according toestimates by the U.S. 13 Vocational Rehabilitation Administration. Un- March 1960 and March 1961.In contrast, more der the Federal-State Vocational Rehabilitation than 9 percent of married males aged 18 to 24 Program, more than 110,000 mentally and physi- moved between counties and about the same per- cally handicapped persons, including many heads cent moved between States; the percentage of of families, were rehabilitated in 1963 and suc- movers between counties and States was about ceeded in becoming employed or more actively half as great for married males aged 25 to 34 as for employed. 18 to 24 year olds. As required by law, there is a designated person A. number of the unemployed with dependents in each local office of the State Employment Serv- might be able to find jobs in other than hometown areas but do not relocate because they are reluctant iceI who is responsible for services to the handicapped. More than a third of the almost half to leave relatives or friends.In ackation, the pos- million handicapped applicants who register with siblelossesinvolvedinsellinghomes and the employment service each year are given the expense of moving are obstacles to the move- counseling services.More than a quarter of a mil- ment of breadwinners.In 1960, 90 percent of all lion jobs are filled yearly through referral of one-dwelling-unitpropertieswere owned by handicapped applicants. Many of these handi- husband-wife families and 66 percent of the total capped are persons with dependents. were owned by families with childrenunder 18. A recent national survey by the University of A. recent nationwide survey indicated that home- Michigan 7 indicated that educational attainmeni, owners are natIch less likely to move than people and incomes of disabled family heads were who are renters.8The amended Manpower De- markedly lower than for all workers with family velopment and Training Act provides for labor responsibilities who were surveyed. The occupa- mobility pilot programs to determine the effective- tions of the disabled also reflected their generally ness of financial assistance in helpingunemployed bow level of educational achievement.Almost workers move to locations where jobs exist. half of the disabled questioned in the survey (48 percent) were in blue-collar jobs and only 22 percent in white-collar occupationsthe vocational area in whith many o: the handicapped are more OTHER likely to make a satisfactory adjustment to employment problems. ASSISTANCE Liberalized State workmen's compensation laws FOR BREADWINNERS recognize the disabled worker's need for special services to increase his chance for employment. In 1963, 24 States and the District of Columbia The Nation as a whole and large numbers of gave not only monetary compensation benefits, but dependent youngsters and adults could benefit also provided rehabilitation services or made spe- from special programs designed to assist the men cial payments to injured workers who undertook and women who support families. Expanded op- retraining and sought other services needed to portunities for training and retraining, as well as restore them to full-time employment. literacy education, are needed for many unemployed breadwinners if they are to become pro- ductive members of the labor force again. The reentry into the labor market of increasing num- GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY bers of middle-aged women, including a large number with dependents, points up the need for As breadwinners grow older they are less in- refresher training for many of these women. clined to move from one area to another (see In order that the basic needs of millions of chart 7).Less than 2 percent of married males youngsters now growing up in low income fam- (wife present) between the ages of 45 to 64 moved ilies or in families with unemployed breadwinners from one county to another, and only about 1 per- can be met, the adequacy of allowances paid to cent movetl from one State to another between family heads while they are being trained or re- 8 The Geographic Mobility of Labor: A First Report (unpub- 1 Income and Welfare in the United Statee, James N. Morgan, lished).John B. Lansing, et al., p. 2.Survey Research Center, et aL, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1962. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1963.

14 - row rosrvra+,,,,,,.....vr....t -...avrIGR=7-cwrn*77.-7-7t7;Xtr1PririjrrIX.P777orinT% P.K05, ;T:'rrN2:774

#4:0E;0111( ato's of Married Males (Wife Present) inthe Labor Force, March 1960 to March 1961

15 i

value in trained should be assessed. (The amendedMDTA workers may prove to be of considerable increased weekly trainingallowances by an helping them to find jobs. Amongapplicants who thrusands amount up to $10 more thanthe amount of the register with the Employment Service, testing, referral to average weeklyunemployment compensation pay- cannot be given the counseling, services they ment previously provided.The average weekly training, job development, or other allowance to MDTA trainees in 1963 wasapproxi- need because sufficient staff andfacilities are lack- for example, mately $35.) ing. Only 7 percent of older workers, studies show The large number of womenbreadwinners with receive counseling services, whereas preschool-age children indicates the needfor spe- that 25 percent need such services. to cial attention to the welfare ofthese youngsters. The establishment of additional programs merits serious Many of the 600,000 children underthe age of 6 help handicapped breadwinners handicapped whose mothers were working in 1963and whose consideration. A large number of assist- fathers were not present couldbenefit from more breadwinners are not receiving the special low-cost day care services underprofessional ance they need toutilize their employment poten- supervision. As indicated previously, manyfam- tial fully. assistance to ilies headed by women haveincomes less than Investments in training and other make adjust- $2,000. For these women, fees foradequate day enable unemployed breadwinners to f changing world of work care services areoften beyond their means. ments to today's rapidly in increased tax revenues, lower Because many unemployed maturebreadwinners can yield returns housing, are not awareof all employment opportunities social welfare costs, and better education, generations of young and are sometimes inefficientin seeking jobs, ex- and health care for future panded counseling and guidanceservices for these Americans.

16 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1964 0-720-596 WHERE TO GETMORE INFORMATION

Copies of this publication oradditional information on manpower programsand activi- ties may be obtained from the U.S.Department of Labor's ManpowerAdministration in Wash- ington, D.C., or in any of the fieldlocations listed below.

18 Oliver Street, Boston, Massachusetts 234 State Street, Detroit, Michigan 341 Ninth Avenue, New York, New York 105 West Adams Street. Chicago, Illinois Lincoln Way East,ProfessionalArtsBuilding, 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Missouri Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 1410 Commerce Street, Dallas, Texas 355 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 730 17th Street, Denver, Colorado California 1371 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Georgia 215 West 7th Street, Los Angeles, California 1305 Ontario Street, Cleveland, Ohio 617 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, 110 S. 'Fourth Street, Minneapolis,Minnesota Smith Tower Building, Seattle, Washington