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Low Impact Development Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound January 2005

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Puget Sound Action Team • Washington State University Pierce County Extension LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR PUGET SOUND JANUARY 2005 P.O. Box 40900 3049 S. 36th St., Suite 300 Olympia, WA 98504-0900 Tacoma, WA 98409-5701 (360) 725-5444 / (800) 54-SOUND (253) 798-7180 www.psat.wa.gov www.pierce.wsu.edu Author: Curtis Hinman Project lead and editor: Bruce Wulkan Research assistant: Colleen Owen Design and layout: Toni Weyman Droscher Illustrations: AHBL Civil and Structural Engineers and Planners, except where noted Additional editorial assistance/proofreading: Harriet Beale and TC Christian Cover art, clockwise from top of page: Green street concept (AHBL). Vegetated roof, Multnomah County building in Portland, Oregon (Erica Guttman). Permeable concrete walkway and parking area, Whidbey Island (Greg McKinnon). Permeable paver detail (Gary Anderson). Bioretention swale, Seattle (Seattle Public Utilities). PIN pier section (Rick Gagliano). Publication No. PSAT 05-03 To obtain this publication in an alternative format, contact the Action Team’s ADA Coordinator at (360) 725-5444. The Action Team’s TDD number is (800) 833-6388. C Printed on recycled paper using vegetable-based inks. Representatives from the following groups serve on the Puget Sound Action Team: Local Government City of Burien, representing Puget Sound cities Whatcom County, representing Puget Sound counties Washington State Government, directors of the following agencies Community, Trade, and Economic Development Conservation Commission Department of Agriculture Department of Ecology Department of Fish & Wildlife Department of Health Department of Natural Resources Department of Transportation Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation Parks and Recreation Commission Tribal Government Tulalip Tribes, representing Puget Sound Tribes Federal Government (Ex-officio) NOAA Fisheries U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Fish and Wildlife Acknowledgements Advisory Committee Mark Blosser Project Engineer, City of Olympia Public Works Department Derek Booth Director, Center for Water and Watershed Studies, University of Washington Steve Foley Senior Engineer, King County Department of Natural Resources, Drainage Services Section Andy Haub Project Engineer, City of Olympia Public Works Department Tom Holz Hydrologic Services Manager, SCA Engineering Kas Kinkead Landscape Architect and Principal, Cascade Design Collaborative Curtis Koger Principal, P.G., P.E.G., P.Hg., Associated Earth Sciences Chris May Senior Research Scientist, Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory Ed O’Brien Environmental Engineer, P.E., Washington Department of Ecology Howard Stenn Stenn Design Tracy Tackett Senior Civil Engineer, Seattle Public Utilities Chris Webb Professional Engineer and Principal, 2020 Engineering, Inc. Bruce Wulkan Technical Coordination and Policy Specialist, Puget Sound Action Team Len Zickler AICP, ASLA and Principal, AHBL Engineers Contributors James Barborinas ISA Certifi ed Arborist, ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist, Urban Forestry Services, Inc. Tom Cahill Professional Engineer and Principal, Cahill Associates Rick Gagliano President, Pin Foundations, Inc. Andrew Gersen GravelPave2 Specialist, Wm. A. Matzke Co., Inc. Erica Guttman Coordinator, Native Plant Salvage Project, WSU Extension Thurston County Robin Kirschbaum P.E., Water Resources Project Engineer, Herrera Environmental Consultants Greg McKinnon Operations Manager, Stoneway Concrete David Parisi Paving System Specialist, Mutual Materials Tim Pope President, Northwest Water Source Steve Schmidt Project Engineer, Pin Foundations, Inc. Dave Smith Technical Director, Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute Craig Tossomeen Project Engineer, City of Olympia Public Works Department Funding This manual was produced through a Section 319 Grant from the Department of Ecology and administered by the Puget Sound Action Team. Table of Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose of this Manual ..................................................................................................................................2 How this Manual is Organized .....................................................................................................................3 Low Impact Development Applications .......................................................................................................3 Chapter 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................................................5 1.1 Puget Sound Hydrology .....................................................................................................................5 1.2 Impacts of Urbanization .....................................................................................................................6 1.3 Current Stormwater Management ................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Low Impact Development ................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 2: Site Assessment ................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Soil Analysis .......................................................................................................................................18 2.2 Hydrologic Patterns and Features ....................................................................................................18 2.3 Native Forest and Soil Conservation Areas ....................................................................................19 2.4 Wetlands .............................................................................................................................................19 2.5 Riparian Management Areas ........................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Floodplains .........................................................................................................................................22 2.7 Site Mapping Process ........................................................................................................................23 Chapter 3: Site Planning and Layout .............................................................................................27 3.1 Roads, Driveways and Parking ........................................................................................................28 3.2 Road Crossings ..................................................................................................................................43 3.3 Street Trees ........................................................................................................................................44 3.4 Lot Layout ..........................................................................................................................................46 3.5 Building Design ................................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 4: Vegetation Protection, Reforestation, and Maintenance .............................53 4.1 Native Vegetation Protection ............................................................................................................54 4.2 Reforestation ......................................................................................................................................58 4.3 Maintenance ......................................................................................................................................60 Chapter 5: Clearing and Grading ...................................................................................................... 61 5.1 Techniques to Minimize Site Disturbance ......................................................................................62 Chapter 6: Integrated Management Practices ............................................................................65 6.1 Bioretention Areas ............................................................................................................................65 6.2 Amending Construction Site Soils ...................................................................................................90 6.3 Permeable Paving ..............................................................................................................................97 6.4 Vegetated Roofs ...............................................................................................................................122 6.5 Minimal Excavation Foundation Systems ......................................................................................128 6.6 Roof Rainwater Collection Systems ............................................................................................... 133 Chapter 7: Washington Department of Ecology—Low Impact Development Design and Flow Modeling Guidance ............................................................................................ 141 7.1 Permeable Pavements .................................................................................................................... 142 7.2 Dispersion ......................................................................................................................................
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