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Land Reform in Eastern Europe
Land Reform in Eastern Europe Western CIS, Transcaucuses, Balkans, and EU Accession Countries Renee Giovarelli David Bledsoe Seattle, Washington October 2001 This paper was prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positions and opinions presented are those of the author alone, and are not intended to represent the views of FAO. The Rural Development Institute (RDI), located in Seattle, Washington, USA, is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation. RDI is a unique organization of lawyers devoted to problems of land reform and related issues in less developed countries and transitional economies. RDI’s goal is to assist in alleviating world poverty and instability through land reform and rural development. RDI staff have conducted field research and advised on land reform issues in 35 countries in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. For more information about RDI, visit the RDI web site at <www.rdiland.org>. Renee Giovarelli is a staff attorney at RDI and the Director of RDI’s Kyrgyzstan and Women & Land Programs. David Bledsoe is a staff attorney and Deputy Director of Administration at RDI. This report was prepared for submission to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The authors express their appreciation for the valuable input provided by Roy Prosterman, Leonard Rolfes, and Robert Mitchell. The authors would also like to acknowledge the important contributions of the following RDI Research Assistants to the preparation of this report: Laura Gerber, Oesa Glick, Devon Shannon, Kallie Szczepanski, and Alethea Williams. i Executive Summary The former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (that is, Europe east of Germany and west of the Urals, but including all of Russia) began a transition to a market economy in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. -
Ukrainians in Russia: a Bibliographic and Statistical Guide
Research Report No. 55 Ukrainians in Russia: A Bibliographic and Statistical Guide Compiled by Serge Cipko Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press University of Alberta Edmonton 1994 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press Occasional Research Reports The Institute publishes research reports periodically. Copies may be ordered from the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 352 Athabasca Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E8. The name of the publication series and the substantive material in each issue (unless otherwise noted) are copyrighted by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. PRINTED IN CANADA Occasional Research Reports Ukrainians in Russia: A Bibliographic and Statistical Guide Compiled by Serge Cipko Research Report No. 55 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press University of Alberta Edmonton 1994 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/ukrainiansinruss55cipk Table of Contents Introduction 1 A Select Bibliography 3 Newspaper Articles 9 Ukrainian Periodicals and Journals Published in Russia 15 Periodicals Published Abroad by Ukrainians from Russia 18 Biographies of Ukrainians in Russia 21 Biographies of Ukrainians from Russia Resettled Abroad 31 Statistical Compendium of Ukrainians in Russia 33 Addresses of Ukrainian Organizations in Russia 39 Periodicals and Journals Consulted 42 INTRODUCTION Ukrainians who live in countries bordering on Ukraine constitute perhaps the second largest ethnic minority in Europe after the Russians. Despite their significant numbers, however, these Ukrainians remain largely unknown to the international community, receiving none of the attention that has been accorded, for example, to Russian minorities in the successor states to the former Soviet Union. According to the last Soviet census of 1989, approximately 4.3 million Ukrainians live in the Russian Federation; unofficial estimates of the size of this group run considerably higher. -
“General Government” Sector, According to the SNA Methodology, Has a Redistributive Function
E3S Web of Conferences 222, 05011 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022205011 DAIC 2020 Problems of Developing Municipalities’ Financial Balances on the Example of the "General Government" Sector Alexey Pasynkov* Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moskovskaya Str., 29, Yekaterinburg, Russia Abstract. The article deals with the problems of developing financial balances at the municipal level, based on the principles of constructing the System of National Accounts. The problems of methodological nature and information content of financial balances are described, possible ways of their solution are proposed. The author's methodology for determining the share of the "General Government" sector in the economy of municipalities has been developed. In the absence of data on value-added areas, proposed to use wage data by types of economic activity. On this basis, we calculated the contribution of local and state budgets in the expenditures of the "General Government" sector in the municipalities of the Khanty- Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. On average, financing of wages in this sector is provided by federal and regional authorities at 60.86% in the region. The smallest value among municipalities is in the city of Pokachi (9.88%), the greatest dependence on the financing of the region and the federation is in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk (85.5%), Surgut (over 65%) and Yugorsk (slightly less than 64%). 1 Introduction In recent years, issues of sustainable development of territories have been considered from different positions: environmental, economic, technological, food, financial, etc. [1-3]. Since the concept of "sustainability" is a diverse phenomenon, in economic terms, research on this topic is multidirectional [4]. -
Federalism in Russia: Current State and Emerging Trends
BRICS LAW JOURNAL Volume VII (2020) Issue 4 FEDERALISM IN RUSSIA: CURRENT STATE AND EMERGING TRENDS MARAT SALIKOV, Ural State Law University (Yekaterinburg, Russia) https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-4-127-152 The article considers the phenomenon of federal relations in modern Russia from a theoretical and normative point of view. Studying related categories, such as federalism, federation and federal system, the author comes to the conclusion that it is federal relations, which by their nature are purely legal relations, are the core of any federal system. It is the analysis of the dynamics of development of these relations that shows the viability of a particular federal system. Using the concept of systems theory, the author reveals the structure of federal relations, which includes their subjects, objects and content. In turn, the content of federal relations can be revealed using the principles of both the horizontal and the vertical separation of powers. In this regard, not only normative regulation (the Constitution, federal and regional laws), but also judicial practice are of great importance: namely, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which handed down a significant number of decisions revealing the essence of federal relations in specific cases and resolving existing problems. The development of the federal system, and, consequently, the actual federal relations can be traced in examples of an institutional and regulatory nature. Vivid examples of this development are structural changes in the federal system associated with the formation of a new constituent entity of the federation and the adoption of a new constituent entity in the federation. -
Part II – Existing National Indicators Of
Part IV – Case Study Reports 1. Introduction In this section, we complement the quantitative findings from Part III of this report by selecting ten regions for more in-depth qualitative research. Two primary criteria were employed in the selection of the regions. First, both ‘high QoG’ and ‘low QoG’ regions were intentionally selected. In several cases, such as Bolzano (IT), Västra Götaland (SE) and Pais Vasco (EP), Campania (IT), Norte (PT) and Severozapadan (BG), the regions were ranked on the relatively high or low end of the entire sample of 172 EU regions. In other cases, the regions demonstrated high or low QoG relative to their geographic position in the EU, such as Wallonie (BE), Nord Vest (RO), Estonia and Jihozapad (CZ). The general hope in this more qualitative part of the report was to corroborate the results of the survey data in Part III and to produce findings from both high and low QoG regions from which general advice for other regions can be deduced along with possible specific policy recommendations. Second, a fairly even distribution of EU-15 and New Member States (NMS) was selected. EU-15 regions come from Sweden, Italy, Belgium, Spain and Portugal, while the NMS regions come from Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech Republic and Estonia. This was done to acknowledge the diverse challenges that face regions in different parts of the EU and the relatively different levels of economic and political development observed among the cases. 2. Methodology of the Case Studies The ten case studies in this report follow the same methodology. First, each researcher was assigned a region and gathered background information on demographics, indicators of economic and social development, the EU’s recent impact, and the history and significance of the region. -
Handbook on Judaica Provenance Research: Ceremonial Objects
Looted Art and Jewish Cultural Property Initiative Salo Baron and members of the Synagogue Council of America depositing Torah scrolls in a grave at Beth El Cemetery, Paramus, New Jersey, 13 January 1952. Photograph by Fred Stein, collection of the American Jewish Historical Society, New York, USA. HANDBOOK ON JUDAICA PROVENANCE RESEARCH: CEREMONIAL OBJECTS By Julie-Marthe Cohen, Felicitas Heimann-Jelinek, and Ruth Jolanda Weinberger ©Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, 2018 Table of Contents Foreword, Wesley A. Fisher page 4 Disclaimer page 7 Preface page 8 PART 1 – Historical Overview 1.1 Pre-War Judaica and Jewish Museum Collections: An Overview page 12 1.2 Nazi Agencies Engaged in the Looting of Material Culture page 16 1.3 The Looting of Judaica: Museum Collections, Community Collections, page 28 and Private Collections - An Overview 1.4 The Dispersion of Jewish Ceremonial Objects in the West: Jewish Cultural Reconstruction page 43 1.5 The Dispersion of Jewish Ceremonial Objects in the East: The Soviet Trophy Brigades and Nationalizations in the East after World War II page 61 PART 2 – Judaica Objects 2.1 On the Definition of Judaica Objects page 77 2.2 Identification of Judaica Objects page 78 2.2.1 Inscriptions page 78 2.2.1.1 Names of Individuals page 78 2.2.1.2 Names of Communities and Towns page 79 2.2.1.3 Dates page 80 2.2.1.4 Crests page 80 2.2.2 Sizes page 81 2.2.3 Materials page 81 2.2.3.1 Textiles page 81 2.2.3.2 Metal page 82 2.2.3.3 Wood page 83 2.2.3.4 Paper page 83 2.2.3.5 Other page 83 2.2.4 Styles -
1.9 Effective TB Control: WHO Strategy for Controlling Tuberculosis
The work upon which this publication is based was performed in part under Grant Agreement 118-G-00-99-00112 (WHO) and PASA 118-P-00-98-00165 (DHHS/CDC) funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. Additional funding was provided by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003 1 Introduction: Managing TB at the Raion Level Module 1 – Table of Contents 1.1 Purpose of the Course .........................................................................................1 1.2 Target Audience..................................................................................................1 1.3 Organization of the Course .................................................................................1 1.3.1 Course Materials To Be Used....................................................................... 1 1.3.2 The Role of a Facilitator............................................................................... 3 1.4 Course Goal and Objectives................................................................................3 1.5 TB Transmission .................................................................................................5 1.6 Global and Regional Burden of TB.....................................................................5 1.7 TB Burden in Russia ...........................................................................................6 -
Polish-Ukrainian Borderland Cultural Heritage Bridges—Lesson Drawn from Forced Population Relocation
sustainability Article Polish-Ukrainian Borderland Cultural Heritage Bridges—Lesson Drawn from Forced Population Relocation Bohdan Cherkes ,Józef Hernik , Karol Król * and Magdalena Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 253c, 30-198 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (B.C.); [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (M.W.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Due to the turbulent history, unstable political situation, and the diverse ethnic composition of the population, there are numerous and varied cultural heritage objects in the Polish-Ukrainian borderland area, which has also developed characteristic landscape forms. The aim of the paper is to identify the elements of Polish cultural heritage that have remained in the collective memory of inhabitants of the Ukrainian side of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland 75 years after the forced relocation. The questionnaire survey was carried out in 2019 in selected cities of Eastern Galicia, namely, Zhovkva, Mostyska, Horodok, and Rava-Ruska. The study demonstrated that even 75 years after the forced relocation, Polish cultural heritage is still alive and has an effect on the development of the border towns and cities of Eastern Galicia. It is the elements of non-material culture, including the gastronomic culture of relocated nations, that have been preserved the best in the collective memory of borderland inhabitants. The Ukrainian population also demonstrated a good knowledge of Polish traditions and Catholic feasts as well as folk songs and Christmas carols. These are “cultural heritage bridges” that may serve as both a forum for mutual understanding and a platform for a Citation: Cherkes, B.; Hernik, J.; dialogue and cooperation. -
Russia's Soft Underbelly
RUSSIA’S SOFT UNDERBELLY: THE STABILITY OF INSTABILITY IN DAGESTAN Edward W. Walker Winter 2000 Edward W. Walker is Executive Director of the Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post- Soviet Studies at UC Berkeley Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Diahanna Lynch and Laura Henry for their research assistance; Sergei Arutiunov, Victoria E. Bonnell, George W. Breslauer, M. Steven Fish, Johanna Nichols, Ronald G. Suny, and Robert Ware for their helpful suggestions on earlier drafts; and Denise Monczewski and Alexandra Patten for their copy editing and production work. Support for the publication of this working paper comes from the National Security Education Program. A color version of this map can be found on the Internet at http://www.caspian.net/peoples.gif. 1 Introduction In the first week of August 1999, some 1,000-2,000 armed militants entered into the Republic of Dagestan from the breakaway region of Chechnya (Ichkeria) in an effort to “liberate” Dagestan from Russian occupation. Apparently comprised of a mix of Chechens, Dagestanis, and Islamic militants from Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Arab world, and possibly elsewhere, the Chechen-based insurgents were nominally directed by an organization called the United Headquarters of Daghestan Mujahadin and commanded by the Chechen guerilla “field commander,” Shamil Basaev, and his ally, a mysterious Jordanian or Saudi citizen of unknown ethnic background who goes by the name “Khattab.”1 The previous year, Basaev had been a central figure in the formation of the Congress of Peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan (CPCD), the main platform of which was the unification of Chechnya and Dagestan into a single independent Islamic state. -
Koryak Autonomous Okrug
CHUKOTKA Russian Far East Ayanka Severo-Kamchatsk Slautnoe Oklan MAGADAN Manily Kamenskoe Paren Talovka PENZHINSKY OLYUTORSKY Achavayam Verkhnie Pakhachi Srednie Pakhachi Khailino Pakhachi a Apuka e Tilichiki S Korf Vyvenka g k n s i t SKY Tymlat r ¯ o Lesnaya Ossora e h Karaga B km PALANA k 100 P! KARAGIN Karagin O Island Ivashka f Voyampolka o a Sedanka Tigil e TIGILSKY Map 9.1 S Kovran Ust-Khairyuzovo Koryak Autonomous Khairyuzovo Okrug 301,500 sq. km KORYAKIA KAMCHATKA By Newell and Zhou / Sources: Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002; ESRI, 2002. 312 Ⅲ THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST Newell, J. 2004. The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development. McKinleyville, CA: Daniel & Daniel. 466 pages CHAPTER 9 Koryak Autonomous Okrug (Koryakia) Location The Koryak Autonomous Okrug (Koryakia) covers the northern two-thirds of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the adjoining mainland, and several islands, the largest of which is Karaginsky Island. The northern border with Chukotka and Magadan Oblast runs along the tops of ridges, marking Koryakia as a separate watershed from those territories. The southern border with Kamchatka Oblast marks the beginning of Eurasia’s most dramatic volcanic landscape. Size 301,500 sq. km, or about the size of the U.S. state of Arizona. Climate Koryakia’s subarctic climate is moderated by the Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacifi c. January temperatures average about –25°c, and July temperatures average 10°c to 14°c. Average annual precipitation for the region is between 300 and 700 mm. Inland areas in the north have a more continental and drier climate, and areas around the Sea of Okhotsk tend to be cooler in winter and summer than those on the Pacifi c shore. -
Country Compendium
Country Compendium A companion to the English Style Guide July 2021 Translation © European Union, 2011, 2021. The reproduction and reuse of this document is authorised, provided the sources and authors are acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The right holders and authors shall not be liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. CONTENTS Introduction ...............................................................................1 Austria ......................................................................................3 Geography ................................................................................................................... 3 Judicial bodies ............................................................................................................ 4 Legal instruments ........................................................................................................ 5 Government bodies and administrative divisions ....................................................... 6 Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals ................................................... 6 Belgium .....................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Judicial bodies .......................................................................................................... 10 Legal instruments ..................................................................................................... -
Note on the Impact of the Ongoing Decentralization Process in Communities Affected by the Conflict in the Eastern Region March 2021
Note on the Impact of the ongoing Decentralization Process in communities affected by the conflict in the Eastern region March 2021 Background and Current state of the art The ongoing decentralization reform in Ukraine (started since 2014) has recently reached the stage of re-designing its sub-regional units – Raions - and finalizing the establishment of the Amalgamated Territorial Communities (ATC, or OTGs in Ukrainian)1. The latter process was formalized in 2020 both in Donetsk and Luhansk2, and became effective as of January 2021 with the following key immediate implications: i) a reduction on the overall number of raions, by merging existing ones. In Luhansk, the number of raions was reduced from 12 to 8 (of which 4 are in GCA); in Donetsk, from 18 to 8 (of which 5 are in GCA); ii) in some cases, the establishment of new geographical areas for the existing Raions’ in relation to coverage of ATC/OTGs – therefore, some ATC/OTGs are being incorporated in new Raions with whom they had no previous interlinkages3; iii) the transfer of functions on provision of essential services both at Raion State Administrations and ATCs/OTGs level as of January 2021. In this regard, the reforms are followed by a significant reduction in the number of staff at Raion level – considering that OTGs are as well expected to take over functions and hire their own staff. The abovementioned process goes in parallel with the setting up of new administrations and re-structuring of territorial boundaries and institutions in ATC/OTG levels alike. Regarding ATC/OTGs new administrations, while elections took place in most ATC/OTGs throughout the country in 2020, electoral processes were cancelled for security reasons4 in some areas along the contact line in Eastern Ukraine.