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Çàïîâ²äíà Ñïðàâà  Óêðà¯Í² ISSN 17297184 ÇÀÏβÄÍÀ ÑÏÐÀÂÀ  ÓÊÐÀ¯Í² ðîçóì³þ÷è îáåð³ãàòè intelligendo prohibere Òîì 16 Âèïóñê 1 2010 ÊȯÂÑÜÊÈÉ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÈÉ ÓͲÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ ³ì. ÒÀÐÀÑÀ ØÅÂ×ÅÍÊÀ ÊÀͲÂÑÜÊÈÉ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÈÉ ÇÀÏβÄÍÈÊ Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ: ïðîô. ä.á.í. Ò.Ë. Àíäð³ºíêî-Ìàëþê, ê.á.í. Â.Ì. Ãðèùåíêî (çàñò. ãîë. ðåäàêòîðà), ïðîô. ä.ã.í. Ì.Ä. Ãðîäçèíñüêèé, ÷ë.-êîð. ÍÀÍÓ ïðîô. ä.á.í. ß.Ï. ijäóõ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÍÀÍÓ ïðîô. ä.á.í. ².Ã. ªìåëüÿíîâ, ïðîô. ä.á.í. ².Þ. Êîñò³êîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÓÀÀÍ ïðîô. ä.á.í. Ì.Ì. Ìóñ³ºíêî, ïðîô. ä.ã.í. Î.Ã. Îáîäîâñüêèé, ïðîô. ä.á.í. Â.À. Ñîëîìàõà, ïðîô. ä.ã.í. Â.Â. Ñòåöþê, ïðîô. ä.ã.í. Â.Ê. Õ³ëü÷åâñüêèé, ê.á.í. Ì.Ã. ×îðíèé (ãîë. ðåäàêòîð), ê.á.í. Â.Ë. Øåâ÷èê, àêàä. ÍÀÍÓ ïðîô. ä.á.í. Þ.Ð. Øåëÿã-Ñîñîíêî, ÷ë.-êîð. ÀÏÍ ä.ã.í. Ï.Ã. Øèùåíêî, ïðîô. ä.á.í. Ã.É. Ùåðáàê, ê.á.í. ª.Ä. ßáëîíîâñüêà-Ãðèùåíêî (â³äïîâ. ñåêðåòàð). Êîìï'þòåðíèé ìàêåò ª.Ä. ßáëîíîâñüêà-Ãðèùåíêî, Â.Ì. Ãðèùåíêî Îáêëàäèíêà ª.Ä. ßáëîíîâñüêà-Ãðèùåíêî Àäðåñà ðåäàêö³¿: Address: Êàí³âñüêèé ïðèðîäíèé Kaniv Nature Reserve çàïîâ³äíèê, 19000 Kaniv ì. Êàí³â, Ukraine 19000, ×åðêàñüêà îáë. e-mail: [email protected] http://zsu2.tripod.com/ NATURE RESERVES IN UKRAINE Volume 16 Issue 1 2010 Çàòâåðäæåíî äî äðóêó â÷åíîþ ðàäîþ Êàí³âñüêîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâ³äíèêà (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 4 â³ä 01.06.2010 ð.). Æóðíàë çàðåºñòðîâàíî ̳í³ñòåðñòâîì ³íôîðìàö³¿ Óêðà¿íè. Ðåºñòðàö³éíå ñâ³òîöòâî ÊÂ3014. Âèäàºòüñÿ ç 1995 ð. © "Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà â Óêðà¿í³", 2010 © Êàí³âñüêèé ïðèðîäíèé çàïîâ³äíèê, 2010 © "Nature Reserves in Ukraine", 2010 © Kaniv Nature Reserve, 2010 ÇÀÃÀËÜͲ ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ÇÀÏβÄÍί ÑÏÐÀÂÈ ÅÊÎËÎò×ÍÀ ÌÅÐÅÆÀ ÁÓÊÎÂÈÍÈ Â.Ï. Êîðæèê Áóêîâèíñüêå òîâàðèñòâî ïðèðîäîäîñë³äíèê³â ECONET OF THE BUKOVINA. Korzhyk V.P. - Nature Reserves in Ukraine. 16 (2): 1-9. - Econet idea is changed, because landscape-ecological and historico-geographical approach may be used in its realization. Landscape (geosystem) is the basic block of modern nature-antropogenic environment (socio-natural integrity). Other ecological problems were solved in this integrity. Biotic component is an important regulator of geo(eco)system functioning. Anthropogenic environment complexes are complete constituents of landscape diversity. Description of eco-landscape-net of the Bukovina is based on this approach. Keywords: Bukovina, econet, eco-landscape-net, landscape-ecological approach, historico-geographical approach. ÅÊÎËÎò×ÍÀ ÌÅÐÅÆÀ ÁÓÊÎÂÈÍÈ. Êîðæèê Â.Ï. - Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà â Óêðà¿í³. 16 (2): 1-9. - Êîíöåïö³ÿ ôîðìóâàí- íÿ åêîìåðåæ³ çàçíຠçàêîíîì³ðíèõ çì³í, âèìàãàþ÷è âèêîðèñòàííÿ ëàíäøàôòíî-åêîëîã³÷íîãî òà ³ñòîðèêî-ãåîãðàô³÷íîãî ï³äõîä³â. Âàæëèâèì º âèçíàííÿ ëàíäøàôòó (ãåîñèñòåìè) ÿê îñíîâíî¿ îäèíèö³ äèñêðåòíîñò³ ñó÷àñíîãî ïðèðîäíî-àíòðîïîãåí- íîãî ñåðåäîâèùà (ñîö³îïðèðîäíî¿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³), â ìåæàõ ÿêî¿ âèð³øóþòüñÿ ³íø³ åêîëîã³÷í³ ïðîáëåìè ³ çàâäàííÿ. Á³îòè÷íîìó êîìïîíåíòó â³äâîäèòüñÿ ðîëü âàæëèâîãî ðåãóëÿòîðà ìåõàí³çìó ïîòî÷íîãî ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ãåî(åêî)ñèñòåì. Íåîáõ³äíå òàêîæ óðàõóâàííÿ àíòðîï³÷íèõ êîìïëåêñ³â ÿê ïîâíîö³ííèõ ñêëàäîâèõ ëàíäøàôòíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ. Íà îñíîâ³ öüîãî ï³äõîäó îïèñàí³ åëåìåíòè åêîëàíäøàôòíî¿ ìåðåæ³ Áóêîâèíè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: Áóêîâèíà, åêîìåðåæà, åêîëàíäøàôòíà ìåðåæà, ëàíäøàôòíî-åêîëîã³÷íèé ï³äõ³ä, ³ñòîðèêî-ãåîãðàô³÷íèé ï³äõ³ä. ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÅÒÜ ÁÓÊÎÂÈÍÛ. Êîðæèê Â.Ï. - Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà â Óêðà¿í³. 16 (2): 1-9. - Êîíöåïöèÿ ôîðìèðî- âàíèÿ ýêîñåòè çàêîíîìåðíî èçìåíÿåòñÿ, ÷òî òðåáóåò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ëàíäøàôòíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî è èñòîðèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïîäõîäîâ. Âàæíî ïðèçíàòü ëàíäøàôò (ãåîñèñòåìó) îñíîâíîé åäèíèöåé äèñêðåòíîñòè ñîâðåìåííîé ïðèðîäíî-àíòðîïîãåí- íîé ñðåäû (ñîöèîïðèðîäíîé öåëîñòíîñòè), â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîé è ðåøàþòñÿ èíûå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû è çàäà÷è. Áèîòè÷åñ- êîìó êîìïîíåíòó îòâîäèòñÿ ðîëü âàæíîãî ðåãóëÿòîðà ìåõàíèçìà òåêóùåãî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ãåî(ýêî)ñèñòåì. Íåîáõîäè- ìî òàêæå ó÷èòûâàòü àíòðîïè÷åñêèå êîìïëåêñû êàê ïîëíîöåííûå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ëàíäøàôòíîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Èìåííî íà îñíîâå ýòîãî ïîäõîäà îïèñàíû ýëåìåíòû ýêîëàíäøàôòíîé ñåòè Áóêîâèíû. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Áóêîâèíà, ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñåòü, ýêîëàíäøàôòíàÿ ñåòü, ëàíäøàôòíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä, èñòîðèêî- ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä. Ðîçøèðåííÿ ìåðåæ³ îáºêò³â ïðèðîäíî-çàïîâ³äíîãî õ³äí³ñòü ïåðøî÷åðãîâîãî çáåðåæåííÿ á³îòè÷íîãî ð³çíî- ôîíäó (ÎÏÇÔ) òà ôîðìóâàííÿ êàðêàñíî¿ ñåðåäîâèùî- ìàí³òòÿ, â òîé ÷àñ ÿê á³ëüø âàæëèâà ïðîáëåìà çáåðåæåííÿ ï³äòðèìóþ÷î¿ ìåðåæ³ º îäíèì ³ç íàé䳺â³øèõ ³ íàéåêîíî- áàçîâîãî (ëàíäøàôòíîãî) áóëà â³äñóíóòà íà äðóãèé ïëàí. ì³÷í³øèõ çàõîä³â â àñïåêò³ îïòèì³çàö³¿ ïðèðîäîêîðèñòó- Äîì³íóâàííÿ á³îòè÷íîãî ï³äõîäó äî ôîðìóâàííÿ åêîìå- âàííÿ ³ çáåðåæåííÿ ëàíäøàôòíîãî òà ïîõ³äíîãî â³ä íüîãî ðåæ³, ÿê äàíèíà äàâí³é ³ õèáí³é òðàäèö³¿ ââàæàòè ï³ä îõîðî- á³îòè÷íîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ. Öå ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ òèì, ùî ïðè íîþ ïðèðîäè îõîðîíó òàê çâàíî¿ æèâî¿ ïðèðîäè, ïðè- îáìåæåíí³ àêòèâíî¿ ãîñïîäàðñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ õî÷à á íà çâåëî äî ïåâíî¿ ìîíîïîë³çàö³¿ ñïðàâè ñïåö³àë³ñòàìè-á³î- 30 % òåðèòî𳿠ëàíäøàôò³â ó ¿õ êëþ÷îâèõ ñèñòåìîóòâîðþ- ëîãàìè, ùî â Óêðà¿í³ çíàéøëî ñâîº â³äîáðàæåííÿ íàâ³òü þ÷èõ ä³ëÿíêàõ âîíè çäàòí³ äî ñàìîâ³äíîâëåííÿ é ïîäàëü- ó çàêîíîäàâ÷èõ äîêóìåíòàõ (Çàêîí Óêðà¿íè , 2000; òà øîãî ñàìîðîçâèòêó áåç íåãàòèâíèõ äëÿ ëþäèíè íàñë³äê³â. ³í.) ³ ê³ëüêîõ ïîñë³äîâíèõ ïðîåêòàõ Ìåòîäè÷íèõ âêàç³âîê Ç âè÷åðïàííÿì ìîæëèâîñòåé ðîçøèðåííÿ òåðèòîð³- ïî ñòâîðåííþ íàö³îíàëüíî¿ åêîìåðåæ³, ðîçðîáëåíèõ îê- àëüíèõ ðåñóðñ³â çàïîâ³äíîñò³, ÿê êîíöåïö³¿ çáåðåæåííÿ ðåìèìè ñïåö³àë³ñòàìè Íàö³îíàëüíîãî Åêîöåíòðó Óêðà¿- âèáðàíèõ ä³ëÿíîê äîâê³ëëÿ, âèùèì ³ çàêîíîì³ðíèì ³ñòî- íè ³ ̳í³ñòåðñòâà åêîëî㳿 òà ïðèðîäíèõ ðåñóðñ³â (íèí³ ðè÷íèì åòàïîì ó ðîçâèòêó ïðèðîäíî-çàïîâ³äíî¿ ñïðà- ̳íïðèðîäè) Óêðà¿íè. Á³îòè÷íèé ï³äõ³ä ïðåâàëþº ³ â ³í- âè (ÏÇÑ), ÿêà â íèí³øíüîìó ¿¿ ðîçóì³íí³ ³ òðàêòóâàíí³ øèõ ïóáë³êàö³ÿõ (Ôîðìóâàííÿ , 2004; Øåëÿã-Ñîñîíêî âè÷åðïàëà ñâ³é êðåàòèâíèé ïîòåíö³àë ³ äàâíî ïîòðåáóº è äð., 2004). äîêîð³ííèõ çì³í, ïîñòຠêîíöåïö³ÿ ôîðìóâàííÿ åêîìå- Ïðîâåäåíà íàòóðíà àïðîáàö³ÿ ìåòîäèê íà êîíêðåòíî- ðåæ³, îñê³ëüêè ÷èñòî ïðèðîäíèõ ÷è óìîâíî ïðèðîäíèõ ìó ðåã³îíàëüíîìó ïîë³ãîí³ ×åðí³âåöüêî¿ îáëàñò³ â êîí- ä³ëÿíîê äîâê³ëëÿ ïðàêòè÷íî íå çáåðåãëîñü. Òðåáà ôîð- òåêñò³ ïðîåêòó ϳäòðèìêà ðîçâèòêó Íàö³îíàëüíî¿ åêîëî- ìóâàòè é óòðèìóâàòè íîâå ñåðåäîâèùå, íàéêðàùå àäàï- ã³÷íî¿ ìåðåæ³ Óêðà¿íè ó ðàìêàõ ôîðìóâàííÿ Âñåºâðî- òîâàíå äî ñó÷àñíèõ êë³ìàòè÷íî-àíòðîïîãåííèõ óìîâ ïåéñüêî¿ åêîëîã³÷íî¿ ìåðåæ³. Çàäóì òà âò³ëåííÿ â ï³ëîòí³é (Êîðæèê, 2004, 2006à). çîí³ ó 2004 ð., â ÿêîìó áðàâ ó÷àñòü ³ àâòîð öèõ ðÿäê³â, äîâåëà, ùî çàñòîñóâàííÿ ñóòî á³îòè÷íîãî ï³äõîäó çíà÷- Ñòàí ïðîáëåìè íî çâóæóº ïîòåíö³éí³ òà ðåàëüí³ ìîæëèâîñò³ äåêëàðîâà- Êîíöåïö³ÿ ôîðìóâàííÿ åêîìåðåæ³ çàçíຠçàêîíîì³ð- íèõ íàìàãàíü çáåðåãòè åêîëîã³÷íó ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü äîâê³ëëÿ. íèõ çì³í. Ïîïåðâàõ çà îñíîâó ðîçðîáêè ìåòîäîëî㳿 òà Ç ïðè÷èí àìîðôíîñò³, íåâèçíà÷åíîñò³ ³ ñï³ðíîñò³ îñíîâ- ìåòîäèêè ñòâîðåííÿ åêîìåðåæ³ áóëà ïîêëàäåíà íåîá- íèõ ïîíÿòü (ÿäðî, êîðèäîð, çîíà â³äíîâëåííÿ) ñòâîðþºòü- Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà â Óêðà¿í³. Òîì 16. Âèïóñê 1. 2010. ñÿ ÷èìàëî þðèäè÷íî-ïðàâîâèõ, ìåíòàëüíèõ, çåìëåâïî- ìåðåæ³ ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì âèä³ëåíèõ íà ¿¿ ï³äñòàâ³ ïàðàäè- ðÿäêóâàëüíèõ òà ô³íàíñîâèõ ïðîáëåì, ùî óíåìîæëèâëþ- íàì³÷íî¿, ïàðàãåíåòè÷íî¿ òà á³îöåíòðè÷íî-ñ³òüîâî¿ ëàíä- þòü ïðàêòè÷íó ðåàë³çàö³þ åêîìåðåæ³. Òîìó ñóòî á³îòè÷- øàôòíî¿ ñòðóêòóð. Öå äîçâîëÿº ïîçáóòèñü ³ëþç³é á³îòè÷- íà âåðñ³ÿ íå ìîæå áóòè ïðèéíÿòà çà îñíîâó ³ ñëóãóâàòè íî¿ íåçàëåæíîñò³ åêîìåðåæ³ ³ âïîðÿäêóâàòè êðèòå𳿠䳺âèì ³íñòðóìåíòîì ó çàáåçïå÷åíí³ çáàëàíñîâàíîãî âèä³ëåííÿ ¿¿ åëåìåíò³â. ðîçâèòêó â éîãî åêîëîã³÷íîìó àñïåêò³. 2. Äåô³í³ö³ÿ ëàíäøàôòíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ ³ âèçíà- Ïîøèðåííÿ ïîñòíåêëàñè÷íî¿ ìåòîäîëî㳿 ó ïðèðîä- ÷åííÿ éîãî êðèòåð³¿â. Ìຠïðèíàéìí³ äâà àñïåêòè: òåîðå- íè÷èõ íàóêàõ ùå ðàç ï³äòâåðäæóº íåîáõ³äí³ñòü çàñòîñó- òè÷íèé òà ïðàãìàòè÷íèé. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ñóòíîñò³ ñóòî ëàíä- âàííÿ ó ÏÇÑ ëàíäøàôòíî-åêîëîã³÷íîãî òà ³ñòîðèêî- øàôòíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ, ÿê ³ñòîðè÷íî óòâîðåíîãî ïîºä- ãåîãðàô³÷íîãî ï³äõîä³â (ùî ïîçáàâëÿº ¿¿ âàä îäíîá³÷íî- íàííÿ ³íâàð³àíòíîãî òà âàð³àíòíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ, äîñòàò- ãî âóçüêîêîìïîíåíòíîãî êëàñè÷íîãî á³îåêîëîã³÷íîãî íüî ïîâíî é îáãðóíòîâàíî íàâåäåíî ó ïðàöÿõ â³ò÷èçíÿ- òðàêòóâàííÿ ðåàë³é äîâê³ëëÿ), çì³í ïðèíöèï³â ¿¿ ðîçâèò- íèõ ëàíäøàôòîçíàâö³â. Âîäíî÷àñ ñïðàâåäëèâî çàóâàæó- êó (×îðíåé òà ³í., 2001; Êîðæèê, 2004, 2006à). Çà óìîâ ºòüñÿ, ùî ñàìå ïîíÿòòÿ ëàíäøàôòíå ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ ìຠïðîãðåñóþ÷î¿ òîòàëüíî¿ àíòðîïîãåííî¿ òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ùîíàéìåíøå ÷îòèðè ð³çíèõ òëóìà÷åííÿ: òðàäèö³éíî- ëàíäøàôòíî¿ îáîëîíêè ïðèðîäíè÷³ñòü ïðèðîäíèõ ëàíäøàôòíå (ãåîêîìïëåêñíå), àíòðîï³÷íå, á³îöåíòðè÷- îáºêò³â òà ãåîñèñòåì ñòຠ³ëþçîðíîþ, à ñïðîáè îáãðóí- íå òà ãóìàí³ñòè÷íå; íà áàç³ ãóìàí³ñòè÷íîãî ãðóíòóºòüñÿ òóâàòè ï³äõîäè ó ïðèðîäîêîðèñòóâàíí³ ç ïîçèö³é çáåðå- ªâðîïåéñüêà ëàíäøàôòíà Êîíâåíö³ÿ. Ó ðàìêàõ îñòàí- æåííÿ ïðàâ òàê çâàíî¿ äèêî¿ ïðèðîäè (âèñë³â çà Â.ª. íüî¿ âèçíàºòüñÿ, ùî ëþäèíà ìຠäåÿêó îïòèìàëüíó ìåæó Áîðåéêîì) â³ääàþòü ì³ôîëî㳺þ. Íàìàãàííÿ çàêîíñåðâó- ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ð³çíîìàí³òíîñò³ ëàíäøàôòó, âèùå ³ íèæ÷å âàòè ä³ëÿíêè ëàíäøàôò³â ó ïåðâ³ñíîìó íåçàéìàíîìó ÿêî¿ ïî÷óâຠñåáå äèñêîìôîðòíî. Êîæíèé ³ç öèõ ï³äõîä³â âèãëÿä³ çàâæäè íàøòîâõóþòüñÿ íà çàêîíîì³ðí³ ïèòàííÿ: ìຠïåâí³ ïåðåâàãè òà íåäîë³êè, ïðîòå íà ñüîãîäí³ ºäèíà à ÿêèì â³í º, îòîé ïåðâ³ñíèé âèãëÿä, ñòðóêòóðà ³ ïàðàìåò- ÷³òêî âèçíà÷åíà êîíöåïö³ÿ ïîêè ùî â³äñóòíÿ. ðè ëàíäøàôòó ï³ñëÿ ê³ëüêîõ òèñÿ÷îë³òü àêòèâíîãî ïåðåáó- Ïðàãìàòè÷íèé àñïåêò çáåðåæåííÿ âèìàãຠ÷³òêîãî âàííÿ â íüîìó ëþäèíè, ÿêîìó ïåð³îäó ãîëîöåíó â³í â³äïî- âèçíà÷åííÿ êðèòåð³¿â äèñêðåòèçàö³¿ ãåîêîìïëåêñ³â ³ óòâî- â³äàº, ÿêîãî òèïó é îáºìó ïîâèíí³ áóòè çàõîäè ïî êîíñåð- ðþþ÷èõ ¿õ êîìïîíåíò³â òà åëåìåíò³â, ÿê³ ðåïðåçåíòóþòü âàö³¿ öèõ ðåë³êò³â ìèíóëèõ ëàíäøàôòíî-êë³ìàòè÷íèõ åïîõ íåîáõ³äíèé, õàðàêòåðíèé äëÿ êîíêðåòíîãî ðåã³îíó ñïåêòð ç îãëÿäó íà òðåíä åâîëþö³¿ ñîö³îïðèðîäíî¿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³ é, ëàíäøàôòíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ ³ âèçíà÷àþòü ïðàêòè÷íèé íàðåøò³, ÿê³ åêîëîã³÷í³ ôóíêö³¿ â íèí³øíüîìó ñåðåäîâè- ñåíñ ö³º¿ ñïðàâè.
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