Dowry prohibition act 1961 pdf in english

Continue Home Databases WorldLII Searched by Request Feedback You're Here: LIIofIndia DowRY BANS ACT 1961 Database Search 1961 Search for Names Note (en) Help DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 1961 DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 1961 ACT No. 28 OF 1961 (May 20, 1961) Act prohibition or adoption. BE it was adopted by the parliament in the twelfth year of the Republic of India as follows.- Short name, scale and beginning. 1. Short name, scale and beginning. (1) This law can be called the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. (2) It applies throughout India, with the exception of the state of Jem and Kashmir. (3) It will come into force on such a date as the central government can, by notification in the official messenger, appoint. Definition dowry. 2. Definition of dowry. In this Act, dowry means any property or valuable security granted or agreed upon, which will be provided directly or indirectly by one party to a marriage with the other party of marriage; or (b) The parents of either party or other person, either party to the marriage or any other person; In either before or after marriage us consideration of marriage said parties, but does not include dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom Muslim personal law (Sharia) applies. Explanation I.-To eliminate doubts, it is now to announce that any gifts made during marriage to either party in marriage in the form of cash, jewelry, clothing or other articles are not considered dowry within the meaning of this section unless they are made as a consideration for the marriage said parties. ------1-7- 1961, vide Notice No. S. O. 1410, dated 20-6-1961, Herald of India, Extraordinary, Pt.II, Sec. 3 (ii), P. 1005. ------176 Explanation II.- Expression of valuable security is as important as in section 30 of the Indian Penal Code. (45 out of 1860) Penalty for granting or accepting a dowry. 3. Penalty for granting or accepting a dowry. If a person, after the adoption of this Act, gives or accepts or incites a dowry, he shall be punished by imprisonment, which may last up to six months, or a fine that may apply to five thousand rupees, or both. Penalty for dowry requirement. Punishment for dowry requirement. If a person, after the act of this Act, requires, directly or indirectly, from the parents or guardian of the bride or groom, in which case any dowry may be available, he shall be punished by imprisonment, which may last up to six months, or a fine that may apply to five thousand rupees, or with both: provided that neither one should not be aware of any offence under this section, except for the previous sanction of the State Government. State. an official such as the State Government may, by general or special order, provide a general or special order on that behalf. The agreement to provide or accept the dowry will be invalid. The agreement to grant or accept a dowry is invalid. Any agreement to provide or accept a dowry is annulled. Dowry to be in the interest of the wife or her heirs. 6. Dowry to be in the interests of the wife or her heirs. 1) Where a dowry is accepted by a person other than the woman for whose marriage it is given, the person must give it to a woman a) if the dowry was received before marriage, within one year of the date of marriage; or (b) if the dowry was received during or after the marriage within one year of the date of receipt; or (C) if the dowry was received when the woman was underage, within one year of her 18th birthday; and until such a transfer, must keep it in the trusting interest of the woman. (2) If a person is unable to transfer any property, as required by subsection (1) and for a limited period, he shall be punished by imprisonment, which may last up to six months, or a fine that may last up to five thousand rupees, or both; however, such a penalty does not absolve a person of his obligation to transfer property as required by subsal (1). (3) In cases where a woman entitled to any property under section (1) dies before receiving it, the woman's heirs have the right to claim it from the person, holding him at present. 177 (4) Nothing in this section does not affect the provisions of section 3 or section 4. Awareness of wrongdoing. 7. Cognition of wrongdoing. In spite of everything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898( 5 of 1898.) (a) no court conceded to a presidencies or a first-class magistrate may be tried for any offence under the Act; (b) No court accepts information in relation to any such offence, except for a complaint filed within one year of the date of the offence; (c) It is legal for a first-class magistrate or magistrate to impose any penalty under the Act on any person convicted of a crime under the Act. 8. Crimes that are not known may be released on bail and cannot be complex. Every offence under this Act is not known, may be released on bail and cannot be set up, in order to produce rules. 9. Power to make rules. (1) The central government can, by notifying the Official Gazette, the flaws of the rule времени времени времени времени времени времени времени, когда оно будет сделано перед каждой палатой парламента, пока оно находится в сессии в течение всего периода в тридцать дней, которые могут быть сделаны в одну сессию или в две последовательные сессии , и если до истечения сессии, в которой она так заложена заложена in the session immediately after that both chambers agree to make any changes to the rule or both chambers agree that the rule should not be made, the rule should then have an effect only in such a modified form or will have no effect as it may be, so, however, that any such change or annulment should be without compromising the validity of everything previously done under this rule. Cancels. 10. Cancellation. The Andhra Pradesh Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958 , (Andhra Pradesh Act 1 of 1958.) and the Bihar Dowry Restriction Act, 1950 (25 of 1950.) have been repealed. LIIofIndia: Copyright Policy Disclaimer Privacy Policy URL Feedback: Wedding Gifts for the Son of Imam of Delhi, India, with soldiers and 2,000 guests The Dowry System in India refers to durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the groom, his parents and his relatives as a condition of marriage. The dowry stems from India's distorted inheritance laws, and the Hinduism Succession Act needs amendments to stop the routine disavowing of daughters. The dowry is essentially in the nature of payment in cash or some gifts given to the groom's family along with the bride and includes cash, jewelry, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, utensils, vehicles and other household items that help the newlyweds to create their home. The dowry in Arabic is called Dahez. In the Far Eastern parts of India the dowry is called Aaunnpot. The dowry system can place a heavy financial burden on the bride's family. In some cases, the dowry system leads to crimes against women, ranging from emotional abuse and injury to death. Dowry payments have long been prohibited under specific Indian laws, including the DowRy Prohibition Act 1961 and then sections 304B and 498A-8 of the Indian Penal Code. The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 defines dowry: A dowry means any property or valuable security granted or agreed upon, or directly or indirectly - (a) by one party in marriage with the other party in marriage; or (b) The parents of either party to the marriage or any other person, against any party to marriage or with any other person; both before and after marriage as a consideration of the marriage of those parties, but did not include a dower or mahre for persons subject to personal Muslim law. The court decision clarifies the legal definition of the dowry as dowry in the sense of expression provided by the Prohibition Act is a requirement for a property of valuable security, having an inseparable relationship with marriage, i.e. is a consideration by the parents or relatives of the bride to the groom or his parents and/or guardian for an agreement with the bride. Articles Articles it is stated that the penalty for granting or accepting a dowry does not apply to gifts that are given during marriage to the bride or groom when no requirement has been made to them. Although Indian laws against dowry have been in force for decades, they have been heavily criticized as ineffective. The practice of dowry death and killing is still not under control in many parts of India, further adding to concerns about law enforcement. Article 498A of the Indian Penal Code requires the automatic arrest of the groom and his family if the wife complains of harassment of the dowry. The law was widely abused, and in 2014 the Supreme Court ruled that arrests could not be made without the approval of a magistrate. Historical context Wedding procession - Bride under a canopy with gifts. Around 1800. The history of the dowry in South Asia is not clear. Some scholars believe that the dowry was practiced in antiquity, and some did not. Historical eyewitness accounts, as discussed below, indicate that the dowry in ancient India was insignificant, and the daughters had inheritance rights, which were customary during their marriage. Documentary evidence suggests that the early 20th century bride price rather than dowry was a common custom that often leads to very poor boys remaining unmarried. Stanley J. Tambia claims that the ancient Manu Code authorized dowry and bride in ancient India, but the dowry was a more prestigious form and was associated with the Brahmin (priestly) caste. Bridewealth was limited to lower castes, who were not allowed to give a dowry. He cites two early 20th century studies with evidence showing that this dowry model in upper castes and bridewealth in lower castes persisted during the first half of the 20th century. However, it is that marriages are linked as reciprocal gifts between two families, claims Tambia, so since the groom's family gives bridewealth, he is usually returned as a culturally confirmed dowry to the bride as part of her marital property. Michael Witzel, by contrast, argues that ancient Indian literature suggests that dowry practice was not significant in the Vedic period. Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had the right to inherit property either for their intended purpose or when they did not have brothers. McDonnell and Keith's conclusions are similar to Witzel and different from Tambov's; they refer to ancient Indian literature, suggesting that the bridewealth was paid even in Brahma- and daiva-type marriage associated with the Brahmin (priestly) upper caste. The dowry is often when the girl suffered from some bodily defect. Property rights for women have increased in ancient India, suggest McDonnell and Keith, in the era (200 BC to 700 AD). Kane argues that ancient literature suggests that bridewealth was paid only in marriage, which was considered reprehensible and forbidden by Manu and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by Manu and others such as the bride being ordained to celebrate marriage were ceremonial dresses and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property sought or intended for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that wedding decoration is not currently seen as a dowry in the minds of most people. The above analysis of various scholars is based on the interpretation of the verses of ancient Sanskrit fiction and inconsistent smritis from India, not the testimonies of eyewitnesses. The available observations of eyewitnesses from ancient India give a different picture. One of them is eyewitness accounts from the conquest of Alexander the Great (circa 300 BC), recorded by Arrian and Megasten. Arrian's first book mentions the lack of dowry, They (these ancient Indian people) make their marriages according to this principle, because in choosing a bride they care nothing whether she is a dowry and a beautiful condition, but look only at her beauty and other advantages of the outside person. Arrian, The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 3rd century BC Arriana's second book similarly notes they (Indians) marry without giving or accepting a dowry, but women once they are married nominated by their fathers in public, who will be chosen as the winner in wrestling or boxing or running or someone who succeeds in any other courageous exercise. Arrian, Indica in Megasten and Arrian, 3rd century BC, two sources suggest that the dowry was absent, or rare enough, to be seen by Arrian. About 1,200 years after Arrian's visit, another eyewitness visited India named Abe Ryan al-Beroni, also known as Al-Biruni, or Alberonius in Latin. Al-Biruni was a Persian scholar of the Islamic era who left and lived in India for 16 years from 1017 AD. Al-Biruni said the instruments of wedding joy had been put forward. No gift (daver or dowry) between them is settled. The man gives his wife only a gift, as he sees fit, and a marriage gift in advance, to which he has no right to claim, but (proposed) the wife can return it to him of his own will (if she does not want to marry). Al-Biruni, head of marriage in India, circa 1035 AD Al-Biruni also claims that the daughter, in 11th century India, had a legal right to inherit from her father, but only a quarter of her brother. The daughter had taken this amount of inheritance since the age of 150 when she married, al-Biruni claimed, and she was not entitled to income from her parents after marriage or any inheritance after the death of his father. If her father died before her marriage, her guardian would be the first to repay her her debt, and then allocate a quarter of the remaining wealth to her maintenance until she is ready to marry, and then give her the rest to take with her in her married life. Reasons for dowry Various reasons have been suggested as the reason for the dowry practice in India. These include economic factors and social factors. Economic factors there are many economic factors that contribute to the dowry system. Some of these include inheritance systems and the economic situation of the bride. Some suggestions indicate that the economy and weak legal institutions on inheritance put women at a disadvantage, with inheritance remaining only to sons. This leaves women dependent on their husbands and in the laws that hold the dowry when she marries. Until 1956, including during the British Raj, daughters were not entitled to inherit the wealth of their family. In 1956, India granted equal legal status to daughters and sons among Hindu, Sikh and Jain families under the Hindu Succession Act (India grants the Muslim population personal status laws). Despite the new inheritance law, dowry continues as a process in which parental property is distributed to daughters in her marriage as a result of the social process, rather than after the death of the parents by a slow process controlled by the court under the Hinduism Succession Act (1956). The dowry gave, at least in theory, economic and financial security for women in their marriage in the form of movable property. This helped prevent the rupture of family wealth and ensured the safety of the bride at the same time. This system can also be used as a pre-terrestrial inheritance, as once a woman is given moving gifts, she can be cut off from the family estate. For many, dowry has become a great financial burden for the family and can leave families in poverty based on the demands of the groom. The demand for dowry has increased over time. Social factors Structure and kinship of marriage in some parts of India contribute to dowry. In the north, marriage usually follows a patrilocal (living with the husband's family) system where the bride is an unrelated member of the family. This system encourages dowry, perhaps by excluding the bride's family after marriage as a form of pre-terrestrial inheritance for the bride. In the south, marriage is most often the bride's family, such as close relatives or cousins, and at a closer physical distance from her family. In addition, brides may be able to inherit land, making it more valuable in marriage, reducing the likelihood of a dowry over the bride's price system. In addition to marital customs that may affect the dowry, customs or rituals, and the expectations of the dowry parents are important factors to consider. A study conducted in 1995 showed that while people's attitudes towards dowry were changing, dowry continued to prevail. In 1980, Conducted by Rao, 75% of students said that the dowry is not important for marriage, but 40% of their parents are likely to be given. While India had made progress in protecting women's rights, women continued to have a subordinate position in their families. Women's education, income and health are some of the important factors that play into the dowry system and the extent to which women control their marriage. The religious factors of the dowry in India are not limited to any particular religion. It is widespread among Hindus and other religions. For example, Indian Muslims call the dowry Jaez, justify this practice from the point of view of jahez-e-fatimi. Islamists classify jahaz into two categories: the first includes some important articles for the bride's dress as well as for married life. The other consists of valuables, clothes, jewelry, sums of money for the groom's family, which settled on after the bargaining. jahez often far exceeds the cost of the barat and marriage parties. jahez is separated from the monetary payment, like Mahr or dower, that sharia religious law requires. Dowry in the modern era of the Social Awareness Campaign in India about dowry has been a common practice in the modern era of India, and in this context, it can be in the form of paying for cash or gifts from the bride's family to the groom's family after marriage. There are differences in the prevalence of dowry depending on geography and class. States in the north are more likely to participate in the dowry system among all classes, and the dowry is more likely to be in the form of material and mobile goods. In the south, the bride price system is more common, and most often in the form of land, or other inheritance goods. This system relates to the social structure of marriage that supports marriage within or near the family. The dowry also varies depending on the economic strata in India. Upper-class families are more likely to participate in the dowry system than lower classes. This may be partly due to the economic exclusion of women from the higher-class labour market. When the dowry evolved during the Vedic period, it was essentially followed by the upper castes in favour of the bride, who was unable to inherit the property under Hindu law. To counter this, the bride's family provided the groom with a dowry to be registered in the bride's name. This dowry was spotted as Stridhan (Sanskrit: woman's property). In addition, an important difference is the fact that while the upper castes practiced dowry, the lower castes practiced the price of the bride to compensate her family for the loss of income. In the modern era, the concept of dowry has evolved, and Indian families no longer practice the traditional Vedic concept of dowry. This is because over time, the bride price disappeared and the dowry became a common form of transmission. [41] [41] Modern era, the practice of dowry requires that the bride's family transfers goods to the groom's family in view of marriage. Since marriages in India are time for great celebrations in every family, they tend to be very generous. Accordingly, Indian weddings are usually associated with significant expenses and accompanying wedding gifts from relatives on both sides of the family. These are normal expenses that are made willingly and vary from one family to another depending on wealth, status, etc. Many times, within this mutual dai-and-hi, the groom's family attempt to dictate the quantum of each gift along with specific requirements for a dowry. In such circumstances, there is an element of coercion to the bride's family, and this has become a recognition as a threat to the dowry in our time. The dowry does not apply to voluntary gifts that are made to the bride and groom; rather it is something that is extracted from the bride or her parents. The types of Dowry crimes in Hinduism newly married women may be targeted for dowry-related violence because it is economically and socially connected to her new husband. In some cases, the dowry is used as a threat or hostage type situation to extract more property from the bride's family. This can be seen in the new brides who are most vulnerable in this situation. Dowry crimes can occur with threat or violence, so the bride's family has no choice but to give more dowry to protect her daughter. The northern and eastern states of India have higher levels of dowry-related violence. Dowry is considered to be a major factor in violence against women in India. Some of these crimes include physical violence, emotional abuse and even the murder of brides and young girls before marriage. The prevailing types of dowry crimes are related to cruelty (including torture and harassment), domestic violence (including physical, emotional and sexual violence), suicide and dowry death (including bride-to-be and murder). The 2005 Canadian documentary, Runaway Grooms, exposed the phenomenon of Indo-Canadian men using the dowry system. These men fraudulently returned to India, allegedly in search of a new bride, but then abandoned the woman and returned to Canada without her as soon as they secured her dowry. The cruelty of cruelty in the form of torture or harassment of a woman in order to make her meet the demand for property or valuable security is a form of dowry crime. This cruelty may be carried out in the form of verbal attacks or accompanied by beating or harassment in order to force the woman or her family to yield to the demands of the dowry. In many cases, cruelty can even cause a woman to commit suicide and was specifically criminalized by anti-dow laws in India. The main article on domestic violence: Domestic violence in India includes a wide range of abusive and threatening behaviors that includes physical, emotional, economic and sexual violence, as well as intimidation, isolation and coercion. There are laws such as the Protection of Women's Protection from Domestic Violence Act 2005, which help to reduce domestic violence and protect women's rights. Narratives of suicide continued ill-treatment by the husband and his family with threats of harm can lead to the suicide of a woman. In such situations, the dowry crime extends even to the promotion of suicide, which includes all actions and attempts to intentionally advise, encourage or assist in suicide. Exposure to a dowry can leave a woman helpless and desperate, which can lead to emotional trauma and abuse. Abuse of dowry causes emotional trauma, depression and suicide. The crime of incitement to suicide is important because in many cases defendants often fail to defend that the victim has committed suicide of his own free will, when in fact it may not be. The main article of dowry murder: the death of a dowry dowry and the murder of a dowry are related to the suicide of the bride or the murder committed by her husband and his family shortly after marriage because of their dissatisfaction with the dowry. This is usually the culmination of a series of previous domestic abuses by the husband's family. Most dowry deaths occur when a young woman, unable to endure harassment and torture, commits suicide by hanging herself or using poison. The death dowry also includes a bride burning, where brides doused in kerosene and set fire to her husband or his family. Sometimes, because of their incitement to suicide, the bride may end up set on fire herself. Brides are often disguised as accidents or suicide attempts. Bride arson is the most common form of dowry deaths for a wide range of reasons, like kerosene being inexpensive, there was insufficient evidence after murder and low chances of survival. In addition to burning the bride, there are several cases of poisoning, strangulation, acid attacks, etc., resulting in the bride being killed by the groom's family. India, with its large population, reports the highest number of dowry-related deaths in the world, according to the Indian National Crime Agency. In 2012, 8,233 dowry deaths were reported in India, while 8,083 dowry deaths were reported in 2013. This means that dowry crime causes a woman to die every 90 minutes, or 1.4 deaths per 100,000 women per year The laws against dowry first all-Indian legislative adoption concerning the dowry to be put on the statute book was the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and this is it came into force on July 1, 1961. This marked the beginning of a new legal framework for dowry harassment laws, which effectively prohibit the claim, giving and accepting dowry. Although dowry is illegal, in many parts of India the husband still frequently seeks dowry from his wife's family, and in some cases it leads to extortion and violence against his wife. In order to further strengthen the law against dowry and to stop crimes related to the cruelty of the husband or his relatives against the wife, new provisions were added to Indian criminal law - article 498A-59 to the Indian Penal Code and article 198A to the Criminal Procedure Code in 1983. In 2005, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act was enacted, which added an additional layer of protection against dowry harassment. While the changes in Indian criminal law reflect the serious efforts of legislators to put an end to dowry crimes, and although they will take effect for many years, they have been heavily criticized as ineffective. The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, enshrined anti-doping laws passed in some states. This legislation provides for punishment under section 3 if a person gives, takes or incites to give or receive a dowry. The penalty may be imprisonment for at least 5 years and a fine of more than ₹ 15,000 euros or the amount of dowry received, depending on what is higher. A dowry in the Act is defined as any property or valuable security provided or agreed upon in connection with a marriage. The penalty for granting or accepting a dowry does not apply to gifts that were given during marriage without any requirement. The law provides for punishment for direct or indirect dowry requirements and provides for a penalty of imprisonment of at least 6 months and an extension of up to two years, along with a fine of ₹ 10,000 euros. The dowry agreements are invalid ab initio, and if any dowry is obtained by anyone other than the woman, it must be handed over to the woman. The burden of proving that a crime has not been committed falls on the accused, not on the victim or her family. In accordance with its power to frame the rules to achieve its objectives under the Act, the Government of India frames the preservation of bride-to-be gift lists and groom's rules, 1985. There are also several amendments at the state level to the Dowry Prohibition Act. Section 304B was added to the 1860 Indian Penal Code (IPC), which made the death of a dowry a specific crime punishable by a minimum sentence of seven years' imprisonment and a maximum life sentence. This is that if a woman's death was caused by burns or injuries or occurs under suspicious circumstances within 7 years of marriage, and there is evidence that she was ill-treated or harassed by her husband or relative prior to her death in relation to the demand for dowry, the husband or relative is considered to be the cause of her death. In addition, section 113B of the Evidence Act 1872 (the Evidence Act) creates an additional presumption of dowry death when it is shown that a woman was ill-treated prior to her death because of the demand for dowry. Section 304B of the IPC, together with section 113B of the Evidence Act, allowed the conviction of many who were not caught by the Dowry Prohibition Act 1961. Section 113A of the Evidence Act provides for a similar presumption of incitement to suicide (which is a crime under section 306 of the IPC) in the event of the death of a married woman within seven years of marriage. In addition, the judiciary also includes a charge of murder under article 302 of the IPC, as it allows courts to impose the death penalty on the perpetrators. Article 406 of the IPC relating to offences relating to criminal breach of trust is applied in cases of dowry collection, as is supposed to be the case for the woman and her heirs. In addition, in 1983, section 498A of the IPC specifically included a section to protect women from cruelty and harassment. The constitutionality of section 498A was challenged in the Supreme Court of India on the grounds of abuse on the grounds that it gave arbitrary powers to the police and the court. However, he was supported by Sushil Kumar Sharma against. Union of India (2005). The 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure stipulates that in the prosecution of crimes under article 498A of the IPC, courts may make a pleaty decision only if they receive a report of facts received from the police or on the complaint of the victim or her family. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (The Domestic Violence Act) was enacted to provide civil legal protection for women from domestic violence in India. The Domestic Violence Act covers all forms of physical, verbal, emotional, economic and sexual violence and forms a subset of dowry laws to the extent that it is one of the causes of domestic violence. Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act specifically includes all forms of harassment, injury and harm done to compel a woman to comply with an unlawful dowry claim. Some of the common remedies under the Act domestic violence includes: protection orders prohibiting a person from committing domestic violence; Residence orders - the removal of such a person from the common household; Detention orders - the provision of custody over and compensation orders - the direction of compensation. India's international conventions are a party to a number of international human rights instruments that provide a theoretical solution to dowry problems. These international conventions include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). CEDAW codifies the rights most relevant to the discussion of dowry-related violence: women's rights. However, there were issues of non-interference and cultural relativism that prevented the use of international law to combat the death of a dowry. Criticism of dowry laws abused There is growing criticism that dowry laws are often abused, particularly section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which is seen by many in India as prone to abuse due to mechanical arrests by the police. According to statistics from the National Crime Agency, in 2012, about 200,000 people, including 47,951 women, were arrested for dowry-related crimes. However, only 15 per cent of the accused were convicted. In many cases 498a, a huge amount of dowry is approved without any good reasoning. The wife of a rickshaw can claim that she gave the croers money as a dowry, and since this is a recognizable case, the police are obliged to register the case. And in most cases, the capabilities of the wife or her parents and the source of funds are never tracked. Article 498A of the IPC was challenged but upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 2005. In 2010, the Supreme Court lamented the possible abuse of dowry laws in Preeti Gupta's Case of Another v. Jharkhand and another and recommended a detailed investigation. On the basis of the Supreme Court's comments, the Indian Parliament established a committee headed by Bhagat Singh Koshiari. In July 2014, in the case of Arnesh Kumar v. Bihar and Anr., 82 two Supreme Court bench judges reviewed the execution of Section 41(1) (A) CrPC, which instructs the state after a certain procedure prior to arrest, and continued to observe that 498A became a powerful weapon in the hands of disgruntled wives, where innocent people were arrested without any evidence because of the inept and cognitive nature of the law. The decision drew criticism from feminists for weakening women's negotiating power. Others hailed the decision as a landmark decision to protect the human rights of innocent people. IPC 498a was founded by an organization called Save Indian Family Foundation. On 19 April 2015, the Indian government attempted to Section 498A of the IPC is based on the proposals of the Law Commission and the Malimat Justice Committee on Criminal Justice Reform. News reports indicate that the proposed amendment would make the offence more difficult and would make it easier for couples to resolve their disputes. Nisha Sharma Lawsuit Home article: Nisha Sharma dowry case of Nisha Sharma dowry case was an anti-dow suit in India. It began in 2003 when Nisha Sharma accused her future fiance, Munish Dalal, of demanding a dowry. The case received great coverage in the Indian and international MEDIA media. Nisha Sharma was portrayed as an icon of youth and a role model for other women. However, it later emerged that Nisha had fabricated the charges to get out of the wedding, and in 2012 all the defendants were acquitted. Inefficiency Although Indian laws against dowry have been in force for decades, they have been heavily criticized as ineffective. Despite the efforts of the Indian Government, the practice of dowry death and killing continues unchecked in many parts of India, and this has added further to the concerns of law enforcement. Women's groups have been criticized for being ineffective in India's dowry harassment laws because the laws are too vague, and the police and courts are failing to enforce laws and social integrity while maintaining the subordination and obedience of women, giving them subordinate status in society. In addition, many women are afraid to involve their husbands in the crime of dowry simply because Indian society is seen as conditioned by women to anticipate or expect abuse and, in a sense, ultimately tolerate it. Although laws give great powers, they are not applied effectively by the police or the courts. It can take up to 10 years for a case to go to court, and even once in court, husbands and in-laws end up getting away with extortion or even murder because women and their families cannot prove beyond reasonable doubt that they are victims of such crimes, since there are rarely any external witnesses. 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