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Tiphia Vernalis) and Summer Tiphia (Tiphia Popilliavora), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles Piyumi T

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Tiphia Vernalis) and Summer Tiphia (Tiphia Popilliavora), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles Piyumi T University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 12-30-2013 Host Selection of Spring Tiphia (Tiphia vernalis) and Summer Tiphia (Tiphia popilliavora), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles Piyumi T. Obeysekara [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Obeysekara, Piyumi T., "Host Selection of Spring Tiphia (Tiphia vernalis) and Summer Tiphia (Tiphia popilliavora), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles" (2013). Doctoral Dissertations. 295. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/295 Host Selection of Spring Tiphia ( Tiphia vernalis ) and Summer Tiphia (Tiphia popilliavora ), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles Piyumi Tilanka Obeysekara, PhD University of Connecticut, 2013 Abstract Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are major turfgrass pests in United States. Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and Tiphia popilliavora Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) were introduced as biocontrol agents against these beetles. To test the attractiveness of Tiphia wasps to herbivore induced plant volatiles, two choice bio assays were conducted. Results showed that both T. vernalis and T. popilliavora were strongly attracted to volatiles emitted by grub-infested tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) over healthy grasses. The elevated levels of terpenes emitted by grub-infested Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue coincided with the attractiveness to the tiphiid wasps. Below-ground host location choice tests revealed that T. popilliavora wasps can successfully discriminate between the trails containing body odor or frass of P. japonica grubs and trails without cues. Host cue detection at varying soil depths experiment revealed that each species of Tiphia can discriminate between the Y-tube arms with and without cues when the cues of P. japonica were buried at a depth of 2 cm but not at a depth of 5 cm. Analysis of Tiphia parasitoids preovipositional behaviors and of their scarab host defensive responses experiment showed that female T. vernalis spent significantly longer time trying to sting A. orientalis grubs than P. japonica grubs in order to paralyze them. Third-instar grubs of A. orientalis spent significantly longer time on defensive behaviors when they were attacked by T. vernalis which likely cause wasps to spend longer time trying to sting A. orientalis grubs. We examined the influence of turfgrass species on development and survival of oriental beetle grubs and their parasitoid T. popilliavora wasps. Grub feeding on perennial ryegrass and endophyte-free tall fescue resulted in highest mean grub survival, weight gain, and number of third instars compared to Kentucky bluegrass. The survival of T. popilliavora larvae was significantly greater on A. orientalis grubs that had been exposed to roots of endophyte-free tall fescue and perennial ryegrass compared to that of Kentucky bluegrass. Host Selection of Spring Tiphia ( Tiphia vernalis ) and Summer Tiphia (Tiphia popilliavora ), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles Piyumi Tilanka Obeysekara B.Sc., University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2005 M.S., University of Connecticut, USA, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2013 i Copyright by Piyumi Tilanka Obeysekara 2013 ii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Host Selection of Spring Tiphia ( Tiphia vernalis ) and Summer Tiphia ( Tiphia popilliavora ), Natural Enemies of Japanese and Oriental Beetles Presented by Piyumi Tilanka Obeysekara, B.Sc., M.S. Major Advisor________________________________________________ Ana Legrand Associate Advisor______________________________________________ Charles S. Henry Associate Advisor______________________________________________ Richard J. McAvoy Associate Advisor______________________________________________ Karl Guillard Associate Advisor______________________________________________ John Inguagiato University of Connecticut 2013 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my major advisor Dr. Ana Legrand for her encouragement, guidance, patience, and support throughout this study. I am grateful for the opportunity to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy degree, for many interesting discussions and her help in preparing manuscripts and this dissertation. I want to express my gratitude to the members of my graduate committee Dr. Charles Henry, Dr. Richard McAvoy, Dr. Karl Guillard, and Dr. John Inguagiato, for kindly offering their valuable time and advice. Special thanks go to Dr. Lynn Kimsey (Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis) for assisting with taxonomic identification of wasps. I am beyond grateful to Mr. Gary Lavigne (Institute of Material Sciences) for his valuable assistance, input, and discussions on GC/MS analyses. I wish to thank glass blowing specialist, Mr. David King, for his help on designing and constructing specialized glassware for the behavioral assays. Mr. Steve Olsen, Mr. Kyle Knox, Mr. Scott Vose, and the rest of the UConn farm crew are also recognized for their help. I would also like to extend gratitude towards Mr. Nick Pettit, Mr. Ronald Brine, and the greenhouse staff for their help and patience with my various greenhouse projects. I’m also grateful to the other students in our laboratory, Laura Eckman, Andrew Hirsbrunner, Jason Bennett, and Andrew Lyons for capable technical assistance in the field and the laboratory. This project was supported by Multistate Hatch NE-1032 project, awards from the UConn Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, and UConn faculty small grant. iv Finally I thank my parents for their love, encouragement, and support throughout my academic studies. Above all, I thank my daughter, Hiruni, for being the best daughter ever and my husband, Chandi, for his support, encouragement, and understanding throughout the course of my dissertation research. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 11 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 11 1. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 15 1.2.1 Insect collection and handling .......................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Plant culture ...................................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 Bioassay Procedure........................................................................................... 16 1.2.4 Statistical analysis............................................................................................. 20 1.2.5 Volatile collection ............................................................................................. 20 1.2.6 Analysis of Volatiles ........................................................................................ 22 1.3 Results ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.3.1 Behavioral assays ................................................................................................. 24 1.3.2 Identification of volatiles of grub-infested versus control plants ..................... 26 1.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 35 1.5 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................... 47 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 47 2 .1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 48 2.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 51 vi 2.2.1 Collection and handling of wasps and grubs .................................................... 51 2.2.2 Behavioral assays to determine cues used by T. popilliavora. ......................... 53 2.2.3 Behavioral assays to determine if T. vernalis and T. popilliavora exhibit a preference for cues of P. japonica versus those of A. orientalis. .............................. 55 2.2.4 Detection of host cues by T. vernalis and T. popilliavora at varying soil
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