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Registration Report for a Historic Place Holy Trinity Church (Anglican), New Plymouth

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Registration Report for a Historic Place Holy Trinity Church (Anglican), New Plymouth New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga Registration Report for a Historic Place Holy Trinity Church (Anglican), New Plymouth Holy Trinity Church, July 2010 (B. Wagstaff, NZHPT) Blyss Wagstaff and Karen Astwood Last amended 6 June 2012 New Zealand Historic Places Trust © TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. IDENTIFICATION 5 1.1. Name of Place 5 1.2. Location Information 5 1.3. Current Legal Description 5 1.4. Physical Extent of Place Assessed for Registration 5 1.5. Identification Eligibility 6 1.6. Physical Eligibility as an Historic Place 6 2. SUPPORTING INFORMATION 7 2.1. Historical Description and Analysis 7 2.2. Physical Description and Analysis 16 2.3. Chattels 20 2.4. Key Physical Dates 21 2.5. Construction Professionals 21 2.6. Construction Materials 22 2.7. Former Uses 22 2.8. Current Uses 22 2.9. Discussion of Sources 22 3. SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT 27 3.1. Section 23 (1) Assessment 27 3.2. Section 23 (2) Assessment 29 4. OTHER INFORMATION 32 4.1. Associated NZHPT Registrations 32 4.2. Heritage Protection Measures 32 5. APPENDICES 34 5.1. Appendix 1: Visual Identification Aids 34 5.2. Appendix 2: Visual Aids to Historical Information 38 5.3. Appendix 3: Visual Aids to Physical Information 41 5.4. Appendix 4: Significance Assessment Information 47 Holy Trinity Church Historic Place Report 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Holy Trinity Church was originally opened in early 1845, and as such was the first established Anglican church in Taranaki. When constructed it was referred to as Te Henui Church after its location, which is now known as the eastern New Plymouth suburb of Fitzroy. The Taranaki region is thought to have been settled by Maori at least 700 years ago, and archaeological evidence suggests that pa were being built in the area as early as the fifteenth century. The area which would become the town of New Plymouth was populated by the people of the Te Atiawa iwi. New Plymouth was the site for New Zealand’s second European colony. In 1841 the first colonists arrived there, and George Augustus Selwyn (1809-1878) was appointed the Bishop of New Zealand. Selwyn visited New Plymouth in October 1842, and set about organising buildings for the fledgling parish. Sites were chosen for Holy Trinity Church and St Mary’s Church (1846) in central New Plymouth, as well as Te Henui Vicarage (1845). Reverend William Bolland (1820-1847) was appointed to be the Deacon in charge of New Plymouth, and along with architect Frederick Thatcher (1814-1890) they began the building process, using funds from Bishop Selwyn to construct Holy Trinity Church. This initial building was meant as a temporary structure, but because of the Taranaki Wars of the 1860s a more permanent version was not forthcoming until 1872, when board and battens and shingles replaced the existing rustic cladding materials. The period of conflict was economically and socially devastating, but the Anglican Church weathered the storm through the leadership of Henry Govett (1819-1903), the first Archdeacon of Taranaki. Govett fostered the parish for over 50 years, during which he was closely associated with Holy Trinity Church. The current building is the result of the incorporation of the original building into various expansions. Having been altered in 1872, in 1888 the building was then divided in two to accommodate the creation of transepts. Since then three further significant projects have expanded the size of the building, transforming the small and simple initial building into a modestly sized timber church. The Gothic Revival inspired features of the building reference many other ecclesiastical buildings that Selwyn and Thatcher created together. Holy Trinity Church is of special historic significance for its direct association with the establishment of the Church of England in New Zealand. The Holy Trinity Church Historic Place Report 3 association of the place with Bishop Selwyn who is of national historical importance, and figures of considerable local significance, Reverend Bolland and Archdeacon Govett, has relevance as these people shaped the Church in the mid nineteenth century. The original building was a rare survivor of the Taranaki Wars, an aspect which is also historically noteworthy. Holy Trinity Church also has architectural importance because of its associations with Frederick Thatcher and significant local architects, James Sanderson and Francis John (Frank) Messenger. Holy Trinity Church Historic Place Report 4 1 1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1. Name of Place Name: Holy Trinity Church (Anglican) Other Names: Church of England, Te Henui; Church of England, Fitzroy; Fitzroy Anglican Church; Henui Chapel; Henui Church; Te Henui Church; Te Henui Anglican Church; Weekestown Chapel; Weekestown Church 1.2. Location Information Address 12 Henui Street Fitzroy New Plymouth Taranaki Additional Location Information When travelling east along Devon Street East from central New Plymouth, Henui Street is the road to the north at the intersection of Devon Street East, Paynters Avenue and Henui Street. Occupying most of the land on the west side is the section where Holy Trinity Church and other church buildings are located. Local Authority: New Plymouth District Council 1.3. Current Legal Description Pt Sec 91 Fitzroy District (CT TN123/84), Taranaki Land District 1.4. Physical Extent of Place Assessed for Registration Extent includes the land described as Pt Sec 91 Fitzroy District (CT TN123/84), 1 This section is supplemented by visual aids in Appendix 1 of the report. Holy Trinity Church Historic Place Report 5 Taranaki Land District and the grounds and the building known as Holy Trinity Church thereon, and its fittings and fixtures and its following chattels: the picture of Reverend Govett, and the needlework image of The Last Supper, the font, credence table, clergy stalls, lectern, and altar. The extent of registration excludes the Parish Hall, and vicarage buildings north of the church but includes the Norfolk pine to the north of the section, said to have been planted by Bishop Selwyn. (Refer to map in Appendix 1 of the registration report for further information). 1.5. Identification Eligibility There is sufficient information included in this report to identify this place. 1.6. Physical Eligibility as an Historic Place This place consists of land and a building that is affixed to land that lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand. This place is therefore physically eligible for consideration as a historic place. Holy Trinity Church Historic Place Report 6 2. SUPPORTING INFORMATION 2.1. Historical Description and Analysis The Taranaki region is thought to have been settled by Maori at least 700 years ago.2 Archaeological evidence suggests that pa were being built in the area, which surrounds Mount Taranaki, as early as the fifteenth century.3 A number of iwi hold mana whenua in the west coast of the region, including Ngati Tama and Ngati Mutunga, Te Atiawa and Taranaki. The area which would become New Plymouth was initially populated by hapu of Taranaki, and then Te Atiawa. Te Atiawa affiliate with the waka Tokomaru and are said to descend from the semi-divine origins of ancestor Awanuiarangi, whose people moved south from Northland to the Bay of Plenty and Taranaki.4 The tribal rohe (district) occupies coastal land from Onuku Taipari north to Te Rau o te Huia, stretching inland for several kilometres to a promontory on the north-east slopes of Mount Taranaki.5 Te Henui, the area following the course of the Te Henui Stream, is recognised as an area of historic and ecological importance.6 In the wider vicinity of the Holy Trinity Church there are the remains of three former pa sites.7 Tribes from Waikato raided Taranaki and Whanganui in the late 18th century, and warfare continued until the late 1830s. Also in the early 19th century, other tribes from the north raided Taranaki, armed with muskets, and enslaved some and took them north.8 The Ngati Toa tribe of Kawhia was also under pressure from Waikato tribes, and they migrated to the Kapiti coast and Wellington area around 1822–1824. On passing through the Taranaki region they were joined by some people of the Te Atiawa, Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama tribes. These upheavals and the depopulation of the area altered the balance of power. Between 1834 and 1837 Taranaki iwi defeated Waikato iwi in three battles in 2 Walton, A. Archaeology of the Taranaki-Wanganui Region. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 2000, p.6 3 Prickett, Nigel, Historic Taranaki: An Archaeological Guide, GP Books, Wellington, 1990, p. 5-7 4 Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Maori Peoples of New Zealand: Nga Iwi o Aotearoa, David Bateman/Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, 2006, pp.226-227 5 Ibid. p. 227 6 New Plymouth District Council, ‘Te Henui Walkway”, http://www.newplymouthnz.com/VisitingNewPlymouth/Attractions/Walkways/TeHenuiWalkway.htm (Accessed 11 January 2011) 7 Pa sites recorded in the NZAA site recording scheme are P19/148: Pukewarangi, and P19/152: Wharepapa (Fort Niger); Puketarata Pa is also noted as being nearby on the Henui Stream. 8 Te Miringa Hōhaia. 'Taranaki tribe - Relationships with other tribes', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 6-Apr-10, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/taranaki-tribe/2 Holy Trinity Church Historic Place Report 7 the area and finally a sacred peace known as ‘Hou-hou-rongo’ was negotiated.9 European whalers initially arrived along the Taranaki coast in the first half of the nineteenth century, and generally integrated themselves relatively harmoniously
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