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Historiosil Revie-W Historiosil Revie-w The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI In 1863 George Caleb Bingham determined to paint on the subject of a military order issued by Union Brigadier General Thomas Ewing, who commanded the District of the Border in western Missouri. Ewing's General Orders No. 11, issued after the raid and massacre at Lawrence, Kansas, by Quantrill's Missouri guerrillas, was devised to rid the border of the bushwhackers and guerrillas and destroy their source of supply. The provisions of the order depopulated rural portions of Jackson, Cass, Bates and half of Vernon counties. The order, and the ruthless way it was enforced by Kansas Redleg soldiers, outraged Bingham who was an ardent supporter of the Union and an officer in the State Militia. He protested without success, and was then reported to have said to Ewing: "If you persist jn executing that order, I will make you infamous with pen and brush, as far as I am able." This second or final version of Bingham's "Order No. 11," also called "Martial Law," was exhibited by the artist to raise funds for the engraving of the subject by John Sartain. When the sale of the prints proved disappointing, Bingham gave the painting to fames S. Rollins, who had helped finance the engraving venture, as a settlement for his debt. The State Historical Society acquired Bingham's famous historical painting from the George Bingham Rollins family in 1945. The painting is included in the exhibition "Conflict: Men, Events and Artists." The exhibition is on display in the Society's gallery and corridor until late summer 1972 and can be viewed Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. For an account of the events leading up to and the effects of General Orders No. 11 see Ann D. Niepman's article, "General Orders No. 11 and Border Warfare during the Civil War" appearing in this issue. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 6=201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a VOLUME LXVI year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. NUMBER 2 JANUARY 1972 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1971-1974 WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Second Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Third Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fourth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Fifth Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1973 WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville JAMES OLSON, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW. Trenton JAMES TODD, Moberly ELMER ELLIS, Columbia T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1974 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City W. W. DALTON, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00. Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets I Columbia, Missouri 65201 ® iaigiis(siais[gi^^ iii CONTENTS IN THE EARNEST PURSUIT OF WEALTH: DAVID WALDO IN MISSOURI AND THE SOUTHWEST, 1820-1878. By James W. Goodrich 155 GENERAL ORDERS NO. 11 AND BORDER WARFARE DURING THE CIVIL WAR. By Ann D. Niepman 185 OPERATION HEADSTART: THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL KINDERGARTEN MOVEMENT. By Selwyn K. Troen 211 A PROGRESSIVE'S PROGRESS: THE CHANGING LIBERALISM OF CHARLES M. HAY OF MISSOURI. By Franklin D. Mitchell 230 AVIATION PROMOTION IN KANSAS CITY: 1925-1931. By James W. Leyerzapf 246 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Society Holds Annual Meeting 268 Erratum 269 Views from the Past: Missouri Mills 270 Editorial Policy 272 News in Brief 273 Local Historical Societies 276 Gifts 289 Missouri History in Newspapers 295 Missouri History in Magazines 299 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 303 In Memoriam 304 BOOK REVIEWS 306 BOOK NOTES 312 MISSOURI HOUN' DOG OUTLASTS THE MULE. By Hallie M. Barrow 315 HELEN GUTHRIE MILLER Inside Back Cover Bartlett, Explorations & Incidents In the Earnest Pursuit of Wealth: David Waldo in Missouri and the Southwest, 1820-1878 BY JAMES W. GOODRICH* On December 31, 1857, when farmer-mercantile-capitalist David Waldo, then in his fifty-fifth year, reflected upon his past life, he noted in his dairy that he was growing old both physically and mentally. He wrote: "An apathy has come over me in regard to making money or even taking care of what I . have made, that is passing strange to me who has spent most of his life in the earnest pursuit of wealth."1 Waldo, indeed, had spent most of his years attempting to compile a considerable fortune, and *James W. Goodrich is an associate editor of the REVIEW. i David Waldo Diaries 1852 and 1857, in Waldo Papers, Missouri His­ torical Society, St. Louis. A brief biographical sketch of David Waldo by Stella Drumm appears in Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1936), XIX, 332-333. 155 156 Missouri Historical Review through perserverance, intelligence, shrewdness and no small amount of luck he had accomplished his goal. His quest for eco­ nomic betterment had taken him to Missouri and the Southwest. And, in these areas he had witnessed or participated in some of the important nineteenth-century events that occurred in the trans- Mississippi West. He belonged to that breed of men who were prepared to explore any venture that might return economic gain. Waldo had been born on April 30, 1802, in Harrison County, Virginia. One of twelve children born to Jedediah and Polly Waldo, David migrated to Missouri in 1820, and traveled directly to Gasconade County where two of his older brothers already had settled. Like their father, the Waldo brothers were primarily agrarians.2 Besides farming each of the brothers held positions or actively participated in the county government. David won appointment in 1822 as county assessor and clerk of the circuit court, and in 1824 as county treasurer.3 In 1826, however, he left Gasconade County for a short period of time to pursue other interests, and did so time and time again thereafter until he left the Gasconade area permanently. His first departure from Gasconade County took place in the interest of obtaining a medical education. Before coming to Mis­ souri Waldo had rafted logs up and down the Ohio River and he decided to resume the rafting of logs to obtain funds needed for his new undertaking. In the pineries along the Gasconade River he and some hired men cut a quantity of logs and floated them down the Gasconade, the Missouri and Mississippi rivers to St. Louis. There Waldo sold his logs for five hundred dollars, paid off his employees, and with some additional money borrowed from an older brother, Daniel, he traveled with a companion to Lexington, 2 Ibid., 332; Waldo Lincoln, comp., Genealogy of the Waldo Family A Record of the Descendants of Cornelius Waldo of Ipswich Mass.
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