Ustukhuddus (Lavandula Stoechas L.): a Boon for the Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Perspective of Unani Medicine-A Review

Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 2581-5423) Volume 5 Issue 3 March 2021 Review Article

Ustukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas L.): A Boon for the Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Perspective of Unani Medicine-A Review

Mohd Afsahul Kalam1*, Zaffar Husain1, Abdul Haseeb1, Safia Husain1, Received: January 17, 2021 Kausar Shah1 and Basharat Saleem2 Published: February 17, 2021 1Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, © All rights are reserved by Mohd Afsahul Naseembagh Campus, Habak, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Kalam., et al. 2Institute of Asian Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu Kashmir, India *Corresponding Author: Mohd Afsahul Kalam, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Naseembagh Campus, Habak, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Abstract Ustukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas L.) is one of the most important aromatic plant of the family Lamiaceae. It is named as Jarub-i- Dimagh (broom of brain) in Unani System of Medicine due to its scavenging property of evacuating morbid matters from the brain, those matters may cause neurological disorders like insomnia, amnesia, melancholia etc. The drug is used since time immemorial and was mentioned by Dioscorides in 1st Century AD for its various pharmacological properties. Various studies on its effect on nervous system have been explored by researchers which may attributes to its bioactive compounds present in it like, glycosides, phenols, steroids, terpenes etc. This review gives an account of the current knowledge on the phytochemistry, and pharmacological actions along with its uses in the perspective of Unani System of Medicine.

Keywords: Ustukhuddus; Lavandula stoechas L.; Insomnia; Glycosides; Steroids; Unani System of Medicine

Introduction Spain which means sacred rosemary. The Lavandula stoechas L. Ustukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas L.) is one of the most impor- Greeks, and Arabs all recognized its medicinal properties [6]. Sev- tant plant of the family Lamiaceae. It is an aromatic herb and its was likely the first to be used for its essential oils. The Romans, leaves resemble Sa‘tar Farsi (Zataria multiflora), but thinner and eral researchers have evaluated the pharmacological effects of La- longer in comparison. The branches resemble Cuscuta reflexa [1]. vandula stoechas L. essential oils and extracts, for its antibacterial, Flowers are greyish blue in colour, found in clusters and smell like antifungal, insecticidal, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, sedative, and camphor. Taste is bitter [1]. Its species are widely distributed in - logical effects of this plant have not yet been evaluated. This re- the Mediterranean region and cultivated in France, Spain and Italy. anti-inflammatory properties. However, other potential pharmaco Dioscorides named the plant as ‘stoechas’, it is due to Stoechades, a view provides a comprehensive summary of the plant according to group of islands on the south coast of Gaul near Marseilles where Unani medicine and its phytochemical, pharmacological, and bio- plant was grown abundantly [1-5]. It is known “Romero Santo” in logical activities.

Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam. “Ustukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas L.): A Boon for the Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Perspective of Unani Medicine-A Review". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 5.3 (2021): 02-09. Ustukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas L.): A Boon for the Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Perspective of Unani Medicine-A Review

03 Vernacular names Genus: Lavandula • Arabic: Anasul Arwah [7,8], Description of drug in unani literature Alfajan, Geyah-i-Jalinus, Mumsik al-Arwah, Ustukhuddus Hafizul Arwah, Mawqaful Arwah, [2,3,7,8]; Zaram, Zohr al-Zaram [3] Ustukhuddus is a Unani drug and was known to Unani physi- cians since long time. Dioscorides in 1st Century AD has described it • Bengali: Tantana [3] - • English: Arabian or French Lavender, Stoecados [8,9] en from the word ‘Lavare’ means ‘to wash’, as it was used to wash first in his book “De Materia Medica”. The name of the genus is giv • Guajarati: Lavandarana phula the body and clothes in ancient Greek and Rome name is taken from ‘Stoechades’, a group of islands on the south • Hindi: Dharu, Tantana, [1,7,8] Alphagandharu, Ustukhud- [14]. The specific dusa coast of the Marseilles, where it grows abundantly [8]. The plant grows in Rabi (spring) season in wet soil. The plant attains a height • Marathi: Alphajan, up to one and half feet [3]. The stem is green having rough surface • Persian: Jarub-i-Dimagh, Ustukhuddus [7] and half meter long; leaves are bluish white with something yellow • Syrian: Sanjavas, Shahe Safram Romi [3,8], Sakhawis and red color, with hair on the dorsum, and looks like Sa‘tar (Za- • Urdu: Ustukhuddus taria multiflora appear in peduncle spikes, tastes bitter, having sharp essence like ), but lesser in breadth and more in length; flowers Habitat and distribution camphor [3,7] which produce sneezing on smell; seeds are blackish The plant is found in Mediterranean region and to Constanti- yellow present in bunches on upper side, looking just like Rayee nople to Asia Minor. It is also found in Arab, Spain, Italy, India and (Brassica nigra Pakistan. In India it grows in Himalaya and Kashmir. Dried plant like camphor and bitter in taste. Grey colored and slight bitter in ) but slightly flattened (Figure 2), having fragrance in Canaries, Portugal, and eastwards throughout the Mediterra- Lavandula stoe- and flowers are imported to Mumbai from Persian Gulf. It is found taste with bit pungency is rated best of quality. The parts used for nean region to Constantinople and Asia Minor [10]. The plant cul- chas L [3,7]. Another species is also mentioned in Unani literature medicinal purpose include leaves and flowers of with the name of Khuzama (Lavandula officinalis) [2,15], that is [11]. According to Najmul Ghani, Ustukhuddus which is cultivated tivated in Afghanistan and Peshawar is considered best in quality commonly cultivated for its volatile oil. In India, one species name- in Hijaz (Arab) and Rome is more potent [2]. ly Prunella vulgaris L. [9] found in Kashmir is used as substitute of Ustukhuddus in the valley. The plant has been credited with ce- Botanical description phalic virtue and called as “Jarub-i-Dimagh” which means broom of Lavandula stoechas L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is a pe- the brain [7]. It is called so because it sweeps away all phlegmatic rennial shrub up to 90 cm, grey-tomentose, entire and sessile with impurities, removes obstructions, strengthens its power of expel- ling waste crudities and improves the intellectual capacity. Its me- and dense short peduncled spikes with terminal tuft of large purple somewhat revolute margins; flowers dark purple, about 4 mm, long dicinal values were well described by Jalinus (Galen 131 AD), that bracts. Flowering occurs in June-July, which is situated in the axils is why, it is also known as Geyah-i-Jalinus (Galenical herb). New of downy, heart shaped bracts [12]. and greyish colored Lavandula is considered best for therapeutic uses [2-5,7,8]. Scientific classification [13]

Kingdom: Plantae Ajza-i-Musta‘mala (parts used): Division: Magnoliophyta [2].

Class: Magnoliopsida Leaves, flowers, and whole plant (Figure 1) Mizaj (temperament) Order: Lamiales Hot 1st and dry in 2nd degree [1,2], According to Ibn Masoya it is nd Family: Lamiaceae/Labiatae hot and dry in 2 degree [8].

(resolvent), Mulattif (demulcent), Mundij (concoctive), Muqawwi (nervine tonic), Munawwim (sedative), Mufattih-i-Sudad (deob- (tonic), Munaqqi-i-Dimagh (purifier of brain), Muqawwi-i-A‘sab struent), Mushil-i-Balgham (phlegmagogue), Mushil-i-Sawda (me-

lanogogue), Muharrik-i-A‘sab (nerve stimulant), Dafi-i-Tashannuj (anticonvulsant), Muqawwi-i-Ruh (strengthen of innate heat) and excretory system) properties. It also used for its Habis (styptic), Dafi-i-Ta‘affun (antiseptic) and Muqawwi-i-Alat-i-Bawl (tonic to

Musakkin-i-A‘sab (nerve sedative), Qabid Khafif (mild astringent), - Jali (detergent), Kasir-i-reyah (carminative), Muqawwi-i-Mi‘da (stomachic), Muqawwi-i-Qalb (cardiac tonic), Mufarrih Qalb (ex hilarant), Muqawwi-i-Badan (general tonic) and Taryaq (antidote) (antimicrobial) antiseptic activities [1-3,7-9,16]. properties. Oil-possesses Muḥammir (rubefacient), Dafi’ jarasim

Therapeutic uses Figure 1: Flowers of Ustukhuddus. commonly for the treatment of Amraz-i-Dimagh and A‘sab (dis- In Unani System of Medicine the flowers and leaves are used eases of nerve and brain) such as Nazla-i-Sard (cold catarrh), Suda’ - - (headache), Nasiyan (amnesia), Sar‘ (epilepsy), Malankhūliyā (mel ancholia), Waswas sawdawi (anxiety), Junūn (mania), Jumūd (cata Sadr (giddiness), Dawar (vertigo), Ikhtilaj (trembling), Tashannuj lepsy), Fālij (hemiplegia), Laqwa (facial paralysis), Ra’sha (chorea), Imtila‘i (convulsion), Khadar (numbness), Iltihab-i-Tajawif-i-Anaf (sinusitis), etc. It relieves sprains, Waj’ al-A‘sab (neuralgia) and Waj’ al-Mafasil (rheumatism). It is also useful for Dama (asthma),

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in his famous treatise, “Advia Qalbia’’ described Su’āl (cough) Warm-i-Jigar Sard (fatty liver), and Istisqa (ascites).

phlegm) from brain, hence called as “Jarub-i-Dimagh” (broom of its efficacy in removing the Sawda and Balgham (black bile and brain) [1-3,9,15,16]

Tarkeeb iste’mal (mode of administration): Amrad-i-Ras wa A‘sab (diseases of brain and nerve): Sar‘a (epilepsy) It is taken as Saoot (nasal drop) along with honey to evacuate Figure 2: Seeds of L. stoechas L. the morbid matters from brain [8]. Continuous use of the plant a (Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.), and Sikanjabeen is effective for Sar‘(epilepsy). Along with Shahme Hanzal (Citrul- along with Aqir Qirh lus colycinthis), Ustukhuddus can be repeatedly used every year to Af’al (pharmacological actions) cure Sara Balghami and Sawdawi. A Saoot (nasal drop) of Joshanda Flowers and leaves are used for the treatment of various dis- Ustukhuddus (decoction) mixed with Maul Asal (honey water) is orders, especially neuropsychiatric disorders, due to its Muhallil used to treat the same ailment. A fumigation of Ustukhuddus is

05 Zimad (plaster) of Ustukhuddus is used on head to treat Nasiyan and Jamood. Joshanda Ustukhuddus to evacuate morbid matter from spleen and kidney [3]. given in Istirkha (flaccidity). A Warm-i-Jigar Barid (fatty liver) and Istisqa (ascites). It is also used (decoction) is very effective in Waja al-A’sab (neuralgic pain). 3 ½ g Mazarrat (adverse effect) days in the management of Ra’sha (chorea) [3]. The powder of Us- It may cause vomiting or anxiety, and is harmful for people hav- of Ustukhuddus along with Ayaraj Fiqra (aloe) 3 ½ g is taken for 35 tukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas Piper nigrum) and ing Mirra Safra (hot temperament) because it possesses Muwallid- Kishniz Khusk (Coriandrum sativum) is used early in the morning i-Safra (cholagogue) property. It is also harmful for lungs, if taken L), Filfil Seyah ( [17], and Sar‘ (epilepsy), the same [2,3,8,15]. is also Mujarrab (tested) for Du’f-i-Basr (poor eye vision) [8]. It is in excess quantity to treat Suda-i-Nisfi (migraine) Musleh (corrective) applied on paralyzed limbs to stimulate the nerves. In the Palestin- ian tradition, the decoction of the aerial part of lavender is used to Sharbat-i-Limun (syrup of lemon) [7] Katira (gum tragacantha), treat migraine and epilepsy [18]. In case of Taz‘za-e-Dimaghi (con- Sikanjabeen (compound preparation of honey and vinegar) are cussion) it is useful, if taken with Maul Asal [8]. it also cures Ra‘sha- used as corrective to counter its adverse effects [2,3,8]. i-Dimaghi that occurs due to loud voice. Fresh Sharbat Ustukhud- Badal (substitutes) dus with lemon syrup is useful to strengthen the memory [3] Aftimoon (Cuscuta reflexa) and Badranjboya (Melissa officinalis) Amraz-i-Sadr wa Reya (diseases of lung and chest) are used as substitute for Tanqiya Dimagh Morru- bium vulgare L.) in case of asthma. Gul-i-Banafsha (Viola odorata) The decoction of Ustukhuddus is used to ease neuralgic and and Frāsiyūn ( musculoskeletal pain of ribs [1] its decoction is used to cure chest is also a substitute for Ustukhuddus [2,3,7,8]. pain which effects like Zufa (Hyssopus officinalis) [8]. Joshanda Us- Miqdar (Dose) tukhuddus (decoction) is very effective in chest pain and cough [3]. Powder 1-3 gm, decoction 5-7 gm. According to Razes, its dose Amraz-i-Nizam-i-Bawl (diseases of Urinary System) is 7-10 gm and is better to use with Sikanjabeen [1-3,7,8]. According to ethnobotanical and phytopharmacological stud- Murakkabat (Compound Formulations) ies, Lavandula stoechas is used in Morocco to treat nephrotic syn- - zla, etc. [19,20]. Itrifal Ustukhuddus, Ma‘jun Azaraqi, Ma‘jun Najah, Taryaq Na drome, works as an antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory agent, to reduce pain and inflammation Chemical constituents Amrad-i-Mafasil (Musculoskeletal and joint diseases) It contains bioactive compounds like, glycosides, phenols, ste- Joshanda Ustukhuddus (decoction) is useful in various joint roids, terpenes and also organic substances such as carbohydrates, pain [3] resins, etc. The leaves contain polyphenols, apigenin-7-O-beta-D- used for removing Khilt Sawda to obtain its Mufarrih (exhilarant) . A Gulqand of Lavender is prepared in spring season and glucoside, luteolin and its 7-O-beta-D-glucoside, and7-Obeta- D- effect [8]. glucuronide, rosmarinic acid, and 6-O-caffeoyl glucose. In the es- Amrad-i-Nizam-i-Hazm (diseases of GIT) sential oil, there are 51 compounds have been isolated, the major Two part Ustukhuddus and one part Post Beekh-i-Kibr (Cappa- ones being fenchon (30.85), pinocarveyl acetate (10.2.), camphor ris spinosa Bark) mixed with honey is taken to remove coldness of major components; aerial parts of the plant contain volatile oil, stomach and all morbid matters causing discomfort in stomach [8] (9.58), eucalyptol (8.12) and myrtenol (4.65%) determined as and is also useful in haemorrhoids [3]. Its decoction made along oleanolic, ursolic and vergatic acid, beta-sitosterol, alpha-amyrin with Sa‘tar (Zataria multiflora) and Tukm Karafs (Apium graveo- and its acetate, lupeol, erythrodiol, luteolin, acacetin and vitexin lens) is taken with Mushilat (purgatives), it effects without causing [9,28,29]. Inorganic substances as calcium, iron, magnesium, alu- spasm in the stomach [8]. Its decoction and infusion is useful in minum, potassium and strontium are also present. The ethanolic extract of whole plant of Lavandula stoechas L. was reported to

Name of Dosage and Headache, treats S. compound mode of Indication diseases of ears No. formulation administration and eyes, Itrifal Kishnizi provides strength Treats Weakness, 10 7-9g Laham Ambari acts as General [21] to digestive 01 25 ml Arq-e-Maulba Nuskha body tonic, system, coryza, Kalan [21] increases weight cold, constipation and hemorrhoids Treats Epilepsy, paralysis, bell’s Acts as Blood

Ayarij Loghazia 15 to 25 detergent so used 02 5-10g leukoderma, Itrifal Mushil [22] palsy, filariasis, 11 purifierin pytriasis, and leprosy, sciatica, [23] gout, scrofula, g. leukoderma, arthralgia leprosy and elephantiasis Cleanser of brain, Habb-e laxative and used Due to nervine 03 5 to 10 g -Aftimoon [23] for anxiety and tonic effect it is melancholia useful in Itrifal Mulayyin headache, Deobstruent, 12 5-10g Habb-e [22] paralysis, bell’s cleanser of brain -Nuzul-ul-Ma 5 to 10 g. palsy, cold and and useful to [23] ch. coryza and enhance vision 04 epilepsy. Nerve and brain Itrifal Mundi tonic and useful 13 10-12g Disorders of eyes Habb-e One pill twice 05 for epilepsy and -Sara Khas [25] a day Itrifal Cerebral infantile convul- [24, 21] sion 5-10g weakness, -i-Dimagh [26] chronic catarrh Cleanser of brain, 14 Muqawwi Habb-e and useful in Laxative and used 06 -Ustukhuddus 2-5g hemiplegia, bell’s Itrifal for ch. headache, [26] palsy and 15 Ustukhuddus 5-10g constipation, cold [22, 21] and coryza, keep hairs black Cleanser of brain flaccidity Itrifal Aftimoon so used in mania, Headache, 07 10 g [23] anxiety and 16 Itrifal Sanai [21] 5-7g Melancholia, melancholia Constipation Deobstruent To evacuate Itrifal Zabeeb Itrifal Ghudadi morbid matters 17 Dose: 10 to 15 g. and useful for 08 7-9g [23] [21] from stomach epilepsy and brain Khamira Cardiac tonic, Blood Gaozaban provides strength Itrifal Haamaan 18 Ambari 3-7 g to memory, used 09 5-10g [26] leukoderma, and as General body purifier,Pytriasis useful in [21] tonic

07 Useful in Sharbat Provide strength Hemiplegia, 27 Abresham Sada to heart and tremors, [21] brain, Palpitation 19 2-5g 24-48 ml [21] osteoarthritis, Sharbat Ahmad Ma‘jun Azaraqi Useful in Gout, Syphilis, 28 Shahi Melancholia and in old people [21] 24-48 ml General body Purgative of Ma‘jun Khadar tonic, Brain tonic, phlegmatic and 20 5-7g Sharbat Mushil [21] treat 29 melancholic [21] paraesthesias, matters and used General tonic, 24-48 ml in constipation nerve tonic and 5-7g, Sharbat Evacuate morbid sexual tonic 30 Ustukhuddus matter from used In sexual Ma’jun 1 g. with [21] brain, Dementia weakness and 24-48 ml 21 Murawwahul Maul-Laham do Antitussive and weakness of vital Arwah [27,21] Aatsha (60 ml) used in cold, organs. Tonic for or milk (250 31 5-10g catarrh, cough Brain, liver and [22,21] ml). and headache, Digestive System, Taryaq Nazla chronic sinusitis increase memory,

Evacuate laxative, Melancholic Safoof lajward 32 5-10g exhilarant,Evaquant, and 5-10g matter, Blood [22] Ma’jun Najah used for 22 [22, 21] melancholia 5-12g tonic and used purifier , nerve for melancholia, Table 1 colitis, hysteria Being 5-10g Ma’jun Zabeeb deobstruent used 23 [22, 21] in epilepsy and [28,30]. - 5-7g yield β-sitosterol, ursolic acid and an unidentified triterpenic acid tremors cosides were isolated from Lavandula stoechas [31]. A new acetylated glucoside of luteolin and two flavone glu Acts as Laxative hence Pharmacological studies used in Qurs Mulayyin Various pharmacological studies on Lavandula stoechas L. have 1-2g constipation, [22] reported its several properties such as antibacterial, blood purify- obstructive ing, adaptogenic/antiaging etc. 24 colitis, chronic headache. Anticonvulsant and sedative effect Analgesic, anti-neuralgic, it Lavandula stoechas Qurs Musakkin 2 tablets once is useful in body have anticonvulsant, sedative but not hypnotic, and antispasmodic 25 An aqueous extract of L. flowers is found to [25] a day ache, nerve effects in mice. It additionally prolonged pentobarbital sleeping weakness and time in a manner similar to that of diazepam [32]. L. stoechas has lethargy been found to have hypoglycemic activity [33]. It’s has been found Roghan Local Weakness of to be useful as nocturnal sedative in elderly patients in the form of 26 application on brain an air freshener [35]. Dimagh [26] head Muqawwi-i- Inhaling the lavender oil vapors shows anticonvulsive action [36]. [18,34]. It has also beneficial effects in stress

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