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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR*

THE FLOODS OF PART 3. POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER RIVERS

Prepared in cooperation with the FEDERAL EMERGENCY ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC WORKS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director

Water-Supply Paper 800

THE FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 PART 3. POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

NATHAN C. GROVER, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

With a section on the WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 By STEPHEN LICHTBLAU, U. S. Weather Bureau

Prepared in cooperation with the FEDERAL EMERGENCY ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC WORKS

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1937

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------Price 45 cents CONTENTS

Abstract...... i Introduction...... 2 Authorization...... 5 Administration and personnel...... 5 Acknowledgments...... 6 General features of the storms...... 8 Weather associated with the floods of March 1936, by Stephen Lichtblau...... 12 Floods of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers...... 32 Meteorologic and hydrologic conditions...... 41 Precipitation records...... 42 General...... 42 Distribution of rainfall...... 42 Snow...... 59 General...... 59 Observations of snow depth...... 65 Temperature...... 72 Frost in the ground...... 74 Determination of flood discharges...... 75 General discussion...... 75 Extension of rating curves for river-measurement stations...... 77 Computation of flow over dams...... 78 Computation of flow from slope-area observations...... 80 Computation of flow through contracted openings...... 83 Stages and discharges at river-measurement stations during the flood period...... 83 Explanation of data...... 84 Basin...... 96 North Branch of Potomac River at Bloomington, Md...... 96 North Branch of Potomac River near Cumberland, Md...... 97 Potomac River at Hancock, Md...... 98 Potomac River at Shepherdstown, W. Va...... 99 Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Md...... 100 Potomac River near Washington, D. C...... 101 at Bloomington, Md...... 102 Georges Creek at Franklin, Md...... 103 Wills Creek near Cumberland, Md...... 104 Evitts Creek near Bedford Valley, Pa...... 105 South Branch of Potomac River near Petersburg, W. Va...... 106 South Branch of Potomac River near Springfield, W. Va...... 107 Cacapon River near Great Cacapon, W. Va...... 108 Licking Creek near Sylvan, Pa...... 109 at Fairview, Md...... 110 near Sharpsburg, Md...... Ill North River near Burketown, Va...... 112 South Fork of Shenandoah River near Lynnwood, Va...... 113 South Fork of Shenandoah River at Front Royal, Va...... 114 Shenandoah River at Millville, W. Va...... 115 near Grottoes, Va...... 116 at Waynesboro, Va...... 117 South River at Harriston, Va...... 118 North Fork of Shenandoah River at Cootes Store, Va...... 119 North Fork of Shenandoah River near Strasburg, Va...... 120 Passage Creek at Buckton, Va...... 121 at Jug Bridge, near Frederick, Md...... 122 Owens Creek at Lahtz, Md...... 123 near Frederick, Md...... 124 Goose Creek near Leesburg, Va...... 125 Seneca Creek at Dawsonville, Md...... 126 Difficult Run near Great Falls, Va...... 127 Rock Creek at Sherrill Drive, Washington, D. C...... 128 Rappahannock River Basin...... 129 Rappahannock River at Kellys Ford, Va...... 129 Rapidan River near Culpeper, Va...... 130 York River Basin...... 131 North Anna River near Doswell, Va...... 131 South Anna River near Ashland, Va...... 132 James River Basin...... 133 Jackson River at Falling Spring, Va...... 133 James River at Lick Run, Va...... 134 James River at Buchanan, Va...... 135 III IV CONTENTS

Stages and discharges at river-measurement stations during the flood period Continued. James River Basin 'Continued. Page James River at Holcombs Rock, Va...... 136 James River at Bent Creek, Va...... 137 James River at Scottsville, Va...... 138 James River at Cartersville, Va...... 139 James River near Richmond, Va...... 140 Dunlap Creek near Covington, Va...... 141 Potts Creek near Covington, Va...... 142 Cowpasture River near Clifton Forge, Va...... 143 Craig Creek at Parr, Va...... 144 Johns Creek at Newcastle, Va...... 145 Catawba Creek near Fincastle, Va...... 146 Calfpasture River at Goshen, Va...... 147 North River at Rockbridge Baths, Va...... 148 North River near Lexington, Va...... 149 Kerrs Creek near Lexington, Va...... 150 Tye River at Roseland, Va...... 151 Hardware River near Scottsvllle, Va...... 152 Rivanna River at Palmyra, Va...... 153 Appomattox River at Farmville, Va...... 154 Appomattox River at Mattoax, Va...... 155 Appomattox River near Petersburg, Va...... 156 Roanoke River Basin...... 157 Roanoke River near Clover, Va...... 157 Ohio River Basin...... 158 Allegheny River at Larabee, Pa...... 158 Allegheny River at Red House, N. Y...... 159 Allegheny River at Franklin, Pa...... 160 Allegheny River at Barkers Landing, Pa...... 161 Ohio River at , Pa...... 162 Ohio River at Sewickley, Pa...... 163 Ohio River at Wheeling, W. Va...... 164 Ohio River at Pomeroy, Ohio...... 165 Ohio River at Huntington, W. Va...... 166 Ohio River at , Ohio...... 167 Ohio River at Ashland, Ky...... 168 Ohio River at Louisville, Ky...... 168 Ohio River at Cannelton, Ind...... 169 Ohio River at Golconda, 111...... 169 Ohio River at Metropolis, 111...... 170 Chadakoin River at Falconer, N. Y...... 171 Clarion River near Piney, Pa...... 171 Redbank Creek at St. Charles, Pa...... 172 Mahoning Creek near Dayton, Pa...... 173 Crooked Creek near Ford City, Pa...... 174 Stony Creek at Johnstown, Pa...... 175 Quemahoning Reservoir near Hollsopple, Pa...... 176 Kiskiminetas River at Avonmore, Pa...... 177 Blacklick Creek at Blacklick, Pa...... 178 Loyalhanna Creek at New Alexandria, Pa...... 179 Tygart River near Dailey, W. Va...... 180 Tygart River at Belington, W. Va...... 181 Tygart River at Fetterman, W. Va...... 182 Monongahela River at Morgantown, W. Va...... 183 Monongahela River at Charleroi, Pa...... 184 Buckhannon River at Hall, W. Va...... 185 West Fork River at Butcherville, W. Va...... 186 West Fork River at Clarksburg, W. Va...... 187 West Fork River at Enterprise, W. Va...... 188 Buffalo Creek at Barrackville, W. Va...... 189 Cheat River near Parsons, W. Va...... 190 Cheat River at Rowlesburg, W. Va...... 191 Cheat River near Pisgah, W. Va...... 192 Blackwater River at Davis, W. Va...... 193 Big Sandy Creek at Rockville, W. Va...... 194 South Fork of at Jefferson, Pa...... 195 Youghlogheny River at Connellsville, Pa...... 196 at Sutersville, Pa...... 197 at Markleton, Pa...... 198 Big Piney Run near Salisbury, Pa...... 199 Laurel Hill Creek at Ursina, Pa...... 200 Turtle Creek at Trafford, Pa...... 201 Beaver River at Wampum, Pa...... 202 CONTENTS V

Stages and discharges at river-measurement stations during the flood period Continued. Ohio River Basin Continued. Page Connoquenessing Creek at Hazen, Pa...... 203 Slippery Rock Creek at Wurtemburg, Pa...... 204 Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio...... 205 Middle Island Creek at Little, W. Va...... 206 Muskingum River at McConnelsville, Ohio...... 207 Little Eanawha River at Grantsville, W. Va...... 208 Hocking River at Athens, Ohio...... 209 Kanawha River at Kanawha Palls, W. Va...... 210 Greenbrier River at Alderson, W. Va...... 211 at Queen Shoals, W. Va...... 212 Coal River at Ashford, W. Va...... 213 Little Coal River at Madison, W. Va...... 214 Guy an dot River at Branchland, W. Va...... 215 Levisa Fork at Faintsville, Ky...... 216 Tug Pork near Hermit, W. Va...... 217 Scioto River at Higby, Ohio...... 218 Little Miami River at Milford, Ohio...... 219 East Pork of Little Miami River at Perintown, Ohio...... 220 Licking River at Catawba, Ky...... 221 Miami River at Hamilton, Ohio...... 222 Whitewater River at Brookville, Ind...... 223 River at Lock 2, at Lockport, Ky...... 224 Blue River near White Cloud, Ind...... 225 Green River at Livermore, Ky...... 226 W abash River at Mount Camel, 111...... 227 Little Wabash River at Wilcox, 111...... 228 Skillet Pork at Wayne City, 111...... 229 Cumberland River at Clarksville, Term...... 230 Tennessee River near Johnsonville, Term...... 231 Big Sandy River at Bruceton, Term...... 232 Cache River at Porman, 111...... 233 Stages at river-measurement stations on the Ohio River...... 234 Summary of flood discharges...... 256 Storage...... 275 Rainfall and run-off studies...... 277 Method of analysis...... 277 Discussion of results...... 281 Potomac River Basin...... 291 Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke River Basins...... 295 Upper Ohio River Basin...... 300 Allegheny River Basin...... 300 Monongahela River Basin...... 303 Plood crests...... 306 Records of previous floods...... 324 Potomac River Basin...... 325 James River Basin...... 335 Ohio River Basin...... 340 Index...... 347

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page Plate 1. A, Debris left by the flood at Johnstown, Pa.j B, Steel mills on the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh, Pa., inundated by the flood waters...... 34 2. A, Airport at Washington, D. C., covered by flood waters of the Potomac River, , 1936; B, Constructing temporary dikes at Richmond, Va., to protect against overflow from the James River...... 35 3. A, Ice conditions on the Ohio River at Vanport, Pa., , 1936, before the floodsj B, Evidences of the power of flood waters on the Kisktminetas River at West Leechburg, Pa...... 74 4. A, After the flood at the river-measurement station on the South Branch of the Potomac River near Springfield, W. Va.; B, Scene on the Potomac River at Pawpaw, W. Va., noon, , 1936...... 75 VI ILLUSTRATIONS

Page Plate 5. Slope-area reach on Stony Creek at Ferndale, Pa...... 82 6. Typical river-measurement stations...... 83 7. Flood scenes in Cumberland, Md., on the North Branch of the Potomac River*...... 102 8. Flood scenes on the North Branch of the Potomac River at Green Spring, W. Va...... 102 9. Potomac River at Hancock, Md...... 102 10. Potomac River at Williamsport, Md...... 103 11. A, Crest of the flood on the Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Md., , 1936; B, Looking downstream on the Potomac River flood at Hancock, Md., March 18, 1936...... 134 12. A, Flooded industrial section of Richmond, Va., on the James River; B, Overflow from the James River inun­ dates the main street of Scottsville, Va...... 135 13. A, Former location of six houses which were removed by the flood of March 1936 on the Kiskiminetas River at - North Vandergrift, Pa.; B, Flood conditions on the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh, Pa., March 18, 1936..... 166 14. A, The business section of Pittsburgh, Pa., at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, flooded almost to the second stories; B, Wheeling Is­ land and connecting bridges at Wheeling, W. Va., at the crest of the flood on the Ohio River...... 167 15. Two great floods at Harpers Ferry, W. Va., at the junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers...... 330 16. Chain Bridge, on the Potomac River above Washington, D. C., withstanding two great floods...... 331 Figure 1. Areas covered by the reports on the floods of March 1936 in the northeastern United States...... 3 2. Isohyetal map of the northeastern United States showing total precipitation, in inches, -13, 1936...... 7 3. Isohyetal map of the northeastern United States showing total precipitation, in inches, -19, 1936...... 8 4. Isohyetal map of the northeastern United States showing total precipitation, in inches, March 9-22, 1936...... 9 5. Map of the northeastern United States showing the depth, in inches, of the water content of snow on the ground, March 9, 1936...... 11 6. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., , 1936...... 21 7. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 16, 1936...... 22 8. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., March 16, 1936...... 23 9. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 17, 1936...... 24 10. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., March 17, 1936...... 25 11. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 18, 1936...... 26 12. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., March 18, 1936...... 27 13. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 19, 1936...... 28 14. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., March 19, 1936...... 29 15. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a..m. , , 1936...... 30 16. Vertical cross section of atmosphere, March 17, 1936..... 31 17. Isobaric chart at 10,000 feet altitude, March 17, 1936... 31 18. Drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers...... 33 19. Stages reached by the flood of March 1936 and previous known floods at various river-measurement stations in the Ohio River Basin...... 36 20. Drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coast­ al streams in ...... 37 21. Drainage basins of the Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adjacent streams in Virginia...... 38 22. Drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers.. 39 23. Region adjacent to the Ohio River between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cairo, 111...... 40 ILLUSTRATIONS VII

Figure 24. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams in Maryland, showing the total precipitation, in inches, March 9-13, 1936...... 49 25. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Rappa- hannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adja­ cent streams in Virginia, showing the total pre­ cipitation, in inches, March 9-13, 1936...... 50 26. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, showing the total precipi­ tation, in inches, March 9-13, 1936...... 51 27. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams in Maryland, show­ ing the total precipitation, in inches, March 16-19, 1936...... 52 28. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Rappa- hannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adja­ cent streams in Virginia, showing the total precipi­ tation, in inches, March 16-19, 1936...... 53 29. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, showing the total precipita­ tion, in Inches, March 16-19, 1936...... 54 30. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams in Maryland, show­ ing the total precipitation, In inches, March 9-22, 1936...... 55 31. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Rappa- hannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adja­ cent streams in Virginia, showing the total precipi­ tation, in inches, March 9-22, 1936...... 56 32. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, showing the total precipita­ tion, in inches, March 9-22, 1936...... 57 33. Hourly precipitation at various United States Weather Bureau precipitation stations, March 9-22, 1936...... 60 34. Map of the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams in Maryland, showing the depth, in inches, of the water content of snow on che ground, March 9, 1936...... 62 35. Map of the drainage basins of the Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adjacent streams in Virginia, showing the depth, in Inches, of the water content of snow on the ground, March 9, 1936...... 63 36. Map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monon­ gahela Rivers, showing the depth, in inches, pf the water content of snow on the ground on March 9, 1936.. 64 37. Dally range of temperatures and accumulated departure of mean monthly temperature from the normal at vari­ ous places in the drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers for the period November 1, 1935, to , 1936...... 73 38. Map, profile of high-water marks, and sections of the slope-area reach for Stony Creek at Perndale-, Pa...... 82 39. Typical graphs of stages and discharges at river- measurement stations plotted from records in this rep ort...... 86 40. Graphs of mean dally discharge at various river- measurement stations In the drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers for the period to , 1936...... 88 41. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement sta­ tions in the Potomac River Basin, -23, 1936... 89 42. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement sta­ tions on the James River, -23, 1936...... 90 43. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement sta­ tions on the Allegheny River, to , 1936...... 91 44. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement sta­ tions in the Monongahela River Basin, March 17-30, 1936...... 92 45. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement sta­ tions in the Allegheny River and Monongahela River Basins, March 8-31, 1936...... 93 VIII ILLUSTRATIONS

Page Figure 46. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement sta­ tions on the Ohio River, March 8 to April 30, 1936.... 94 47. Graphs of stage at various river-stage stations on the Ohio River, March 8 to , 1936...... 255 48. Map showing location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams in Maryland, March 1936...... 257 49. Map showing location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adjacent streams in Virginia, March 1936...... 258 50. Map showing location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, March 1936...... 259 51. Map showing location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the rivers in the region adjacent to the Ohio River between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cairo, 111., March 1936...... <,...... 260 52. Chart showing the maximum discharges, in second-feet per square mile, determined for various areas in or adjacent to the drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and Ohio Rivers, March 1936, as given in tables 11 and 12...... 261 53. Method of analysis used in determining direct run-off associated with each storm and total storm period, March 1936...... 279 54. Map of northeastern United States, showing isothermal lines of mean temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, March 9-22, 1936...... 289 55. Comparison of differences between precipitation plus water content of antecedent snow cover and run-off, in depth in inches, during flood periods of March 1936, for tributary basins of the Potomac River Basin...... <,... 293 56. Comparison of differences between precipitation and run-off, in depth in inches, during flood periods of March 1936, for tributary basins of the James River Basin...... 297 57. Profile of maximum crest stages on the Ohio River dur­ ing the floods of March 1936 and of the maximum crest stages previously known...... 323

TABLES

Page Table 1. Daily precipitation, in inches, March 1936...... 43 2. Total monthly precipitation and departure from normal, in inches, to ...... o... 58 3. Total monthly snowfall, in inches, December 1935 to February 1936...... 58 4. Snow depth, in inches, on ground at indicated dates, 1936...... 66 5. Snow depth, in inches, on ground at indicated dates, March 1936...... 69 6. Snow depth, in inches, on ground at indicated dates, March 1936...... 70 7. Snow depth, in inches, and equivalent water content, in inches, at points in the Blue Ridge, March 18 and 19, 1936...... 71 8. Gage height, in feet, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio River, 1936...... 235 9. Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River at indicated time, 1936...... 244 10. Altitude, in feet above mean sea level (1907 adjust­ ment), of zeroes of gagea at locks and dams on the Ohio River...... 254 11. Summary of flood discharges...... 262 12. Summary of flood stages and discharges for the Ohio River...... 274 TABLES IX

Page Table 13. Mean dally reservoir height, In feet above mean sea level, and corresponding contents, in millions of cubic feet, in retarding reservoirs of the Miami Con­ servancy District, February 1 to April 30, 1936...... 277 14<> Rainfall and run-off of floods of March 1936...... 282 15. Flood crest stages...... 507 16. Flood crest stages, Ohio River, 1936...... 322 17. Comparative maximum stages, in feet, of known major floods in the Potomac River Basin...... 326 18. Altitude, In feet, of recorded floods at Indicated places on the Allegheny River from Larabee, Pa., to Freeport, Pa...... 341 19. Altitude, in feet, of recorded floods at indicated places on Stony Creek and on the Conemaugh and Klski- minetas Rivers from Johnstown, Pa., to Vandergrift, Pa...... o.. , ...... 342 20. Altitude, In feet, of recorded floods on the Monongahela River at Old Lock No. 4...... 342 21. Altitude, in feet, of recorded floods at indicated places on the Youghiogheny River from Confluence, Pa., to Sutersville, Pa...... 343 22. Stage, In feet, for recorded floods on the Ohio River at Point Bridge, Pittsburgh, Pa...... 344 THE FLOODS OP MARCH 1956

PART 3. POTOMAC, JAMES, AMD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

ABSTRACT During the period March 9-22, 1936, there occurred In close succes­ sion over the northeastern United States, from the James and upper Ohio River Basins In Virginia and to the river basins of , two extraordinarily heavy storms, in which the precipitation was almost entirely in the form of rain. The depths of rainfall mark this period as one of the greatest concentrations of precipitation, in respect to time and magnitude of the area covered, of which there is record in this country. At the time of the rain there were also accumulations of snow on the ground over much of the storm-affected region that were large for the season. The snow supply was less, however, in- the southwestern part of the region, which is covered in this volume, and there was very little in the Potomac River Basin and none in the James River Basin. The compara­ tively warm temperatures associated with the storms thawed the snow, which added materially to the quantities of water to be disposed of by drainage into the waterways, by storage in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, by absorption in the ground, and, probably in comparatively negligible degree, by evaporation. The total quantity of water that had to be disposed of in these ways ranged between 10 and 30 inches in depth over much of the region but in the southwestern part treated in this volume, the range was between 5 and 12 inches. The water disposed of by natural storage, absorption, and evaporation amounted in the aggregate to average depths over the many river basins generally within the range of lj to 3 inches, with a signifi­ cant degree of uniformity and systematic areal distribution. The remain­ der of the rain and snow water, generally much larger or even several times larger in amount than surface storage, absorption, and evaporation, required accommodation by the channels of the brooks, creeks, and rivers. There were generally two distinct flood peaks over the flood area, but there was a notable exception to this rule in the upper Ohio River Basin, notably in the upper Allegheny River and upper Monongahela River, where the weather conditions produced a third flood peak on and 22 that was even higher than those preceding. There was no rise of con­ sequence at this time in the other basins of the flood area. In many of the northern basins of the flood area the destruction was seriously ag­ gravated by break-up of thick ice cover accumulated through a winter of exceptionally continuous and severe cold weather. 'The destruction due to ice was relatively less in the southern basins treated in this volume and occurred largely before the main flood period. The floods resulting from this combination of events were extraor­ dinarily devastating, and records of river stages extending on some streams back to or nearly to the time of settlement by white men were broken, many of them by wide margins. The peak of the Connecticut River at Hartford, Conn., was 8.6 feet higher than had been experienced since the settlement by white men, 300 years ago. The at Harrisburg, Pa., was 3.5 feet higher than had been known in a period of record covering about 200 years. The Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa., was 6.1 feet higher than had been known in the period beginning 1762. This volume presents many of the facts of these notable floods with respect to the basins of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers for permanent record and for study and reference by engineers concerned with the building of highways, bridges, and industrial plants, planners of river development, and others. It also includes extensive information as to the stages and discharges of the main stem of the Ohio River, in­ cluding the contributions of tributaries to show the flattening of the flood as it moved downstream. Similar volumes for the Hew England rivers and for the region from the Hudson River to the Susquehanna River are presented in companion Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799, respectively. This volume contains records of stage and discharge for the period including the floods for about 140 measurement stations} peak discharges with comparative data for other floods at over 200 measurement points; crest stages along an aggregate length of 2,570 miles of stream channel; a section by the United States Weather Bureau consisting of descriptive text and 12 charts pertinent to the weather associated with the floods; and results of detailed studies of the rainfall and run-off and many other kinds of flood information. -, 2 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

INTRODUCTION

Extraordinary floods occurred during March 1936 In the north Atlan­ tic slope drainage basins from the Kennebec River Basin In Maine to the James River Basin In Virginia, also In the upper Ohio River Basin In Penn­ sylvania and in some parts of the St. Lawrence River Basin in New York and Vermont. The loss of life and property damage caused by these floods con­ stituted a major catastrophe. Between 150 and 200 lives were lost, and damage amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars was inflicted upon many cities and towns, railroads, highways, and other improvements. Many bridges were seriously damaged or washed away, and normal transportation was disrupted or impeded. Erosion and deposition of debris also caused much damage. The stages and discharges of these great floods were notable, not only because they equaled or exceeded those of all previously recorded floods in many of the river basins, but also because the floods occurred simultaneously over an extent of area that was unprecedented in the rec­ ords or traditions of floods of the region, covering many years and even centuries. In each of the following primary drainage basins the flood discharges of the main river and most of the tributaries closely approached or ex­ ceeded, some of them by large amounts, any records of floods previously known In those areas:

Kennebec River Thames River Susquehanna River Androscoggln River Connecticut River Potomac River Saco River Housatonic River James River Merrimack River Delaware River Upper Ohio River

The discharge of the Hudson River below the outlet of Sacandaga Res­ ervoir would have exceeded all records except for the regulation afforded by storage reservoirs, of which the Sacandaga Reservoir itself was the most outstanding example. The large area included within these primary drainage basins and the nearby lesser basins or parts of basins that suf­ fered similarly from these floods is shown in figure 1. Tributaries of the upper Ohio River that were not In extreme flood are not included in this area. The floods of March 1936 impressed upon the inhabitants of the flood­ ed regions as never before the magnitude of the problem of carrying flood INTRODUCTION 3 waters down long reaches of river channel through thickly settled valleys to the ocean. The people are stimulated to search for solutions of the problem and for ways to protect themselves against flood catastrophes in the future. It is becoming increasingly recognized and accepted that such measures must be adopted and planned on sound and adequate basic

? Drainage basins In which > record-breaking or extra- ordinary floods occurred

1 Water-Supply Paper 798 0 New England rivers 2 Water-Supply Paper 799 Hudson River to Susquehanna River region 3 Water-Supply Paper 800 Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers

0 50 100 150 200 MILES

Figure 1. Areas covered by the reports on the floods of March 1936 in the northeastern United States. information and that one of the most essential items of such basic infor­ mation consists of reliable records of floods of the past. Thus the stages, discharges, and other characteristics of these floods are of in­ terest and importance as criteria in the design and construction of hy­ draulic works and should be given full consideration in plans for all future developments, so as to avoid the recurrence of loss of life and human suffering and the serious economic damages attendant upon floods for which the works of man have made inadequate allowance. 4 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

The United States Geological Survey, operating through several local district offices, maintains as a part of its regular nation-wide stream- gaging program about 400 river-measurement stations within the area rav­ aged by the floods of March 1936. These stations have been maintained by the Geological Survey largely in cooperation with States and munici­ palities and generally for periods beginning many years prior to the March floods. By this program the Survey has obtained continuous records of stages and rates and volumes of flow of the streams, covering the range from drought to extraordinary flood» When the record-breaking characteristics of the floods of March 1936 became known, it was recognized that the collection and compilation of data related to them were of special importance and that the information should be published in a form best suited for use in studies and designs for flood protection and flood control. Necessarily, much of this essen­ tial information had to be collected before the evidences of the floods were obliterated by normal weathering or by vegetal growth. It was rec­ ognized also that the processes of clearing away the flood debris would be -undertaken promptly in every city, town, hamlet, and farm, in the re­ gion, thereby destroying in many places the best evidence of flood heights. It was therefore apparent that immediate steps should be taken to collect the information regarding the floods while the evidences of them were yet discernible, in order that the essential records might be preserved and published for use in future hydraulic developments. The work that was involved went far beyond the scope of the ordinary river- measurement program, especially as it was desirable that the information should not be limited to the regular river-measurement stations but should also relate to other rivers or places not included in the routine program. The critical situation demanded prompt and energetic efforts to obtain and publish the essential stage and discharge information re­ garding these record-breaking floods. Accordingly, the Public Works Administration, acting in accordance with the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, allotted to the Geo­ logical Survey, late in March 1936, $125,000 for surveys of stages and discharges of the floods and for the preparation and printing of reports thereon. This volume is one of a series of three regional reports presenting the records of stages and discharges of rivers in the northeastern United States during the great floods of March 1936, also a summary of the ADMINISTRATION AND PERSONNEL 5 meteorologic and hydrologlc aspects and Interpretative studies of rain­ fall and run-off relations and other information related to the floods. The three reports are published as water-supply papers under the general title "The floods of March 1936", with the following serial numbers and distinguishing subtitles pertinent to the contents of the respective volumes: Part 1, New England rivers (Water-Supply Paper 798). Part 2, Hudson River to Susquehanna River region (Water-Supply Paper 799). Part 3, Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers (covered In this volume, Water-Supply Paper 800). The areas treated In the respective volumes are shown in figure 1.

AUTHORIZATION

.The data contained In this series of reports were collected by the United States Geological Survey under the following authority contained in the organic law (20 Stat. L., p. 394): Provided, That this officer [the director] shall have the direction of the Geological Survey and the classification of public lands and exami­ nation of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. Under this law, river measurements were begun by the Geological Sur­ vey in 1888 In connection with special studies relating to irrigation. Since the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, success -re annual appropria­ tions by the Congress have included items for this work, and for many years such Items have been enacted In the following language: For gaging the streams and determining the water supply of the Unit­ ed States, and for the investigation of underground currents and artesian wells, and for the preparation of reports upon the best methods of uti- lizing^ the water resources.

ADMINISTRATION AND PERSONNEL

The field and office work incident to the preparation of this re­ port were performed by the water-resources branch of the Geological Sur­ vey under the general administrative direction of N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer. The actual field work and the collection and tabu­ lation of the basic information with respect to stages and discharges were done by the district engineers and their staffs In the division of surface water, C. G. Paulsen, chief. The district engineers partici­ pating in the collection and preparation of the information In this volume relating to the Potomac, James, and Ohio Rivers were H. .0. Beckman, 6 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Rolla, Mo.5 J. J. Dirzulaitis, Charlottesville, Va.j H. E. Grosbach, Indianapolis, Ind.} A. W. Harrington, Albany, N. Y.j A. H. Horton, Wash­ ington, D. C.; William Kessler, Charleston, W, Va.; Lasley Lee, Columbus, Ohio; J. W. Mangan, Harrisburg, Pa.; C. E. McCashin, Chattanooga, Tenn.; and J. H. Morgan, Urbana, 111. The direct supervision and coordination of the collection of data and the final assembling of the reports were carried on in the division of water utilization, R. W. Davenport, chief. W. G. Hoyt, consulting engineer, conservation branch, has directed and prepared the presentation of information on rainfall and other climato- logic features and the section on rainfall and run-off studies. In car­ rying on all this work the permanent field and office staffs were assist­ ed by temporary employees appointed by the Secretary of the Interior un­ der the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Geological Survey, acting through its district field offices in the region, cooperates with State and municipal agencies in the several districts. Acknowledgment is made to these cooperating agencies for par­ ticipation in the collection of the systematic records of river discharge that form the broad base on which the specific flood information has been placed, also for cooperation in the establishment and operation of many river-measurement stations essential to the study and in the maintenance of field organizations in which engineers trained for investigations of this kind were available for the special duties related to the collection of the field data and the preparation of the reports. Information appearing in this series of reports has been obtained from many sources, including individuals, corporations, and governmental organizations, local, State, and Federal. Financial cooperation in con­ nection with the regular river-measurement program of the Geological Sur­ vey in the areas covered by this report has been received from the fol­ lowing agencies: In Maryland, the State Geological Survey, the Upper Potomac River Board, and the Washington Suburban Sanitary District; in Ohio, the Ohio Cooperative Topographic Survey, the Mahoning Valley Sani­ tary District, the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District, the Miami Conservancy District, and the City of Columbus; in Pennsylvania, the De­ partment of Forests and Waters; in Virginia, the State Commission on Con­ servation and Development; and in West Virginia, the Public Service Com­ mission, the Water Commission, and the State Geological and Economic Survey. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7

Federal agencies to which acknowledgments are made for services rendered or data furnished include the United States Weather Bureau; the Corps of Engineers, United States Army; the Public Works Administration; the National Resources Committee; and the Works Progress Administration.

Figure 2. Isohyetal map of the northeastern United States showing total precipitation, in inches, March 9-13, 1936.

The Corps of Engineers, United States Army, has furnished much informa­ tion on the stages and discharges of the Ohio River. The United States Weather Bureau has contributed the section entitled "Weather associated with the floods of March 1936." Assistance in collecting records was also rendered by various in­ dividuals, corporations, organizations, and municipalities. Acknowledg­ ments for individual contributions of data and information are given at appropriate places in the report, so far as practicable. 8 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

GENERAL FEATURES OP THE STORMS

During the period March 9 to 22, 1936, four distinct storm centers passed over the northeastern part of the United States. The first dis­ turbance, that of March 9 and 10, passed north of Lake and was accompanied by fairly general rains in western Pennsylvania and western and central New York and by anow in northern New England. On

Figure 3. Isohyetal map of the northeastern United States showing total precipitation, in inches, March 16-19, 1936.

a Gulf disturbance was centered off the Georgia coast and moving north­ eastward with increasing intensity. By March 12 this disturbance had crossed Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. On the 13th the storm center had merged over western Quebec into a disturbance that had passed over the Great Lakes region on the preceding day. These dis­ turbances were accompanied by heavy precipitation over the entire north­ eastern part of the United States. (See isohyetal map, fig. 2.) In GENERAL FEATURES OP THE STORMS 9 this report tlie precipitation accompanying the general disturbances of March 9-10 and of March 11-12 has been treated as one general storm. Over the area as a whole, the greater part of the precipitation is re­ corded as having occurred on March 11 and 12. The center of maximum rain­ fall was in the White Mountain area in New Hampshire, with secondary cen­ ters in southern Vermont, in the Berkshire Hills in western

Figure 4. Isohyetal map of the northeastern United States showing total precipitation, In Inches, March 9-22, 1936.

and Connecticut, in the Catskill Mountains In southeastern New York, the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania, and the Blue Ridge in Maryland and Vir­ ginia. Precipitation over the Northeastern States was generally light on and 15 and accompanied a minor disturbance that passed over the Great Lakes and into Canada. On the 15th and 16th there was an area of outstanding low barometric pressure over the Gulf States. By the morn­ ing of the 18th this disturbance was over Virginia,, and It passed over 10 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

New Jersey and. Connecticut on the 19th and over Quebec on the 20th. This disturbance was accompanied by general heavy precipitation over all the areas affected by the floods. The major part of the rainfall was record­ ed on March 17 and 18. (See fig. 3.) Although this heavy rainfall cen­ tered in the White Mountain area, it reached very considerable magnitude (exceeding 4 or 5 inches) over most of central New England, southern New York, most of Pennsylvania, western Maryland, northern Virginia, and the northeastern part of West Virginia. On the 20th, 21st, and 22d another disturbance crossed the area, accompanied by heavy snowfalls In western Pennsylvania and western New York and by minor rains elsewhere. Again on the 27th and 28th there was a minor storm which caused heavy precipitation In parts of the region, which, however, was not of suf­ ficient magnitude to create an Independent flood and was sufficiently de­ layed not to contribute to the major floods. The rainfall associated with the major floods Is that In the period March 9 to 22. Therefore, the analysis of rainfall in this report is applied to the two major storms in that period. Figure 4 shows the precipitation for the entire storm period, March 9 to 22. The areal extent of the two storms In respect to depth of rainfall was approximately as follows:

Area covered (square miles) Precipitation (inches) First storm Second storm March 9-13 March 16-19

More than 8 170 150 6 1,300 6,700 4 7,900 43,500 2 76,000 163,000

The areal extent of the total storm period, March 9 to 22, in respect to depth of rainfall was approximately as follows:

Precipitation Area covered Precipitation Area covered (Inches) (square miles) ( inche s ) (square miles)

More than 18 120 More than 10 4,000 16 300 8 19,000 14 800 6 66,000 12 1,500 4 168,000 GENERAL FEATURES OP THE STORMS 11

In connection with the magnitude of the precipitation recorded for this storm, consideration should be given to the fact that the first heavy rain fell on a snow cover that had a water content of 1 to 2 inches in headwater areas in northern Virginia and Maryland; 2 to 4 inches over most of Pennsylvania, , southern New York, and Connecticut; and 5 to

Figure 5. Map of the northeastern United States showing the depth, in inches, of the water content of snow on the ground, March 9, 1936.

10 inches or more in northern New York, most of Massachusetts, Vermont, Hew Hampshire, and Maine. Figure 5 presents a map of the northeastern United States showing lines of estimated water content of snow on the ground March 9. In respect to the amount and extent of precipitation, the first storm was notable but not extraordinary. In certain areas it produced larger floods than the second storm, but in general it stands out only as a major contributing factor to the catastrophe that was to follow. The 12 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS second storm was of sufficient magnitude and extent to rank with the great northern storms, although it was apparently exceeded in amount of heavy precipitation by seven outstanding northern storms which have been analyzed by the engineering staff of the Miami Conservancy District. {See Storm rainfall of eastern United States: Miami Conservancy Dist. Tech. Rept., pt. 5, revised, Dayton, Ohio, 1936.) These seven storms oc­ curred on October 3-4, 1869; May 31 to June 1, 1889; May 19-21, 1894; July 12-14, 1897} -25, 1913; November 3-4, 1927; and August 23-24, 1933. The storms of March 1936 occurred earlier in the year than any of the outstanding northern storms of record prior to that time. However, if the water content of the snow on the ground March 9, 1936, is taken into account, as well as the total rainfall for the period March 9 to 22, there appears to have been a greater aggregate amount of water over the area than had occurred at any previous time covered by the rec­ ord, probably exceeding that in the Miami Basin during the storm of March 1913, which caused the Miami flood. (The rainfall of in the Ohio River and Mississippi River Valleys has not yet been analyzed to determine its relation to the storms under consideration.)

WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 by Stephen Lichtblau*

In this study of the weather conditions incident with the floods of March 1936 in the eastern part of the country very little will be said about the weather associated with the floods in the earlier part of the month; the major consideration will be given to the weather conditions between March 15 and 20, during which the weather that caused the major floods occurred. However, the conditions of the earlier period, March 9-13, contributed to those of the later period, so it is appropriate to summarize briefly the weather of that period. Summaries of the weather conditions in the later or both of these periods have already been discussed by various writers on the subject.** The weather of the earlier period was dominated by a well-developed low-pressure system that moved in a northerly direction along the east

* U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, . ** Brooks, C. P., Meteorology of great floods: Geog. Review, . Byers, H. R., Meteorological conditions during the March 1936 and other notable floods: Am. Meteorol. Soc. Bull., vol. 18, no. 3, . Gregg, W. R., Forecasting floodflows: Eng. News Record, Feb. 4, 1937. Harrington, A. W., and Johnson, H., The New York floods of 1935 and 1936: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Proc., March 1937. Uhl, W. P., Flood conditions in New England: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Proc., March 1937. WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 13 coast, attended by unseasonably warm temperatures and moderate rains, which became heavy only In New Hampshire. The precipitation In this pe­ riod was mostly if not altogether of a frontal nature and occurred at the surface of discontinuity between the polar air masses that came from the west and the moist tropical air mass that moved northward along the east coast. Of importance is the fact that in the early part of the period the polar air masses were quite warm, because they were brought in from a southwesterly direction under the influence of a low-pressure area in the region of the Great Lakes. The effect of these warm temperatures was the depletion of the snow cover to an appreciable extent in the north­ eastern part of the country. There were no serious floods during this pe­ riod except in New England, where the run-off from the rains, which were heavy in parts of this region, and the melting snow produced hazardous conditions. This period would have little significance if it were not for the following period of rains. The first period, by initiating the melting of the snow cover and with all its attendant rain, though not destructive in itself, nevertheless, by raising the river levels to a dangerous height, "set the stage" for bad floods if it were closely fol­ lowed by another similar period. The second period followed within a few days. The analysis of the weather that occurred in this period will be discussed in detail. It is expedient to begin the discussion of this period with the 7:30 p.m. map of March 15 (fig. 6). The principal front appearing on this map is a cold front separating the cool polar Pacific (Pp) air from the warm, moist tropical Atlantic (Ta) air. On the cold front there are two waves - one in Kentucky and one in Pennsylvania - neither of which looked formidable at the time, although the one in Kentucky was looked at suspi­ ciously because of the rain and thunderstorms that occurred at Evansville, Ind., and Louisville, Ky. The rain at these two stations was caused by the lifting of the Ta air lying above the Pp air. The light rains that occurred to the west of the cold front were of a showery nature, such as are usually found in unstable Pp air masses. In New England there is a warm front separating the Ta air from the transitional or modified polar Atlantic (Npa) air that was brought in from the ocean to the east. In the northern part of the area mapped there is an upper air cold and warm front system which is moving eastward above a shallow layer of polar air masses and has little significance in this discussion. The low-pressure center in Canada is occluding and rapidly moving off the map. 14 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

On the next map, March 16, 7i30 a.m. (fig. 7), there Is a more com­ plicated picture, with quite definite Indications that abnormal rains could be expected. By following the analysis from the preceding map we find that the wave that was In Kentucky has occluded and Is now In West Virginia. This wave in Its movement was accompanied by thunderstorms and moderate to heavy rains, which indicated that the Ta air above the Pp air was unstable. This was substantiated by the airplane flights made at Nashville and Dayton at that time. The instability of the Ta air Is also apparent In southern Florida, where rain and thunderstorms have oc­ curred In a region without fronts,. Such an air mass will yield large quantities of rain over a large area If a mechanism Is available to lift It by having a colder or denser air mass displace It at the surface or by being forced over the denser air without displacing it or by moving over a rising terrane. Rain formed by the last process Is called oro- graphlc rain. With a cold front moving through rapidly in a region of contrasting air masses similar to those found at this time, there are usually only light or moderate rains of short duration, but should the front move slowly or remain stationary we find waves moving along the front and moderate to heavy rains of considerable duration. Where the front remains stationary, as in the circumstances under discussion, the Ta air usually moves over colder air, with southwest to south winds with­ in the Ta air, often becoming .southeast in the northeastern part of the country. Why the front becomes retarded and remains stationary is a problem that has had no satisfactory solution. The usual answer is made that the low-pressure trough, with its attendant fronts, between the North Atlantic or so-called Bermuda high and the continental high can­ not move eastward because it is blocked by the North Atlantic high. This, of course, is no solution but merely a statement, because we may ask, Why doesn't the North Atlantic high move? This is one of the interesting problems of meteorology that has been and is being attacked by several in­ vestigators. Southwest of the wave mentioned above there are two others waves which had formed on the cold front during the previous 12 hours. The cold and warm fronts In New England have moved eastward rapidly without caus­ ing much precipitation. On the next map, March 16, 7:30 p.m. (fig. 8), the surface front in the Southern States moved rapidly eastward and was accompanied by thunder­ storms and rains, while in the north it remained almost stationary, with WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 15 only slight oscillations caused by the movement of the waves along the front. These can be easily identified: The one in West Virginia is now in Massachusetts, while the one in Tennessee has rapidly occluded, form­ ing the occluded front appearing on the map. Another wave appears be­ tween Mobile and Pensacola. Again it should be observed that most of the rains occurred to the west of the front as frontal precipitation, although rains and thunderstorms occurred in advance of and close to the front. The lifting that was required to realize the instability of the Ta air in advance of the front to an extent great enough to produce thunderstorms must of necessity have come from the convergence caused by the accumula­ tion of air brought in from the south in this region. It is interesting to note that the temperatures in New England have continued to remain above freezing, thereby continuing the depletion of the snow surface. The upper air front is now contributing to the production of rain, as shown by the moderate amounts in northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine. This front presents another barrier over which the Ta air at the surface in Connecticut must ascend. On the following morning's map, March 17, 7:30 a.m. (fig. 9), we again see that the cold front in the south has continued its rapid move­ ment to the east, accompanied by thunderstorms and rains. All indica­ tions point toward continued rapid movement of the front in this region, with a cessation of rain expected in the Southern States. The wave that was at Mobile is now in South Carolina, with a well-developed low-pres­ sure center, while the wave that was in Tennessee has moved into Penn­ sylvania. The upper air front has come down to the surface through mix­ ing between the Pp air above with the fp + PC (polar continental) at the surface and is now depicted as a surface cold front. By comparing the airplane observations of this date wlph those made the day before, we find that the temperatures have dropped at all levels, as much as 15° C. at Dayton, Nashville, and Montgomery. Much of the rain has turned into snow. The precipitation is intense close to the fronts but dwindles rapidly away from the fronts. This implies a steep slope between the cold polar air and the warm moist tropical air. Here again the instabil­ ity of the tropical air is still in evidence, although most of the rain is along the frontal surface. Some/ of the thunderstorms and rains are probably caused by orographic influences rather than by convergence, as most of the rains to the east of the front are occurring on the east slope of the Appalachians. The thunderstorms at Charleston, S. C., and 16 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAG, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS at Wilmlngton, N. C., are caused by a pseudo-orographic effect associated with frictional effects such as are often observed when unstable air masses are brought ashore from a direction normal to the coast line. To correspond with this map there is presented a vertical cross sec­ tion of the atmosphere from St. Louis to Lakehurst, N. J. (fig. 16). The isotherms show graphically the difference between the air masses. The diagram in figure 17 is constructed for the 10,000-foot level and shows the principal front, which lies farther to the west than on the surface map. The isobars are based upon the available wind observations at that level for that time and the pressures computed from the data obtained by the airplane observations made on that morning. Even with the scanty data (only one wind and one pressure observation east of the front) it is possible to determine comprehensively the air movement from this chart. By 7:30 p.m. of the same day (fig. 10) the low center had passed its state of full development and gone "into occlusion. Along the east coast the cold front is actually moving in from the south with south to south- i_ east winds. The passage of this front was very well marked at Washington and at other stations south of Washington along the coast. It should be mentioned that in placing the fronts on this series of maps very careful attention was given not only to the surface and available upper-air and cloud observations, but also to the continuous autographic records of the various meteorological elements. The heavy rains have now reached their maximum intensity in the Middle Atlantic States. Practically all the rains are associated with the fronts. This and the preceding maps show a very good example of the occlusion process. The warm front in North Carolina shown on the preceding map remained about stationary while the cold front moved rapidly around toward the northeast, pinching off the warm air at the surface and forcing it aloft, which resulted in heavy precipitation in this region. The warm front in the north continues to move northward but its east-west position shows little change. The tropi­ cal air in Pennsylvania and New York seems to be moving westward aloft over the polar air at the front, but there is little direct evidence ex­ cept the rain and snow to substantiate this inference. On the next map, March 18, 7:30 a.m. (fig. 11), the intensity of the low-pressure center has diminished as expected and with it a lessening of the amounts of precipitation, although some of the stations, such as Elkins, W. Va., still report large amounts. So far as the Middle Atlantic States are concerned, the damage is already done and the floods are In WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 17

full progress. The scene of weather operations is now shifting to Hew York State and Hew England. The cold front which had been so active is still moving rapidly around the periphery of the dying or filling low- pressure center but has now become difficult to follow, as it fails to show the well-marked discontinuities in the meteorological elements on the surface map and in the autographic records that it had hitherto shown. This is not unexpected, because the air behind the cold front had changed its characteristics during its passage over the ocean to such an extent that the difference between it and the warmer air to the north became negligible. On succeeding maps this particular front was dropped, be­ cause it could not be located, but it is quite possible that the front continued to exist and, although weak, contributed to the production of rain in Hew England. Otherwise most of the heavy rains in this region must be accounted for by extrafrental action. This, then, implies that the rains were caused either by orographic influences or by convergence or by both. Undoubtedly in the White Mountains, where the rainfall was most intense, the orographic influences were more important, while in the low country convergence was the major factor unless the decadent front is invoked. It is unfortunate that more airplane observations in this re­ gion were not available, with which it would have been possible to deter­ mine the state of stability of the air mass. The only available air­ plane observation was one from Hew York, where an ascent was made to about 12,000 feet. This ascent demonstrated that the air was unstable to the extent that any lifting accomplished by any means would release large amounts of rain. The airplane flight made at the same time at Washington showed much colder air and demonstrated conclusively the existence of the cold front shown on the surface map between New York and Washington. The rains are still heavy to the west of the stationary front, which has a steep slope to the west as one ascends. This steep front, as before, offers a barrier over which the tropical air cannot extend to very high levels but must turn back and move toward the northeast at high levels. This piling up of air east of the stationary front causes the conver­ gence, which, as already mentioned, is one of the two major rain-producing factors where no fronts exist. South of the low-pressure center the oc­ cluded front has been changed to a cold front, which is the usual pro­ cedure when the occluded effects aloft have less importance than the sur­ face effects. In the north the warm front continues to move slowly 18 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS northward. The air to the west is now called PC, which has come down from the north and taken the place of the PC + Pp and the Pp at the surface. The map for March 18, 7:30 p.m. (fig. 12), shows little change from the preceding map. The cold front that was in Connecticut would have helped to explain the heavy rains in Connecticut and Massachusetts, but it is now impossible to find. The only indication that the front may ex­ ist is found in the steady progress of the heavy rains northward and the diminution of the rains to the south. The heaviest rains are now occur­ ring in New England, while the rains farther south that are continuing to decrease in intensity are coming out of the unstable polar air rather than from overrunning tropical air. The stationary front remains with a good temperature discontinuity on either side of it, but the rains along it are spotted in intensity, indicating that there is now no active over­ running of the polar air by the tropical air and also that much of the tropical air has been displaced by the highly modified pola-r air that was found behind the cold front that had previously been so active. The next map, March 19, 7:30 a.m. (fig. 13), continues to show mod­ erate to heavy rains only in New Hampshire and Maine. Again the cold front that had been dropped would help to explain the rains at Portland and Greenville, Maine. Otherwise the rains must all be attributed to the convergence of the tropical air except in the mountains,- where the oro- graphic influences played the major role. Another occlusion is shown on the map which formed in a manner similar to the occlusion that has been discussed in connection with an earlier map. Now there are good indica­ tions that the center of activity will be transferred to the north, where an Incipient low-pressure area appears at Canton, N. Y« With the center displaced to the north one may expect the stationary front to begin to move around this new center with a cessation of all except light rains or snows after the front passage. On the succeeding map, March 19, 7:30 p.m. (fig. 14), the expecta­ tions are fulfilled. The southern low-pressure center has disappeared, while the northern one has intensified, and the stationary front has be­ come a cold front with a definite movement toward the east. The heaviest rains have occurred with the passage of the cold front moving northward over New England. The tropical air has now been displaced almost entire­ ly within the United States boundary by the polar-air masses. The fron­ tal system that has entered the area from the southwest does not come into this discussion. WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 19

One more map, Marcli 20, 7:30 a.m. (fig. 15), is presented to finish this series. The cold fronts are moving rapidly off the area, and the precipitation has now become negligible and Is entirely associated with the polar-air masses. No attempt has been made in this discussion to connect the weather or precipitation directly with the floods. The writer has only discussed the analysis of the weather that occurred during the flood periods. An attempt has been made to explain the immediate causes that produced the excessive water in the form of rain, snow, and melting snow, without con­ sidering the large-scale phenomena that make such excessive precipitation and mild temperatures and consequent floods possible.

Bibliography

For any one who is further interested in some of the problems dis­ cussed above, there is included a short bibliography. Byers, H. R., Synoptic and aeronautical meteorology, McGraw-Hill, 1937. Willett, H. C., American air-mass properties: Jour. Aeron. Sci«, . BJerknes, J., and Solberg, H., Meteorological conditions for the formation of rain: Geofys. Pub., vol. 2, no. 3, , 1921. Rossby, C. G., Thermodynamics applied to air-mass analysis: Massa­ chusetts Inst. Technology, Meteorol. Papers, vol. 1, no. 3, 1932. Refsdal, A., Der feuchtlabile Niederschlag: Geofys. Pub., vol. 5, no. 12, Oslo, 1928. Petterssen, S., Contributions to the theory of frontogenesis:

Explanation of symbols used on maps (figs. 6-17)

O Clear C) Partly cloudy £ Overcast

Light rain J Moderate rain Heavy rain

. H- Light snow (; Moderate snow -X- Heavy snow * *

=; Light or moderate fog = Dense fog

Drizzle -v7 Showers

Light sleet oo Light freezing "^7-X- Snow flurries rain (glaze)

Q Wind in Beaufort notation; -for example, clear, force 5 from NW.

50 52 *L Upper figure designates temperature. Lower figure desig- .95 %6 nates amount of precipitation, in inches, in 12 hours preceding observation. Figure and symbol at right indicate the amount, in hundredths of an inch, and character of barometer change in previous 3 hours; for example, wind force 3 from NE., overcast with moderate rain at time of observation. Barometer fall­ ing unsteadily 0.06 Inch in 3 hours preceding observa­ tion

r 7 Thunderstorm; the times of beginning and ending are given. The time of ending is not given for thunderstorms continuing at the time of observation

Light lines are isobars drawn for each tenth of an inch

Fronts are shown by heavier lines or dots or combinations of dots and dashes, designated in the following manner: Cold front Upper-air cold front ...... Warm front Upper-air warm front ' Occluded front Stationary front 58'

99'

; g.,, ...^ 22 «<»» OF mROB W36__ POTOMC, JAJHES, AMD UPPER OHIO RIVKRS

55*

w ______\85 ______Figure 7. Surface weather chart of eastern Oinlted States, 7tSO a.m., March 16, 1936. WEATHER ASSOCIATED* WITH TEE FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 23 PREPARED BY U. S. WEATHER BUREAU 0.1

35"

Figure 8.--Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., March 16, 1936. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

7 ^^ V PREPARED BY U. S. WEATHER BUREAU

90° 85- Figure -Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 17, 1936. 55° FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

90" 85" Figure 11. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 18, 1936. WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OP MARCH 1956 27 75°______7C° PREPARED BY U. S. WEATHER BUREAU .2

Figure 12. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 p.m., March 18, 1936. S8 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

v 7~X______PREPARED BY U. S. WEATHER BUREAU 55' " '

50°i

45°

40*

90° 85 13. Su irfa.ce weather chart of eastern U 7:30 a.m., March 19, 1936.

30 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS rs!______79°______eg"______^ y N>^ ^ 7-^ PREPARED BY U. S. WEATHER BUREAU ( X 1'' I V i A cr - - -

so'

45

95

09 Figure 15. Surface weather chart of eastern United States, 7:30 a.m., March 20, 1936. 1SEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLOODS OF MARCH 1936

Temperature "C. £QU/\scr/enf Temperafare f?e/afire ftum/dff(/ % S/?ec///c

Figure 16. Vertical cross section of atmosphere, March. 17, 1936.

Figure 17. Isobarlc chart at 10,000 feet altitude, Harob 17, 1936. 32 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

FLOODS OF THE POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

The storms of March 9 to 22, 1936, caused unusual floods in the ba­ sins of the Potomac and James Rivers and the intermediate river basins including the Rappahannock and York Rivers and minor coastal streams. The floods were extraordinarily severe on direct and indirect tributaries of the Ohio River at and above Pittsburgh, Pa., far exceeding in magni­ tude any floods previously recorded an. the lower reaches of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers and causing unprecedented disaster in the city of Pittsburgh. (See fig. 18.) The effects of the flood were felt through­ out the length of the Ohio River, but in decreasing amounts below Pitts­ burgh. The conditions preceding the storms that were the immediate causes of these floods consisted of a series of meteorologic and hydrologic phe­ nomena that were so synchronized and combined as to produce conditions conducive to severe floods. The winter of 1935-36 was marked by long- continued periods of low temperatures and heavy falls of snow. During December snowfalls of 30 to 40 inches were reported in the highlands of the Allegheny Mountain region, and in the northern Blue Ridge region the snowfall probably exceeded 40 inches in many places. At the end of De­ cember most of the area was covered by a heavy mantle of snow. Mild temperatures during the first half of January reduced the depth of snow on the ground to some extent, but low temperatures and additional snowfall continued during the later part of January and until the middle of February. Some of the rivers in Maryland and Virginia had sudden rises in stage on , with discharges approaching those of minor floods, although the general break-up of ice-covered streams in-the upper parts of the Potomac River Basin and in the Allegheny River and Mononga­ hela River Basins did not occur until 10 to 14 days later. At the end of February the Weather Bureau report for Pennsylvania stated that a heavy snow cover remained on most fields throughout the month. In some places where the snow cover was light the frost was re­ ported to have penetrated the ground to a depth of 3 feet or more. Near the end of the month the heavy snow and ice cover, with its large water £. content, was regarded as an unusual flood menace. High temperatures during the first 10 days in March were followed by the rains of March 11-12. The maximum precipitation during this storm,

* U. S. Weather Bureau, Climatological data, vol. 23, no. 2, Febru­ ary 1936. FLOODS OF THE POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS 34 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS slightly exceeding 3 Inches over small areas In the South Mountains in Maryland and the Blue Ridge in Virginia, was not unusual and produced only minor floods on most of the rivers, although some tributaries of the Allegheny River at this time reached their highest stages of the flood period. The precipitation of the second storm, March 17-18, greatly exceeded that of the storm of the previous week, 6 inches or more being recorded for areas in the upper parts of the drainage basins in the Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania and the Blue Ridge in Virginia and Maryland. A considerable portion of the precipitation of the storm of March 17-18 in the Allegheny River Basin above Oil City, Pa., was in the form of snow and sleet, thereby producing a much lesser run-off from that area than might have occurred if it had been in the form of rain. For the area covered by this report the heaviest precipitation of the total storm period occurred in a zone extending along the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mountains. The precipitation was heavy over the entire region except in the Coastal Plain, where the total precipitation for the period was about 3 inches. The distribution of the total precipitation over the period March 9 to 22 was such that three or more flood peaks occurred on some of the rivers. (See fig. 40.) The run-off from the second and third storms be­ gan while the rivers were still burdened with the run-off from the pre­ vious storms, so that the later flood peaks were to some extent superim­ posed upon portions of the earlier floods. This condition produced flood discharges that exceeded any records previously obtained on many of the rivers, especially those in the Potomac, Allegheny, and Monongahela River Basins. Not only were many previous maximum records for these rivers exceeded, but the areal extent of the high run-off, both as to intensity and as to total volume, was unusually great. In this respect the floods of March 1936 differed from local floods produced by storms of the cloud­ burst type. The wide margin by which maximum stages and discharges of the flood on the Ohio River exceeded previous known occurrences, which was so out­ standing at Pittsburgh, Pa., diminished progressively below that place. The crest stages of this flood exceeded previous records downstream to Lock 14 at Woodland, W. Va., about 24 miles below Wheeling, and about 114 miles below Pittsburgh. As the 1936 flood passed down the Ohio River the precipitousness and relative magnitude of the rise greatly decreased and GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATEK-STJPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 1

A. DEBRIS LEFT BY THE FLOOD AT JOHNSTOWN, PA. Johnstown is at the junction of the Conemaugh River and Stony Creek. Courtesy of Wide World Photos, Inc.

B. STEEL MILLS ON THE MONONGAHELA RIVER AT PITTSBURGH, PA., INUNDATED BY THE FLOOD WATERS. Courtesy of International News Photos. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 2

A. AIRPORT AT WASHINGTON, D. C., COVERED BY FLOOD WATERS OF THE POTOMAC RIVER, MARCH 19, 1936. Official photograph. United States Army Air Corps.

B. CONSTRUCTING TEMPORARY DIKES AT RICHMOND, VA., TO PROTECT AGAINST OVERFLOW FROM THE JAMES RIVER. Courtesy of the Richmond News Leader. FLOODS OP THE POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS 35 the waters merged with tributary inflow until at the mouth the influence of the extreme conditions on the upper river was greatly moderated. In a "Report of loss and damage, March 1936 flood in Pennsylvania," prepared by the State director for the National Emergency Council, the loss in the Ohio River Basin in Pennsylvania is given as greater than $106,000,000, which is more than half of the estimated loss suffered through the entire State during the flood. It is also stated that 80 persons lost their lives in Pennsylvania during the flood, but the number in the Ohio River Basin is not given. The United States Weather Bureau on pages 30-31 of the Monthly Weather Review for January 1937, in a sum­ mary of flood losses during the year 1936, estimates the flood loss to have been about $15,000,000 in the Ohio River Basin below Pittsburgh. Preliminary compilations by the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, indicated that the losses in the Potomac River Basin were approximately $2,000,000. Plates 1 to 4 and 7 to 16 illustrate conditions experienced in the Potomac, James, and Ohio River Basins. Maximum discharges published in this report were not materially af­ fected by storage in reservoirs. The few small reservoirs that were in operation in March 1936 and available for storage of flood run-off were on small streams and of so small capacities that their effects were prac­ tically negligible. Figure 19 shows graphic comparisons of stages reached by the floods of March 1936 and other floods during the periods of record at four river- measurement stations in the Ohio River Basin where long-time records of stages are available. These graphs show how the floods of March 1936 com-, pared with previous floods recorded at these stations. This comparison is typical of many of the rivers covered by this report, especially those in the Potomac, Allegheny, and Monongahela River Basins. Basic information regarding these very extraordinary floods has been compiled in this report for future reference and study. With respect to the Ohio River, there are included not only records of the streams of the upper river basin that experienced flood conditions but also the available records of the stage and discharge of the river from Pittsburgh, Pa., to the mouth at Cairo, 111., and the inflow of the principal tributaries, In order to afford data for study of the important phenomena associated with the transmission of flood waves in the Ohio River. The adopted method of presentation has been to assemble pertinent facts and statistics in sections under subject headings such as "Meteorologic and hydrologic FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa

1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1900 1920 Year Figure 19. Stages reached by the flood of March 1936 and previous known floods at various river-measurement stations in the Ohio River Basin. -39°

W?^S \ -i ** in Maryland. .ver and adjacent

Figure 20.-

FLOODS OP THE POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

0 10 20 30 40 MILES

Figure 22. Drainage basins of the Allegheny and Honongahela Rivera. I JM > 0/1 S it

Figure 23. Region adjacent to the Ohio River between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cairo, 111. METEOROLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS 41 conditions", "Stages and discharges at river-measurement stations during the flood period", and "Rainfall and run-off studies", as Indicated in the table of contents. Under these headings the data are generally arranged by drainage basins, It being assumed that they will be most com­ monly used In relation to drainage-basin subdivisions and river systems. Succeeding discussions and tabulations of precipitation and flood discharge and stage are related to subdivisions of the area covered ty this report to show groups of major river basins and geographic regions as follows: Potomac River Basin. (See fig. 20.) Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke River Basins. (See fig. 21.) Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins. (See fig. 22.) Region adjacent to the Ohio River between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cairo, 111. (See fig. 23.)

METEOROLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS

In view of the exceptional magnitude of the flood flows In many areas a special effort has been made to collect, compile, and present In this report all available basic Information relating to rainfall, to snowfall and Its water content, and to temperature and frost conditions that may have had a bearing on the characteristics of the floods of March 1936. The Information has been analyzed to a moderate extent, and the ef­ fects of meteorologlc conditions on flood run-off are discussed In this section of the report» If each of the meteorologlc phenomena over the area is considered separately, no departures from the normal that are sufficient to have caused so unusual a flood are disclosed. There have been colder winters with more snow, Individual storms with precipitation exceeding that of the March storms, and higher temperatures In the early spring. However, consideration of"the magnitude and favorable timing of the events as a whole discloses extremely unusual conditions. It Is also evident that with only slightly different timing or combination of events and condi­ tions the flood run-off In many areas might have been much greater. The meteorologlc and related data are here presented In detail, with a view to their usefulness to engineers and others who are studying the basic causes of floods and remedial measures for protection therefrom. 42 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Precipitation records

General

All available records of precipitation for the period March 9-22, which embraced the storms primarily causing the flood, are published in the three volumes of the flood report, each volume containing the rec­ ords directly relating to the group of drainage basins treated therein. In addition there has been included a brief summary of precipitation for the months December, January, and February preceding the flood. (See table 2.) The records compiled in table 1 relate to the Potomac, Rappa- hannock, York, James, Allegheny, and Monongahela River Basins. In gen­ eral the records are grouped by major basins and subdivided by States. Records in adjoining minor basins are listed under the heading "Minor basins." Records of precipitation have been obtained chiefly from the United States Weather Bureau. Records were also obtained from numerous other sources, as indicated in the tables, and these additional records have been of great value in supplementing the Weather Bureau data. By their collection and inclusion in this report they are made available for future reference. The figures represent the amounts of precipitation as reported by observers and are not strictly comparable on individual days, as the ob­ servations at the various stations were not always made simultaneously. The amount as recorded usually represents the rainfall for the 24-hour period preceding the time of observation. Rainfall occurring during the daylight hours may be recorded undel* the date of occurrence when observa­ tions are made in the late afternoon or under the date of the following day when the observations are made in the early morning.

Distribution of rainfall

In general throughout the area from Maine to Virginia all of the precipitation relating to the floods, except such as occurred in the form of snow prior to March 9, occurred during the 14-day period March 9-22. Fortunately the meteorologic conditions during the storm period were so similar over the entire area that the record in each basin, with the exception of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins, could be treated uniformly as follows: PRECIPITATION RECORDS 43

Table 1 .-Dally precipitation, in inches, March 1936 (Measured In the afternoon except as noted) Station 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Potonac River Basin Vest Virginia: Bayard ** _ _ 0.54 0.08 0.12 0.33 Tr. 2.37 1.14 _ 0.50 - 1.34 0.90 Brandywlne . - .20 .30 .10 - - .25 3.75 1.05 - - .85 - Circleville - Tr. .34 .20 .38 Tr. - - 8.64 1.97 .05 - .98 .07 Harpers Ferry ** - - .39 1.54 .55 - - - .21 2.11 - - 1.13 - Kearneysville - - 1.33 1.03 Tr. - - - 1.30 .63 .10 - .82 ~ Martinsburg ** . _ .10 1.40 .70 _ . _ .60 1.85 .30 Tr. .90 .05 MoNeill - - .34 .34 .03 Tr. - .58 4.00 U32 .22 Tr. 1.15 - Piedmont - Tr. .52 .23 .09 - . .02 3.72 .85 - 0.02 1.21 - Romney ** . 0.43 .72 .01 . . - .01 5.00 1.29 .15 - 1.48 - Stony River Dam - - .24 .10 .26 - - - 1.80 1.36 .32 - .50 - Upper Tract _ _ _ Tr. _ _ _ .60 3 9^ .76 - - 1.00 - Wardens vi He ** - Tr. .75 .59 .21 - - - 1.75 3.93 .30 - 1.12 - Pennsylvania: Chambersburg Tr. _ 1.38 .83 _ _ _ - 1.33 .77 .45 - .36 - Gettysburg - Tr. .82 1.14 .03 - - Tr. .08 .63 .58 - .69 - Byndman 0.03 .04 .10 1.05 Tr. .03 - .04 * 5.18 .11 - - - Lake Gordon Dam .12 .22 .72 .52 - .08 - .76 3.75 .26 - .46 - - Merceraburg (a) - - 1.93 - - - - - 3.39 .35 - .48 - - Maryland : Boyds Tr. .01 .65 .93 .04 _ _ Tr. .32 .63 .06 . .65 - Chewsvllle Tr. Tr. 1.09 .95 .02 Tr. - Tr. .68 1.15 .11 - .52 - Clear Spring Tr. Tr. 1.10 .96 Tr. Tr. - .06 1.68 .98 .48 - .36 - College Park Tr. .02 .91 1.10 Tr. - - Tr. .15 .89 .14 - .70 - Cumberland ** Tr. .03 .15 .35 .22 Tr. - - .85 4.00 .35 - .60 Tr. Snmitsburg Tr. Tr. 1.50 .80 .20 _ _ Tr. .40 1.50 .65 _ .65 - Frederick Tr. Tr. 1.58 .62 .02 - - Tr. .10 1.00 .35 - .75 - Prostburg Tr. * .90 .30 Tr. Tr. _ .16 4.20 1.23 .05 . .80 - Oreat Falls ** Tr. Tr. .38 .96 .68 Tr. - - Tr. * * 1.23 .84 .08 Hancock (Tonoloway) Tr. Tr. .83 .93 Tr. Tr. - Tr. 4.13 1.05 .07 - .78 - Hancock (City) ** Tr. Tr. .10 .72 .47 Tr. _ _ .78 4.02 .29 .03 .60 .01 Keedysville Tr. Tr. .51 .60 .02 Tr. - Tr. .70 .80 .08 - .92 - La Plata Tr. .10 .90 1.06 .15 - - Tr. .46 .68 .08 - .58 - Pioardy Tr. Tr. .30 .72 Tr. Tr. - Tr. 4.65 .85 .15 - .86 - State Sanatorium Tr. Tr. 2.30 .90 .25 - - Tr. .50 1.2Q .23 - .87 - * Takoma Tr. .03 .70 .90 Tr. _ _ Tr. .90 .10 _-' .50 _ Veateraport Tr. .05 .50 .28 Tr. Tr. - .12 3.80 .85 .20 .97 - Westminster Tr. Tr. 1.38 1.31 .11 - ,- .06 .19 1.05 .40 - .94 - District of Columbia: Washington *** Tr. .07 1.47 .70 Tr. - - Tr. .74 .11 .07 .45 .01 - Virginia: Berryville . Tr. .85 1.00 Tr. _ _ _ 2.25 .65 _ - 1.02 - Clarendon ** - - .48 1.41 .42 Tr. - - .02 .63 .12 .05 .48 - Dahlgren *** - .34 .93 .87 - - - .02 .80 .68 - .32 .29 - Dale Enterprise - Tr. .35 .68 - - - - 3.10 .65 .10 - .67 - Lincoln .03 2.03 58 1.12 Hanesaas .01 1.61 1.11 Tr. .44 .48 .11 .52 Monterey _ .28 .21 .24 .23 - . 3.70 1.71 .62 - .74 - - Mount Weather - .28 1.04 .64 .08 - - - 1.69 .89 .12 - - - North River Dam - - .61 - .38 . - - - 3.61 - - .93 - Quantieo *** - .02 1.50 .73 - - - .01 .53 .35 Tr. .83 .22 - Rlverton _ _ .64 .72 .59 _ _ _ .91 3.38 .20 _ .76 _ Sexton Shelter *** . - 3.20 _ .42 _ . .49 3.00 3.30 - - - .67 Shenandoah Camp No. 3 ** - - . 3.30 .40 - - .50 3.50 2.92 - - - .60 Sta union ** - - .34 .36 .33 - - - 1.14 3.27 .58 - .80 - Timbervllle - .03 .30 .95 - - - - 4.75 1.50 .08 - .73 - Winchester ** _ _ .30 1.04 .43 _ _ _ .49 3.20 .27 _ 1.48 _ Woodstock - - .48 1.01 .02 - - - 3.61 .80 .04 - .67 - * Included in next measurement. ** Measured In the morning. *** Measured at midnight, (a) Data furnished by Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 1.-Daily precipitation, in inches, March 1936 Continued (Measured In the afternoon except as noted) Station 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Rappahannoek River and York River Basins Virginia:

Big Meadows ** * Camp No. 1 * Christchurch _ Culpeper Fredericksburg ~ 1.2 .9 - - .2 - - Mineral .7 .0 Orange - * 1.0 .2 Panorama Rattlesnake Point Tappahannock Walkerton

James River Baain Virginia: Afton Balcony Falls *** - * .8 .24 .0 - - * * 4.3 .66 - Buchanan ** .34 .0 3.9 2.4 ,Z 1.0 .20 .6 .70 .1 3.8 .20 Clifton Forge - .04 .06 .2 - .4 3.2 .1 .62 .04 - Columbia .67 .1 .25 Tr _ 8.4 .4 .32 Deerfield Fannville - .48 .6 .14 - - - 2.7 .2 .1 .31 - Hopewell .01 1.4 .18 Hot Springs .1 .33 .2 .1 .7 .0 Tr. Langley Field *** .0 .64 .6 .02 _ _ Tr .0 .48 .0 ; Lexington .05 Lynchburg .09 .6 .26 4.1 .34 .05 .28 .28 New Canton .04 .8 .30 Tr - - Tr 3.7 .2 .3 Tr. .2 Norfolk *** .01 .98 1.1 .10

Powhaten .04 1.18 .20 Richmond *** .29 1.18 .30 - - - .60 Tr. Tr. .32 .06 - Ifilliamsburg Tr. .04 2.24 .10 Ohio River Basin

Allegheny River Basin Jew York:

Allegany State Park .58 .26 .31 .11 .as .01 Tr. 3.05 .37 .50 .01 .67 Tr. Franklinville .10 .10 .35 .20 .11 .03 Tr. 8.08 .60 .57 .15 .49 .16 Jamestown - .36 .08 .20 8.30 .30 Tr. .90 Olean .64 Tr. .48 .30 .15 .05 .15 .87 .25 .40 .34 .12 .40 >ennsylrania;

Advance (a) .10 .35 .08 .20 .03 .99 .95 .30 .30 Atwood (a) Bradford .02 .22 .46 .10 .10 .16 .75 .38 .55 .34 .02 Brookville .80 .09 .07 .60 .22 .10 .16 .81 .62 .61 .80 .03 .16 .05 Chanfcersville .12 .55 .30 .10 .11 .10 .96 .86 .84 .26 .31

Corry .82 .35 .17 .29 .11 .02 .93 .84 .37 .45 Cresson la) .30 .70 .08 .12 .80 .00 .86 .30 .77 Dalton Run (a) .84 .02 .53 .25 .03 .14 .13 .35 .79 .54 .08 .57 Derry .06 .12 .61 .32 .06 .09 .08 .00 *21 .28 .86 .08 .65 Ebensburg Tr. .27 .88 .50 .03 .15 .75 .13 .38 .38 .68 Franklin ** .43 Tr. .58 .12 .26 .27 .84 .10 .31 .08 Hinckston Run (a) .40 .03 .37 .35 .07 15 .17 .20 .95 .48 .06 .51 Home (a) .15 .80 .30 .20 .65 .84 .52 Johnstown Tr. .24 .03 .30 .20 04 12 .08 .43 .80 Tr. .30 .10 Kane .34 .43 .37 .40 Tr. Tr. .63 .47 .69 .89 .07 .57 .02

Kinteraburg (a) .08 .74 .08 19 08 .00 .93 18 .06 .16 .21 Latrobe (a) .08 .40 .20 .01 11 03 72 .98 35 12 02 .38 Laurel Run (a) .21 05 .45 .25 .02 15 20 55 .09 41 64 Lock No. 3 (a) Tr. 05 .06 .46 .02 Tr. 16 52 .44 60 08 05 Lock No. 5 ** 10 .05 .45 .06 02 13 66 .87 46 31 04 L.07 .23 * Included in next measurement. ** Measured in the morning. *** Measured at midnight, (a) Data furnished by Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. PRECIPITATION RECORDS 45

1.-Dally precipitation, in inches. March 1936 Continued (Measured in the afternoon except as noted) Station 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Ohio Blver Basin-Continued

Allegheny Diver Basin-Continued Pennsylvania-Continued

Luxor (a) 0.13 _ 0.41 0.31 0.10 0.15 _ 1.05 1.40 0.50 0.40 _ 0.11 0.05 Lye Ippus .03 0.10 .51 .40 .06 .13 0.05 1.00 3.00 1.07 .23 0.03 .53 - Meadville .90 - .04 .16 .13 .12 .05 - 1.34 .49 - - .26 - $Jill Creek (a) .23 .02 .46 .23 .03 .19 .13 1.05 3.68 .54 .02 .42 - - Mosgrove ** .05 .11 .05 .57 .12 .07 .10 .67 1.47 2.29 .05 .07 .17 - Natrona ** .04 .06 .08 .52 .14 .02 .22 .56 1.68 1.64 .26 .06 1.05 .16 North Fork (a) .21 .02 .48 .17 .02 .10 .13 1.39 3.32 .43 .04 - - - Onberg (a) .12 - .56 .25 .17 .24 .07 .93 3.98 .21 .12 - .41 - Barkers Landing ** .31 Tr. .08 .56 .08 .18 .30 .93 1.53 2.14 .22 Tr. .60 .12 Piney (a) .10 - .6? .18 .12 .26 .17 .87 3.72 1.21 .19 .03 .47 -

Pittsburgh *** .05 _ .44 .05 .01 .10 .04 .91 1.78 .37 .07 .20 .64 _ Quemahoning (a) .20 .05 .39 .16 .03 .12 .07 .98 3.80 .60 .17 .80 - - Hldgnay .21 .06 .04 .59 .35 .03 Tr. .63 1.35 Saltlick (a) .25 .05 .35 .26 .03 .32 .15 .97 4.50 .56 - .62 - - Saltsburg ** - .01 .08 .10 .70 .16 - .53 2.50 - .20 2.10 .42 -

Sheloota (a) .08 _ .80 .09 Tr. * .48 * 4.43 _ .25 _ .18 _ Smethport ** .04 Tr. - .30 .05 .02 .25 .55 .75 2.70 .50 .13 .25 .02 Springdale ** Tr. .05 .06 .46 .02 Tr. .15 .52 1.44 1.60 .08 .05 .50 .05 Tannery (a) ,08 - .58 .18 _ .13 .03 .98 3.86 .19 .07 .02 .26 - Titusville (a) - - .45 .20 - .40 .10 - 1.45 - .15 - .95 -

yandergrift *** .04 _ .42 .20 .02 _ .22 .61 1.93 Warren .31 - .34 .40 .26 .03 .09 .14 1.18 .06 .10 .05 .80 - fillet (a) .15 .08 .55 .32 .21 - - 1.05 2.30 1.21 .27 - .35 - Monongahela River Basin

West Virginia;

Aberdeen Tr. .ZS .19 .27 .11 _ _ .49 1.96 1.21 .39 Tr. 1.30 . Alpena _ _ .13 .52 .50 - - - 1.98 1.10 .16 - 3.00 - Bens on - - .25 .12 ,08 .05 - .65 1.55 .70 .35 - .76 - Brownsville - .21 .29 .14 .15 - . .58 1.57 .47 .42 - .87 - Buokhannon Tr. - .38 .24 .08 - - .50 2.48 .25 .16 .20 1.25 - Clarksburg ** _ .06 . .33 .07 _ _ .08 1.66 1.16 .31 _ .54 .03 Cratiford ** - .18 .28 .12 .16 - - .38 2.39 .76 .27 .02 .71 - Dam 10 ** Tr. .09 Tr. .42 .07 _ .04 .09 2.42 1.28 .27 .03 1.24 .20 Dam 15 ** Tr. .10 .04 .32 .14 - - .10 1.98 1.01 .27 - .72 .09 Davls ** Tr. - Tr. .29 .36 - - - 2.00 1.90 .90 .20 1.70 .10 Elkins *** _ _ .12 .46 .15 _ _ .21 3.32 .55 Tr. .15 1.34 _ Fairmont ** .08 .02 .33 .24 _ Tr. .09 1.89 .43 .06 Tr. .46 .16 - Orafton ** Tr. .25 .20 .18 - - - .50 .25 .35 1.05 .35 1.25 - Horner _ - .80 .25 .30 - - .50 2.25 .35 .10 - - - Jane lew - .20 .25 .20 .08 - - .55 1.79 .78 .10 - .91 -

Lost Creek .02 .03 .18 .05 .08 Tr. _ .60 1.98 .33 .21 Tr. .27 _ Manning ton .07 .10 .21 .11 .12 .01 .01 .60 1.93 .47 .30 .02 .80 - Morgantown Tr. .08 .30 .10 .08 - Tr. .90 1.90 .30 .08 Tr. .80 - Parsons - .10 .11 .50 Tr. - .15 2.93 - - Tr. .97 .10 Parsons No. 2 Tr. - .13 .50 .13 - - .12 2.36 .83 .17 - 1.60 -

Philippi . .30 _ .35 .101 _ _ .02 1.80 .75 .42 .05 .90 _ P tokens _ _ .18 .48 .30 - - .34 2.12 .60 .40 - 1.10 - Reedsville .26 - .33 .29 .12 .08 _ .52 2.16 .18 - 1.10 .90 - Roanoke _ .21 .29 .13 .03 - _ .55 1.90 .65 .35 .02 .79 - Terra Alta - .21 .22 .18 .31 Tr. - .15 2.15 1.01 .25 - 1.13 - Thomas ** _ _ .12 .30 .32 _ _ . 1.72 1.74 .4& _ 2.00 .30 Valley Chapel - .06 .21 .22 .10 - - .61 1.25 .80 .42 _ .78 .40 Vandalia _ .21 .24 .27 _ - - .45 1.95 _ - - 2.09 - West Milford _ _ _ .30 .20 _ _ .70 1.65 1.00 _ - .85 - We s ton - .21 .17 .32 .22 - - .24 1.40 1.32 .66 .10 .39 - Maryland:

Friendsville Tr. .30 .25 .50 .02 Tr. _ .68 2.60 .50 .10 Tr. .80 _ Orantsville .05 .10 .48 .20 .16 .17 - .23 3.82 .71 .27 Tr. .92 - Oakland Tr. .10 .24 .35 .05 Tr. - .15 2.60 1.11 .13 .04 .25 - Sines *** .10 .08 .24 .43 .02 .04 - .23 2.96 .47 .08 .12 .00 -

* Included in next measurement, ** Measured in the morning. *** Measured at midnight, (a) Data furnished by Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. 46 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 1 .-Daily precipitation, in inches, March. 1936 Continued (Measured in the afternoon except as noted) Station 9 10 11 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 82

Ohio BlTer Basin-Continued Honongahela BlTer Buin-Contimaai Pennsylvania:

Clalrton *** 0.0 _ 0.48 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.79 1.72 0.23 1.31 0.25 1.03 Tr. Confluence ** _ 0.18 _ .58 _ _ _ .18 1.82 1.95 .27 _ .58 0.10 Connellsvllle (a) Tr .0 .03 .51 .09 _ .08 .16 2.47 1.38 .60 _ .88 .10 Donora ** Tr .0 .14 .41 .02 - .10 .68 2.05 .86 .43 .01 1.05 - Elk Lick - .1 - .20 - .20 - .20 3.93 .50 .30 - 1.10 -

Greensboro ** Tr .10 .04 .56 .10 .01 .03 .10 2.17 1.34 .36 .09 1.80 .18 Greensburg .05 .06 .57 .81 .06 .03 .07 1.02 2.78 .84 .20 .01 .44 - Irwin .10 .02 .40 .28 .14 .06 .08 .96 2.00 .94 .36 Tr. 1.02 .01 Kregar ** .26 .04 .49 .18 .08 .14 .09 2.06 8.65 .64 .06 .36 .21 - Lake Lynn ** - .14 .01 .66 .11 - .01 .06 2.00 1.32 .32 .10 1.12 .85 Lock Ho. 4 ** _ .10 .11 .43 .12 Tr. .05 .33 1.98 .80 .41 .03 .78 Tr. McKeesport ** - Tr .06 .35 .01 _ .06 .35 1.81 * * 1.41 1.00 .01 Neve 11 .02 .12 .10 .40 Tr. _ _ _ 2.38 .44 .30 Tr. .60 . Pittsburgh *** .05 _ .44 .05 .01 .10 .04 .91 1.78 .37 .07 .80 .64 - Somerset .03 .22 .29 .28 .15 .18 - .47 3.55 1.05 .13 - .84 - Union-town .05 .09 .53 .26 .07 .05 .03 .80 8.45 .74 .84 .02 1.38 _ Unity Reservoir .09 .07 .45 .35 .07 .03 .04 1.05 2.35 1.05 .25 .01 .51 - Waynesburg .11 _ .29 .07 Tr. _ .08 1.04 1.22 .10 .83 .04 .72 - West [teuton ** - .08 .08 .46 .05 - Tr. .30 1.62 .55 .62 - .63 .09 Ohio River Basin proper Pennsylvania: Beaver Dam ** .02 .06 Tr. .31 .06 Tr. .13 .77 .95 _ _ _ .36 .05 Beaver Falls ** .04 .05 Tr. .25 .12 Tr. .15 .55 1.23 .88 .31 Tr. .47 .05 Boydstown Reservoir (a) .21 - .23 .86 .07 _ . .82 1.64 .47 .38 - .37 - Butler .12 - - .41 .30 .22 # 1.15 1.60 1.50 - - 1.01 - Claysville .04 .02 .25 .37 .01 .04 .06 1.08 1.84 .47 .32 Tr. .88 - Oreenville .85 _ .05 .13 .05 .15 _ _ 2.25 .50 .26 _ .45 _ Orove City .25 - .15 .10 .04 .02 .07 .84 .40 .50 .09 - .30 .04 Herra Island Dam ** Tr. .06 .06 .27 .03 Tr. .09 .50 1.89 _ _ _ .77 .14 Linesville ** .39 _ .21 _ .11 .87 .14 _ .17 .41 .24 _ .39 _ Look No. 2 (Nevills) Tr. .03 .01 .38 .03 .01 .12 .84 1.74 Mount Lebanon .03 . .23 .04 .04 .10 Tr. 1.00 8.75 .37 .08 .28 .75 _ New Castle ** .16 Tr. .03 .17 .07 .01 .29 .23 1.16 .64 .14 .01 .44 .08 Pennline ** .30 _ _ .34 .03 .03 .23 Tr. .61 .55 .17 _ .20 .05 Pyma tuning Dam (a) 1.10 - Tr. .83 .05 Tr. .20 Tr. .30 .15 .12 - .14 .08 Sharon ** .49 Tr. - .29 .07 Tr. .12 .07 .40 .20 .25 - .12 Tr. Thorn Run Reservoir (a) .20 _ .10 .40 _ _ _ .50 1.80 _ .65 _ .25 _ Westford ** - - .84 .06 .10 .15 - .40 .60 .50 .42 .47 .31 .80 Ohio:

Alliance .21 _ .10 .19 .07 .17 .07 .07 .75 .20 .10 _ .19 _ Cadiz .04 _ .83 Tr. .08 .25 .12 .71 1.30 .29 .02 .05 .40 _ Canfield .22 _ .16 .10 .06 .80 .18 Tr. .60 .85 - _ .33 _ Ellavorth .24 Tr. .14 .88 .05 .24 .09 .04 .64 .13 .18 - .13 _ Hiram .60 - .12 Tr. .06 .11 .12 Tr. 1.04 .09 .03 - .87 - Kinsman ** _ _ .27 .03 .03 .21 _ .54 .45 .17 _ .80 _ _ lake Milton .45 - .15 Tr. .15 .13 Tr. .19 .60 .85 .10 _ .26 _ Hillport .08 - .04 .12 .08 .11 .12 .41 .71 .31 - Tr. .19 _ Minsral Ridge .39 - .18 .14 .01 .20 .06 - .63 .85 .11 _ .25 _ Phalanx .52 - .35 - - Tr. .10 - 1.30 - - .30 - - Warren .58 .08 .20 .17 .08 .17 .07 Tr. .77 .87 .11 _ .82 _ Youngs toira ** .38 - Tr. .27 .80 Tr. .87 .02 .50 .88 .16 .01 .20 .01 West Virginia:

New Cumberland ** .05 .01 .16 .24 Tr. .18 .20 .86 .93 .20 _ _ .34 Tr. Wheeling ** Tr. .03 - .25 .02 - .08 .75 1.22 .64 .28 - .33 Tr. * Included in next measurement. ** Measured In the morning. *** Measured at midnight. (a) Data furnished by Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. PRECIPITATION RECORDS 47

Table 1 .-Daily precipitation, in inches, March 1936 Continued (Measured In the afternoon except as noted) Station 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Minor basins Maryland: Bell Tr. 0.02 1.10 0.95 Tr. _ _ Tr. 0.07 0.63 0.16 _ 0.43 _ Cambridge Tr. Tr. 1.70 .54 Tr. - - Tr. .10 .60 .10 - .60 - Cheltenham Tr. .07 .99 .84 0.02 - - Tr. * * .83 - .53 - East on Tr. Tr. 1.60 .63 .04 _ '-p _ Tr. .04 .75 .15 _ .72 _ Ferry Landing Tr. .08 .87 .47 Tr. - Tr. .25 .47 .12 - .48 - Princess Anne Tr. Tr. 2.08 .12 Tr. _ _ Tr. .80 .20 Tr. 0.45 .20 - Ridge ly Tr. Tr. 1.42 .52 Tr. - . - .08 .58 .06 - .50 - Salisbury Tr. Tr. 1.83 .23 Tr. - - Tr. .13 .65 Tr. - .41 - Snow Fill Tr, .10 2.10 .10 Tr. - - Tr. .10 1.00 Tr. - .40 - Solomons Tr. Tr. .88 .50 Tr. ' - Tr. .07 .72 .02 - .35 - Stevensville Tr. Tr. 1.40 .60 .02 _ 0.02 .02 .70 .40 _ .72 _ Woodstock Tr, .02 1.16 .90 Tr. - - .10 .50 .81 .41 - .68 - Virginia: Bedford _ .07 .35 .11 _ _ _ _ 3.25 .Ifl _ .07 .70 _ Calla villa - .38 1.22 .12 - - - - 1.07 .15 - .28 - - Cape Henry *** 0.21 .75 .80 .11 . - - .06 .55 .03 - .48 .01 - Chatham _ .05 .75 .15 - - - .05 2.20 .50 .05 .15 .20 - Clarksville ** - .01 1.04 .11 .05 - - - .07 2.90 .30 - .24 - Danville _ .09 .45 .16 _ _ _ Tr. 2.08 .71 .07 .08 .23 _ Diamond Springs .08 .22 1.60 .08 - - - - .78 - - .06 .48 - Kmporia .02 1.02 .31 .16 - - - - .94 .08 - .23 - Halifax *** . .46 .30 .03 - - - - 2.70 .46 - - - - Holland - .SO 1.85 .25 - - - .10 .75 - - .20 .40 - Kenbridge - .14 1.20 .07 - - - - .20 .08 Tr. .23 - - Martinsville ** .16 .17 .46 2.72 .14 .35 Onley _ 1.47 .11 .08 . _ _ .29 1.20 . .50 .03 - Pinnacles . .30 .59 .14 - - - - 3.19 .88 - .75 - - Randolph ** - .14 .80 .13 .06 - - - .46 2.08 .56 - .40 - Roanoke _ .23 .92 .20 Tr. , _ .08 3.25 .06 _ .77 _ . Rockymount _ .10 .89 .28 - - - - 1.02 1.66 - - .48 - Stuart . .12 .36 .12 - - - - 1.10 - - .58 - - Wallaeeton .07 1.96 .64 .16 - - - .02 .61 - - .34 - -

* Included in next measurement. ** Measured in the morning. *** Measured at midnight. 48 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

1. Throughout the area light precipitation in the form of either rain or snow occurred on March 9 and 10. Beginning about March 11 the intensity of the precipitation increased, and heavy rains continued through the 12th and in the northern areas on the 13th. ,Tftis so-called first storm has therefore been treated as a unit. The recorded precipi­ tation from March 9 to 13 was plotted on Geological Survey base maps (scale 1:500,000) and an isohyetal map prepared showing total rainfall for the first general storm. This base map has been reduced to appro­ priate scales for publication and shows the isohyetals of the first storm for the major drainage basins. (See figures 24, 25, and 26.) The areas between the isohyetal lines on the original base map were measured by planimeter for the drainage basin above each gaging station, and the average total precipitation for each basin was determined. The results of these determinations are shown under "Rainfall and run-off studies" in column 5, table 14. 2. Beginning about March 16 and continuing through the 19th heavy precipitation occurred throughout the area. In the Allegheny and Monon- gahela Basins and to a lesser extent in the western part of the Susque- hanna River Basin a large part of the precipitation during the second storm fell as snow. The period March 16-19 constitutes the so-called second storm. The recorded precipitation for these dates was summed up, an isohyetal map prepared, and total precipitation for each basin deter­ mined in the same manner as for the first storm. (See figures 27, 28, and 29 and column 6, table 14.) 3. The total precipitation during the period March 9-22 is shown in figures 30, 31, and 32 for all basins and in column 7, table 14, for all except the Monongahela and Allegheny River Basins. These data cover all precipitation in the period including that recorded in some areas on March 14 and 15 and on March 20 and 21. In the latter period part of the precipitation fell as rain and part as snow. In the Allegheny River Basin and to a lesser extent in the Monongahela River Basin, a large amount of snow accompanied the storms of March 17-18 and March 21. Much of the snowfall during these two storms melted and ran off in a flood on -28, which was larger in some areas than either the flood of March 11-12 or that of March 17-18. The entire period March 20-31 has therefore been treated as a storm period. The precipitation for this pe­ riod is shown in column 6a, table 14. In column 7, table 14, is also shown the total precipitation by basins for the period March 9-31. In /\*-o

76°

PRECIPITATION RECORDS 51

10 20 30 40 MILES

Figure 26. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, showing the total precipitation, In Inches, March 9-13, 1936. Figure 27.-- Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams In Maryland, showing the total precipitation, In Inches, March 16-19, 1936. PRECIPITATION RECORDS 53 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMS, ADD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

10 20 30 40 MILES

Figure 29. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, shoving the total precipitation, in inches, March 16-19, 1936. Figur 56 PRECIPITATION RECORDS 57

0 10 20 30 40 MILES

Figure 52. Isohyetal map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahe Rivers, showing the total precipitation. In Inches, March 9-22, 1936* 58 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS drawing the isohyetals little weight was given to the influence of topog­ raphy, as time did not permit a thorough analysis of the recorded data with respect to altitude. The records compiled in this report will en­ able a user to make more refined and detailed studies in a particular re­ gion. They will also enable an investigator to make a different time- period analysis of the storm precipitation from that herein contained, if desired. As shown in table 2, the antecedent precipitation throughout the area embraced in this volume of the flood report was somewhat below nor­ mal during December, especially in Maryland and Virginia, considerably above normal during January, and near normal during February. The total precipitation for the 3 months was slightly below normal in the northern part of the area and considerably above normal in Maryland and Virginia. With the exception of the large excess in precipitation in Maryland and Virginia during January, no special abnormality is disclosed in these records.

Table 2.- Total monthly precipitation and departure from normal, in inches, December 1935 to February 1936

December 1935 February 1936 December to State February Depar­ Depar­ Depar­ Depar­ Total ture Total ture Total ture Total ture New York 1.85 -1.05 3.55 +0.62 2.18 -0.50 7.58 -0.93 Pennsylvania 2.62 - .54 4.21 + .99 2.33 - .53 9.16 - .08 Ohio 2.47 - .29 1.65 -1.42 2.58 + .57 6.70 -1.14 West Virginia 3.66 + .32 4.01 + .38 2.61 - .50 10.28 + .10 Maryland 2.50 - .65 5.87 +2.70 3.73 + .87 12.10 +2.92 Virginia 2.31 - ..77 6.44 +3.20 3.86 + .74 12.61 +3.21

Extreme abnormality prevailed, however, in the total precipitation for March, of which that recorded from the 9th to the 22d constitutes the major part. Prior to March 9 there were very light rains In the southern part of the area and rain and snow in the northern part of the area on , 3, and 4. The total amount recorded rarely exceeded 1 inch. After there were scattered rains including fairly heavy rainfalls on March 24 and 28, which brought the total precipitation for March to one of the largest recorded for that month in parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. SNOW 59

The first storm, within the area covered by this volume, had one major center of precipitation in the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, where the depth of fall exceeded 3 inches (figs. 24 and 25), Recording rain gages at various United States Weather Bureau stations (see fig. 33) indicate that the intense precipitation was confined largely to the lower Potomac, Rappahannock, and James River Basins and that it rained nearly all day on March 11 and a few hours on March 12. Elsewhere the precipi­ tation was of low intensity and came in showers. The second storm, within the area covered by this volume, had two major centers in which the precipitation exceeded or approached 7 inches, one in the Shenandoah National Park (figs. 27 and 28), and one along the entire Allegheny Mountain range. Recording rain gages (fig. 33) indi­ cate that in the lower Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins there was nearly continuous precipitation on the 16th, 17th, and 18th. In the Potomac, Rappahannock, and James River Basins the precipitation was of rather high intensity and fell in storms of short duration. During the entire storm period March 9 to 22 the maximum recorded precipitation was 11.22 inches at Shenandoah Camp 3, in Virginia.

Snow

General

For the area as a whole there was very much more snowfall than nor­ mal during the winter, the excess being particularly large during Decem­ ber and January in all the State s*HMK5ept New York. The monthly totals as compiled from records of the United States Weather Bureau are shown in the following table:

Table 3.- Total monthly snowfall, in inches, December 1935 to February 1936

State December January February Total

New York 13.6 21.8 17.1 52.5 Pennsylvania 13.5 19.4 12.3 45.2 Ohio 13.7 11.2 8.3 33.2 West Virginia 20.5 16.6 10.8 47.9 Maryland 14.4 9.7 15.2 39.3 Virginia 10.5 4.8 14.5 29.8 Delaware 17.1 2.3 13.6 33.0 Figure 33. Hourly precipitation at various United States Weather Bureau precipitation March 9-22, 1936. SJJOW 61

Although the winter was characterized by much more snowfall than usual, abnormality was shown chiefly in the extent to which the snow ac­ cumulated on the ground during the winter, on account of the long cold periods during which there was little thawing. On March 9 most parts of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins were covered with snow except the main valleys. There was some snow in the headwater areas of the Potomac and Rappahannock River Basins but little if any in the James River Basin. From records collected by the Weather Bureau, the States, the Civil­ ian Conservation Corps, the Geological Survey, power companies, and others, the maps in figures 34, 35, and 36 were prepared to show an esti­ mate of the water content of the snow cover on or about March 9. All of the basic information used in the preparation of these figures is given hereinafter. In the areas where actual observations of the water content of the snow were available for the later part of February or the first part of March the results should be fairly accurate. In areas where only depth of snow was available, the indicated water content may be consider­ ably in error, as it was necessary to use an assumed ratio for the water content (generally 25 to 30 percent for snow on the ground on March 9, the greater ratios being used for shallow depths). Unfortunately for the purpose of the best representation of general conditions, most of the cooperative Weather Bureau stations are situated in urban or rural communities. Reported snow depths at such localities are generally less than those in adjacent rural areas, especially if these areas are hilly, mountainous, or timbered, and such records must be used with caution in determining basin averages. In compiling the maps showing the water content of the snow on the ground on March 9 (see figs. 34, 35, and 36) the original data were first plotted on standard Geologi­ cal Survey base maps (scale 1:500,000), and some weight was given to topography in the location of the lines of equal water content. The base data are shown in tables 4, 5, 6, and 7. The areas between isopleths of water content on the original base maps have been measured by planimeter, and the average water content of the snow, in depth in inches on March 9 for the drainage basins above the principal river-measurement stations, has been determined. These data are shown under "Rainfall and run-off studies" in column 4, table 14. The snow data presented in figures 34, 35, and 36 and in table 14 represent estimates of the water content on March 9 and correspond to

10 20 30 40 MILES

'T\V£i I

Figure 35»--Map of the drainage basins of the Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adjacent streams in Virginia, showing the depth, in inches, of the water content of snow on the ground, March 9, 1936. 64 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

0 10 20 30 40 MILES

Figure 36. Map of the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, showing the depth, In Inches, of the water content of snow on the groimd on March 9, 1936. SNOW 65 the total depletion of such water content in most of the area except in parts of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins, where considerable amounts of snow remained on the ground as a result of the heavy snowfalls in these areas on March 17-18 and 20-21. Outside of these basins the snow had disappeared in general by March 22 or very soon thereafter ap­ peared in large part as stream flow. The rainfall and run-off studies show the important part played in the flood by run-off from melting snow, and it is unfortunate that more plentiful snow data, especially in rela­ tion to water content and rate of depletion, are not available. This condition illustrates a serious deficiency in basic meteorologic data which are essential to satisfactory analyses of floods and flood causes in areas where melting snow contributes largely to the flood discharges.

Observations of snow depth

The measurements of snow depth given in table 4 were compiled by the United States Weather Bureau from original records by cooperative observ­ ers. At some of the stations daily records were available throughout the winter. Only a part of the period covered by the daily records is incor­ porated in the table. For areas in Pennsylvania information regarding depth of snow prior to and during the flood period was collected by the State Planning Board at a large number of Civilian Conservation Corps camps. These data are given In table 5. In translating snow depths into equivalent water depth a coefficient of about 25 percent was used. In addition to the snow depths collected by the Weather Bureau, cir­ cular letters, were sent to postmasters, operators of hydroelectric plants and waterworks, highway engineers, and others, requesting information in regard to snow and frost conditions at the beginning of the flood period. The following general information was obtained from these sources and may be considered to supplement or confirm the data given in tables 4, 5, 6, and 7. Pennsylvania.- In addition to the data given in tables 4, 5, and 6 the following information regarding snow on the ground prior to the March, flood was reported to the Department of Forest and Waters by public util­ ity companies and others: Butler Water Co., 8 inches at Butler, Butler County. Borough of Ridgway, 48 inches at Ridgway, Elk County. Westmoreland Coal Go., no snow at Irwin, Westmoreland County, but "ground full of water, which froze." Menallen Water Co., 10 inches at Scottdale, Westmoreland County. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 4.- Snow depth, in inches, on ground at indicated dates, (Dashes indicate no observation) February March Station 10 15 25 29 9 12 15 18 22 Potomac River Basin West Virginia: Bayard _ 21 _ 3 0 1 0 6 18 Brandywine _ - - - - Tr. 0 3 _ Circleville - - - _ Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 3 Martinsburg _ 5 _ - _ _ _ _ _ Piedmont 10 13 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stony River Dam 44 44 30 24 _ _ 0 3 13 Upper Tract _ _ - - - - 0 - - Wardensville 6 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 - Pennsylvania: Chambersburg 16 18 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 Gettysburg 15 18 12 2 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0 0 Maryland: Boyds _ 5 _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chewsville 5 8 6 1 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 Clear Spring 13 8 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 College Park 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cumberland 5 5 - 0 0 0 0 0 Tr. Emmltsburg 9 8 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 Frederick 10 13 3 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 Frostburg 16 17 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hancock (Tonoloway) 14 14 10 3 0 1 0 0 0 Keedysville - 8 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 La Plata 8 3 Tff. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picardi 10 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 State Sanitorium _ 8 - Tr. 0 _ 0 p 0 Takoma Park 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Westemport - 9 - Tr. - - 0 0 0 Westminster - 8 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 District of Columbia: Washington 10 2 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia: Clarendon 13 5 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dahlgren 9 2 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dale Enterprise 12 6 Tr. Tr. 0 _ 0 0 0 Lincoln 11 5 2 Tr. 6 0 0 0 0 lianas sas 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mount Weather 14 6 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 Quantico 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Staunton 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Winchester 14 _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstock 6 5 1 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 Rappahannoek and York River Basins Virginia: Fredericksburg 9 4 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mineral 7 3 _ Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 Walkerton 7 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 James River Basin Virginia: Balcony Falls 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Columbia 5 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deerfield 6 2 Tr. 0 0 0 0 1 Tr. Emory 7 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 15 Tr. New Canton 8 3 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Norfolk 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Richmond 5 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * Data furnished by U. S. Weather Bureau. Note.- Snow depth given to nearest inch. SNOW

Table 4 .- Snow depth, in inches, on ground at indicated d.ates, 1936 Continued (Dashes indicate no observation) February March Station 10 15 25 29 9 12 15 18 22

Ohio River Basin Allegheny River Basin New York: Allegany State Park 14 16 V 8 1 2 Tr. V 11 Pranklinville 36 24 24 21 Tr. 2 Tr. V 10 Jamestown 20 14 V V - 4 2 23 22 Pennsylvania: Chamber sville 8 9 5 0 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0 0 Corry 16 15 10 10 0 0 _ 34 18 Ebensburg 16 14 10 4 0 4 - - Tr. Franklin 6 8 5 2 0 0 - 14 10 Johnstown g 6 g Tr. Kane 20 22 12 V 2 3 0 1 6 Lye ippus 14 6 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 - - Meadville 4 4 2 Tr. 0 0 0 12 12 Pittsburgh 3 1 Tr. 0 0 Tr. 0 1 3 Ridgway 8 V 6 Tr. 0 0 Tr. - - Warren 9 8 10 5 0 Tr. 0 12 12 Monongahela River Basin West Virginia: Aberdeen 3 Tr. 0 0 0 Tr. 0 9 3 Alpena 29 10 _ _ _ _ Tr. 16 30 Benson 2 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 7 Tr. Clarksburg 2 1 Tr. 0 0 0 0 7 3 Fairmont 3 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 V 2 Janelew 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 Lost Creek 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 Mannington 12 10 0 0 0 Tr. 0 9 4 Picfeens 10 - - 0 0 2 0 12 15 Terra Alta 13 13 4 Tr. 0 5 0 4 5 Valley Chapel 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 Weston 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 8 Maryland: Grant sville Tr. 2 Oakland 14 12 3 Tr. Tr. 1 Tr. 6 6 Sines 10 14 Tr. 2 1 2 Tr. 4 4 Pennsylvania : Clairton 1 1 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 1 _ Elk Lick _ 26 _ 15 _ - 3 - - Greensburg 6 3 Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 0 _ Irwin Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 Tr. 0 0 Tr. Somerset 15 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 - Uniontown 2 Tr. 0 0 0 Tr. 0 2 Tr. Unity Reservoir 3 2 Tr. 0 0 Tr. 0 0 Tr. Ohio River Basin proper Pennsylvania: Beaver Dam 3 2 Tr. 0 0 0 _ _ 2 Butler 11 12 3 0 0 0 0 6 - Claysville 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 1 Grove City 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 7 5 Sharon 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 West ford 1 1 Tr. 0 0 1 0 5 3 Ohio: Alliance 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 3 Cadiz 6 2 0 0 0 Tr. 0 10 - Canfield 4 2 1 Tr. 0 Tr. 0 9 7 Hiram Tr. Tr. _ Tr. 0 0 0 7 Tr. Kinsman Tr. 1 Tr. 0 0 1 0 16 8 Note.- Snow depth given to nearest inch. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 4 .- Snow depth., in inches, on ground at indicated dates, 1936 Continued (Dashes indicate no observation) February March Station ID 15 25 29 9 12 15 18 22 Ohio River Basin proper Contd. Ohio Continued: Lake Milton 1 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0 Tr. 0 7 3 Millport 6 Tr. Tr. 0 0 _ - 5 _ Mineral Ridge Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 Warren 1 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 Youngs town 4 2 Tr. 0 0 0 0 8 5 West Virginia: New Cumberland 2 1 _ 0 0 0 0 _ _ Wheeling 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 - Minor basins Maryland: Annapolis 10 5 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bell 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cheltenham 10 4 Tr. 0 0 _ 0 0 0 Easton 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ferry Landing 10 3 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Princess Anne 5 Tr. Tr. Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 Solomons 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woodstook 6 6 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 Virginia: Cape Henry 3 Tr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note.- Snow depth given to nearest inch. 5.- Snow depth, in inches, on around at indicated dates, March 1936* (Dasis.es indicate no observation) After flood Point of measurement 12 19 period

Potomac River Basin Camp 107, in Adams County, on Stillhouse Run (tributary to Conocoeheague Creek), 7 miles southeast of Scotland, Franklin County, Pa. Tr. 0 0 Ohio River Basin Allegheny River Basin Camp F3, in MeKean County, on Kinaua Creek (tributary to Allegheny River), 7 miles southeast of Kinzua, Warren County, Pa. 12 20 9 Camp F2, on Tionesta Creek (tributary to Alle­ gheny River), 2 miles northeast of Kellett- ville, Forest County, Pa. 8.5 7 10 Camp F12, in Elk County, on headwaters of South Branch of Tionesta Greek, 5 miles south of Kane, McKean County, Pa. 24 13 10 Camp F6, on The Branch (tributary to Tionesta Creek), 4 miles north of Marienville, Forest County, Pa. 9 4 4 Camp 101, on Toby Creek (tributary to Clarion River), 9 miles southwest of Ridgway, Elk County, Pa. _ 30 - Camp Fl, on Spring Creek (tributary to Clarion River) , 8 miles northeast of Marienville, Forest County, Pa. 1.5 2.5 0 Camp 53, on Clear Creek (tributary to Clarion River) , 5 miles northeast of Sigel, Jeffer­ son County, Pa. 0 0 0 Monongahela River Basin Camp SP8, on Casselman River (tributary to Youghiogheny River) , at Rockwood, Somerset County, Pa. 9 0 0 Camp 97, on Tub Mill Run (tributary to Cassel­ man River), about 4 miles west of Salisbury, Somerset County, Pa. 24 12 12 Camp SP15, on Coxes Creek (tributary to Caasel- man River) , about 2 miles northeast of Rock- wood, Somerset County, Pa. 31 17 10 Camp 99, on Kooser Run (tributary to Laurel Hill Creek) , near Bakersville, Somerset County, Pa. 40 12 6 Camp 98, on Blue Hole Creek (tributary to Laurel Hill Creek), 8 miles northwest of Rockwood, Somerset County, Pa, 40 _ 5.5 Camp SP12, on Big Meadow Run (tributary to Beaver Creek), at Fort Necessity, Fayette County, Pa. 7 7 7 *Data obtained "by Pennsylvania State Planning Board from camps of the TJ. S. Civilian Conservation Corps. 70 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 6.- Snow depth, in inches, on ground at indicated dates, March 1936 Point of measurement Date Snow depth Potomac and Rappahannock River Basins Virginia (Shenandoah National Park): Camp 1 * Mar. 8 8 Mar. 14 4.5 Mar. 16 4.5 Panorama * Mar. 8 7.5 Mar. 13 4 Mar. 16 5 Rattlesnake Point * Mar. 8 7.5 Mar. 14 4 Mar. 16 4.5 Ohio River Basin Allegheny River Basin Pennsylvania : Latrobe t Mar. 2 Tr. Mar. 12 Tr. Mar. 22 Tr. Monongahela River Basin Pennsylvania: Connellsville t Mar. 7 1.5 Mar. 13 .5 Mar. 18 1 Mar. 21 5 Lake Lynn t Mar. 13 Tr. Mar. 19 2 Mar. 22 3 Mar. 24 .5 Ohio River Basin proper Pennsylvania : Pennline t Mar. 17 18 Mar. 25 6 Westford t Mar. 2 1.5 Mar. 12 1 Mar. 16 3 Mar. 17 8 Mar. 22 3 Ohio: Kinsman t Mar. 2 1.5 Mar. 12 1 Mar. 16 10.5 Mar. 17 19 Mar. 22 8 Mar. 23 2 * Data furnished by National Park Service, in cooperation with U. logical Survey. t Data furnished by Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. Note.- Snow depth given to nearest half-inch. SNOW 71

Nanty Glo Borough Water Co., 3^ feet at Nanty Glo, Cambria County. Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation, 5 inches in Green Township, Indiana County, and 8 inches in Cherryhill Township, Indiana County. Maryland and West Virginia.- A comparison of the total snowfall for the period to March 1936 with the normal snow for a similar period at various points in the Potomac River Basin indicates that there was 20 to 60 inches above normal at many locations. By March 9, however, most of this snow had disappeared, and there was no general snow cover over the basin as a whole. The snow that remained was in the remnants of drifts in timber, on northern slopes, or in gullieso The postmasters at Moyers, Sugar Grove, Cherry Grove, Rexrode, and Franklin, all in Pendleton County, W. Va., in the headwater region of the South Branch of the Potomac River, and at Whltmer, Randolph County^ W. Va., reported snow on ground at different dates after March 9e The chief engineer of the West Virginia State Road Commission stated that there were general snows over the State during the first part of March, heavy falls on the 17th in the central part of the State, and 8 to 15 inches in the Panhandle portion on . The district engineer of the Maryland State Roads Commission at Hagerstown, Md., stated that the average snow in Washington County up to March 18 was approximately 6 inches on the ground, and the district engineer at Frederick, Md., stated that when the flood occurred there was no snow on the ground in Frederick, Carroll, or Allegany Counties e Camp S-53 of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Flint Stone, Allegany County, Md., reported that during the winter months the snowfall was very heavy, sometimes blanketing the ground without drifts to a depth of 3 or 4 feet in open areas. The ground had very little absorptive qualities. Soil Conservation Camp 5, White Hall, Baltimore County, Md., reported no snow after . The caretaker of Stoney River Dam, Grant County, W. Va., reported that on March 2 there were snow drifts 15 feet deep on the downstream side of the dam, on March 14 the roads were blocked with drifts, and on March 19 there was 3 inches of snow on the ground. Virginia.- None of the cooperative observers of the United States Weather Bureau reported snow on the ground on March 2, 9, and 16o Snow was recorded during March at three locations in the Shenandoah National Park, and the results are included in table 6. The district engineer of the Geological Survey reported that on March 18 there were traces of snow in the upper part of the Roanoke River 72 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Basin and drifted snow that blocked the roads south of Christiansburg. There was snow in the Blue Ridge before the rains on March 16 and 17° Most of the snow was at high altitudes in the mountains. The following observations of snow depth, in inches, and equivalent water content, in inches, were made at the indicated places in the Blue Ridge:

Table 7.- Snow depth, in inches, and equivalent water content, in inches, at points in the Blue Ridge, March 18 and 19, 1936 Equivalent Point of observation Snow depth water content

Chatham (Mar. 18) 4 0.50 Pinnacles (Mar. 18) 6 .88 Buchanan (Mar. 19) 3 .23 Catawba Sanitorium (Mar. 18) .2 .15 Hot Springs (Mar. 18) 5.5 .77 Lexington (Mar. 18) 2.5 .71

Temperature

Temperature played a very important part in the development of the floods of March 1936. Figure 37 shows graphically the daily maximum, the daily minimum, and the accumulated departure of the mean monthly tempera­ ture from the normal at four Weather Bureau stations - Warren, Pa.j Cum­ berland, Md.j Elkins, W. Va.j and Lynchburg, Va. Several facts having a bearing on the floods are noticeable from these records. First, begin­ ning with December and continuing through February the temperatures were, in general, below normal; second, during the later half of January and most of February there was little thawing; third, there was no considera­ ble thawing weather prior to the later part of February. With the excep­ tion of a "January thaw" during the first half of January and a short warm period the last few days in February, minimum temperatures were in general below freezing throughout the winter. The increase in tempera­ ture in the last few days of February was sufficient to cause a break-up of the ice which had covered the river channels up to that time. This break-up, which was generally prevalent over the area covered by this volume of the flood report, also embraced the lower Ohio River and its tributaries in the States of Ohio and Indiana. High stages resulting in many places from ice jams were recorded at all river-measurement stations. In most of Ohio and Indiana considerably higher atages were recorded dur­ ing this period than in March. During the break-up late in February most TEMPERATURE

15 15 November March Daily range of temperature

+10 +5 Warren. Pa. 0 -5 -10 -15 +5 Cumberland, Md. 0 -5 -10 -15 +5 Elkins. W. Va. 0 -5 -10 -15 +5 Jiynchburg. Va. 0 -5 -10 -15 November December January February March Accumulated departure of mean monthly temperature from the normal Figure 37. Daily range of temperatures and accumulated departure of, mean monthly temperature from the normal at various places in the drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers for the period November 1, 1935, to March 31, 1936. 74 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS of the snow disappeared in the lower Potomac River Basin and in all of the area south of the Potomac River, and there was partial depletion of snow in the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins.

Frost in the ground

Temperatures were so low during the winter that in areas where there was moisture in the soil not protected by a layer of snow, frost formed to a considerable depth. Although there was probably some reduction in frost content during the break-up late in February, the ground conditions were conducive to high rates of run-off during the March flood. The protection from freezing that the ground may have derived from snow was so variable that definite conclusions as to frost cannot be made for large areas. The general conclusion may be drawn that where heavy snow cover came early in the season and remained throughout the winter there was little frost, at least near the ground surface, but that in areas where snow cover was light or where the heavy snow came late frost was present to a large degree. Due consideration should be given to the possibility that, in some -basins at least, a thin Impervious stratum of earth and frozen moisture may have effectively retarded infiltration and increased surface run-off. Few actual frost observations are available, and, as discussed under "Rainfall and run-off studies", the relatively high run-off as compared with the total water available may indicate that, although the surface of the ground was free from frost in some areas at the time of the flood, the underlying strata were frozen, thus increasing surface run-off and correspondingly diminishing recharge to the ground- water table. The absence of frost data constitutes a serious deficiency in meteorologic information in studying in detail the causes of the floods In these drainage basins. The following observations and estimates of frost condition by States are submitted in order that they may be avail­ able for use in a more complete analysis of the floods. Pennsylvania.- The district engineer of the Geological Survey sent a questionnaire to superintendents of cemeteries throughout the State asking two questions: (a) How did the frost in the ground compare with that of previous years? and (b) Was there frost in the ground just prior to the flood of March 17-18? In answer to the first question, superin­ tendents at Altoona, Gettysburg, Philipsburg, Reading, Sunbury, and Union City reported less frost than usual, while those at Clarion, Lan­ caster, and Pittsburgh reported more than usual. In answer to the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 3

A. ICE CONDITIONS ON THE OHIO RIVER AT VANPQRT, PA., FEBRUARY 21, 1936, BEFORE THE FLOODS. Courtesy of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army.

B. EVIDENCES OF THE POWER OF FLOOD WATERS ON THE KISKIMINETAS RIVER AT WEST LEECHBURG, PA. Courtesy of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 4

A. AFTER THE FLOOD AT THE RIVER-MEASUREMENT STATION ON THE SOUTH BRANCH OF THE POTOMAC RIVER NEAR SPRINGFIELD, W. VA. The height of the crest of the flood was 1 foot above the walkway at the gage house (X).

B. SCENE ON THE POTOMAC RIVER AT PAWPAW, W. VA., NOON, MARCH 18, 1936. Courtesy of K.elley's Studio & Camera Shop, Hagerstown, Md. DETERMINATION OP FLOOD DISCHARGES 75

second question, little if any frost was reported at Gettysburg, Harris- burg, Huntingdon, Reading, and Sunbury, while frost was reported at Clarion, Lancaster, Philipsburg, Pittsburgh, and Union City. The super­ intendent at Union City reported 8 inches of frost in a grave which was dug on . Maryland.- The winter of 1935-36 was the fourth coldest on record, to judge from answers to inquiries regarding weather conditions directed to Weather Bureau observers, public utility plant operators, camps of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and highway commissioners. At the beginning of the storm period on March 9 frost was present over most of the area. The camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps at Flint Stone, Allegany County, reported that the ground had little absorptive qualities, although during the winter the snow blanketed the ground to a depth of 3 to 4 feet. The camp at White Hall reported depths of frost of 30 inches during the winter and no frost after March 9. Camp S-51 of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Deer Park, Garrett County, Md., reported that there was frost still in the ground at the time of the flood. State Forest Camp S-52, Grants- ville, Garrett County, Md., reported that the ground was frozen to a depth of 30 inches in March. Virginia.- Actual observations of frost depths on and 14 showed penetration in Shenandoah National Park as follows: Skyline, 30 inches; Sexton Shelter, 36 inches} Panorama, 36 inches} Rattlesnake Point, 27 inches} and Big Meadows, 26 inches. The observer at the river-measure­ ment station on Lick River in the James River Basin had his curiosity aroused by the fact that in that area a comparatively small amount of rain had made the roads so muddy and the river so high. He dug into the ground In several places after the rains were over and reported the ground frozen at every point.

DETERMINATION OF FLOOD DISCHARGES

General discussion

The general method employed by the Geological Survey in the determi­ nation of river discharge and the collection of records of stream flow consists of the determination of a stage-discharge rating by means of cur­ rent-meter measurements of discharge at various stages from low water to high water and the application of this rating to the records of stage. If the stage-discharge relation for a station throughout the range of 76 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS flow has been determined, it is evident that if the stage at any time is known and normal flow conditions prevail, the rate of discharge past the station at that time may be ascertained by application of the rating curve. Obviously the stage-discharge relation can be determined most successfully for the ranges of stage and flow that are of ordinary occur­ rence. The difficulties of determination increase for conditions of ex­ traordinary occurrence. The determination of flood discharges, especially those of unusually great magnitude, may in most situations be very diffi­ cult, and their accuracy may depend upon scanty information as to actual conditions at the time of the flood, and upon surveys, analyses, and com­ putations by various more or less indirect methods for extending the curve of stage-discharge relation beyond the range covered by current-meter me asurements The ideal definition of the curve of stage-discharge relation for extreme floods would be obtained only by an adequate number of field determinations of discharge and by the observation and recording of criti­ cal features of flow during the flood at these places of determination. Floods rise and recede t»n many streams within a relatively short period of time. Moreover, headwater streams within an area of moderate size may for obvious reasons have their flood peaks rather closely in unison. Usual methods and routes of travel are often seriously disrupted in times of extreme flood. Owing to these and other practical difficulties the obtaining of sufficient information for determining flood discharges is a problem requiring not only special experience and ingenuity but also physical energy. However, with watchful attention to forecasts and re­ ports of the Weather Bureau related to the approach and occurrence of major storms, field parties can often be assigned in the drainage area affected by the storm with such timeliness that highly effective use can be made of available personnel and facilities in obtaining critically im­ portant information. The adaptation and improvement of equipment both for recording stages and for measuring discharges have also contributed great­ ly to the collection of adequate and reliable data regarding floods. The determinations of flow in floods so unprecedented as those of March 1936 are particularly complex and difficult, because they are unique. They therefore involve increasing resort to auxiliary methods and increas­ ing exercise of expert knowledge. In general, four different methods are employed in determining the maximum discharge of a flood at a given site, and the method used depends EXTENSION OP RATING- CURVES FOR RIVER-MEASUREMENT STATIONS 77 on the conditions at the site and the availability of Information for Its application. Whenever possible the results obtained by one method are verified by a determination by one of the other methods. The methods are (1) extension of rating curves for river-measurement stations, (2) compu­ tation of flow over dams, (3) computation of flow from slope-area obser­ vations, and (4) computation of flow through contracted openings. These methods are described in engineering textbooks and manuals. General in­ formation in regard to their use, with special reference to the conditions pertaining to the floods of 1936, is contained in the following descrip­ tions:

Extension of rating curves for river-measurement stations

Under favorable circumstances the rating curve showing the relations of stage to discharge may be extended to stages and discharges higher than the range defined by current-meter measurements and thus may afford a means.of determining the discharge. The successful application of this method requires a thorough analysis and careful appraisal of fundamental flow factors and a knowledge of the channel conditions at the river-meas­ urement stations, especially in regard to the manner in which the width and depth of the channel vary with changes in stage, also the conditions affecting changes of velocity with changes of stage, such as rapids or falls, which may tend to increase velocities, or contractions of channel downstream from the gage, which may tend to decrease velocities. The cross section of the channel at the flood stage, including all overflow and by-pass channels, should be determined by instrumental surveys. Per­ tinent conditions, such as backwater from lower tributaries and changing influences of contracted sections of the channel below, must be visualized and their effects appraised as accurately as possible from available information. The conditions most favorable for the accurate extension of a rating curve consist of well-defined rapids or riffles below the station at all stages and a uniform increase of channel cross section as the stage in­ creases, without abrupt changes in area or addition of overflow channels - in other words, a general uniformity of those channel conditions which control the stage and discharge relations at the gage. In the extension of rating curves the construction and study, in connection with other data, of a curve showing the relation of a product of the cross-sectional area of the channel multiplied by the square root of the mean depth (Av/aT) 78 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS to the corresponding stage has often proved helpful. The logarithmic plotting of stage and discharge also may be helpful in making the exten­ sion. In this method stage and discharge are both plotted on logarithmic scales. The observed stages, or gage heights, are adjusted to conform to the physical conditions of the site, usually by the addition or subtrac­ tion of some constant amount determined by study of such conditions. For example, at a river-measurement station with a riffle control of uniform elevation across the channel the gage height of zero flow should be sub­ tracted from each observed gage reading. The graph of the relation thus developed usually tends to be a straight line or a very flat curve and therefore may be extended without danger of great error. Studies of the areas and mean velocities of flow at the measuring section may also be helpful in making the extension of the rating. In these studies the dis­ charge for higher stages is computed from separate determinations of the cross-sectional area of the channel and of the mean velocity. The cross- sectional area of the channel is determined from field observations, and the mean velocity is obtained by extending the curve drawn through the values of mean velocity as determined from current-meter measurements, plotted against corresponding stages. Radical changes in downstream conditions controlling the velocity or stages, or abrupt increases in the area of channel cross section, such as result from overflowed banks, may interfere seriously with the reliable application of these methods of analysis. In general, it has been found that the results thus obtained are about as likely to be too large as too small, notwithstanding the application of the best available knowledge and experience, the results obtained by extension of the rating curve may be subject to considerable error, especially if the extension is carried considerably beyond the range defined by current-meter measurements. Re­ sults obtained by this method should therefore be used with appropriate caution.

Computation of flow over dams

The computation of flow over dams often affords a helpful and relia­ ble means of determining flood peak discharges. Under favorable condi­ tions the flow over a dam may be computed by a weir formula in which the principal factors are the length of crest between abutments, the head on the crest and a coefficient (C) based on experiment and varying with the shape of the crest and the head. The basic formula for such use is COMPUTATION OP PLOW OVER DAMS 79 commonly expressed as Q = CLHn , where Q = discharge in second-feet, C = coefficient for the dam, L = effective length of crest in feet, H = head in feet on the crest measured far enough above the dam to avoid the sur­ face draw-down curve, and n = the exponent of H. The exponent n may be assumed as 1.5, in which case the coefficient C will ordinarily vary with the head as well as with differences in the shapes of crest. For a dam for which adequate basic observations under heads of varying magnitude are available, it is possible to select con­ stant values of both n and C that will represent satisfactorily the gen­ eral equation of discharge at the dam, in which case n will usually be somewhat more than 1.5. The velocity of approach in the channel above the dam affects the discharge over the dam and virtually increases the head on the crest by an amount equivalent to the corresponding velocity head. Thus at most dams the areas of cross sections of the approach channels should be ob­ tained either from soundings above the dam after the flood has passed or from maps based on previous surveys, thereby making it possible to take the velocity of approach into account. This procedure has been followed in the surveys of the floods of March 1936. The head over the dam was generally obtained from gage readings made during the flood or from marks made at the time of the flood or from other high-water marks. Whenever the crest of a dam was submerged from backwater below the dam, the effect of such submergence was taken into consideration in computing the dis­ charge over the dam. The standard procedure in applying this method included a survey of the dam and surrounding features adequate for the preparation of a map showing all information that would guide the Judgment of the engineer in computing the discharge. Information as to the shape and profile of the crest and other essential features of the dam was obtained from plans of the dam or by measurement of the dam itself. Profiles of the high-water marks above and below the dam were obtained by surveys. Conditions with respect to submergence, flood plains, overflow channels or other by»- passes, and diversions through flood gates and water wheels were observed and recorded. The observations and records of these surveys are avail­ able for examination in the district offices of the Geological Survey for those States in which the dams are situated. In the formula for discharge over dams, Q s CLHn , the exponent n was In general taken as 1.5 and values of the coefficient C were selected from 80 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

data summarized in Water-Supply Paper 200* or from those contained in mod­ ern handbooks, modified in some instances as a result of the experience of engineers of the Geological Survey in the use of such coefficients. The selection of coefficients by the different district offices was uni­ fied and coordinated with a view to utilizing the combined experience of the organization, thereby reducing errors of individual judgment. It is believed that the results obtained by this method are reliable, although many of the determinations were made for heads considerably greater than those for which the coefficients are well established by experience and practice. For the depths of flow over dams that occurred in the floods of March 1936, coefficients in general not exceeding 3.80 were used for ogee-shaped crests.

Computation of flow from slope-area observations

In the slope-area method the discharge is determined from measure­ ments of the slope and the cross-sectional area of a suitable reach of channel and the use of formulas that have been subjected to extensive practical application. The basic formula is that of Chezy for the mean velocity of a stream, V = C \/RS~, in which R is the hydraulic radius, S the slope (energy gradient), and C a coefficient whose value depends on the degree of roughness of the bed of the channel and the hydraulic ra­ dius. This coefficient may be determined by either of two well-known formulas, Kutter's or Manning's. Both of these formulas include the roughness factor and the hydraulic radius, and Kutter's formula includes also the slope. These formulas apply most satisfactorily to channels that have uni­ form beds and cross sections and that are free from bends or other charac­ teristics which would tend to cause irregular and turbulent flows. Natu­ ral streams in flood rarely, if ever, have these ideal characteristics in full, and for the determination of discharge by the slope-area method those reaches of channel are selected which conform as closely as possi­ ble to the ideal conditions. On many streams the reaches of available channel are characterized by lack of uniformity in the bed, variations of cross-sectional area, bends, and other disturbing elements that make the application of the method difficult or impracticable.

* Horton, R. E., Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulass TJ. 3. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Pfloer 200, 1907. COMPUTATION OP PLOW PROM SLOPE-AREA OBSERVATIONS 81

The coefficient n, which is expected to express the degree of rough­ ness of the channel and which is closely related to the coefficient C, has embodied in it when applied to a natural stream channel various elements besides the resistance to flow afforded by the bed. Among these elements are adverse bottom slope and irregularities of alinement and shape and of material in the bed and banks of the channel that cause cross currents, eddies, and other turbulence, which absorb the energy of the flowing water. For the hydraulic radius and slope generally found in flooded streams in northeastern United States, the values of n used in the Kutter formula differ little, if any, from those used in the Manning formula. Because of this situation and the uncertainties in selection of values of n introduced by the disturbing elements mentioned above, any differences in the values of n that are caused by the use of one or the other of these two formulas are regarded as having no practical significance. In some of the Survey districts within the area of the floods of March 1936 the Manning formula was used in the determination of discharge; in others the Kutter formula/was used without detracting from the probable comparability of the results. The values of n chosen and used by engi­ neers of the Geological Survey were checked by comparisons with available data, special consideration being given to results of actual determina­ tions of coefficients of roughness by Ramser.* So far as possible, the determinations of discharge made by the slope-area method in the Survey's district offices were intercompared and centrally supervised or reviewed. A channel for which the flow was determined by the slope-area method is illustrated in plate 5 . The basic data used in the determination of discharge in the reach of channel shown in plate 5 are shown in figure 38. Similar basic data for all slope-area determinations were collected and are filed in the district offices. There may have been no previous application of the slope-area method to the determination of flood discharges that was as comprehensive as that in connection with the determination of discharges for the floods of March 1936. Where there were opportunities to compare the results ob­ tained by this method under reasonably favorable conditions with those obtained by other methods, the comparisons indicate that reliable results

# Ramser, C. E., Plow of water in drainage channels; the results of experiments to determine the roughness coefficient n in Kutter's formula: U. S. Kept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 129, November 1929. 82 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOHAC, JAMBS, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

1 1 1 1 «-To Johnstown U 1 1 1 1 1 1 |l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- ~ J Bridge T j-______. . destroyed Stony Creek -

by_the°flbod 1 4°° 80° 1,200 ' " i .- ^\ I2SJArvTV 12SJ)|\X]v; IAI|r\j-iyy P\lr**/\y /I2SJ yixxi I2SI/fsply XNTTf^ I2SJ - \ Cultivated field i u *" ffl High-water marks t\ 1 f § 0 I o 13 \ *> t """"^-^/ high-water line /

Not drawn to scale Sketch Map

^Section ^ ection A 0 B ^~ . -^= 0.00105" t - s =0.000fifl 50 .22 4- 1 _____ - rH Assumed water surface^! 1 400 600 800 1,000 1,20C Feet along center of channel Profile of high-water marks

Area, in square feet 4,565 3,092 7,657 Wetted perimeter, in feet 280 720 1,000 Hydraulic radius, in feet 16.30 4.29 7.66 25 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Feet Section A

Area, in square feet 4,772 Wetted perimeter, in feet 288 Hydraulic radius, in feet 16.57 1,200

Section B Figure 38. Map, profile of high-water marks, and sections of the slope-area reach Stony Creek at Ferndale, Pa. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 5

A. LOOKING UP THE MAIN CHANNEL OF THE REACH. Section A was taken about 300 feet below the abutment of the destroyed bridge that is shown in the upper left corner. Section B was taken approximately at the point shown in the lower right corner. Left bank below railroad tracks covered with small brush. Right bank clear except for a few large trees along the top. Bed composed of gravel and one-man rocks. The picture of the bed is typical of the reach, and the conditions shown at section B are slightly better than at section A.

B. LOOKING DOWNSTREAM AND ACROSS THE OVERFLOW SECTION ON THE RIGHT BANK. Section B was taken near the garage at the extreme right. The overflow was almost entirely free from vegetation except for a few small clumps and an occasional tree. SLOPE-AREA REACH ON STONY CREEK AT FERNDALE, PA. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 6

A. ARTIFICIAL CONTROL, RECORDER HOUSE, AND MEASURING CABLE ON OLEN- TANGY RIVER, DELAWARE, OHIO.

B. RECORDER HOUSE AND MEASURING CABLE ON KAWEAH RIVER, THREE RIVERS, CALIF. TYPICAL RIVER-MEASUREMENT STATIONS. STAGES AND DISCHARGES AT RIVER-MEASUREMENT STATIONS 83 were obtained. Where the conditions were generally unsuitable for the use of the slope-area method the comparisons have given rather erratic results. The slope-area method has generally been found to be useful as a means for checking determinations of discharges of extreme floods made by other methods and for making determinations where the application of other methods was impracticable.

Computation of flow through contracted openings

The method of computing flow through a contracted opening was applied where a stream passes through a constriction, such as the space between bridge abutments. In such a situation the area of cross section is much less than that of the channel above the opening, resulting in an increase in velocity through the contracted section. Such an Increase in velocity can be produced only by converting head into velocity, and the head so used shows as a sharp drop in the water surface beginning near the en­ trance to the contracted section. The flow through the opening is the product of the area of the contracted cross section and the velocity through it, the velocity being computed from the velocity head correspond­ ing to the drop in water surface through the contracted section plus the head due to velocity of approach minus the head lost by friction. (For a detailed description of this method see Houk, I. E., Calculation of flow in open channels: Miami Conservancy Dist. Tech. Repts., pt« 4, 1918.)

STAGES AND DISCHARGES AT RIVER-MEASUREMENT STATIONS DURING THE FLOOD PERIOD

One of the foremost purposes of this series of reports is the publi­ cation of useful detailed information regarding the stages and discharges of streams during the floods of March 1936 that will not be available in the summarized records of river discharge published annually in the water- supply papers of the Geological Survey. The Justification for making available such detailed information rests upon the recognized need for records of flood behavior that will show not only the mean daily discharge and the maximum rates of discharge during a flood as usually published for a gaging station but also the stages and rates of discharge continuously throughout the flood period and will make possible a definition of con­ ditions of stage and discharge at all stations in a basin at a given time during the progress of the flood. This detail is essential for intensive and comprehensive studies of the characteristics of floods and promotes 84 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS tlie formulation of appropriate plans for flood protection and control. It furnishes basic information for studying the behavior of flood crests, including the incidence of crests from different tributaries of a stream, the progress of flood crests throughout a river system, and other fea­ tures useful in deriving the elements necessary for forecasting flood heights and for appraising the characteristics of different basins in the shedding of flood waters. It furnishes basic information for the con­ sideration of the practical feasibility of detention reservoirs, channel improvement, forest management, soil treatment, and other measures with respect to their merits for ameliorating damage and losses caused by great floods. Moreover, in view of the exceptional record-setting char­ acter of the floods of March 1936, it is important that full and authen­ tic information concerning them be available for reference and guidance in connection with future urban and industrial development, with highway and bridge construction, and especially with the design of hydraulic structures in their relation to flood channels of streams. Records of gaging atatlona published in this report relate to streams on which floods occurred or which are situated adjacent to the margins of the flooded regions and so serve to define the areal extent of the floods. They also relate to the main Ohio River and streams tributary thereto from Pittsburgh, Pa., to its mouth - records which are useful in studies of the passage of the flood waters of 1936 down the channel of the Ohio River. Explanation of data

The basic data systematically collected at river-measurement stations consist of records of stage, measurements of discharge, and general infor­ mation useful in determining the daily flow from the records of gage height and discharge measurements. The records of stage are obtained either by direct readings on a nonrecording gage or by a water-stage re­ corder. Measurements of discharge are generally made by a current meter, the methods of using which are outlined in standard textbooks. Typical river-measurement stations equipped with water-stage recorder and measur­ ing cable and car are shown in plate 6. Rating tables showing the dis­ charges for indicated stages are prepared from the results of discharge measurements. At some river stations other or auxiliary devices are used in the determination of discharge, such as turbines, venturi meters, and gates, so calibrated as to indicate the quantity of water passing through them. EXPLANATION OP DATA 85

In general, the data presented In the following tables comprise for each river-measurement station a description of the station, a table show­ ing the daily discharges throughout the 3-month period February, March, and , and a table showing the stage and discharge at the times indicated during a period including the major flood flows and in suffi­ cient detail for the delineation of hydrographs to show with reasonable accuracy the stage and discharge at any instant throughout the flood pe­ riod. Over most of the flood area the major flood flows occurred within the period March 8 to 25, and these detailed records of stage and dis­ charge conform thereto. On some tributaries of the Ohio River the period in the latter table is modified to cover appropriately the major flood flows on those streams. Similarly on the main Ohio River the period of detailed definition of stages and discharges was made to conform to the flood rise, which, of course, came progressively later as it moved down­ stream. The data in the tables are intended to be reasonably complete and explicit with respect to essential information, although they are presented in abbreviated and concentrated form. Figure 39 gives two ex­ amples of stage and discharge plotted from typical compilations of data. The presentation of the records and other information has been standardized as much as practicable, and the following explanation is ap­ plicable to the standardized form. In general this form includes a de­ scription of the station, which gives information with respect to the location and type of gage, the area of the drainage basin, and the record of gage height. The information regarding gage heights describes the method of deter­ mining the stage during the flood and is of special technical significance, because the flood conditions at some localities prevented the use of the ordinary method of obtaining records of stage and discharge. A statement regarding the stage-discharge relation covers fundamentally a brief ref­ erence to methods used in the definition of the rating curve over the ranges of stage occurring in the floods. The description also includes information with respect to any other auxiliary methods used in obtaining the discharge, such as by flow through turbines, venturi meters, or gates. The maximum stage and discharge at the gaging station are given for the floods of 1936 and for the period of continuous record prior thereto, also at some stations for floods antedating such period of rec­ ord. Miscellaneous notes and conments essential or helpful to understand­ ing the record are included as remarks. Gage height, Discharge, In thousands Mean dally Gage height, Discharge, in thousands Mean dally In feet, at of second-feet, at discharge, in feet, at of second-feet, at discharge, Indicated time indicated time in thousands indicated time indicated time In thousands of second-feet of second-feet H1 H1 tO tO Ol D Ol O Ol O O\ O

\^ /> / )\, --.>

<-~^_ -^ <-^^ -~. ^-^ > x* X ^s > 7 }^ -( k

t EXPLANATION OP DATA 87

The table showing mean daily discharge presents the data generally for February, March, and April and covers the period of the floods and a time of sufficient length before and after to show the relation of the flood discharges to the prevalent discharges of the late winter and early spring. These data make possible a general perspective of the rises of the March floods and the related stream-flow conditions prior and subse­ quent thereto. The table shows the mean monthly discharge for the 3 months and the volume of run-off expressed as depth in inches over the drainage area, corrected for artificial storage if the information needed therefor was available. Figure 40 shows hydrographs of mean daily dis­ charge at selected river-measurement stations for this 3-aonth period. The tables showing stage and discharge at indicated times are de­ signed to present the rise and recession of the flood in detail. In most of the records presented these tables begin on March 8, 3 or 4 days be­ fore the beginning of the rise of the first major flood, and continue through , when the flood had largely passed out of the river sys­ tems. As previously noted, the period of time covered by this table has been varied under special conditions to include stages and discharges for a longer or different period where it seemed desirable. This table is accompanied by supplemental records of stage and dis­ charge to afford a more nearly complete record of these items at the given river-measurement station continuously throughout the flood period. Hydrographs of discharge showing characteristics of the flood peaks and conditions of stream flow during the flood period are shown for river- measurement stations in the Potomac River Basin in figure 41 and for riv­ er-measurement stations on the James River in figure 42. In figures 43 to 46 are shown graphs of discharge at various river-measurement stations in the Ohio River Basin. The stages at the indicated times were obtained from the records of continuous water-stage recorders so far as such records were available. For stations at which the records of stage were intermittent, consisting of a small number of gage readings per day, or at which the records were broken because of some failure in the recording system, stage hydrographs have been developed on the basis of the available information, and the stages at indicated times have been obtained from these hydrographs. The stage records in this table are given to hundredth^ of a foot or to other limits of refinement, such as half-tenths or tenths of a foot, as ex­ plained in the notes accompanying the records. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Potomac River | near Washington, P. C.

Rappahannock Rlvei at Kelly's Ford, Va

James River hear Richmond, Va

Roanoke River near Clover, Va

Parkers Landing,

Klsklminetas River at Avonmore, Pa.

Monongahela River at Charlerol. Pa.

Youghiogheny River at Sutersvllle, Pa

hlo Hiver at Sewlckley, Pa

Ohio River at Metropolis, 111

10 20 29 10 20 31 10 20 February March April Figure 40. Graphs of mean dally discharge at various river-measurement stations in the drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers for the period February 1 to April 30, 1936. EXPLANATION OF DATA

4eej-puooes jo sptreenoq^ Discharge In thousands of second-feet

SHUAIH OIHO CIKV 'SHWW 'OVWOMM--926T HOHW dO 140

Allegheny River at Parkers Landing, Pa

£ 100

Allegheny River at Franklin, Pa

, Allegheny River at Red House. N. Y

20

Allegheny River at Larabee, Pa

10 11 12 13' 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Figure 43. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement stations on the Allegheny River, March 8 to April 4, 1936. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

^aaj-puooas jo Eptresno-qa a-f EXPLANATION OF DATA

q.99j-pnoo9s jo sptrssnonq. ttf 1,100

1,000

900

800

700

600

500 to 400 / \Huntlngton, W. Va.-^X.

300 - Louisville, Ky

200

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Figure 46. Graphs of discharge at various river-measurement stations on the Ohio River, March 8 to April 30, 1936. EXPLANATION OP DATA 95

The discharge at indicated times is related in general to the corre­ sponding stage in accordance with the stage-discharge relation as dis­ cussed in the preceding paragraph. Where the normal stage-discharge relation was affected by ice or by backwater from tributaries, these con­ ditions were taken into consideration in the determination of discharge. In some instances the stage in its application to the stage-discharge re­ lation for determination of discharge has been used to the nearest half- tenth or tenth in accordance with certain established limits. Certain miscellaneous records of stage and discharge at measurement stations on the Ohio River are included in modified form in their appro­ priate order among the stations on that river. The records are treated in accordance with the regular arrangement used by the Geological Survey in its water-supply papers. The drainage basins are treated from north to south in the order of their discharge into the Atlantic Ocean. In this volume records of streams in the Ohio River Basin follow those for the Roanoke River Basin. The maximum discharges at these river-measurement stations and at other places on these streams, with other related information are listed in tables 11 and 12 in the order above described. The locations of the stations are shown on the maps accompanying tables 11 and 12 (figs. 48 to 51) by means of index numbers listed in the first column of the table. Reference should be made to the water-supply papers of the Geological Survey for other available published records of flow of the streams dis­ cussed in this report. The records of flow published herein are based on all information available at this time. Accelerated erosion and dep­ osition in the river channels due to the floods may have changed the stage-discharge relation at some river-measurement stations at medium and low discharges, but all these changes may not have been fully defined in the period available for observations since the floods. Any revisions found necessary in the light of further information will be published in subsequent water-supply papers. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

North Branch of Potomac River at Blooming ton, ltd.

Location.- Lat. 39028'48n , long. 79°4 t 8n , at highway bridge at Blooming ton, Garrett County, 600 feet above_mouth of Savage River and 2 miles above Piedmont, W. Va. Zero of gage is 951.98 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 287 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods 8 to 11 p.m. Mar. 4, 11 p.mT Mar. 10 to noon Mar. 11, 7 a.m. Mar. 12 to 3 a.m. Mar. 13, 7 a.m. Mar. 17 to 1 a.m. Mar. 18, when it was determined by flood marks, observations by local resi­ dents, and comparison with stage graph of station on Savage River. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 6,500 second-feet; extended to crest discharge using slope-area determination of flood flow; verified by comparison of instantaneous discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other streams in Potomac River Basin. Affected by ice Feb. 1-27. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 25,100 second-feet 9:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, about 13.2 feet). 1924 (October) to 1927, 1929-35: Discharge, about 12,600 second-feet (revised) Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 10.4 feet). 1889-1936: Maximum known stage, 20.3 feet Mar. 29, 1924, from flood marks; equivalent to about 15.0 feet on present gage. Remarks.- Flood run-off not materially affected by storage. Recording-gage shelter is located on right bank below bridge abutment on inside of sharp bend in channel. Dar­ ing flood, water surface is higher on left bank (outside of bend) than at gage. Flood mark on left bank above bridge was at gage height 18.5 feet, one below bridge at 15.34 feet, and crest at gage about 13.2 feet. Mark left by flood of Mar. 29, 1924, at upstream side of left bridge abutment was at gage height 20.3 feet.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 260 2,300 900 11 210 3,850 1,860 21 500 2,280 500 2 270 1,750 1,090 12 210 3,290 1,560 22 450 1,860 491 3 280 1,300 990 13 210 2,100 1,270 23 400 2,090 447 4 270 1,350 780 14 210 1,440 1,060 24 350 4,780 399 5 280 2,230 840 15 500 1,440 900 25 600 5,150 355 6 300 1,750 4,030 16 700 1,400 960 26 4,900 3,470 339 7 270 1,400 3,040 17 700 13,800 810 27 5,000 2,870 359 8 250 1,140 1,920 18 650 8,840 680 28 3,400 2,420 316 9 230 1,400 1,470 19 600 3,560 612 29 2,230 1,650 283 10 240 1,860 1,800 20 550 2,420 550 30 1,310 259 31 1,120 863 2 GO fi Run-off, in inches...... 3.25 11.36 4.00 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 19S6 Feet Sec. ft. Feet | See. ft. Feet |Sec.ft. Feet |Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. $o W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.25 1,220 5.30 1,260 5.90 1,860 6.5 2,660 7.16 3,780 6.42 2,540 4 5.22 "1,200 5.35 1,300 5.92 1,880 6.8 3,140 7.12 3,710 6.34 2,430 6 5.19 1,170 5.37 1,320 5.92 1,880 7.2 3,860 7.07 3,620 6.26 2,310 8 5.16 1,140 5.38 1,330 5.92 1,880 7.4 4,250 7.02 3,530 6.19 2,220 10 5.12 1,120 5.36 1,310 5.91 1,870 7.6 4,660 6.96 3,420 6.11 2,110 H 5.09 1,090 5.33 1,290 5.88 1,840 7.52 4,490 6.90 3,310 6.05 2,040 2 5.06 1,070 5.32 1,280 5.81 1,760 7.40 4,250 6.85 3,220 5.98 1,960 4 5.04 1,050 5.34 1,300 5.78 1,730 7.32 4,090 6.78 3,110 5.93 1,900 6 5.03 1,040 5.47 1,410 5.79 1,740 7.28 4,010 6.70 2,970 5.88 1,840 8 5.06 1,070 5.66 1,600 5.86 1,820 7.25 3,960 6.63 2,860 5.84 1,790 10 5.14 1,130 5.79 1,740 5.97 1,940 7.22 3,900 6.56 2,750 5.78 1,730 M 5.23 1,200 5.86 1,820 6.1 2,100 7.20 3,860 6.49 2,640 5.73 1,670 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.67 1,610 5.60 1,540 5.54 1,480 5.61 1,550 11.20 15,700 7.66 4,380 4 5.62 1,560 5.64 1,580 5.55 1,490 5.72 1,660 10.50 12,900 7.55 4,160 6 5.57 1,510 5.64 1,580 5.53 1,470 5.89 1,850 9.81 10,400 7.44 3,930 8 5.51 1,450 5.61 1,550 5.49 1,430 7.4 4,250 9.30 8,710 7.35 3,760 10 5.46 1,410 5.55 1,490 5.45 1,400 10.2 11,900 9.00 7,800 7.26 3,580 H 5.42 1,370 5.50 1,440 5.42 1,370 11.8 18,300 8.78 7,160 7.17 3,420 2 5.39 1,340 5.45 1,400 5.38 1,330 12.2 20,100 8.55 6,540 7.11 3,310 4 5.37 1,320 5.42 1,370 5.37 1,320 12.4 21,100 8.41 6,170 7.06 3,220 6 5.37 1,320 5.42 1,370 5.36 1,310 12.7 22,500 8.26 5,780 7.01 3,140 8 5.40 1,350 5.45 1,400 5.39 1,340 13.1 24,600 8.07 5,320 6.96 3,060 10 5.46 1,400 5.49 1,430 5.44 1,390 13.2 25,100 7.93 4,990 6.90 2,950 M 5.53 1,470 5.52 1,460 5.52 1,460 13.1 24,600 7.78 4,650 6.84 2,850 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.77 2,750 6.59 2,480 6.09 1,850 6.36 2,170 6.98 3,090 8.70 6,940 4 6.70 2,640 6.67 2,590 6.05 1,800 6.34 2,140 7.08 3,260 8.44 6,240 6 6.63 2,530 6.68 2,610 6.00 1,750 6.29 2,080 7.10 3,290 8.16 5,530 8 6.56 2,430 6.61 2,500 5.96 1,710 6.24 2,020 7.08 3,260 7.96 5,060 10 6.50 2,350 6.54 2,410 5.93 1,680 6.19 1,960 7.04 3,190 7.85 4,800 H 6.45 2,280 6.46 2,290 5.91 1,660 6.14 1,900 7.02 3,150 7.81 4,710 2 6.41 2,230 6.41 2,230 5.93 1,680 6.09 1,850 7.15 3,380 7.72 4,510 4 6.39 2,210 6.36 2,170 5.98 1,730 6.08 1,840 7.68 4,430 7.66 4,390 6 6.38 2,190 6.33 2,130 6.08 1,840 6.14 1,900 9.00 7,800 7.64 4,340 8 6.39 2,210 6.28 2,070 6.23 2,010 6.31 2,100 9.26 8,590 7.68 4,430 10 6.40 2,220 6.21 1,980 6.32 2,120 6.53 2,390 9.22 8,460 7.74 4,560 X 6.46 2,290 6.15 1,920 6.36 2,170 6.75 2,720 9.00 7,800 7.74 4,560 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 9:30 p.m., 13.2 ft., 25,100 sec.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 97

North Branch, of Potomac River near Cumberland, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°37'1611 , long. 780 46'24n , at Hlleys Ford highway bridge 2 miles south of Cumberland, Allegany County, and 2.1 miles below mouth of Wills Creek. Zero of gage is 585,223 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 875 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods 8:30 p.m. Mar. 17 to 3 a.m. Mar. 18, 10 a.m. Mar. 20 to 6 a.m. Mar. 21, 7 p.m. Mar. 21 to 1 p.m. Mar. 22, when it was based on high-water marks, observer's readings, and shape of stage graphs at nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1, 18-23. Defined by current-meter measurements below 18,400 second-feet; extended to peak discharge obtained by slope- area computation; verified by contracted-opening computation of flow,velocity-area study near control section, and comparison of instantaneous discharge and total run­ off of flood with records for other streams in Potomac River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 97,300 second-feet 11:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 29.13 feet, from flood mark). 1929-35: Discharge, 28,200 second-feet (revised) May 13, 1932 (gage height, 19.2 feet). 1889-1936? Maximum known stage, 29.2 feet June 1, 1889 {discharge, about 98,000 second-feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Da7 Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 700 7,420 2,510 11 521 10,700 4,310 21 1,200 8,690 1,270 2 643 5,660 2,340 12 501 14,000 4,030 22 1,100 5,980 1,220 3 689 4,170 2,460 13 508 7,910 3,230 23 940 5,660 1,110 4 673 3,890 1,970 14 556 4,900 2,800 24 866 7,050 996 5 673 6,940 1,870 15 743 4,030 2,400 25 960 12,500 900 6 712 6,140 8,990 16 1,650 4,310 2,290 26 11,200 8,080 828 7 743 4,750 9,100 17 1,650 34,500 2,070 27 15,300 6,460 836 8 614 3,750 5,660 18 1,600 49,300 1,770 28 11,800 5,820 828 9 570 3,750 4,170 19 1,500 13,900 1,570 29 7,260 4,450 756 10 577 5,980 4,600 20 1,400 8,080 1,420 30 3,490 700 31 2,980

Run-off, in inches ...... 2.88 11.69 3.36 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. a March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - _ _ _ _ 8.68 6,270 15.01 17,700 - - 4 7.23 4,070 6.87 3,580 8.14 5,410 8.82 6,490 14.67 17,000 10.57 9,390 6 ______9.04 6,840 14.24 16,100 _ _ 8 7.11 3,900 6.97 3,710 8.56 6,080 9.32 7,290 13.75 15,200 10.05 8,500 10 _ _ - _ _ 9.77 8,030 13.31 14,300 _ _ N 6.94 3,670 7.05 3,820 8.71 6,320 10.61 9,460 12.91 13,600 9.56 7,680 2 ______11.35 10,700 12.61 13,000 - _ 4 6.84 3,540 7.05 3,820 8.64 6,200 12.33 12,500 12.36 12,600 9.16 7,040 6 _ _ - _ _ _ 13.46 14,600 12.12 12,100 _ _ 8 6.81 3,500 7.24 4,090 8.57 6,090 14.36 16,400 11.84 11,600 8.82 6,490 10 ------14.91 17,500 11.52 11,000 _ _ M 6.82 3,520 7.57 4,560 8.60 6,140 15.12 17,900 11.17 10,400 8.52 6,010 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______7.88 5,020 28.61 91,400 15.55 18,800 4 8.23 5,550 7.31 4,180 7.27 4,130 8.10 5,350 27.60 80,700 14.80 17,200 6 _ _ _ _ _ 8.45 5,900 26.50 70,200 14.19 16,000 8 7.36 5,140 7.29 4,160 7.42 4,340 9.07 6,890 25.15 58,900 13.62 14,900 10 _ _ 7.28 4,140 _ _ 11.50 11,000 23.90 50,100 13.14 14,000 N 7.74 4,810 7.00 3,750 7.49 4,440 15.25 18,200 22.65 43,000 12.74 13,300 2 _ _ 7.22 4,060 _ _ 19.30 28,600 21.25 36,000 12.38 12,600 4 7.56 4,540 7.19 4,020 7.48 4,420 23.10 45,300 19.88 30,600 12.07 12,000 6 _ _ _ _ _ 25.35 60,500 18.55 26,200 11.70 11,400 8 7.42 4,340 7.11 3,900 7.51 4,460 27.56 80,300 17.55 23,400 11.43 10,900 10 29.04 96,200 16.93 21,800 11.20 10,500 M 7.35 4,240 7.13 3,930 7.72 4,780 29.13 97,300 16.29 20,200 10.98 10,100 March 20 March 21 March 22 Marqh 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 9.25 7,180 _ _ _ _ 8.04 5,260 13.80 15,300 4 10.52 9,300 9.65 7,820 9.00 6,780 8.43 5,870 8.16 5,440 14.14 15,900 6 _ _ 10.09 8,570 _ _ _ _ 8.38 5,790 13.90 15,500 8 10.09 8,570 10.63 9,490 8.68 6,270 8.47 5,930 8.62 6,170 13.42 14,600 10 _ _ 11.20 10,500 _ _ _ 8.80 6,460 12.89 13,600 K 9.72 7,940 11.15 10,400 8.40 5,820 8.37 5,770 8.92 6,650 12.36 12,600 2 _ _ 10.82 9,810 _ _ _ _ 9.07 6,890 11.82 11,600 4 9.40 7,420 10.40 9,100 8.18 5,470 8.22 5,530 9.35 7,340 11.41 10,800 6 _ _ 10.05 8,500 _ _ _ _ 9.54 7,640 11.06 10,200 8 9.13 6,990 9.82 8,110 8.06 5,290 8.07 5,300 10.08 8,560 10.78 9,750 10 _ _ 9.58 7,710 _ _ _ _ 10.89 9,930 10.56 9,370 M 9.03 6,830 S.38 7,390 8.20 5,500 8.01 5,220 12.50 12,800 10.43 9,150 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11:30 p.m., 29.13 ft., 97,300 sec.-ft. 98 ELOODS OF MARCg 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, ANE UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Potomac River at Hancock, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°41'49", long. 78°10'39'1 , at highway bridge at Hancock, Washington County, 1.1 miles above Great . Zero of gage is 383.46 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 4,070 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph prior to 9:10 a.m. Mar. 18; thereafter graph based on flood marks and two or more gage readings daily. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 32,800 second-feetj extended to peak stage by using slope-area computa­ tion of flood flow; verified by velocity-area studies at control section and compari­ sons of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records at other stations in Potomac River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 340,000 second-feet 6 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 47.60 feet). 1932-35: Discharge, 64,400 second-feet (revised) Apr. 21, 1933 (gage height, 23.1 feet). 1852-1936: Maximum known discharge and stage, that of Mar. 18, 1936.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. liar. Apr. 1 2,800 24,800 8,820 11 2,300 13,500 15,800 21 8,700 30,400 4,610 2 2,600 20,800 7,890 12 2,200 26,100 14,900 22 7,000 32,200 4,090 3 2,400 15,500 8,580 13 2,100 30,600 12,800 23 6,500 21,200 3,760 4 2,500 13,000 7,890 14 2,200 20,200 10,800 24 4,500 19,700 3,440 5 2,700 15,500 6,770 15 3,500 14,400 9,060 25 4,000 27,400 3,140 6 3,500 17,800 13,900 Ifi 8,500 11,900 8,120 2R 11,000 26,100 2,990 7 3,200 14,600 30,200 17 12,000 41,900 7,430 27 51,200 19,400 2,850 8 2,800 11,600 23,000 18 14,000 261,000 6,350 28 51,600 18,300 2,710 9 2,600 9,990 16,900 19 11,000 153,000 5,740 29 31,600 15,500 2,710 10 2,400 10,500 14,700 20 9,000 40,700 4,970 30 12,600 2,570 31 10,500 9,324 32,280 8,916 Run-of f , in inches ...... 2.47 9.14 2.44

gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Keet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet |Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. £o n March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______- 10.79 17,200 15.81 33,000 4 9.17 12,600 8.32 10,300 8.21 10,000 9.22 12,700 11.32 18,800 15.82 33,100 6 ______11.95 20,700 15.80 33,000 8 9.00 12,100 8.20 9,990 8.25 10,100 9.25 12,800 12.73 23,100 15.74 32,800 10 ______13.53 25,600 15.64 32,400 H 8.85 11,700 8.12 9,780 8.33 10,300 9.30 13,000 14.20 27,700 15.48 31,900 2 ______14.75 29,500 15.22 31,000 4 8.72 11,400 8.07 9,650 8.50 10,800 9.49 13,500 15.18 30,900 14.90 30,000 6 _ _ _ _ _ - - - 15.48 31,900 14.55 28,800 8 8.59 11,000 8.07 9,650 8.78 11,500 9.80 14,400 15.65 32,500 14.17 27,600 10 ______15.74 32,800 13.80 26,400 M '8.45 10,600 8.12 9,780 9.06 12,300 10.39 16,000 15.79 33,000 13.45 25,300 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______9.06 12,300 34.55 153,000 41.60 241,000 4 32.77 23,200 10.18 15,400 9.02 12,200 9.23 12,800 36.50 174,000 39.75 215,000 6 _ - _ _ _ _ 9.50 13,500 38.72 203,000 38.15 194,000 8 12.20 21,400 9.92 14,700 8.94 12,000 9.89 14,600 41.25 236,000 36.60 176,000 10 ______10.45 16,200 43.35 268,000 35.25 160,000 N 11.70 19,900 9.68 14,000 8.86 11,800 11.38 19,000 44.90 293,000 33.84 146,000 2 _ - - _ _ _ 13.85 26,600 46.10 313,000 32.27 131,000 4 11.26 18,600 9.49 13,500 8.80 11,600 18.25 42,100 47.00 329,000 30.74 117,000 6 ______23.40 66,100 47.60 340,000 29.35 106,000 8 10.85 17,400 9.33 13,000 8.82 11,600 27.60 92,500 46.80 326,000 27.80 93,900 10 ______30.42 114,000 45.15 297,000 26.20 82,600 H 10.50 16,400 9.18 12,600 8.97 12,000 32.75 135,000 43.45 269,000 24.70 72,800 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 23.20 63,700 14.90 28,300 _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ 4 21.75 55,800 14.80 28,000 17.40 36,700 13.40 23,600 12.37 20,500 12.35 20,500 6 20.15 48,000 14.75 27,800 _ .. _ _ 8 18.65 41,600 14.75 27,800 17.33 36,500 12.72 21,500 12.33 20,400 13.32 23,400 10 17.70 37,800 14.80 28,000 ______N 17.00 35,300 15.10 29,000 16.80 34,600 12.50 20,900 12.07 19,600 15.00 28,600 2 16.40 33,200 15.40 29,900 _ _ 4 16.00 31,900 15.80 31,200 15.85 31,400 12.43 20,700 11.89 19,100 15.75 31,100 6 15.65 30,700 16.20 32,600 _ _ _ _ - 8 15.40 29,900 16.60 33,900 15.00 28,600 12.41 20,600 11.82 18,900 15.85 31,400 10 15.20 29,300 17.00 35,300 ______M 15.00 28,600 17.30 36,400 14.20 26,100 12.38 20,600 11.94 19,300 15.75 31,100 POTOKAC RIVER BASIN 99

Potomao River at Shepherdstown, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°26'4B , long. 77°48'7", at highway bridge at Shepherds town, Jefferson County, 3.3 miles above mouth of Antietam Creek. Zero of gage is 281.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 5,936 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period 5:30 p.m. Mar. 18 to 6 p.m. -/ar. 21, when record was based on flood marks and readings by local resi­ dents. 3age heights from reoorder graph or actually observed at stated times, given to hundredthsj imterpolated gage heights given to tenths. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-14. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 108,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage using slope-area computa­ tion of flood flow; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records at other stations in Potomac River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 335,000 second-feet 6 a.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 42.07 feet). 1928-35: Discharge, 126,000 second-feet (revised) Apr. 17, 1929 (gage height, 25.5 feet). 1889-1936: Maximum known stage and discharge, that of Mar. 19, 1936.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Fab. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 4,000 39,600 13,400 11 3,500 19,600 22,500 21 13,000 49,300 7,440 2 3,500 34,200 12,000 12 3,300 39,200 22,000 22 10,300 58,200 6,700 3 3,500 25,500 12,300 13 3,100 58,800 20,000 23 8,670 37,100 6,120 4 3,500 21,200 12,700 14 3,500 39,400 17,200 24 6,840 29,000 5,700 5 4,000 22,000 11,000 15 5,350 25,500 14,500 25 5,980 29,500 5,300 6 4,500 28,200 14,000 16 12,000 19,600 12,700 26 7,440 38,100 5,030 7 4,500 24,600 39,000 17 13 , 800 25,800 11,300 27 54,500 29,000 4,640 8 4,000 19,200 40,000 18 17,200 205,000 10,300 28 81,600 25,000 4,390 9 4,000 16,400 27,200 19 15,600 287,000 8,990 29 57,400 22,900 4,390 10 3,500 16,000 21,600 20 13,400 106,000 8,050 30 18,800 4,260 31 16,000 1 V QRfl Run-off , in inches ...... 2.35 8.94 2.53 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, in second-feeb, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Faet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______9.50 26,400 15.93 58,400 4 8.28 20,700 7.32 16,900 6.92 15,300 7.42 17,300 10.12 28',700 16.20 60,000 6 ------10.59 30,800 16.41 61,200 8 8.08 19,900 7.24 16, 600 6.97 15,500 7.60 18,000 11.12 33,300 16.50 61,700 10 ------11.62 35,700 16.52 61,800 N 7.92 19,200 7.17 16,300 7.09 16,000 7.83 18,900 12.16 38,400 16.47 61,500 2 ______12.72 41,200 16.36 60,900 4 7.75 18,600 7.10 16,000 7.20 16,400 8.10 20,000 13.32 44,200 16.19 59,900 6 ------_ 13.93 47,400 15.93 58,400 8 7.57 17,800 7.00 15,600 7.27 16,700 8.47 21,500 14.53 50,600 15.60 56,500 10 ______15.09 53,700 15.19 54,200 M 7.43 17,300 6.94 15,400 7.34 16,900 9.13 24,300 15.58 56,400 14.72 51,700 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 Z 14.30 49,400 - _ _ _ 7.62 18,000 21.30 92,800 41.65 328,000 4 13.86 47,000 10.02 28,200 8.30 20,800 7.63 18,100 24.45 117,000 42.00 334,000 6 13.43 44,800 - _ - _ 7.68 18,300 27.02 140,000 42.07 335,000 8 13.04 42,800 9.63 26,500 8.13 20,100 7.75 18,600 29.20 162,000 41.9 332,000 10 12.63 40,700 _ _ _ 7.87 19,000 31.50 187,000 41.2 321,000 N 12.25 38,800 9.30 25,000 7.95 19,400 8.02 19,600 33.50 210,000 40.07 303,000 2 11.90 37,100 - - - _ 8.27 20,600 35.30 234,000 38.9 285,000 4 11.58 35,500 9.00 23,700 7.80 18,800 8.60 22,000 36.80 254,000 37.65 266,000 6 11.27 34,000 _ _ _ _ 9.24 24,800 38.10 273,000 36.3 247,000 8 11.00 32,800 8.74 22,600 7.67 18,200 10.90 32,300 39.30 291,000 34.9 228,000 10 10.73 31,500 _ _ _ _ 14.92 52,800 40.25 306,000 33.4 209,000 M 10.49 30,400 8.50 21,600 7.62 18,000 18.22 72,000 41.05 318,000 31.8 190,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 30.1 171,000 ______4 23.4 154,000 14.6 51,000 16.26 60,300 13.08 43,000 10.38 29,900 9.76 27,100 6 26.7 137,000 ------8 25.0 122,000 14.00 47,800 16.86 63,800 12.34 39,200 10.36 29,800 9.79 27,200 10 23.3 108,000 - _ 16.90 64,100 _ _ _ _ - N 21.8 96,500 13.65 45,900 16.75 63,200 11.72 36,200 10.32 29,600 10.03 28,300 2 20.4 86,500 ______4 19.2 78,400 13.75 46,500 16.02 58,900 11.19 33,700 10.22 29,100 10.41 30,000 6 18.1 71,200 - - - _ _ - - - - - 8 17.1 65,200 14.32 49,500 14.99 53,100 10.75 31,600 10.05 28,400 10.90 32,300 10 16.2 60,000 _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ M 15.5 56,000 15.24 54,500 13.98 47,700 10.49 30,400 9.87 27,600 11.64 35,800 10C FLOODS OF MAKCH 1936 FOTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO HIVEHS

Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°16'25n , long. 77°32'35", at highway bridge at Point of Rocks, Fred­ erick County, a third of a mile below Catoctin Creek and 6 miles above Monocacy Riyer. Zero of gage is 200.54 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 9,651 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Record defective Feb. 21-24, Mar. 24 to Apr. 5, Apr.11-30; corrected on basis of observer's and engineers' readings and comparison with records at other stations on Potomac River. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-28. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 145,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by slope-area determina­ tion of discharge; verified by comparison of instantaneous and total run-off of flood with records for other stations on Potomac River and its tributaries. Maxima.- 1936! Discharge, 480,000 second-feet 9:30 a.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 41.02 feet). 1895-1935: Maximum discharge recorded, 277,000 second-feet (revised) May 13, 1924 (gage height, 32.2 feet). 1852-1936S Maximum discharge, that of Mar. 19, 1936.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 7,000 62,200 23,000 11 6,500 26,600 31,000 21 23,000 87, 700 ~l 12,000 2 6,500 51,100 21,000 12 6,500 49,700 32,000 22 19,000 93,600 11,000 5 6,500 39,300 20,000 13 6,000 87,100 30,000 23 15,000 68,200 10,500 4 7,000 32,800 19,500 14 6,500 69,800 27,000 24 13,000 49,000 10,000 5 7,500 30,900 19,000 15 8,000 44,800 23,000 25 10,500 42,000 9,500 6 8,000 36,000 20,900 16 22,000 34,100 20,000 26 16,OCO 45,000 9,000 7 9,000 35,400 46,200 17 32,OCO 32 , 800 18,000 27 66,000 43,000 8,500 8 7,500 29,100 54,700 1R 34,000 220,000 16,000 28 1C3,000 39,000 8,000 9 7,000 24,300 41,300 19 31,000 434,000 15,000 29 92,800 34,000 8,000 10 6,500 22,600 32,200 20 27,000 200,000 13,000 30 30,000 7,800 31 25,000 20,570 Run-off, in inches...... 2.35 3.16 2.38

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936

(4 3 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______4 7.21 31,000 6.33 25,600 5.83 22,700 5.87 23,000 3.33 38,200 13.85 78,800 6 - _ _ _ - _ - _ _ - - 8 7.02 29,800 6.20 24,900 5.75 22,300 5.94 23,400 8.84 41,600 14.71 85,600 10 ______N 6.86 28,800 6.09 24,200 5.70 22,000 6.09 24,200 9.63 47,100 15.29 90,300 2 ______4 6.73 28,000 6.02 23,800 5.70 22,000 6.69 s7,aoo 10.98 56,800 15.41 91,200 6 - ______8 6.59 27,200 5.97 23,600 5.75 22,300 7.65 33,800 11.92 63,800 15.22 89,700 10 ______M 6.46 26,400 5.90 23,100 5.83 22,700 7.96 35,900 L^.79' 70,500 14.79 86,200 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 - - - - _ _ 7.12 30,400 13.90 79,200 39.65 443,000 4 14.22 81,700 10.05 50,000 8.14 36,900 7.07 30,100 17.00 104,000 40.35 461,000 6 - - - _ _ 7.03 29,900 19.60 126,000 40.78 473,000 8 13.52 76,200 9.56 46,600 7.93 35,600 7.00 29,700 22.40 150,000 41.00 479,000 10 - _ _ _ _ _ 6.99 29,600 25.15 177,000 40.98 479,000 N 12.71 69,900 9.15 43,700 7.74 34,300 6.99 29,600 27.60 206,000 40.60 468,000 2 _ _ _ _ 7.02 29,800 30.00 240,000 40.10 455,000 4 11.93 63,900 8.83 41,500 7.55 33,100 7.12 30,400 32 .'40 281,000 39.35 435,000 6 _ _ _ 7.40 32,200 34.40 320,000 38.40 411,000 8 11.20 58,400 8.52 39,500 7.37 32,000 7.72 34,200 36.20 358,000 37.30 384,000 10 _ - - _ _ _ 8.75 41,000 37.60 391,000 36.05 355,000 M 10.61 54,100 8.31 38,100 7.20 30,900 10.40 52,600 38.80 421,000 34.65 325,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 33.45 301,000 ______4 32.20 277,000 16.05 96,400 15.03 88,200 13.99 79,900 10.32 52,000 9.05 43,000 6 30.85 254,000 - ______8 29.40 231,000 15.05 88,300 15.73 93,800 13.11 73,000 10.03 49,900 8.90 42,000 10 28.05 212,000 ______H 26.45 192,000 14.43 83,400 16.29 98,400 12.34 67,000 9.83 48,500 8.90 42,000 2 24.60 172,000 ______4 23.15 157,000 14.21 81,600 16.35 98,900 11.66 61,900 9.62 47,000 8.75 41,000 6 21.75 144,000 ______8 20.15 131,000 14.18 81,400 15.85 94,800 11.12 57,800 9.48 46,000 8.75 41,000 10 18.70 118,000 ______M 17.60 109,000 14.45 83,500 14.93 87,400 10.67 54,500 9.33 45,000 8.90 42,000 Supplemental records.- Mar. 19, 9:30 a.m., 41.03 ft., 480,000 sec.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 10

Potomac River near Washington, D. C.

Location.- Lat. 38°57'36", long. 77°8'33", li miles northeast of Langley, Fairfax County, Va., 2 miles above District of Columbia boundary line, and 2-g miles above Chain Bridge. Zero of gage is 38.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 11,560 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-28. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 473,000 second-feet. Maxima.,- 1936: Discharge, 484,000 second-feet 4:45 p.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 28.1 feet). 1930-35: Discharge, 174,000 second-feet May 14, 1932 (gage height, 15.2 feet). 1S52-1936S Floods of June 2, 1889,and Mar. 19, 1936,were the highest during this period and were about the same height. Marks of the 1889 flood were at alti­ tudes both higher and lower than marks of the 1936 flood in vicinity of gage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 8,200 77,800 25,600 11 7,700 30,000 37,100 21 27,000 120,000 14,600 2 7,700 60,600 23,100 12 7,500 64,800 39,500 22 22,000 99,200 13,200 3 7,700 47,200 22 ,600 13 7,200 97,600 35,900 23 17,000 85,300 12,500 4 8,100 38,300 22,600 14 7,900 86,800 32,300 24 15,000 57,800 11,500 5 8,700 37,100 22,100 15 10,300 56,400 27,200 25 12,000 49,800 10,900 6 9,500 39,500 22 , 100 16 24,000 39,500 24,100 26 20,000 52,400 10,300 7 10,500 40,700 44,600 17 38,000 33,500 21,200 27 55,000 53,700 10,000 8 8,700 33,500 59,200 18 40,000 130,000 18,800 28 126,000 48,500 9,400 9 8,000 27,800 49,800 19 35,000 426,000 17,500 29 115,000 42,000 9,120 10 7,700 25,100 39,500 20 31,000 305,000 15,400 30 35,900 8,850 31 30,000 24,220 76,510 2.26 7.63 2.29 Oage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 a Feet Sec . ft . Peet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. 3 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______4 6.32 36,100 5.74 29,300 5.44 26,000 5.43 25,900 7.95 57,100 10.22 90,100 6 _ ...... _ ...... H H .. 8 6.19 34,600 5.66 28,500 5.40 25,600 5.45 26,100 8,20 60,600 10.53 94,900 10 ._ ._ _ M _ _ ._ _ «. _ _ _ N 6.08 33,300 5.58 27,600 5.34 25,000 5.54 27,100 8.31 62,100 10.84 99,800 2 ._ ._ « _ _ . H _ _ .. 4 5.98 32,100 5.52 26,900 5.32 24,800 5.73 29,200 8.72 67,900 11.05 103,000 6 _ _ _ _ .. _ .. _ 8 5.89 31,000 5.47 26,400 5.35 25,100 6.22 34,900 9.33 76,800 11.14 105,000 10 . _ _ _ _ _ .. M 5.83 30,300 5.46 26,300 5.40 25,600 7.27 48,100 9.85 84,600 H.OA 103,000 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______- _ 6.96 44,100 21.51 303,000 4 10.80 99,200 8.47 64,400 6.94 43,800 6.15 34,100 7.34 49,000 23.42 350,000 6 - - 7.92 56,700 24.93 390,000 8 10.47 93,900 8.12 59,500 6.77 41,600 6.06 33,000 9.05 72,600 26.00 421,000 10 _ _ _ _ - 10.60 96,000 26.91 447,000 N 10.11 88,400 7.79 54,900 6.62 39,700 6.00 32,300 12.12 120,000 27.50 465,000 2 - - _ - 13.52 144,000 27.87 477,000 4 9.72 82,600 7.53 51,500 6.48 38,100 5.97 31,900 14.83 167,000 28.06 483,000 6 ______16.18 192,000 28.04 482,000 8 9.28 76,000 7.30 48,500 6.36 36,600 6.08 33,300 17.56 219,000 27.76 473,000 10 _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 18.84 245,000 27.32 460.000 M 8.85 69,700 7.11 46,000 6.25 35,300 6.58 39,300 19.99 269,000 26.72 442,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 26.00 421,000 ______4 25.21 398,000 13.65 146,000 10.54 95,000 10.87 100,000 8.35 62,700 7.54 51,600 6 24.29 373,000 - - - - - _ 8 23.35 3.48,000 12.42 126,000 10.59 95,800 10.43 93,300 8.08 58,900 7.47 50,700 10 22.40 324,000 - _ - _ _ _ _ _ N 21.43 301,000 11.67 113,000 10.80 99,200 9.91 85,400 7.88 56,100 7.39 49,700 2 20.50 280,000 - 4 19.49 258,000 11.12 104,000 11.01 103,000 9.45 78,600 7.74 54,200 7.32 48,800 6 18.45 237,000 - 8 17.34 214,000 10.79 99,000 11.17 105,000 9.03 72,200 7.65 53,000 7.26 48,000 10 16.33 195,000 - - If 15.25 175,000 10.61 96,300 11.12 104,000 8.66 67,000 7.59 52,300 7.25 47,800 Supplemental records.- Mar. 19, 4:45 p.m., 28.1 ft., 484,000 sec.-ft. 102 FLOODS OF MARCH 1956--POTOMAO, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Savage River at Bloomlngton, Hd.

Location.- Lat. 39°29'0n , long. 79°4'24n , at Bloomington, (Jarrett Ootinty, 2,200 feet above mouth and 2 miles above Piedmont, W. Va. Zero of the gage is 978.76 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 115 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period 9 a.m. Mar. 18 to Apr. 30, when the intake was partly clogged. Record for this period corrected on basis of flood marks, observer's readings, and shape of stage graphs at nearby sta­ tions. Staff gage read twice daily -30. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 3,600 second- feet; extended to peak discharge obtained by slope-area determination; verified by comparison of instantaneous discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other streams in Potomao River Basin. Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 14,800 second-feet 9 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 10.8 feet). 1905-06, 1924 (October) to 19S7, 1929-35: Discharge, 6,860 second-feet Mar. 14, 1933 (gage height, 7.9 feet). 1924-36: Maximum known stage, about 13 feet Mar. 29, 1924, present datum.

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 3*7 Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 90 1,020 270 11 45 2,700 416 21 150 970 133 2 85 763 260 12 45 1,980 385 22 160 790 126 3 80 514 230 13 45 988 349 23 150 730 113 4 80 509 200 14 90 622 286 24 170 1,100 103 5 80 988 200 15 150 509 252 25 240 1,420 99 6 70 880 1,470 16 230 708 226 26 1,900 1,000 97 7 60 644 1,010 17 210 7,170 190 27 2,160 750 95 8 55 485 538 18 190 5,340 168 28 1,450 550 95 9 55 595 444 19 170 1,660 157 29 988 450 89 10 50 1,020 435 20 160 980 147 30 580 87 31 320 324 Run-off, in inches ...... 3.04 12.45 2.80 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - _ - 4.06 995 4.54 1,400 - _ _ _ 4 3.28 518 3.27 514 4.11 1,030 4.72 1,570 5.54 2,550 4.31 1,190 6 4.13 1,050 4.95 1,820 _ _ _ 8 3.21 485 3.27 514 4.12 1,040 5.16 2,050 5.28 2,200 4.16 1,070 10 _ - _ - 4.10 1,020 5.60 2,610 _ _ _ _ N 3,16 462 3.26 509 4.07 1,000 5.99 3,180 5.07 1,950 4.03 972 2 _ 3.28 518 4.05 988 6.27 3,610 _ _ 4 3.15 448 3.34 548 4.06 995 6.33 3,710 4.86 1,720 3.92 894 6 3,51 639 4.10 1,020 6.24 3,560 _ _ 8 3.17 466 3.71 756 4.16 1,070 6.10 3,340 4.64 1,490 3.81 820 10 _ 3.87 860 4.25 1,140 5.98 3,160 _ _ _ _ M 3.25 504 3.98 936 4.37 1,240 5.85 2,960 4.47 1,330 3.70 750 March" 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______3.82 826 9.42 10,600 _ _ 4 5.60 690 3.27 514 3.63 708 3.89 873 8.75 8,780 5.2 2,100 6 - - 4.02 965 8.00 6,970 8 3.50 633 3.22 490 3.64 714 4.71 1,560 7.40 5,680 4.95 1,820 10 6.62 4,210 6.9 4,710 _ _ N 3.42 590 3.18 471 5.62 702 8.40 7,910 6.55 4,080 4.7 1,550 2 _ _ _ 9.45 10,700 6.3 3,660 _ _ 4 3.40 579 3.17 466 3.60 690 10.02 12,300 6.1 3,340 4.55 1,400 6 - _ _ 10.15 12,700 5.95 3,120 _ _ 8 3.40 579 3,30 528 3,66 726 10.38 13,400 5.85 2,960 4.4 1,270 10 _ _ _ _ _ 10.58 14,100 5.7 2,750 _ _ M 3.34 548 3.52 644 3.78 800 10.00 12,300 5.5 2,480 4.25 1,140 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 4.15 1,060 4.05 988 3.8 815 3.7 750 3.7 750 4.8 1,650 6 - ______8 4.05 988 4.15 1,060 3.75 782 3.65 720 5.7 750 4.6 1,450 10 ______N 4.0 950 4.1 1,020 3.7 750 3.6 690 3,75 782 4.45 1,520 2 ______4 5.97 929 4.0 950 3.7 750 3.6 690 4.5 1,360 4.42 1,290 6 ______8 3.95 915 3.95 915 3.8 813 3.7 750 4.8 1,650 4.40 1,270 10 ______M 3.94 908 3.9 880 3.8 813 3.75 782 4.95 1,820 4.35 1,230 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 9 p.m., 10.8 ft., 14,800 sec.-ft. GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY WATEK-STJPPLY PA.PER 800 PLATE 7

A. WRECKAGE REMAINING AFTER THE FLOOD.

B. FLOOD WATERS SURGING THROUGH BALTIMORE STREET. FLOOD SCENES IN CUMBERLAND, MD., ON THE NORTH BRANCH OF THE POTOMAC RIVER. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 8

A. PILES OF RAILROAD TIES DEPOSITED BY THE FLOOD.

B. LUMBER FLOATING AWAY DURING THE FLOOD. FLOOD SCENES ON THE NORTH BRANCH OF THE POTOMAC RIVER AT GREEN SPRING, W. VA. GEOLOGICAL, SUKVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 9

A. LOOKING DOWNSTREAM AT 10 A. M., MARCH 18, 1936. The middle span of the highway bridge was carried away. (See B.) Courtesy of the 29th Division Aviation, Maryland National Guard.

B. AFTER THE FLOOD HAD RECEDED. Same bridge as shown in A. Courtesy of the 29th Division Aviation, Maryland National Guard. THE POTOMAC RIVER AT HANCOCK, MD. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 10

A. LOW WATER IN . Top of plate girder is about 50 feet above the water. Courtesy of Kelley's Studio & Camera Shop, Hagerstown, Md.

B. HIGH WATER MARCH 19, 1936. Stage of river is falling. Courtesy of Kelley's Studio & Camera Shop, Hagerstown, Md. THE POTOMAC RIVER AT WILLIAMSPORT, MD. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 103

Georges Greek at Franklin, ltd.

Location.- Lat. 39°29<38tl , long. 79°2'42fl , 150 feet above suspension footbridge at Franklin, Allegany County, 1 1/4 miles above mouth at Westernport. Zero of gage is 958.96 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 72.4 square miles. Gage-height record,.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 2,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage on "basis of slope-area de­ termination; verified by comparison of peak*discharge and total run-off of flood with records of other streams in Potomac River Basin. Stage-discharge relation changed during flood. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 7,250 second-feet 6 p.m. ttar. 17 (gage height, 9.61 feet). 1905-6, 1929-35: Discharge, 2,360 second-feet May 12, 1932, and Mar. 13, 1933 (gage height, 6.45 feet). 1924-36: Stage of about 10 feet (from flood marks) occurred Mar. 29, 1924. Reliable witnesses in the vicinity of the gaging station state that the 1936 flood exceeded the 1924 flood. Remarks.- Flood run-off not affected by storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 40 528 170 11 22 1,360 285 21 70 662 89 2 40 393 170 12 21 1,060 230 22 70 495 83 3 40 322 144 13 20 595 198 23 70 450 79 4 40 371 125 14 30 405 178 24 70 562 72 5 40 523 127 15 80 350 159 25 150 568 65 6 35 461 599 16 110 350 159 2R 650 431 62 7 30 378 422 17 100 3,700 132 27 740 460 63 8 25 340 313 18 90 2,330 119 28 618 350 62 9 24 405 301 19 80 954 106 29 528 286 58 10 23 532 294 20 75 606 96 30 240 54 31 195 136 T fi>7 2.03 10.62 2.58 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet See . ft . Feet Sec.ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 _ - _ _ _ _ 4.19 636 5.42 1,400 _ _ 4 3.50 350 3.52 357 4.00 550 4.28 680 5.28 1,300 4.33 705 6 - - - - _ 4.40 740 5.17 1,220 _ _ 8 3.46 336 3.50 350 3.95 528 4.59 844 5.07 1,150 4.20 640 10 - - - - 5.21 1,250 4.97 1,080 _ _ N 3.42 322 3.48 343 3.86 489 5.96 1,850 4.93 1,050 4.07 582 2 - - - 3.84 481 6.18 2,070 4.89 1,020 _ _ 4 3.41 318 3.57 374 3.89 501 6.05 1,940 4.81 976 4.00 550 6 - 3.85 485 3.97 536 5.95 1,840 4.71 916 _ _ 8 3.49 346 4.02 559 4.03 564 5.84 1,750 4.64 874 3.94 523 10 - - 4.05 572 4.07 582 5.75 1,660 4.54 817 _ _ M 3.53 360 4.04 568 4.12 604 5.57 1,520 4.47 778 3.84 481 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 _ _ _ _ 3.55 368 3e 82 473 7.30 4,120 4.56 1,240 4 3.75 445 3.55 368 3.53 360 3.96 532 6.65 3,330 4.45 1,150 6 - - - - 3.50 350 4.40 740 6.27 2,890 4.34 1,070 8 3.66 409 3.50 350 3.48 343 4.90 1,030 5.% 2,540 4.25 1,000 10 _ _ _ 3.46 336 6.70 2,640 5.62 2,190 4.17 949 N 3.59 382 3.44 329 3.44 329 8.20 4,720 5.38 1,950 4.10 900 2 - - - - 3.43 326 9.10 6,270 5.21 1,790 4.06 874 4 3.59 382 3.42 322 3.42 322 9.00 6,090 5.12 1,710 4.02 848 6 _ _ _ _ 3.45 332 9.61 7,260 5.07 1,660 3.98 822 8 3.60 385 3.52 357 3.51 354 9.10 6,270 4.94 1,550 3.93 790 10 _ _ _ _ 3.58 378 9.00 6,090 4.84 1,460 3.88 758 M 3.58 378 3.55 368 3.72 433 7.90 4,250 4.70 1,350 3.85 740 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 3.61 600 ______4 3.76 686 3.76 686 3.45 515 3.39 485 3.31 445 3.64 617 6 . 3.87 752 _ - ______8 3.66 628 3.92 783 3.38 480 3.32 450 3.28 431 3.57 578 10 _ _ 3.88 758 ______N 3.58 584 3.82 722 3.33 455 3.27 426 3.29 436 3.53 556 2 ______3.46 520 _ _ 4 3.54 562 3.69 644 3.35 465 3.25 418 3.84 734 3.50 540 6 - ______3.95 802 _ _ 8 3.53 556 3.61 600 3.50 540 3.28 431 3.91 776 3.46 520 10 - ______3.82 722 _ _ M 3.51 546 3.52 551 3.47 525 3.32 460 3.76 686 3.42 500 104 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTGHAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Wills Creek near Cumberland, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°40 ! 9", long, 780 47 ! 2l", et Pennsylvania Railr.oad bridge near Cumber- land, Allegany County, Z miles above mouth. Drainage area.- 247 square miles. Sage-height record.- Tape gage read twice daily to hundredths Apr. 1-11, 26-30. Rec­ ords for periods Feb. 25 to Mar = 31, Apr. 12-25 are estimated on basis of compari­ sons with records of other gaging stations in Potomac River Basin. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 4,170 second- feet; extended to peak stage using slope-area computation of flood flow; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other streams in Potomac River Basin. Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Maxima,,- 1936s Discharge. 43,700 second-feet about 11 p.m. Mar, 17 (gage height, 22.2 feet, from flood marks). 1905-6, 1929-35S Discharge, 9,680 second-feet Mar. 14, 1933 (gage height, 8.8 feet). 1924-36! Maximum stage and discharge, that of Mar. 17, 1936. Remarks.- Flood destroyed water-stage recorder shelter with records from Feb. 25 to Mar. 17. No record was obtained until .

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 140 1,800 635 11 75 3,730 1,240 21 250 2,640 320 2 140 1,300 880 12 70 4,080 1,000 22 240 1,670 300 5 130 1,100 560 13 70 2,270 850 23 240 1,370 280 4 130 1,300 450 14 120 1,420 700 24 240 1,710 260 5 120 2,000 430 15 250 1,140 600 25 400 1,980 240 6 110 1,800 4,200 16 300 1,150 500 26 4,000 1,600 222 7 100 1,400 3,250 17 350 17,500 450 27 4,000 1,300 210 8 90 1,150 1,520 18 330 12,600 400 28 3,000 1,000 210 9 85 1,250 1,330 19 300 3,700 370 29 1,700 800 210 10 80 1,810 1,330 20 270 2,270 340 30 700 198 31 600 598 Run-off, in inches ...... 2.61 12.11 3.54 gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 19S6 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______4 5.1 1,280 5.0 1,200 5.6 1,740 5.9 2,090 7.3 4,960 6.4 2,850 8 5.0 1,200 4.9 1,120 5.7 1,850 6.1 2,360 7.0 4,170 6.1 2,360 10 - _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ N 4.8 1,050 4.9 1,120 5.7 1,850 6.7 3,450 6.9 3,920 6.0 2,220 2 «. » « «. «. _ 4 4.8 1,050 5.0 1,200 5.6 1,740 7.3 4,960 6.8 3,680 5.8 1,970 8 4.9 1,120 5.3 1,450 5.7 1,850 7.6 5,800 6.7 3,450 5.7 1,850 10 ______- - - M 5.0 1,200 5.5 1,640 5.8 1,970 7.5 5,510 6.5 3,040 5.6 1,740 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 _ - _ _ _ _ 5.4 1,540 16.9 29,900 _ - 4 5.4 1,540 5.0 1,200 4.9 1,120 5.6 1,740 13.5 21,100 7.1 4,460 6 - - _ - _ 6.0 2,220 11.2 15,100 - - 8 5.3 1,450 4.9 1,120 4.9 1,120 6.3 2,670 9.6 11,000 6.9 3,940 10 _ _ _ _ _ 8.7 8,620 9.0 9,400 _ _ K 5.2 1,360 4.9 1,120 4.9 1,120 10.1 12,300 8.8 8,880 6.7 3,460 2 - - - - _ - 12.8 19,300 8.5 8,100 - - 4 5.2 1,360 4.8 1,050 4.9 1,120 15.8 27,100 8.1 7,060 6.6 3,250 6 - - - - _ - 17.9 32,500 7.9 6,540 - - 8 5,1 1,280 4.9 1,120 5.0 1,200 19.8 37,500 7.6 5,760 6.5 3,050 10 - - - _ - 21.9 42,900 7.5 5,500 _ - M 5.1 1,280 4.9 1,120 5.2 1,360 21.2 41,100 7.4 5,240 6.4 2,860 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 6.2 2,510 6.2 2,510 5.7 1,840 5.4 1,520 5.2 1,330 6.1 2,360 6 _ - - _ - - _ _ - - - 8 6.1 2,360 6.6 3,250 5.6 1,730 5.3 1,420 5.2 1,330 5.9 2,090 10 - ______N 6.0 2,220 6.6 3,250 5.5 1,620 5.2 1,330 5.2 1,330 5.8 1,960 2 ______- _ _ 4 5.9 2,090 6.3 2,680 5.4 1,520 5.2 1,330 5.8 1,960 5.6 1,730 6 « «. » _ _ _ «. _ _ _ _ _ 8 5.8 1,960 6.0 2,220 5.4 1,520 5.1 1,240 6.1 2,360 5.5 1,620 10 ______M 5.8 1,960 5.9 2,090 5.4 1,520 5.1 1,240 6.3 2,680 5.4 1,520

Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11 p.m., 22.2 ft., 43,700 aec.~ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 105

Evitts Creek near Bedford Valley, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 39°47'23", long. 78°38'48", 2 miles upstream from Thomas W. Koon Dam, half a mile upstream from backwater from the dam, and 3 miles south of Bedford Valley post office, Bedford Cbunty. Drainage area.- 30.2 square miles. gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-27; by backwater from debris in channel 2 to 6 p.m. Mar. 11. Defined by current-meter measurements below 393 sec­ ond-feet; extended to crest discharge by slope-area determination of flow and veri­ fied by computation of crest discharge at spillway of Thomas W. Koon Dam. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 5,240 second-feet 9:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 7.13 feet). 1932-35: Discharge, 905 second-feet (revised) Mar. 14, 1933 (gage height, 3.55 feet). Flood mark (date unknown) 7 feet above low-water level near gage is about a foot higher than 1936 flood marks.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 11 218 59 11 7 529 98 21 20 309 37 2 10 156 58 12 6 586 91 22 19 167 35 3 10 127 52 13 6 303 74 23 18 124 31 4 10 156 46 14 8 182 64 24 17 153 29 5 10 297 48 15 40 137 59 25 53 134 27 6 9 250 346 16 35 119 53 26 540 106 26 7 9 178 182 17 30 1,990 49 27 480 134 25 8 8 150 121 18 25 1,080 45 28 327 101 25 9 8 167 116 19 23 442 41 29 210 85 24 10 7 227 119 20 21 255 39 30 76 22 31 69 68.2 291 68.0 "'" 'n-of f , in inches ...... 2.44 11.11 2.51 gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet See. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet See. ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - _ _ _ 2.50 235 3.25 702 _ 4 2.32 163 2.33 167 2.49 231 2.51 240 3.16 644 2.77 390 6 _ _ _ 2.53 250 3.06 579 _ _ 8 2.28 150 2.31 160 2.51 240 2.55 260 3.03 560 2.65 315 10 _ _ _ _ _ 2.72 358 3.01 547 _ _ N 2.24 137 2.29 153 2.48 227 3.03 560 3.01 547 2.62 297 2 ______3.45 702 3.06 579 _ _ 4 2.24 137 2.30 156 2.46 218 3.65 828 3.12 618 2.56 265 6 ______3.71 856 3.05 572 _ _ 8 2.29 153 2.36 178 2.46 218 3.44 828 3.00 540 2.52 245 10 _ _ _ _ 3.39 794 3.00 540 M 2.32 163 2.44 210 2.49 231 3.34 761 2.90 475 2.49 231 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______2.30 156 5.32 2,410 _ _ 4 2.43 206 2.29 153 2.19 121 2.34 171 4.70 1,800 3.02 553 6 - - _ - _ - 2.40 193 3.85 1,120 _ 8 2.38 186 2.26 143 2.18 119 2.50 235 3.64 968 2.84 436 10 ______3.63 961 3.42 814 _ _ N 2.35 174 2.23 134 2.17 116 4.55 1,660 3.34 761 2.86 449 2 _ _ _ _ _ 5.34 2,430 3.20 670 4 2.34 171 2.22 130 2.16 114 5.95 3,210 3.16 644 2.73 364 6 - - - - 6.10 3,430 3.11 612 _ _ 8 2.33 167 2.21 127 2.17 116 6.80 4,600 3.14 631 2.76 384 10 ______7.05 5,080 3.07 586 _ M 2.31 160 2.20 124 2.25 140 6.19 3,560 3.09 598 2.64 309 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 2.60 285 _ _ _ _ 2.17 116 _ _ 4 2.63 303 2.73 364 2.39 189 2.24 137 2.16 114 2.31 160 6 _ 2.83 430 _ _ _ _ 2.15 111 _ _ 8 2.57 270 2.73 364 2.36 178 2.22 130 2.15 111 2.25 140 10 _ _ 2.76 384 _ __ : _ 2.15 111 _ _ N, 2.54 255 2.69 339 2.33 167 2,20 124 2.17 116 2.21 127 2 - _ 2.62 297 _ _ _ _ 2.41 197 _ _ 4 2.52 245 2.59 280 2.32 163 2.19 121 2.52 245 2.19 121 6 _ _ 2.52 245 _ _ _ _ 2.43 206 _ _ 8 2.46 218 2.51 240 2.28 150 2.18 119 2.41 197 2.17 116 10 _ _ 2.46 218 _ _ _ _ 2.38 186 _ _ 11 2.45 214 2.44 210 2.25 140 2.17 116 2.37 182 2.16 114 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 9 a.m., 2.62 ft., 297 aec.-ft.; 3 p.m., 5.90 ft. 3,140 sec.-ft.; 9:30 p.m., 7.13 ft., 5,420 sec.-ft. 106 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

South Branch of Potomac River near Petersburg, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°59 1 3411 , long, 79°10 I 2611 , 1.2 miles below mouth of North Pork of South Branch of Potomac River and 2-jj -miles west of Petersburg, Grant County. Zero of gage is 962.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 642 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-14. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 4,100 second-feet; extended to peak stage by using slope-area computa­ tion of flood flow; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other streams in Potomac River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 63,400 second-feet 4:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 20.30 v feet). 1928-35: Discharge, 31,400 second-feet (revised) Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 15.2 feet). 1877-1936: Maximum known stage, 21.2 feet (from flood mark) in 1877 (discharge about 70,000 second-feet). Remarks«- Flood run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 370 2,280 1,400 11 390 1,590 2,600 21 1,190 4,930 702 2 390 1,830 1,350 12 360 2,030 2,200 22 968 3,640 646 3 440 1,520 1,300 13 380 1,740 1,900 23 762 4,220 618 4 410 1,310 1,100 14 590 1,390 1,560 24 783 8,280 584 5 800 1,390 1,070 15 3,050 1,470 1,300 25 4,380 8,710 554 6 660 1,350 4,400 16 2,80X> 1,620 1,200 26 7,950 5,500 536 7 620 1,230 5,120 17 2,180 36,400 1,060 27 7,960 4,220 524 8 460 1,080 2,950 18 3,120 22,500 946 28 4,600 3,800 494 9 470 1,010 2,270 19 2,030 7,760 842 29 2,860 2,740 464 10 450 1,080 2,740 20 1,520 5,310 746 30 2,080 440 31 1,670 4 703 Rim-off , in inches ...... 3.05 8.45 2.52 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet |Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. ois W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - _ _ _ _ 3.86 1,120 5.10 2,230 _ _ 4 3.86 1,120 3.71 1,010 3.75 1,040 3.88 1,140 5.09 2,220 4.73 1,860 6 « .. _ « _ 3.95 1,190 _ _ _ _ 8 3.83 1,100 3.72 1,020 3.78 1,060 4.06 1,280 6.03 2,160 4.67 1,800 10 - _ - - _ _ 4.17 1,370 _ _ _ N 3.80 1,080 3.72 1,020 3.79 1,070 4.33 1,500 4.97 2,090 4.58 1,720 2 - _ - _ _ _ 4.53 1,680 _ _ _ _ 4 3.77 1,060 3.71 1,010 3.80 1,080 4.72 1,850 4.92 2,050 4.51 1,660 6 .- _ _ .- 4.87 2,000 _ « _ 8 3.75 1,040 3.70 1,000 3.80 1,080 4.97 2,100 4.88 2,010 4.43 1,590 10. _ _ _ _ 3.80 1,080 5.05 2,180 _ M 3.73 1,030 3.71 1,010 3.76 1,040 5.09 2,220 4.81 1,940 4.37 1,530 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 - . _ _ _ _ 6.07 3,410 16.87 43,600 8.37 9,990 4 4.30 1,470 4.26 1,430 4.36 1,520 6.70 4,340 15.30 36,800 8.11 9,380 6 - - - - _ _ 8.12 6,920 13.77 28,800 7.88 8,750 8 4.25 1,430 4.32 1,490 4.36 1,520 10.71 13,400 12.51 23,600 7.68 8,270 10 - - _ - _ _ 15.91 36,000 11.75 20,600 7.47 7,780 N 4.19 1,380 4.34 1,610 4.34 1,510 18.51 50,900 11.06 18,200 7.29 7,370 2 - - _ - 4.33 1,600 19.64 58,800 10.60 16,600 7.11 6,970 4 4.14 1,340 4.32 1,490 4.34 1,510 20.12 62,300 10.15 16,200 6.97 6,670 6 - - - - 4.43 1,590 19.86 60,700 9.71 13,800 6.90 6,520 8 4.11 1,320 4.30 1,470 4.63 1,770 19.57 59,000 9.24 12,400 6.87 6,460 10 - - - - 4.87 2,000 19.20 56,800 8.99 11,700 6.89 6,600 M 4.14 1,340 4.32 1,490 5.43 2,600 17.73 48,300 8.59 10,600 6.84 6,390 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.81 6,330 6.02 4,790 _ _ 6.79 4,370 6.65 6,000 8.75 11,000 4 6.70 6,100 6.15 5,020 5.61 3,900 5.82 4,430 6.85 6,420 8.48 10,300 6 - - 6.31 5,330 _ _ 5.82 4,430 6.91 6,540 8.30 9,810 8 6.43 6,660 6.37 5,440 5.36 3,660 5.76 4,320 6.92 6,560 8.10 9,300 10 - 6.32 5,350 _ - - 6.93 6,580 7.90 8,800 N 6.21 6,140 6.21 5,140 5.20 3,400 5.60 4,050 7.21 7,190 7.69 8,300 2 - _ - - - - - _ 7.65 8,200 7.52 7,900 4 6.03 4,800 6.01 4,770 6.10 3,250 5.48 3,850 8.20 9,550 7.36 7,530 6 - _ _ _ 5,12 3,280 5.47 3,830 8.70 10,900 7.31 7,410 8 5.89 4,560 5.85 4,480 6.30 3,560 5.60 4,050 8.87 11,300 7.33 7,460 10 5.86 4,500 - 5.52 3,910 5.89 4,560 9.00 11,70X3 7.31 7,410 M 5.94 4,620 5.71 4,240 5.68 4,190 6.34 5,390 8.89 11,400 7.22 7,210 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 4:30 p.m., 20.30 ft., 63,400 sec.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 107

South Branch of Potomac River near Springfield, W. Va«

Location.- Lat. 39°26'49!1 , long. 78°39 T 1611 , at highway bridge 2 miles east of Spring- field, Hampshire County, and 13 miles above confluence with North Branch of Potomac River. Zero of gage is 562.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,471 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge reTation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Defined by current-meter meas­ urements below 19,600 second-feet; extended to peak stage using slope-area computa­ tion of flood flow; verified by velocity-area study at control section and compari­ son of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records at other stations in Potomac River Basin. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, 143,000 second-feet 5:30 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 34.25 feet). 1903-6, 1928-35: Discharge, 37,200 second-feet (revised) Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 20.4 feet), 1877-1936$ Maximum known stage and discharge, that of Mar. 18, 1936.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 900 6,490 2,970 11 900 2,290 5,110 21 2,800 13,000 1,460 2 800 4,760 2,760 12 800 5,000 4,750 22 2,300 9,920 1,280 3 900 3,660 2,860 13 800 5,840 4,050 23 1,900 8,400 1,170 4 900 3,150 2,550 14 1,100 4,100 3,390 24 1,800 8,850 1,070 5 1,700 3,660 2,250 15 2,500 3,150 2,860 25 7,000 13,700 991 6 1,500 3,350 4,870 16 8,000 3,050 2,600 26 18,000 9,920 919 7 1,200 2,850 9,760 17 9,000 28,700 2,250 27 17,000 7,010 894 8 1,000 2,470 6,230 18 8,000 110,000 2,000 28 14,600 6,490 854 9 1,000 2,240 4,390 19 5,000 26,000 1,800 29 8,120 5,230 806 10 900 2,160 5,110 20 3,500 12,100 1,610 30 4,160 750 31 3,390 4,273 2 OT O "'"n-off , in inches...... 3.13 8.22 2.13 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 jj Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet |Sec.ft. Feet |seo.ft. Feet Sec . ft . w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 _ _ _ - - _ 3.46 2,160 4.78 3,430 7.74 6,930 4 3.95 2,600 3.58 2,270 3.46 2,160 3.46 2,160 5.16 3,840 7.62 6,780 6 _ _ _ - - 3.47 2,170 5.51 4,220 7.48 6,590 8 3.89 2,550 3.55 2,240 3.46 2,160 3.48 2,180 5,81 4,550 7.30 6,360 10 3.49 2,190 6.02 4,780 7.10 6,100 N 3.82 2,490 3.52 2,220 3.45 2,160 3.51 2,210 6.22 5,020 6.92 5,870 2 ______3.55 2,240 6.42 5,260 6.75 5,660 4 3.74 2,420 3.48 2,180 3.45 2,160 3.61 2,300 6.63 5,520 6.58 5,460 6 - - - _ _ _ 3.73 2,410 6.90 5,840 6.43 5,280 8 3.66 2,340 3.46 2,160 3.44 2,150 3.89 2,550 7.24 6,280 6.28 5,100 10 _ _ _ - _ - 4.10 2,750 7.57 6,710 6.15 4,940 M 3.61 2,300 3.46 2,160 3.45 2,160 4.41 3,060 7.71 6,890 6.04 4,810 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 _ _ _ _ 4.44 3,090 5.90 4,650 33.10 131,000 21.96 43,900 4 5.78 4,520 4.67 3,320 4.42 3,070 7.23 6,270 34.05 141,000 20.64 38,200 6 _ _ _ _ 4.39 3,040 8.84 8,460 34.18 143,000 19.41 33,400 8 5.56 4,280 4.53 3,180 4.36 3,010 10.50 11,000 33.85 139,000 18.26 29,400 10 _ _ _ _ 4.34 2,990 12.50 14,600 33.18 132,000 17.11 25,800 N 5.35 4,040 4.43 3,080 4.32 2,970 14.60 19,100 32.40 124,000 16.05 22,700 2 _ - - _ 4.30 2,950 16.94 25,300 31.32 114,000 15.09 20,300 4 5.16 3,840 4.39 3,040 4.30 2,950 19.20 32,700 30.00 101,000 14.31 18,400 6 _ _ _ - 4.34 2,990 21.60 42,300 28.32 86,100 13.67 16,900 8 4.98 3,640 4.43 3,080 4.46 3,110 23.98 54,600 26.70 73,100 13.12 15,800 10 _ _ _ - 4.72 3,370 26.67 72,900 24.97 60,900 12.67 14,900 It 4.83 3,480 4.45 3,100 5.17 3,850 29.95 100,000 23.45 51,400 12.24 14,100 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 11.88 13,500 9.86 10,000 11.19 18,200 8.53 8,020 8.44 7, .900 11.20 12,SOO 4 11.60 13 , 000 9.98 10,200 10.85 11,600 8.55 8,050 8.31 7,710 11.81 13,300 6 11.41 12,600 10.50 11,000 10.55 11,100 8.57 8,080 8.24 7,620 12.37 14,400 8 11.30 12,400 11.27 12,400 10.28 10,700 8.64 8,180 8.26 7,640 12.70 15,000 10 11.27 12,400 11.96 13,600 10.02 10,300 8.80 8,400 8.46 7,920 12.81 15,200 N 11.22 12,300 IS. 48 14,600 9.73 9,810 8.93 8,600 8.84 8,460 12.76 15,100 2 11.13 12,100 12.74 15,100 9.45 9,380 9.02 8,730 9.28 9,120 12.57 14,800 4 10.95 11,800 12.77 15,100 9.18 8,970 9.06 8,790 9.63 9,650 12.29 14,200 6 10.72 11,400 12.57 14,800 8.91 8,560 9.02 8,730 9.87 10,000 11.97 13,600 8 10.47 11,000 12.29 14,200 8.70 8,260 8.92 8,580 10.09 10,400 11.64 13,000 10 10.20 10,600 11.97 13,600 8.57 8,080 8.78 8,370 10.35 10,800 11.30 18,400 M 9.97 10,200 11.58 12,900 8.53 8,020 8,61 8,130 10.70 11,400 10.98 11,900 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 5:30.a.m., 34.25 ft., 143,000 sec.-ft. 108 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOM&C, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Cacapon River near Great Cacapon, W. Va. location.- Lat. 390 34 I 4311 , long. 78°18'34'1 , at Rock Ford, 3 miles southwest of Great Cacapon, Morgan County, and 65 miles above mouth. Zero of gage is 456.778 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 670 square miles. Stage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period 3 a.m. Mar. 16 to 3j20 p.m. Mar.5"4, when record was based on flood marks, observer's readings, and comparison with records at nearby gaging stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-26, Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 18,600 second-feet; extended to peak stage using slope-area computa­ tions of flood flow at two sites in vicinity of station; verified by velocity-area study at control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records at other stations in Potomac River Basin. Maxima.- 1936J Discharge. 103,000 second-feet about 8 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 30.07 feet, from flood marks). 1922-35: Discharge, 33,000 second-feet (revised) May 12, 1924 (gage height, 19.3 feet). 1889-1936: Maximum known stage and discharge, that of Mar. 18, 1936.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 400 4,480 1,380 11 350 1,340 2,200 21 900 8,440 752 2 400 3,380 1,340 12 350 4,290 2,200 22 800 6,700 670 3 400 2,420 1,730 13 350 6,500 2,020 23 700 4,810 613 4 400 2,200 1,650 14 400 3,860 1,650 24 600 . 3,740 569 5 550 2,520 1,410 15 500 2,620 1,410 25 500 3,930 523 6 500 2,520 2,150 16 1,000 2,110 1,270 26 2,500 3,260 492 7 450 1,970 3,500 17 1,500 8,540 1,160 27 10,200 2,620 475 8 400 1,530 2,720 18 1,500 67,900 1,010 28 10,000 2,620 462 9 400 1,300 1,930 19 1,300 7,900 890 29 5,150 2,150 445 10 350 1,300 2,100 20 1,100 6,490 808 30 1,850 425 31 1,610 1 '2'ZQ Run-off , in inche a ...... 2.44 9.82 2.22 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 § Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - - - _ _ _ _ 4.81 2,250 8.26 6,580 4 4.13 1,670 3.71 1,350 3.62 1,280 3.57 1,250 5.39 2,810 8.50 6,960 6 - - _ - _ ~ - _ 6.10 3,620 8.66 7,220 8 4.07 1,630 3.67 1,320 3.61 1,280 3.57 1,250 6.53 4,140 8.73 7,330 10 - - - - _ - 3.58 1,260 6.73 4,390 8.67 7,230 H 3.98 1,550 3,65 1,300 3.62 1,280 3.61 1,280 6.88 4,580 8.52 6,990 2 - - _ _ _ _ 3.67 1,320 7.02 4,770 8.31 6,660 4 3.91 1,500 3.64 1,300 3.66 1,310 3.71 1,350 7.13 4,910 8.10 6,320 6 - - - - _ - 3.78 1,400 7.23 5,050 7.86 5,960 8 3.84 1,440 3.65 1,300 3.65 1,300 3.89 1,480 7.40 5,290 7.63 5,620 10 - - _ _ _ _ 4.10 1,650 7.68 6,690 7.42 5,320 M 3.77 1,390 3.64 1,300 3.62 1,280 4.39 1,880 7.90 6,140 7.18 4,980 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.99 4,730 - - - - 4.7 2,150 22.1 51,900 _ _ 4 6.86 4,560 5.42 2,840 4.78 2,220 4.9 2,330 25.2 69,700 14.7 21,000 6 6,65 4,280 - - - _ 5.2 2,620 28.8 94,100 _ 8 6.50 4,100 5.29 2,710 4.7 2,150 5.5 2,930 30.07 103,000 13.3 17,200 10 6.35 3,920 - - _ _ 5.9 3,380 29.3 97,600 N 6.22 3,760 5,17 2,590 4.6 2,060 6.3 3,860 28.9 94,800 12.4 14,900 2 6.08 3,600 - - _ _ 7.0 4,740 26.4 77,300 4 5.96 3,450 5.05 2,470 4.55 2,020 8.5 6,960 24.6 66,100 11.5 12,800 6 5.85 3,320 - - _ _ 10.6 10,800 22.5 53,900 _ _ 8 5.74 3,190 4.96 2,380 4.55 2,020 13.2 16,900 20.1 41,900 10.6 10,800 10 5.66 3,110 - - _ _ 16,3 25,800 17.9 31,900 _ H 5.57 3,010 4.87 2,300 4.6 2,060j 19.3 38,000 16.6 26,900 9.8 9,260 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 9.1 7,970 7.3 5,150 9.2 8,150 7.1 4,870 6.7 4,350 6.30 3,860 6 - - - - _ . - _ _ - _ _ 8 8.5 6,960 7.6 5,570 8.6 7,120 7.0 4,740 6.4 3,980 6.39 3,970 10 - - - ______H 8.0 6,170 9.7 9,070 8.2 6,480 6.9 4,610 6.3 3,860 6.58 4,200 2 - - - - ______6.59 4,210 4 7.6 5,570 11.4 12,600 7.8 5,870 7.1 4,870 6.20 3,740 6.53 4,140 6 - - - _ _ .. _ _ ...... 8 7.3 5,150 10.7 11,100 7.5 5,430 7.1 4,870 6.17 3,700 6.37 3,940 10 - - - ______H 7.2 5,010 9.8 9,260 7.2 5,010 7,0 4,740 6.21 3,750 6.22 3,760 POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 109

Licking Creek near Sylvan, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 39°43>20", long. 78°3'35", at highway bridge 200 feet (revised) north of fennsylvania-Maryland State line, 3 miles southwest of Sylvan, Franklin County, and 10 miles (revised) above mouth. Zero of gage is 434.16 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 158 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Graph based on two chain-gage readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.0 and 3.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ioe Feb. 1-26. Defined to 2,500 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended to crest discharge using contracted-opening de­ termination of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 20,700 second-feet 1 a.m. Mar, 18 (gage height, 17.4 feet, from flood mark). 1930-35: Discharge, 5,600 second-feet (revised) Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 10.2 feet) .

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 88 1,280 273 11 87 1,740 715 21 150 1,770 168 2 86 875 297 12 94 3,590 637 22 145 1,200 150 3 84 675 297 13 98 2,060 529 23 145 814 150 4 32 755 239 14 115 1,130 432 24 145 649 133 5 80 1,420 212 15 160 823 375 25 155 575 117 6 80 1,280 2,130 16 250 715 322 26 300 460 114 7 80 960 1,490 17 210 5,520 262 27 1,120 479 110 8 80 715 1,100 18 180 9,570 239 28 2,130 487 105 9 82 721 795 19 165 2,740 207 29 1,260 395 101 10 84 1,070 835 20 155 1,590 178 30 360 94 31 318 427 Run-off, in inches ...... 1.86 ll.OOj 3.01

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 fc 3 Feet j Sec. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet [ Sec. ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec. ft. o W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.37 795 4.06 675 4.80 960 5.15 1,140 8.72 3,740 7.63 2,660 4 4.35 795 4.08 675 5.00 1,050 5.20 1,140 8.90 3,960 7.46 2,570 6 4.33 755 4.11 675 5.20 1,140 5.30 1,180 8.98 4,070 7.28 2,410 8 4.31 755 4.14 675 5.22 1,140 5.45 1,230 9.00 4,070 7.10 2,250 10 4.25 715 4.15 715 5.18 1,140 5.55 1,320 8.96 4,070 6.92 2,100 N 4.20 715 4.16 715 5.14 1,100 5.70 1,370 8.80 3,850 6.75 2,030 2 4.14 675 4.17 715 5.10 1,100 5.96 1,520 8.65 3,630 6.60 1,890 4 4.08 675 4.20 715 5.06 1,100 6.23 1,640 8.48 3,520 6.45 1,760 6 4.07 675 4.26 755 5.04 1,050 6.64 1,890 8.31 3,320 6.30 1,700 8 4.06 675 4.34 755 5.04 1,050 7.40 2,490 8.14 3,120 6.16 1,640 10 4.05 637 4.42 795 5.06 1,100 8.10 3,120 7.97 3,020 6.02 1,520 M 4.04 637 4.60 875 5.10 1,100 8.50 3,520 7.80 2,840 5.88 1,470 March 14 March 15 Mareh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.74 1,370 4.66 915 4.19 715 4.64 875 17.20 20,200 8.25 3,220 4 5.60 1,320 4.64 875 4.18 715 4.86 1,000 15.20 15,000 8.00 3,020 6 5.46 1,280 4.62 875 4.17 715 5.12 1,100 14.00 12,300 7.88 2,930 8 5.29 1,180 4.60 875 4.15 715 5.45 1,230 13.00 10,300 7.80 2,84O 10 5.21 1,140 4.60 875 4.11 675 6.15 1,640 12.20 8,780 7.75 2,840 H 5.11 1,100 4.54 835 4.10 675 7.10 2,250 11.50 7,570 7.70 2,750 2 5.02 1,050 4.43 795 4.09 675 8.20 3,220 10.85 6,470 7.65 2,660 4 4.94 1,000 4.37 795 4.08 675 9.70 4,930 10.30 5,740 7.60 2,660 6 4.84 960 4.30 755 4.12 675 11.20 7,090 9.80 5,060 7.50 2,570 8 4.76 960 4.26 755 4.24 715 13.40 11,100 9.40 4,550 7.25 2,330 10 4.72 915 4.22 715 4.36 795 15.50 15,800 9.00 4,070 7.00 2,170 M 4.68 915 4.20 715 4.48 835 17.35 20,700 8.60 3,630 6.70 1,960 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.56 1,890 6.06 1,580 6.00 1,520 4.73 915 4.12 675 3.94 600 4 6.42 1,760 6.16 1,640 5.80 1,420 4.66 915 4.08 675 3.92 600 6 6.28 1,760 6.30 1,700 5.60 1,320 4.60 875 4.05 637 3.90 600 8 6.15 1,640 6.40 1,760 5.44 1,230 4.54 835 4.03 637 3.88 600 10 6.05 1,520 6.52 1,820 5.30 1,180 4.48 835 4.02 637 3.86 600 N 5.91 1,470 6.64 1,890 5.18 1,140 4.42 795 4.01 637 3.83 564 2 5.78 1,420 6.68 1,960 5.10 1,100 4.36 795 4.00 637 3.80 564 4 5.78 1,420 6.70 1,960 5.04 1,050 4.31 755 3.99 637 3.78 564 6 5.80 1,420 6.64 1,890 5.02 1,050 4.27 755 3.98 637 3.76 564 8 5.85 1,420 6.56 1,890 4.98 1,050 4.24 715 3.97 637 3.74 529 10 5.90 1,470 6.40 1,760 4.90 1,000 4.20 715 3.96 637 3.72 529 M 5.96 1,520 6.20 1,640 4.80 960 4.16 715 3.95 637 3.70 529 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 1 a.m., 17.4 ft., 20,700 sec.-ft. 110 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Conoecolleague Creek at Palrvlew, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°42«57", long. 770 49'28lt , 0.7 mile upstream from highway bridge at Fairview, Washington County, and 65 miles northwest of Hagerstown. Zero of gage Is 391.77 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area»- 494 square miles. gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by Ice Feb. 1-26. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 10,900 second-feetj extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section; verified by comparisons of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records at other stations in Potomao River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 13,700 second-feet 5 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 13.27 1928-35: Discharge, about 17,500 second-feet Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 14.8 feet). 1889-1936: Maximum known stage, about 16.5 feet In 1889, from statements of local residents (discharge, about 22,000 second-feet, from 1936 rating curve).

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 430 3,130 1,030 11 360 3,820 2,100 21 700 4,260 769 2 410 2,490 1,160 12 360 9,110 1,880 22 600 3,470 716 3 400 2,030 1,200 13 380 8,350 1,660 23 500 2,570 665 4 400 2,570 970 14 450 4,150 1,400 24 450 2,180 626 5 400 3,300 910 15 600 2,970 1,260 25 500 2,030 592 6 390 3,380 4,050 16 1,000 2,410 1,160 26 1,240 1,620 574 7 380 2,650 4,240 17 1,200 4,100 1,030 27 2,730 1,730 546 8 370 2,260 2,730 18 1,200 11,600 940 28 3,560 1,840 533 9 380 2,330 2,180 19 1,100 8,100 881 29 2,970 1,480 515 10 370 2,810 2,330 20 900 4,990 796 30 1,340 498 31 1,200 853 3 ccr» I 'Z'ZI 1.87 8.30 3.00 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 £ Feet Seo.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec. ft. m March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - - _ . _ 6.30 3,050 9.65 6,560 12.24 11,300 4 5.46 2,380 5.53 2,430 6.10 2,890 6.35 3,090 10.00 7,100 11.95 10,700 6 - - _ _ 6.36 3,100 10.25 7,500 11.64 10,100 8 5.29 2,250 5.40 2,330 6.05 2,850 6.36 3,100 10.57 8,050 11.34 9,470 10 - - - - _ _ 6.42 3,150 11.00 8,820 11.00 8,820 N 5.15 2,140 5.29 2,250 5.98 2,790 6.58 3,280 11.40 9,580 10.67 8,230 2 - - - - _ 6.91 3,560 11.69 10,200 10.36 7,690 4 5.10 2,100 5.31 2,260 5.92 2,750 7.42 4,010 11.92 10,600 10.08 7,230 6 - - - - - _ 7.94 4,480 12.19 11,200 9,80 6,780 8 5.26 2,220 5.48 2,390 5.98 2,790 8.42 4,960 12.45 11,800 9.50 6,330 10 » - _ _ _ _ 8.89 5,510 12.56 12,000 9.17 5,860 M 5.49 2,400 5.87 2,710 6.20 2,970 9.31 6,060 12.47 11,800 8.86 5,470 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 - - - . _ _ 5.49 2,400 12.53 11,900 11.79 10,400 4 8.31 4,840 6.50 3,220 5.69 2,560 5.76 2,620 13.16 13,400 11.56 9,900 6 - - - _ _ _ 6.19 2,960 13.27 13,700 11.22 9,240 8 7.83 4,380 6.35 3,090 5.57 2,470 6.61 3,310 13.08 13,200 10.85 8,550 10 - - - _ _ _ 6.91 3,560 12.76 12,500 10.51 7,950 N 7.42 4,010 6.18 2,950 5.46 2,380 7.10 3,720 12.42 11,700 10.26 7,520 2 - - _ _ _ _ 7.19 3,800 12.15 11,100 10.10 7,260 4 7.11 3,730 6.04 2,840 5.40 2,330 7.31 3,910 11.93 10,700 10.04 7,160 6 - - - _ _ _ 7.66 4,220 11.82 10,400 10.00 7,100 8 6.86 3,520 5.92 2,750 5.32 2,270 8.74 5,330 11.82 10,400 9.91 6,960 10 - _ _ 5.30 2,260 10.15 7,340 11.89 10,600 9.73 6,680 M 6.69 3,380 5.81 2,660 5.35 2,290 11.46j 9,700 11.90 10,600 9.49 6,320 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 n March 25 2 > - 7.41 4,000 ______4 9.01 5,660 7.40 3,990 7.38 3,970 5.94 2,760 5.32 2,270 5.19 2,170 6 7.42 4,010 ______8 8.62 5,180 7.61 4,180 7.10 3,720 5.82 2,670 5.25 2,220 5.06 2.,080 10 « v _ v ,» ,» _ _ , N 8.36 4,900 8.02 4,550 6.76 3,440 5.69 2,560 5.17 2,160 4.93 1,980 2 8.03 4,580 ______4 8.12 4,650 7.90 4,440 6.49 3,210 5.60 2,490 5.14 2,140 4.84 1,910 6 « - . ,» .. _ ,» _ _ _ _ , 8 7.81 4,360 7.59 4,160 6.27 3,030 5.50 2,410 5.17 2,160 4.75 1,840 10 - ______M 7.50 4,080 7.49 4,070 6.09 2,880 5.41 2,340 5.24 2,210 4.66 1,780 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 5 a.m., 13.27 ft., 13,700 sec.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 111

Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°27 I ln , long. 77 0 43 t S2n , 400 feet downstream from Burnside Bridge, 1 mile southeast of Sharpsburg, Washington County, and 4 miles above mouth. Zero of gage is 311.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 281 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge reTation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 5,250 second- feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 3,930 second-feet 2 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 8,9 feetj. 1897-1905, 1928-35: Maximum discharge, 5,690 second-feet (revised) Aug. 24, 1933 (gage height, 10.4 feet). 1928-36! Maximum known stage, 11.9 feet in July 1928 (from flood marks). Remarks.- Discharge includes water pumped by the City sf Hagerstown, Md., from Potomac River into Antietam Creek upstream from the station. The pumpage was less than one percent of the total flow during the months of February, March, and April.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 264 1,150 730 11 212 1,110 905 21 264 1,840 568 2 264 970 730 12 222 2,960 855 22 253 1,490 540 3 256 855 780 13 228 2,140 805 23 235 1,230 517 4 256 880 672 14 275 1,490 755 24 235 1,150 499 5 253 1,030 639 15 313 1,230 730 25 272 1,070 482 6 238 990 1,190 16 322 1,070 705 26 628 970 466 7 238 905 1,150 17 300 1,450 661 27 1,150 990 454 8 222 805 950 18 313 3,230 634 28 1,190 1,010 449 9 238 780 880 19 283 2,270 606 29 1,070 855 438 10 232 805 970 20 275 1,690 590 30 805 422 31 755 Z CO 1 290 RQO Run-of f , in inches ...... 1.38 5.29 2.74 0-age height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______4.00 805 7.00 2,270 _ _ 4 4.06 835 3.95 780 3.92 765 4.04 825 7.37 2,540 7.45 2,600 6 - - - 4.10 855 7.71 2,810 - 8 4.05 830 3.96 785 4.01 810 4.17 890 8.00 3,050 7.20 2,410 10 ------4.25 928 8.21 3,240 _ _ N 4.01 810 3.98 795 4.05 830 4.30 950 8.42 3,440 6.84 2,160 2 _ - - - - 4.38 982 8.45 3,470 _ _ 4 3.98 795 3.97 790 4.04 825 4.57 1,060 8.29 3,310 6.50 1,960 6 - - - - _ 5.37 1,380 8.11 3,150 _ _ 8 3.96 785 3.95 780 4.01 810 6.15 1,760 7.92 2,980 6.26 1,820 10 - - - - - 6.29 1,840 7.76 2,850 _ _ M 3.95 780 3.93 770 4.00 805 6.67 2,060 7.62 2,740 6.06 1,720 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______4. 59 1,070 7.58 2.700 _ _ 4 5.88 1,630 5.17 1,300 4.74 1,130 4.63 1,080 7.74 2,830 7.46 2,610 6 ------4,69 1,110 7.98 3,030 _ _ B 5.70 1,540 5.15 1,290 4.69 1,110 4.69 1,110 8.24 3,270 7.31 2,490 10 - - - _ 4.74 1,130 8.56 3,580 - - N 5.53 1,460 5.07 1,260 4.64 1,090 4.88 1,180 8.80 3,820 7.03 2,290 2 - - - 5.01 1,230 8.88 3,910 _ 4 5.40 1,390 4.97 1,220 4.60 1,070 5.12 1,280 8.80 3,820 6.69 2,070 6 - - - - - 5.43 1,400 8.55 3,570 - - 8 5.30 1,350 4.88 1,180 4.56 1,060 6.45 1,930 8.18 3,210 6.45 1,930 10 _ _ _ _ 7.72 2,820 7.89 2,950 M 5.22 1,320 4.82 1,160 4.54 1,050 7.9ff 3,010 7.65 2,760 6.33 1,860 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 - - 5.87 1,620 _ - . - _ - - - 4 6.29 1,840 6.02 1,700 5.90 1,640 5.11 1,270 4.80 1,150 4.68 1,100 6 - 6.07 1,720 - _ - ~ - _ - 8 6.17 1,780 6.05 1,720 5.67 1,520 5.05 1,250 4.76 1,130 4.64 1,090 10 - 6.19 1,780 - ______N 5.98 1,680 6.40 1,900 5.50 1,440 5.00 1,230 4.73 1,120 4.58 1,060 2 6.56 2,000 - <* - _ - 4 5.82 1,600 6.68 2,070 5.37 1,380 4.96 1,210 4.75 1,130 4.53 1,040 6 - 6.71 2,090 - _ _ - - _ _ _ 8 5.70 1,540 6.65 2,050 5.27 1,340 4.91 1,190 4.75 1,130 4.49 1,030 10 5.67 1,520 6.49 1,950 ______M 5.70 1,540 6.27 1,820 5.19 1,310 4.86 1,170 4.71 1,110 4.45 1,010 Supplemental records.- Mar. 12, 1 p.m., 8.50 ft., 3,520 see.-ft. Mar. 17, 11 p.m., 8.03 ft., 3,080 sec.-ft. Mar. 18, 3 a.m., 7.59 ft., 2,710 see.-ft. 112 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOBAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Horth River near Burketoum, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°19«, long. 78°55', 2 miles northeast of Burketown, Augusta County, and 7 miles above confluence with Middle River. Drainage area.- 381 square miles. gage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for the period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-3. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 5,500 second-feetj extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records on other streams in Shenandoah River Basin. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, about 32,300 second-feet 11 p.in. Mar. 17 (gage height, 26.70 feet, from flood marks). 1926-35: Maximum discharge observed, 19,100 second-feet Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 19.45 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. ftpr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 280 1,140 740 11 269 533 1,390 21 860 3,600 424 2 270 980 740 12 231 995 1,140 22 660 2,240 404 3 260 820 621 13 252 1,070 1,020 23 545 1,920 384 4 364 700 545 14 980 915 860 24 1,020 1,880 364 5 418 660 545 15 2,400 820 780 25 2,490 1,930 334 6 310 621 1,300 16 2,140 788 700 26 2,570 1,550 322 7 275 582 1,970 17 1,550 8,000 621 27 2,830 1,300 322 8 275 534 1,390 18 1,890 13,600 545 28 2,060 1,140 298 9 281 508 1,140 19 1,470 4,890 508 29 1,390 980 287 10 281 474 1,390 20 1,220 3,080 473 30 860 275 31 780

Run-off, in inches ...... 2.91 5.84 2.13 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 fc Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Seo^-ft. Feet Sec.ft. w§ March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.27 545 2.20 508 2.17 473 2.18 508 2.41 660 2.73 940 4 2.27 545 2.20 508 2.16 473 2.18 508 2.46 700 2.75 940 6 2.26 545 2.20 508 2.15 473 2.19 508 2.52 740 2.83 1,020 8 2.25 545 2.20 508 2.14 473 2.20 508 2.60 820 2.95 1,140 10 2.24 545 2.20 508 2.14 473 2.20 508 2.80 980 3.03 1,140 N 2.24 545 2.20 508 2.14 473 2.20 508 3.00 1,140 3.03 1,140 2 2.23 545 2.20 508 2.14 473 2.22 508 3.20 1,300 3.03 1,140 4 2.83 545 2.20 508 2.14 473 2.24 545 3.25 1,300 3.01 1,140 6 2.22 508 2.19 508 2.15 473 2.26 545 3.22 1,300 2.99 1,140 8 2.22 508 2.19 508 2.16 473 2.29 582 3.05 1,140 2.94 1,060 10 2.21 508 2.18 508 2.16 473 2.33 621 2.90 1,060 2.91 1,060 M 2.20 508 2.18 508 2.17 473 2.37 621 2.79 980 2.87 1,020 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 2.84 1,020 2.62 820 2.58 820 2.53 780 22.45 24,200 9.20 6,470 4 £.81 980 2.62 820) 2.58 820 2.53 780 19.90 19,900 8.70 6,030 6 2.80 980 2.62 820 2.57 780 2.64 860 18.00 17,000 8.28 5,680 8 2.76 940 2.62 820 2.57 780 3.03 1,140 16.60 14,800 7.83 5,240 10 2.74 940 2.62 820 2.56 780 3.60 1,630 15.40 13,200 7.50 4,980 E 2.70 900 2.62 820 2.56 780 4.95 2,830 14.30 11,700 7.20 4,720 2 2. 68 900 2.61 820 2.56 780 6.95 4,550 13.35 10,600 6.90 4,460 4 2.66 860 2.61 820 2.56 780 9.80 7,000 12.45 9,470 6.65 4,210 6 2.65 860 2.61 820 2.56 780 13.70 11,000 11.65 8,650 6.40 4,030 8 2.63 860 2.60 820 2.55 780 19.10 18,700 10.95 8,070 6.20 3,860 10 2.62 820 2.60 820 2.54 780 26.20 31,300 10.30 7,440 6.05 3,690 M 2.62 820 2.59 820 2.54 780 25.50 30,000 9.75 7,000 5.90 3,600 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.80 3,520 6.00 3,690 4.63 2,490 3.99 1,970 3.86 1,890 4.02 1,970 4 5.67 3,430 6.65 4,210 4.60 2,490 3.97 1,970 3.84 1,800 4.01 1,970 6 5.55 3,350 6.94 4,460 4.53 2,400 3.96 1,970 3.82 1,800 4.01 1,970 8 5.40 3,170 6.93 4,460 4.48 2,400 3.96 1,970 3.81 1,800 4. OP 1,970 10 5.30 3,090 6.63 4,210 4.38 2,310 3.94 1,890 3.81 1,800 3.99 1,970 N 5.20 3,000 6.27 3,950 4.28 2,230 3.94 1,890 3.85 1,800 3.9% 1,970 2 5.10 2,920 5.90 3,600 4.20 2,140 3.93 1,890 3.93 1,890 3.95 1,970 4 5.02 2,830 5.55 3,350 4.14 2,060 3.92 1,890 4.00 1,970 3.93 1,890 6 4.95 2,830 5.22 3,000 4.10 2,060 3.91 1,890 4.01 1,970 3.91 1,890 8 4.93 2,740 4.98 2,830 4.06 2,060 3.90 1,890 4.01 1,970 3.88 1,890 10 4.95 2,830 4.80 2,660 4.02 1,970 3.88 1,890 4.01 1,970 3.84 1,800 M 5.25 3,000 4.70 3,570 4.00 1,970 3.88 1,890 4.02 1,970 3.80 1,800 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11 p.m., 26.70 ft., 32,300 sec.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 113

South. Pork of Shenandoah River near Lynnwood, Va.

location.- 1st. 38°19', long. 78°46', lj miles northeast of Lynnwood, Rookingham County, and 3 milea below confluence of North and South Rivers. Zero of gage ia 1,013.13 feet above mean aea level, general adjustment of 1929. Drainage area.- 1,076 square miles. Sage-height record,- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 1, 2. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 12, Defined by current-^neter measure- ments below 15,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same or neighboring streams. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 77,000 second-feet 3830 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 26.57 feet). 1930-36: Discharge, about 46,600 seoond-feet (revised) Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 21.62 feet). Remarks«- Discharge, Feb. 1, 2, determined on basis of records for river at Front Royal and tributary streams, South River at Harriston, Middle River near Grottoes, and North River near Burketown.

Mean discharge, in seoond-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 900 2,600 2,020 11 884 2,070 3,480 21 2,430 10,600 1,240 2 920 2,220 2,000 12 860 4,470 3,080 22 2.000 6,990 1,170 3 930 1,970 2,440 13 925 4,320 2,760 23 1,720 5,200 1,100 4 1,290 1,810 1,900 14 3,140 3,080 2,550 24 2,360 4,480 1,J060 5 2,630 1,690 1,670 16 8,160 2,640 2,070 26 5,180 4,310 1,000 6 1,540 1,600 2,940 16 7,320 2,240 1,940 26 5,660 3,630 948 7 1,060 1,500 4,480 IV 4,680 17,700 1,710 27 5,320 3,400 938 8 916 1,400 3,330 18 7,350 52,400 1,550 28 4,160 3,280 888 9 1,010 1,340 2,860 19 4,750 15,300 1,420 29 3,110 2,810 850 10 976 1,270 3,990 20 3,140 8,360 1,340 30 2,490 829 31 2,260 5,784 1,978 ^un-of f , in inches ...... 2.93 6.20 2.06 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in seoond-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. ao w March 8 March 9 March 10 Maroh 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.97 1,460 3.86 1,370 3.79 1,330 3.78 1,330 6.22 3,480 7.86 6,260 4 3.94 1,450 3.84 1,370 3.76 1,290 3.82 1,330 6.26 3,680 7.66 5,010 6 3.90 1,410 3.84 1,370 3.75 1,290 3.89 1,410 6.29 3,680 7.30 4,650 8 3.90 1,410 3.84 1,370 3.74 1,290 4.02 1,490 6.31 3,580 7.14 4,420 10 3.90 1,410 3.82 1,330 3.73 1,290 4.26 1,690 6.45 3,680 7.00 4,310 N 3.90 1,410 3.81 1,330 3.72 1,250 4.61 1,890 6.75 4,090 6.89 4,200 2 3.90 1,410 3.82 1,330 3.72 1,250 4.76 2,120 7.18 4,530 6.78 4,090 4 3.89 1,410 3.86 1,370 3.76 1,290 5.11 2,430 7.69 5,010 6.66 3,980 6 3.87 1,370 3.81 1,330 3.73 1,290 6.41 2,700 7.95 5,620 6.56 3,880 8 3.86 1,370 3.81 1,330 3.75 1,290 5.78 3,080 8.22 6,780 6.45 3,680 10 3.86 1,370 3.81 1,330 3.75 1,290 6.06 3,380 8.30 6,920 6.35 3,680 M 3.96 1,370 3.80 1,330 3.76 1,290 6.19 3,480 8.15 6,780 6.25 3,480 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 Maroh 18 March 19 2 6.16 3,480 5.40 2,700 5.03J 2,340 4.79 2,160 26.27 74, 900 16.77 21,600 4 6.08 3,380 6.36 2,700 5.00 2,340 4.77 2,120 26.65 77,000 15.17 20,000 6 6.99 3,280 5.30 2,610 4.99 2,340 4.81 2,160 26.17 74,200 14.57 18,400 8 5,90 3,180 5.27 2,610 4.93 2,250 5.22 2,620 25.42 68,900 14.05 16,800 10 5.84 3,080 6.24 2,520 4.91 2,250 6.52 3,780 24.37 62,400 13.55 15,800 N 5.77 3,080 5.21 2,520 4.89 2,250 9.07 7,080 23.12 54,400 13.05 14,400 2 5.70 2,980 5.19 2,520 4.88 2,250 11.32 10,900 21.77 46,700 12.67 13,800 4 5.66 2,980 5.16 2,520 4.87 2,200 14.82 18,900 20.47 39,800 12.24 12,700 6 5.61 2,880 5.13 2,430 4.84 2,200 18.82 32,000 19.23 33,700 11.80 11,800 8 5.56 2,880 5.10 2,430 4.82 2,160 21.32 44,000 18.07 29,200 11.44 11,000 10 5.50 2,790 5.09 2,430 4.81 2,160 23.07 54,400 17.08 25,600 11.13 10,500 M 5.45 2,700 5.05 2,340 4.80 2,160 24.97 66,300 16.40 23,400 10.85 9,920 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 Maroh 24 March 25 2 10.60 9,560 10.08 8,690 10.06 8,690 7.96 6,620 7.28 4,650 7.10 4,420 4 10.42 9,200 10.85 9,920 9.76 8,180 7.87 5,390 7.23 4,530 7.08 4,420 6 10.83 8,860 11.46 11,200 9.49 7,700 7.79 5,260 7.18 4,530 7.05 4,310 8 10.08 8,690 11.74 11,600 9.24 7,230 7.74 5,130 7.14 4,420 7.02 4,310 10 9.94 8,350 11.88 12,100 9.04 6,930 7.71 5,130 7.10 4,420 6.98 4,310 N 9.82 8,180 11.85 11,800 8.88 6,780 7.67 5,130 7.10 4,420 6.95 4,310 2 9.70 8,020 11.69 11,600 8.69 6,480 7.64 5,010 7.10 4,420 6.92 4,200 4 9.61 7,860 11.48 11,200 8.56 6,340 7.69 5,010 7.10 4,420 6.89 4,200 6 9.54 7,700 11.25 10,700 8.41 6,060 7.54 4,890 7.10 4,420 6.84 4,090 8 9.41 7,540 10.96 10,300 8.27 5,920 7.47 4,890 7.10 4,420 6.79 4,090 10 9.38 7,540 10.64 9,560 8.14 5,650 7.40 4,770 7.10 4,420 6.74 3,980 M 9.54 7,700 10.36 9,200 8.02 5,520 7.34 4,650 7.10 4,420 6.69 3,980

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 3t50 a.m., 26.67 ft., 77,000 "ec.-ft. 114 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

South Pork of Shenandoah River at Front Royal, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°54'50", long. 78° 12 40", at highway bridge 1 mile west of Front Royal, Warren County, and 3§ miles above confluence with North Fork of Shenandoah River. Zero of gage is 469.38 feet above mean aea level, general adjustment of 1989. Drainage area.- 1,638 square miles. gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 25,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section, slope-area determination, and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same or neighboring streams. Discharge may have been affected by backwater from Horth Fork of Shenandoah River from about 8 p.m. Mar. 17 to about 2 p.m. Mar. 18. Discharge at 8 a.m. Mar. 18 may have been about 75,000 second-feet instead of 99,900 second-feet. Volume of run-off during the flood rise would be reduced by a small percentage. Maxima.- 1936! Discharge, about 113,000 second-feet 6:30 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 26.01 feet). 1899-1906, 1930-35: Maximum discharge observed, about 76,800 second-feet Mar. 1, 1902 (gage height, 23.5 feet, former datum). Remarks.- Intake clogged Mar. 28 to Apr. 30; discharge computed on basis of records at Lynnwood and Millville.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,400 4,990 3,400 11 1,500 2,910 5,100 21 4,500 13,200 2,100 2 1,400 4,140 3,200 12 1,400 6,510 4,800 22 3,500 13,500 2,000 3 1,400 3,570 3,200 13 1,300 9,390 4,200 23 2,900 8,580 1,900 4 1,400 3,320 3,400 14 1,400 6,870 3,900 24 2,500 7,030 1,700 5 2,000 3,080 3,000 15 4,800 5,180 3,400 25 2,700 6,300 1,700 6 3,900 2,870 2,700 16 12,400 4,490 3,000 26. 10,600 5,720 1,600 7 2,000 2,660 3,600 17 11,200 13,500 2,800 27 10,600 5,120 1,500 8 1,600 2,450 5,300 18 7,100 96,400 2,600 2R 8,990 4,700 1,500 9 1,400 2,330 4,600 19 8,900 49,100 2,400 29 6,280 4,600 1,500 10 1,500 2,200 4,100 20 6,800 16,200 2,200 30 4,500 1,400 31 3,800 4,392 10,300 2,927 Run-off, in inches...... 2.89 7.25 2.00 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 & Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. s March S March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.01 2,500 2.92 2,360 2.82 2,220 2.73 2,150 4.78 5,100 7.01 9,170 4 2,98 2,500 2.90 2,360 2.81 2,220 2.72 2,080 4.82 5,100 7.04 9,170 6 2,97 2,430 2.89 2,360 2.79 2,220 2.75 2,150 4.88 5,250 7.05 9,170 8 2.96 2,430 2.88 2,360 2,78 2,220 2.78 2,220 5.00 5,400 7.07 9,390 10 2.96 2,430 2.87 2,290 2.77 2,150 2.88 2,360 5.18 5,720 7.12 9,390 N 2.96 2,430 2.87 2,290 2.77 2,150 3.16 2,710 5.48 6,220 7.18 9,620 2 2.96 2,430 2.87 2,290 2.77 2,150 3.40 3,060 5.82 6,750 7.23 9,620 4 2.96 2,430 2.86 2,290 2.75 2,150 3.54 3,270 6.05 7,120 7.26 9,850 6 2.95 2,430 2.85 2,290 2.73 2,150 3.68 3,480 6.27 7,700 7.24 9,620 8 2.94 2,430 2.84 2,290 2.73 2,150 3.90 3,760 6.52 8,100 7.16 9,620 10 2.9S 2,430 2.84 2,290 2.73 2,150 4.31 4,350 6.75 8,730 6.98 9,170 M 2.93 2,430 2.84 2,290 2.72 2,080 4.67 4,950 6.93 8,950 6.77 8,730 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.53 8,100 5.18 5,720 4.54 4,650 4.28 4,350 19,74 63,600 22.87 85, 500 4 6.34 7,700 5.10 5,560 4.50 4,650 4.31 4,350 21.30 74,100 21.45 74,800 6 6.16 7,500 5.03 5,400 4.47 4,650 4.34 4,350 23.05 86,200 20.00 65,500 8 6.02 7,120 4.96 5,400 4.44 4,500 4.38 4,500 24.70 99,900 18.70 57,100 10 5.88 6,930 4.91 5, 25CT' 4.41 4,500 4,43 4,500 25.55 108,000 17.43 49,400 N 5.80 6,750 4.85 5,100 4.38 4,500 4.65 4,800 25.52 108,000 16.35 43,800 2 5.71 6,570 4.79 5,100 4.36 4,500 6.70 8,520 25,38 106,000 15.35 38,600 4 5.62 6,390 4.74 4,950 4.33 4,350 10.00 17, 200 25.70 110,000 14.38 33,900 6 5,53 6,220 4.70 4,950 4.31 4,350 11.20 21,200 26.00' 113,000 13.60 30,400 8 5.42 6,050 4.66 4,950 4.29 4,350 12.65 26, 300 25. 6$ 110,000 12.95 27,900 10 5.33 5,880 4.62 4,800 4.28 4,350 15.00 36,700 25.20 104,000 12.40 25,500 M 5.26 5,880 4.58 4,800 4.27 4,350 17.65 50,500 24.15 95,600 11.85 23,300 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 11.37 31,800 8.31 12,300 9.53 15,700 7.32 9,850 6.11 7,310 5.65 6,390 4 10,90 20,100 8.32 12,300 9.48 15,700 7.18 9,620 6.06 7,310 5.62 6,390 6 10.47 18,800 8.31 12,300 9.44 15,400 7.03 9,170 6.02 7,120 5.59 6,390 8 10.08 17,500 8.26 12,300 9.23 14,800 6.92 8,950 5.97 7,120 5.57 6,390 10 9.70 16,300 8.36 12,600 9.07 14,500 6.86 8,950 5.95 7,120 5.53 6,220 N 9.43 15,400 8.48 12,900 8.87 14,000 6.77 8,730 5.94 6,930 5.52 6,220 2 9,17 14,800 8.63 13,100 8.60 13,100 6.67 8,520 5.92 6,930 5.51 6,220 4 8.88 14,000 8.79 13,700 8.36 12,600 6.54 8,100 5.90 6,930 5.50 6,220 6 8.63 13,100 8.96 14, 200 8.13 11,800 6.44 7,900 5.86 6,930 5.48 6,220 8 8.43 12,600 9.14 14,500 7.92 11,300 6.33 7,700 5.79 6,750 5.46 6,220 10 8.28 12,300 9.34 15,100 7.72 10,800 6.23 7,500 5.73 6,570 5.43 6,050 M 8.22 12,100 9.52 15,700 7.52 10,300 6.17 7,500 5.67 6,570 5.40 6,050

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 6:30 p.m., 26.01 ft., 113,000 sec. -ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 115

Shenandoah River at Mi 11 vilie, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°16 I 5511 , long. 77°47 I 4211 , 0.4 mile below Cattail Run, 1 mile above Millville, Jefferson County, and 5 miles above mouth at Harpers Perry. Zero of gage is 293.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 3,040 square miles. Page-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph, except for period 9 p.m. Mar. 22 to Apr. 30, when graph was based on two readings daily. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 29,100 second- feet) extended to peak stage using slope-area computation of flood flow; verified by velocity-area study at control section and comparisons of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records at other stations in Shenandoah and Potomac River Basins. Affected by ice Feb. 1-15, Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 150,000 second-feet 8:30 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 26.36 *1895-1909, 1928-35: Discharge, about 105,000 second-feet (revised) Oct. 1, 1896. 1870-1936: Maximum discharge, that of Mar. 18, 1936, which was slightly higher than the 1870 flood.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2,500 13,000 6,070 11 2,300 4,900 8,030 21 7,990 23,800 3,770 2 2,400 10,200 5,850 12 2,300 10,800 8,030 22 6,070 25,700 3,600 3 2,500 7,990 5,850 13 2,200 18,800 7,260 23 5,100 16,700 3,420 4 2,400 7,000 5,850 14 2,200 15,800 6,770 24 4,320 12,100 3,180 5 2,500 6,760 5,420 15 3,000 10,800 6,070 25 3,950 10,900 3,020 6 3,000 6,300 5,000 16 9,890 8,510 5,420 26 10,500 9,970 2,940 7 3,500 5,630 6,070 17 18,200 12,900 4,900 27 24,800 9,110 2,800 8 2,500 5,000 8,030 18 12,300 104,000 4,600 28 26,700 8,830 2,800 9 2,300 4,500 7,770 19 13,000 109,000 4,220 29 18,400 8,560 2,720 10 2,400 4,220 7,010 20 12,000 36,900 3,950 30 8,290 2,720 31 6,770 7 O Q*Z 17,540 2.59 6,65 1.87 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. | & March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - - ______4 4.86 5,130 4.63 4,660 4.45 4,320 4.34 4,110 6.47 8,970 9.16 17,900 6 _ - ______8 4.81 5,020 4.60 4,600 4.42 4,260 4.38 4,180 6.82 9,950 9.49 19,200 10 - _ _ - ______N 4.78 4,960 4.57 4,540 4.39 4,200 4.68 4,760 7.26 11,200 9.52 19,300 2 _ _ _ _ r ______4 4.73 4,860 4.54 4,490 4.36 4,150 4.94 5,290 7.34 11,500 9.48 19,100 8 4.70 4,800 4.51 4,430 4.36 4,150 5.22 5,890 7.63 12,400 9.48 19,100 10 ______M 4.65 4,700 4.48 4,370 4.33 4,090 5.82 7,290 8.44 15,200 9.46 19,000 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______6.05 7,860 15,66 52,500 26.00 146,000 4 9.27 18,300 7.40 11,700 6.49 9,020 5.94 7,590 16.51 58,400 25.73 143,000 6 - - - - _ _ 6.05 7,860 17.41 64,900 25.24 138,000 8 8.91 16,900 7.20 11,100 6.37 8,700 6.07 7,920 18.49 73,100 24.60 131,000 10 - - _ _ _ _ 6.14 8,090 19.94 85,100 23.76 122,000 N 8.56 15,600 7.03 10,600 6.26 8,410 6.24 8,350 21.88 103,000 22.78 112,000 2 - - - - - _ 6.39 8,750 23.96 124,000 21.77 102,000 4 8.19 14,300 6.87 10,100 6.17 8,170 6.57 9,250 25.40 139,000 20.66 91,500 6 - - _ - _ _ 7.03 10,600 26.16 148,000 19.56 81,700 8 7.90 13,300 6.72 9,670 6.09 7,960 9.05 17,400 26.33 150,000 18.51 73,300 10 - - - - _ _ 12.64 34,100 26.30 149,000 17.51 65,70Q M 7.65 12,500 6.61 9,360 6.07 7,920 14.55 45,300 26.16 148,000 16.67 59,400 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 15.84 53,300 ______4 15.10 48,400 10.60 23,400 11.17 26,000 9.67 19,400 7.95 13,000 V.41 11,200 6 14.41 43,900 ______8 13.80 40,200 10.53 23,100 11.38 27,100 9.27 17,800 7.82 12,500 7.36 11,000 10 13.28 37,100 ______N 12.83 34,600 10.77 24,200 11.39 27,100 8.92 16,400 7.72 12,200 7.32 10,900 2 12.41 32,300 ______4 12.03 30,300 10.84 24,500 11.16 26,000 8.62 15,300 7.61 11,800 7.28 10,800 6 11.66 28,400 - ______8 11.34 26,900 10.85 24,500 10.69 23 r800 8.37 14,400 7.53 11,600 7,24 10,700 10 11.10 25,700 - - ______M 10.89 24,700 10.94 25,000 10.15 21,400 8.14 13,600 7.46 11,400 7.20 10,600 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 8130 p.m., 26.36 ft., 150,000 sec.-ft. 116 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOKAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Middle River near Grottoes, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°16', long. 78°52', at highway bridge at Mount Meridian, Augusta County, is miles above confluence with Horth River and 3 miles west of Grottoes, Rockingham County. Drainage area.- 360 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for the period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1, 2. Defined by current-meter meas­ urements below 8,000 second-feet and extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records on othe'r streams in Shenandoah River Basin, Maxima.- 1936 t Discharge, about 33,000 second-feet 2 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 28.57 feet, from flood marks). 1925-35S Maximum discharge observed, about 17,000 second-feet (revised) Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 20.60 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 520 654 692 11 278 607 1,280 21 654 3,140 444 2 310 544 730 12 254 1,150 1,100 22 544 1,930 412 3 315 544 1,230 13 290 959 930 23 476 1,480 412 4 544 476 692 14 1,100 772 810 24 890 1,260 382 5 1,010 476 654 15 3,430 694 730 25 1,820 1,190 382 6 476 444 1,280 16 2,200 633 692 26 1,460 1,010 354 7 315 412 1,590 17 1,370 6,540 580 27 1,370 1,100 354 8 278 367 1,050 18 3,290 18,600 544 28 1,140 1,010 328 9 354 353 1,010 19 1,360 4,620 510 29 770 930 315 10 328 323 1,370 20 830 2,220 476 30 850 315 31 770 961 1,808 722 2.88 5.79 2.24

Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 & Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. s March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 ' 2 4.14 382 4.04 354 3.90 328 3.92 328 n 5.52 890 6.53 1,320 4 4.13 382 4.05 354 3.90 328 4.00 354 5.61 930 6.20 1,180 6 4.12 382 4.06 382 3.90 328 4.10 382 5.85 1,010 5.90 1,050 8 4.10 382 4.06 382 3.90 328 4.25 412 6.20 1,180 R.70 970 10 4.06 382 4.03 354 3.89 328 4.41 476 6.65 1,360 - 60 930 N 4.03 354 4.01 354 3.88 328 4.64 544 7.14 1,590 ?.18 890 2 4.01 354 4.00 354 3.87 315 4.90 654 7.50 1,770 5.40 850 4 4.00 354 3.98 354 3.86 315 5.24 770 7.82 1,900 5.33 810 6 4.00 354 3.95 354 3.86 315 5.48 890 7.90 1,950 5.27 810 8 4.00 354 3.94 328 3.85 315 5.57 930 7.71 1,860 5.23 770 10 4.00 354 3.93 328 3.86 315 5.60 930 7.38 1,720 5.20 770 M 4.02 354 3.92 328 3.88 328 5.52 890 6.98 1,540 5.20 770 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.21 770 5.03 692 4.94 654 4.75 616 28.57 33,000 14.40 7,220 4 5.24 770 5.00 692 4.92 654 4.74 580 27.68 31,100 13.98 6,740 6 5.26 810 5.00 692 4.90 654 4.86 654 25.95 27, 500 13.55 6,270 - 8 5.96 810 5.00 692 4.90 654 5.23 770 23'. 75 23,100 13.00 5,610 10 5.24 770 5.00 692 4.87 654 5.80 1,010 22.00 19,600 12.40 5,010 H 5.22 770 5.00 692 4.85 616 6.85 1,460 20.20 16,300 11.65 4,280 2 5.21 770 5.00 692 4.83 616 9.30 2,660 18.65 13,500 10.90 3,720 4 5.20 770 5.00 692 4.81 616 12.50 5,110 17.35 11,500 10.25 3,220 6 5.18 770 5.00 692 4.80 616 16.00 9,400 16.48 10,200 9.80 2,960 8 5.15 770 4.98 692 4.79 616 20.15 16,300 15.83 9,120 9.45 2,720 10 5.11 730 4.96 692 4.77 616 24.30 24,100 15.25 8,280 9.20 2,600 M 5.07 730 4.95 692 4.76 616 27.70 31,100 14.80 7,740 9.02 2,500 March 20 March 21 March 22 March S3 March 24 March 25 2 8.86 2,450 9.35 2,720 8.85 2,400 6.99 1,540 6.60 1,360 6.25 1,180 4 8.73 2,350 10I05 3,080 8.60 2,300 6.99 1,540 6.56 1,360 6.28 1,230 6 8.62 2,300 10.53 3,430 8.34 2,150 7.00 1,540 6.52 1,320 6.29 1,230 8 8.50 2,250 10.75 3,640 8.10 2,050 6.99 1,540 6.45 1,280 6.30 1,230 10 8.40 2,200 10.77 3,640 7.89 1,950 6.93 1,500 6.40 1,280 6.27 1,230 H 8.32 2,150 10.65 3,500 7.70 1,860 6.90 1,500 6.35 1,280 6.25 1,180 2 8.25 2,100 10.45 3,360 7.52 1,770 6.85 1,460 6.26 1,230 6.23 1,180 4 8.22 2,100 10.20 3,220 7.39 1,720 6.81 1,460 6.21 1,180 6.20 1,180 6 8.19 2,100 9.88 3,020 7.25 1,640 6.78 1,460 6.16 1,180 6.18 1,180 8 8.19 2,100 9.61 2,840 7.15 1,640 6.72 1,410 6.18 1,180 6.12 1,140 10 G.27 2,150 9.36 2,720 7.07 1,590 6.68 1,410 6.20 1,180 6.09 1,140 M 8.66 2,350 9.10 2,550 7.02 1,540 6.64 1,360 6.22 1,180 6.04 1,100 POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 117

South River at Waynesboro, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°3'40B , long. 78°53'46B , above Baker Spring, in Waynesboro, Augusta County. Drainage area.- 144 square miles. Gags-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 2,400 second- feetj extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and compari­ son of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same or nearby strearaa in Shenandoah River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 7,140 second-feet midnight Mar. 17 (gage height, 13.90 feet). 1928-35: Discharge, 4,920 second-feet (revised) Sept. 19, 1928, Oct. 17, 1932 (gage height, 11.0 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 145 314 310 11 132 595 432 21 376 1,540 181 2 152 280 329 12 133 1,100 404 22 306 1,070 176 3 144 259 404 13 143 936 398 23 270 793 170 4 246 238 302 14 564 624 318 24 300 657 160 5 302 220 270 15 1,140 489 287 25 474 568 156 6 208 206 398 16 985 396 310 26 57S 498 147 7 153 194 506 17 700 2,530 242 27 522 499 142 8 147 184 418 18 1,140 4,640 228 28 438 510 136 9 160 175 402 19 756 2,020 214 29 352 436 133 10 156 170 502 20 504 1,510 196 30 369 127 31 344

3.00 6.30 2.16 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. £ March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.27 188 2.23 180 2.19 171 2.35 206 4.60 985 4.82 1,080 4 2.27 188 2.33 180 2.16 165 2.45 230 4.59 985 4.77 1,050 6 2.26 186 2.22 177 2.17 167 2.65 278 4.57 962 4.70 1,030 8 2.25 184 2.25 184 2.21 176 2.94 358 4.61 985 4.63 1,010 10 2.25 184 2.23 180 2.17 167 3.43 521 4.80 1,080 4.56 962 N 2.26 186 2.22 177 2.16 165 3.80 648 5.00 1,170 4.48 940 2 2.26 186 2.23 180 2.18 169 4.05 746 5.11 1,220 4.41 895 4 2.25 184 2.15 163 2.12 157 4.18 808 5.09 1,220 4.32 850 6 2.24 182 2.19 171 2.16 165 4.36 872 5.03 1,200 4.25 829 8 2.23 180 2.18 169 2.20 173 4.49 940 5.00 1,170 4.18 808 10 2.23 180 2.19 171 2.22 177 4.55 962 4.94 1,140 4.10 766 M 2.24 182 2.18 169 2;28 191 4.58 985 4.88 1,120 4.03 746 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3.97 706 3.48 538 3.16 422 3.00 376 13.72 6,980 7.54 2,560 4 3.90 686 3.45 521 3.14 422 3.00 376 13.20 6,680 7,32 2,440 6 3.85 667 3.42 504 3.11 406 3.03 391 12.45 5,940 7.11 2,320 8 3.81 648 3.39 504 3.11 406 3.21 438 11.59 5,340 6.90 2,200 10 3.77 629 3.37 487 3.09 406 3.63 592 10.92 4,850 6.70 2,080 N 3.73 629 3.35 487 3.06 391 4.40 895 10.27 4,430 6.53 1,960 2 3.69 610 3.32 470 3.04 391 5.65 1,470 9.60 3,940 6»30 1,840 4 3.64 592 3.29 470 3.00 376 8.65 3,240 9.13 3,590 6.19 1,780 6 3.61 574 3.26 454 3.01 376 11.65 5,340 8.69 3,310 6.09 1,720 8 3.57 556 3.23 454 3.00 376 13.20 6,580 8.38 3,100 5.97 1,670 10 3.54 556 3.20 438 2.99 373 13.50 6,820 8.07 2,920 5.86 1,620 H 3.51 538 3.18 438 2.99 373 T3. 90 7,140 7.78 2,740 5.79 1,570 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.74 1,520 5.78 1,570 5.19 1,270 4.35 872 3.95 706 3.63 610 4 5.73 1,520 5.83 1,570 5.08 1,220 4.31 850 3.92 686 3.67 592 6 5.73 1,520 5.88 1,620 4.95 1,140 4.27 829 3.90 686 3.65 592 8 5.70 1,520 5.90 1,620 4.88 1,120 4.23 829 3.86 667 3.62 574 10 5.63 1,470 5.85 1,570 4.81 1,080 4.19 808 3.84 667 3.61 574 N 5.68 1,520 5.85 1,570 4,75 1,050 4.16 787 3.83 648 3.60 574 2 5.74 1,520 5.89 1,620 4.68 1,030 4.13 787 3.79 648 3.57 556 4 5.66 1,520 5.85 1,570 4.62 985 4.10 766 3.78 648 3.55 556 6 5.58 1,470 5.75 1,570 4.56 962 4.07 746 3.75 629 3.56 556 8 5.52 1,420 5.62 1,470 4.50 940 4.04 746 3.74 629 3.52 538 10 5.55 1,470 5.48 1,420 4.45 918 4.00 726 3.72 610 3.50 538 H 5.67 1,520 5.32 1,320 4.41 895 3.97 706 3.71 610 3.47 521 118 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

South River at Harris ton, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°13'7", long. 78°50'13", at highway bridge at Harriston, Augusta County, 7 miles above confluence with Middle River. Drainage area.- 222 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for period Mar. B-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of near­ by stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 1,500 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and compari­ son of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records in Shenandoah River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 12,600 second-feet 3:30 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 13.07 feet, from flood marks). second -feet 20, Sept.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 258 515 570 11 243 1,020 760 21 618 2,620 348 2 258 468 570 12 228 2,370 700 22 515 1,870 348 3 258 445 620 13 290 1,880 672 23 445 1,400 331 4 380 400 545 14 1,090 1,060 545 24 515 1,160 314 5 445 380 522 15 1,700 838 522 25 445 968 298 6 342 360 645 16 820 678 522 26 645 820 298 7 243 324 880 17 1,160 3,750 441 27 880 820 298 8 243 290 672 18 1,700 9,330 403 28 730 820 282 9 258 306 620 19 1,230 4,110 384 29 445 700 267 10 243 313 880 20 820 2,410 366 30 620 267 31 570 602 1,407 496 2.92 7.31 2.49 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 !H Feet Sec.ft. Sec.ft. 3 Feet Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. wO March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.90 290 3.93 307 3.91 290 4.18 400 6.05 1,540 7.10 2,550 4 3.90 290 3.94 307 3.90 290 4.24 422 6.00 1,540 6.87 2,350 6 3.90 290 3.94 307 3.90 290 4.36 468 6.05 1,540 6.67 2,150 8 3.90 290 3.94 307 S.90 290 4.55 565 6.20 1,700 6.50 1,970 10 3.90 290 3.94 307 3.91 290 4.79 700 6.46 1,970 6.33 1,790 N 3.90 290 3.95 307 3.93 307 5.10 880 6.80 2,250 6.24 1,700 2 3.90 290 3.96 307 3.97 307 5.45 1,090 7.16 2,660 6.22 1,700 4 3.90 290 3.96 307 4.00 324 5.80 1,380 7.60 3,110 6.20 1,700 6 3.90 290 3.95 307 4.03 342 6.14 1,620 7.80 3,350 6.10 1,620 8 3.91 290 3.94 307 4.05 342 6.35 1,880 7.75 3,350 6.00 1,540 10 3.92 290 3.93 307 4.08 360 6.30 1,790 7.60 3,110 5.85 1,380 M 3.92 290 3.92 290 4.12 360 6.20 1,700 7.36 2,880 5.70 1,300 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.59 1,230 5.18 950 4.85 730 4.63 618 13.00 12,300 9.40 5,570 4 5.48 1,160 5.14 880 4,83 730 4.62 590 13.06 12,600 9.18 5,260 6 5.40 1,090 5.10 880 4.82 700 4.61 590 12.70 11,700 8.98 4,960 8 5.38 1,090 5.08 880 4.81 700 4.68 645 12.26 10,900 8.77 4,670 10 5.37 1,090 5.05 820 4.79 700 5.01 820 11.84 9,890 8.60 4,390 N 5.34 1,020 5.03 820 4.76 672 5.80 1,380 11.42 9,100 8.36 4,110 2 5.32 1,020 5.00 820 4.74 672 7.23 2,660 11.10 8,530 8.10 3,720 4 5.31 1,020 4.97 820 4.72 645 8.80 4,670 10.72 7,790 7.83 3,350 6 5.27 1,020 4.95 820 4.70 645 10.50 7,430 10.42 7,250 7.63 3,110 8 5.24 950 4.90 760 4.68 645 11.50 9,290 10.17 6,900 7.47 2,990 10 5.22 950 4.89 760 4.67 618 12.05 10,300 9.90 6,390 7.38 2,880 M 5.20 950 4.87 730 4.65 618 12.50 11,300 9.62 5,890 7.26 2,770 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 7.80 2,660 6.92 2,350 6.79 2,250 5.95 1,540 5.65 1,230 5.32 1,020 4 7.14 2,550 7.13 2,550 6.69 2,150 5.90 1,460 5.62 1,230 5.30 1,020 6 7.07 2,550 7.30 2,770 6.60 2,060 5.88 1,460 5.60 1,230 5.27 1,020 8 7.01 2,450 7.38 2,880 6.50 1,970 5.85 1,380 5.56 1,230 5.25 950 10 6.96 2,450 7.38 2,880 6.43 1,880 5.85 1,380 5.52 1,160 5.24 950 N 6.91 2,350 7.32 2,770 6.35 1,880 5.84 1,380 5.50 1,160 5.22 950 2 6.88 2,350 7.27 2,770 6.27 1,790 5.84 1,380 5.46 1,160 5.20 950 4 6.85 2,250 7.20 2,660 6.21 1,700 5.82 1,380 5.45 1,090 5.20 950 6 6.81 2,250 7.14 2,550 6.15 1,700 5.80 1,380 5.42 1,090 5.19 950 8 6.80 2,250 7.05 2,450 6.08 1,620 5.77 1,380 5.40 1,090 5.17 950 10 6.80 2,250 6.96 2,450 6.04 1,540 5.73 1,300 5.38 1.090 5.15 950 M 6.82 2,250 6.86 2,350 6.00 1,540 5.69 1,300 5.34 1,020 5.13 880 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 3:30 to 4 a.m., 13.07 ft., 12,600 sec.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 119

North Fork of Shenandoah River at Cootes Store, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°38', long. 78°51', at highway bridge at Cootes Store, Rockingham County, 1 mile below Brocks Gap and 3i miles above Linville Creek. Zero of gage is 1,051.8 feet above mean sea level datum of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Drainage area. 215 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 2,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and compari­ son of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same or neighboring streams. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 21,000 second-feet 8 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 23.25 feet, from flood marks). 1925-35: Maximum discharge observed, 9,400 second-feet Apr. 16, 1929 (gage height, 14.98 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 99 860 221 11 51 487 562 21 390 2,200 133 2 97 860 234 12 62 1,580 562 22 300 1,460 108 3 86 420 247 13 67 1,500 480 23 272 1,340 96 4 77 360 208 14 144 994 368 24 455 1,370 86 5 81 405 184 15 1,330 629 318 25 640 902 79 6 85 345 930 16 1,510 428 274 26 2,320 730 64 7 92 300 990 17 860 8,770 208 27 3,570 730 54 8 94 213 585 18 770 6,010 184 28 1,570 630 48 9 73 199 500 19 815 2,670 152 29 860 402 43 10 45 179 520 20 525 1,870 173 30 350 25 31 303 598 1,274 288 3.00 6.84 1.50 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o w1 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.92 246 3.67 185 3.68 196 3.60 174 5.55 860 7.87 2,250 4 3.90 246 3.68 196 3.65 185 3.60 174 5.60 860 7.60 2,040 6 3.86 233 3.68 196 3.63 185 3.60 174 5.72 910 7.35 1,900 8 3.83 233 3.69 196 3.60 174 3.60 174 5.90 1,010 7.10 1,690 10 3.80 220 3.70 196 3.60 174 3.90 246 6.25 1,160 6.83 1,510 H 3.77 208 3.74 208 3.60 174 4.42 390 6.68 1,450 6.60 1,390 2 3.72 196 3.74 208 3.60 174 4.95 600 7.17 1,760 6.40 1,270 4 3.70 196 3.75 208 3.60 174 5.40 770 7.60 2,040 6.23 1,160 6 3.68 196 3.75 208 3.60 174 5.60 860 7.97 2,320 6.08 1,110 8 3.67 185 3.73 208 3.60 174 5.68 910 8.18 2,480 5.94 1,010 10 3.66 185 3.70 196 3.60 174 5.65 860 8.23 2,480 5.85 960 M 3.67 185 3.69 196 3.60 174 5.57 860 8.10 2,400 5.80 960 March 14 March 15 Mar oh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.84 960 5.36 770 4.70 490 4.50 420 16.33 11,000 9 27 3,330 4 5.90 1,010 5.27 725 4.62 455 4.87 560 14.60 8,920 9llO 3,150 6 6.00 1,060 5.20 680 4.59 455 5.90 1,010 13.20 7,320 8.94 2,970 8 6.12 1,110 5.13 640 4.54 438 7.60 2,040 12.05 6,000 8.79 2,880 10 6.20 1,160 5.07 640 4.50 420 10.00 4,020 11.30 5,280 8.64 2,720 N 6.15 1,160 5.03 600 4.48 420 12.65 6,660 10.80 4,780 8.48 2,640 2 6.00 1,060 5.00 600 4.46 405 15.40 9,880 10.43 4,380 8.35 2,560 4 5.84 960 5.00 600 4.45 405 18.50 13,900 10.15 4,180 8.21 2,400 6 5.72 910 4.94 560 4.44 405 22.08 19,300 9.95 3,980 8.07 2,320 8 5.62 860 4.90 560 4.42 390 23.25 21,000 9.79 3,780 7.95 2,240 10 5.53 815 4.84 525 4.41 390 22.00 19,100 9.60 3,600 7.81 2,090 M 5.44 770 4.79 525 4.40 390 18.85 14,300 9 -.42 3,420 7.68 2,020 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 7.55 1,950 8»38 2,560 7.30 1,740 6.47 1,230 6.76 1,410 6.27 1,110 4 7.48 1,880 8.40 2,560 7.25 1,670 6.54 1,230 6.77 1,410 6.12 990 6 7.40 1,810 8.30 2,480 7.20 1,670 6.59 1,290 6.78 1,410 6.03 930 8 7.34 1,740 8.20 2,400 7.17 1,670 6.63 1,290 6.79 1,410 5.95 930 10 7.30 1,740 8.08 2,320 7.08 1,600 6.70 1,350 6.80 1,410 5.90 880 H 7.25 1,670 7.96 2,240 6.93 1,470 6.71 1,350 6.80 1,410 5.83 830 2 7.26 1,740 7.82 2,090 6.76 1,410 6.73 1,350 6.80 1,410 5.80 830 4 7.29 1,740 7.72 2,020 6.60 1,290 6.75 1,410 6.80 1,410 5.80 830 6 7.36 1,810 7.60 1,950 6.47 1,250 6.75 1,410 6.74 1,350 5.79 830 8 7.60 1,950 7.51 1,880 6.43 1,170 6.76 1,410 6.65 1,290 5.78 830 10 7.90 2,160 7.42 1,810 6.42 1,170 6.77 1,410 6.53 1,230 5.77 830 H 8.23 2,400 7.35 1,810 6.43 1,170 6.78 1,410 6.39 1,170 5.76 830 120 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

North Fork of Shenandoah River near Strasburg, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°58', long. 78°20' (revised), at highway bridge 2 miles east of Strasburg, Shenandoah County, and 9 miles above confluence with South Fork of Shen- andoah River. Zero of gage Is 493.85 feet above mean sea level, general adjustment of 1929. Drainage area.- 772 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 1, 2, Mar. 13 to Apr. 26, when It waa based on flood mark and shape of stage graphs at nearby sta­ tions. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 3-14, 19, 21-25. Defined by current- meter measurements below 10,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity- area study near control section, slope-area determination, and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same or neighboring streams. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 64,600 second-feet 8 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 30.21 feet, from flood marks ). 1925-35: Discharge, 20,500 second-feet (revised) Dec. 2, 1934 (gage height, 18.99 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 590 3,270 1,400 11 560 1,170 1,600 21 1,900 6,120 890 2 580 2,490 1,400 12 540 2,330 1,800 22 1,400 6,650 840 3 580 1,940 1,400 IS 500 4,990 1,700 23 1,200 4,570 780 4 570 1,760 1,300 14 550 3,950 1,600 24 1,000 3,750 710 5 590 1,690 1,300 15 1,660 3,110 1,400 25 820 3,530 650 6 600 1,590 1,250 16 3,920 2,280 1,300 26 4,790 2,800 630 7 620 1,340 1,600 17 3,880 4,740 1,100 27 7,810 2,500 584 8 640 1,170 1,800 18 3,220 44,800 1,100 28 7,950 2,300 576 9 580 1,070 1,800 19 2,300 14,200 980 29 4,240 2,200 531 10 580 969 1,700 20 2,910 7,060 880 30 1,900 502 31 1,600 1,968 4,640 1,168 Run-off, In Inches, ...... 2.75 6.93 1.68 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 § Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft.' Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feef Sec.ft. 3 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.77 1,220 3.61 1,100 3.50 1,020 3.40 940 3.80 1,260 7.41 4,350 4 3.74 1,220 3.60 1,100 3.49 1,010 3.40 940 3.87 1,300 7.75 4,710 6 3.71 1,180 3.59 1,100 3.48 1,000 3.43 964 3.94 1,380 8.02 4,890 8 3.70 1,180 3.60 1,100 3.46 988 3.53 1,060 4.17 1,540 8.22 5,070 10 3.68 1,180 3.58 1,100 3.45 980 3.84 1,300 4.74 2,020 8.41 5,250 N 3.66 1,140 3.56 1,060 3.44 972 3.92 1,340 5.00 2,220 8.48 5,340 2 3.65 1,140 3.56 1,060 3.44 972 3.93 1,380 5.38 2,550 8.^9 5,340 4 3.66 1,140 3.55 1,060 3.44 972 3.90 1,340 5.70 2,820 8.4? 5,340 6 3.66 1,140 3.54 1,060 3.44 972 3.84 1,300 6.02 3,090 8.37 5,250 8 3.66 1,140 3.53 1,060 3.42 956 3.79 1,260 6.38 3,450 8.16 5,070 10 3.64 1,140 3.51 1,020 3.40 940 3.77 1,220 6.74 3,720 7.97 4,890 M 3.62 1,100 3.50 1,020 3.40 940 3.77 1,220 7.03 3,990 7.79 4,710 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 7.60 4,530 6.46 3,540 5.32 2,460 4.88 2,140 23.60 32,600 19.50 21,600 4 7.42 4,350 6.42 3,450 5.26 2,460 4.87 2,140 28.00 51, 500 18.35 19,300 6 7,25 4,170 6.38 3,450 5.19 2,380 4.86 2,140 29.80 62,400 17.30 17,200 8 7.11 4,080 6,28 3,360 5.14 2,300 4.85 2,060 30.21 64,600 16.40 15, 500 10 6.97 3,990 6.18 3,270 5.08 2,300 4.90 2,140 29.80 62,400 15.65 14,200 N 6.84 3,810 6.04 3,090 5.04 2,220 5.03 2,220 28.80 55,900 15.00 13,200 2 6.76 3,810 5.92 3,000 5.00 2,220 5.50 2,640 27.40 48,500 14.35 12, 200 4 6.67 3,720 5.80 2,910 4.97 2,220 6.40 3,450 26.00 41,900 13.74 11,200 6 6.61 3,630 5,66 2,820 4.95 2,220 8.70 5,520 24 .'60 36,200 13.20 10,500 8 6.56 3,630 5.58 2,730 4.93 2,140 11.50 8,380 23.20 31, 200 12.68 9,860 10 6.53 3,540 5.48 2,640 4.91 2,140 14.70 12,700 21.90 27,500 12.28 9,340 H 6.50 3,540 5.40 2,550 4.90 2,140 19.00 20,500 20.70 24,400 11.90 8,860 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 r March 25 2 11,54 8,380 9.19 5,9r - 10.10 6,870 8.70 5,520 6.70 3,720 6.74 3,720 4 11.21 8,040 9,15 5,9-; ^ 10.18 6,970 8.46 5,340 6.68 3,720 6.71 3,720 6 10.94 7,710 9.12 5,880 10.20 6,970 8.22 5,070 6.67 3,720 6.67 3,720 8 10.64 7,380 9.10 5,880 10.18 6,970 8.00 4,890 6.66 3,720 6.62 3,630 10 10,38 7,170 9,12 5,880 10.15 6,970 7.77 4,710 6.68 3,720 6.58 3,630 H 10.12 6,870 9.18 5,970 10.08 6,870 7.5S 4,440 6.70 3,720 6.52 3,540 2 9.92 6,670 9.25 5,970 9.96 6,770 7.32 4,260 6.72 3,720 6.44 3,450 4 9.72 6,470 9.38 6,170 9.80 6,570 7.17 4,170 6.74 3,720 6.38 3,450 6 9.58 6,370 9.52 6,270 9.62 6,370 7.01 3,990 6.76 3,810 6.34 3,360 8 9.42 6,170 9.66 6,470 9.42 6,170 6.88 3,900 6.77 3,810 6.28 3,360 10 9.34 6,070 9.80 6,570 9.20 5,970 6.78 3,810 6.77 3,810 6.21 3,270 H 9.26 6,070 9.97 6,770 8.95 5,790 6.72 3,720 6.76 3,810 6.15 3,270 POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 121

Passage Creek at Buckton, Va. location.- Lat. 38°57', long. 78°16', at highway bridge 1 mile south of Buckton, Warren County, li miles above mouth, and 4 miles northwest of Riverton. T 'ainage area.- 87 square miles. 3rage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby- stations. Ftage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 3,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other determinations on neighboring streams. V-ucima. - 1936: Discharge. 12,300 second-feet 9:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 14.29 feet, from flood marks). 1932-35: Maximum discharge observed, 4,100 second-feet Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 8.20 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 80 370 222 11 65 286 272 21 308 432 140 2 80 290 206 12 63 867 255 ?.?. 290 255 131 3 75 206 194 13 70 674 238 23 238 220 124 4 80 155 182 14 166 321 238 24 255 512 115 5 82 104 203 15 536 246 238 25 328 408 108 6 84 100 348 16 642 234 222 2R 1,560 328 108 7 77 102 308 17 888 3,540 194 27 1,380 328 104 8 75 104 272 18 728 3,220 166 28 699 328 96 9 66 101 272 19 462 1,630 150 29 562 308 88 10 66 118 272 20 348 783 145 30 290 84 31 255 357 552 190 ""un-cf f , in inches ...... 4.42 7.31 2.43 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Peet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. a March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 z 3.19 102 3.20 104 3.36 140 3.15 94 4.64 670 4.98 888 4 3.19 102 3.19 102 3.40 150 3.25 115 4.76 728 4.89 821 6 3.19 102 3.18 100 3.42 155 3.38 145 4.85 790 4.80 758 8 3.20 104 3.17 98 3.42 155 3.50 176 4.92 821 4.76 728 10 3.20 104 3.16 96 3.38 145 3.61 206 5.00 888 4.69 699 N 3.20 104 3.16 96 3.31 128 3.75 255 5.08 959 4.62 642 2 3.20 104 3.16 96 3.23 111 3.88 308 5.10 959 4.58 642 4 3.21 106 3.17 98 3.16 96 4.00 348 5.14 959 4.56 615 6 3.21 106 3.18 100 3.08 80 4.15 415 5.14 959 4.46 562 8 3.20 104 3.19 102 3.05 75 4.29 486 5.14 959 4.40 536 10 3.20 104 3.22 108 3.04 73 4.42 536 5.10 959 4.33 511 M 3.20 104 3.31 128 3.09 82 4.55 615 5.04 888 4.29 486 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.20 438 3.75 255 3.68 238 3.76 255 8.70 4,700 6.36 2,150 4 4.13 415 3.75 255 3.66 238 3.98 348 7.95 3,860 6.18 1,950 6 4.08 392 3.75 255 3.66 222 4.34 511 7.53 3,310 6.08 1,850 8 4.00 348 3.73 255 3.66 222 4.78 758 7.35 3,200 5.96 1,750 10 3.92 308 3.73 255 3.66 222 5.S2 1,040 7.22 2,980 5.86 1,660 B 3.85 290 3.71 238 3.68 238 5.88 1,660 7.12 2,870 5.77 1,560 2 3.78 272 3.70 238 3.68 238 6.64 2,350 7.00 2,760 5.70 1,460 4 3.77 255 3.70 238 3.69 238 7.68 3,530 6.90 2,650 5.68 1,460 6 3.75 255 3.70 238 3.70 238 9.40 5,580 6.80 2,550 5.66 1,460 8 3.75 255 3.68 238 3.70 238 13.05 10,500 6.68 2,450 5.60 1,380 10 3.75 255 3.68 238 3.70 238 14.10 12,000 6.56 2,350 5.52 1,280 M 3.75 255 3.68 238 3.70 238 11.00 7,660 6.44 2,150 5.41 1,200 March 20 March 21 March 22 *,rch 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.30 1,120 4.43 562 3.90 308 3.40 150 4.58 642 4.26 462 4 5.20 1,040 4.42 536 3.90 308 3.38 145 4.64 670 4.28 486 6 5.06 959 4.38 536 3.90 308 3.38 145 4.61 642 4.26 462 8 4.92 821 4.32 486 3.87 290 3.40 150 4.52 588 4.22 438 10 4.80 758 4.23 462 3.83 290 3.44 160 4.38 536 4.19 438 N 4.70 699 4.17 415 S.78 272 3.47 168 4.30 486 4.13 415 2 4.63 670 4.09 392 3.71 238 3.53 185 4.21 438 4.09 392 4 4.58 642 4.02 348 3.65 222 3.61 206 4.17 415 4.03 370 6 4.54 615 4.00 348 3.61 206 3.74 255 4.11 392 4.00 348 8 4.52 588 3.96 328 3.56 194 3.90 308 4.13 415 4.00 348 10 4.46 562 3.94 328 3.50 176 4.15 415 4.18 438 4.00 348 M 4.45 562 3.93 328 3.43 158 4*40 536 4.20 438 4.00 348 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 9:30 p.m., 14.29 ft., 12,300 sec.-ft. 122 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAO, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Monocaoy River at Jug Bridge, near Frederick, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°24'13", long. 77°21'58", a quarter of a mile above Jug Bridge, 0.35 mile below mouth of Liaganore Creek, and 2i miles east of Frederick, Frederick County. Zero of gage Is 231.92 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 817 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge______relation.- Affected by Ice Feb. 1-13-26. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 50,400 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, 20,900 second-feet 3 p.m. Mar, 12 (gage height, 16.4 feet). 1929-35: Discharge, 51,000 second-feet Aug. 24, 1933 (gage height, 28.1 feet), 1889-1936: Maximum known stage, about 30 feet In June 1889 (from flood marks),

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 770 6,970 1,240 11 680 6,330 2,940 21 1,100 5,610 885 2 730 4,130 1,240 12 660 18,900 2,540 22 940 4,730 820 S 700 2,640 1,940 1J5 670 11,600 2,040 23 800 2,640 760 4 680 4,130 1,360 14 900 4,250 1,640 24 710 2,260 705 5 700 5,480 1,130 15 1,500 3,040 1,480 25 850 2,040 678 6 680 4,130 7,790 16 2,300 2,440 1,360 P.fi 4,400 1,760 656 7 680 3,040 6,830 17 2,100 2,440 1,200 27 6,270 2,120 645 8 670 2,300 2,640 18 2,300 7,160 1,090 28 9,280 3,350 620 9 680 2,490 2,080 19 1,900 5,220 985 29 6,830 1,940 605 10 700 3,240 3,350 20 1,400 5,350 918 30 1,560 582 31 1,400

Run-off, In Inches ...... 2.39 6.12 2.40 gage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. %o a March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.02 2,370 4.75 2,120 5.32 2,660 5.77 3,110 13.82 15,400 14.53 16,900 4 5.01 2,360 4.84 2,210 5.63 2,970 6.01 3,360 14.54 16,900 14.24 16,300 6 5.04 2,390 5.03 2,380 6.00 3,350 6.32 3,680 15.04 18,000 13.94 15,700 8 5.09 2,430 5.24 2,580 6.32 3,700 6.60 4,010 15.63 19,200 13.59 15,000 10 5.13 2,470 5.42 2,760 6.47 3,870 6.84 4,300 15.87 19,800 13.03 13,900 N 5.13 2,470 5,48 2,820 6.47 3,870 7.07 4,570 16.14 20,300 12.22 12,400 2 5.07 2,410 5.45 2,790 6.33 3,710 7.66 5,300 16.36 20,900 11.10 10,5OO 4 4.95 2,300 5.36 2,700 6.11 3,470 8.76 6,770 16.41 20,900 9.92 8,510 6 4.83 2,200 5.23 2,570 5.90 3,240 10.08 8,770 16.27 20,600 8.89 6,960 8 4.75 2,120 5.14 2,480 5.73 3,070 11.40 11,000 15.89 19,800 8.33 6,170 10 4.73 2,110 5.10 2,440 5.62 2,960 12.33 12,600 15.40 18,700 7.95 5,690 M 4.72 2,100 5.15 2,490 5.60 2,940 13.08 14,000 14.94 17,800 7.70 5,350 Marsh 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 7.50 5,090 5.98 3,330 5.32 2,660 4.88 2,240 8.06 5,820 7.46 5,040 4 7.33 4,890 5.94 3,280 5.27 2,610 4.86 2,220 8.76 6,770 7.31 4,860 6 7.17 4,690 5.90 3,240 5.22 2,560 4.84 2,210 9.17 7,360 7.32 4,870 8 7.03 4,530 5.85 3,190 5.18 2,520 4.83 2,200 9.50 7,860 7.49 5,080 10 6.86 4,320 5.79 3,130 5.14 2,480 4.85 2,220 9.80 8,320 7.71 5,360 N 6.70 4,130 5.73 3,070 5.11 2,450 4.90 2,260 9.95 8,560 7.79 5,470 2 6.56 3,970 5.68 3,000 5.07 2,410 4.93 2,290 9.87 8,430 7.72 5,380 4 6.42 3,790 5.62 2,960 5.04 2,390 4.97 2,320 9.55 7,940 7.55 5,160 6 6.30 3,700 5.56 2,900 5.01 2,360 5.02 2,370 9.10 7,260 7.48 5,070 8 6.19 3,560 5.50 2,840 4.98 2,330 5.28 2,620 8.60 6,550 7.52 5,120 10 6.10 3,460 5.43 2,770 4.94 2,300 5.97 3,320 8.16 5,950 7.58 5,190 M 6.03 3,380 5.38 2,720 4.92 2,280 6.95 4,430 7.76^ 5,430 7.72 5,380 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.01 5,750 6.26 3,640 8.98 7,080 _ _ - - - - 4 8.38 6,240 6.44 3,830 8.69 6,680 5.53 2,870 5.00 2,350 4.74 2,120 6 8.67 6,650 6.82 4,270 8.26 6,080 _ _ - 8 8.76 6,830 7.28 4,830 7.78 5,450 5.39 2,730 4.94 2,300 4.70 2,080 10 8.59 6,490 7.62 5,250 7.31 4,860 _ _ _ N 8.19 5,990 8.05 5,800 6.89 4,360 5.28 2,620 4.89 2,260 4.66 2,040 2 7.69 5,340 8.53 6,450 6.57 3,980 _ - 4 7.22 4,750 8.91 6,980 6.32 3,700 5.20 2,540 4.85 2,220 4.62 2,010 6 6.86 4,320 9.14 7,320 6.13 3,490 - - 8 6.58 3,990 9.23 7,460 5.95 3,300 5.13 2,470 4.82 2,190 4.58 1,970 10 6.37 3,760 9.23 7,460 5.83 3,170 _ _ _ - M 6.26 3,640 9.14 7,320 5.72 3,060 5.06 2,400 4.78 2,150 4.52 1,920 Supplemental records.- Mar. 12, 3 p.m., 16.4 ft., 20,900 see.-ft. POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 123

Owens Creek at Lantz, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°40'36", long. 77°27 I 50", half a mile west of Lantz post office or Deerfield station on Western Maryland Railroad, lj miles south of Sabillasville, and 4^ miles northwest of Thurmont, Frederick County. Drainage area.- 5.70 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period 6 p.m. Mar. 27 to Apr. 30, when it was based on comparisons with records at nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Not affected by ice. Defined by current-meter measurements below 83 second-feet; extended by velocity-area study; verified by application to flood of and comparison of total run-off in that flood with run-off of Monoeacy Hiver. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, 362 second-feet 3:30 p.m. Mar. 11 (gage height, 4.04 feet). 1931-35J Discharge, about 3,100 second-feet Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 8.4 feet). 1889-1936: Maximum known stage, that of Deo. 1, 1934. Remarks.- Flood run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 7.7 36 23 11 5.4 173 35 21 5.4 73 13 2 7.7 28 26 12 5.2 119 30 22 5.0 48 12 3 6.7 28 24 13 5.2 73 27 23 4.7 41 11 4 6.7 44 22 14 5.8 58 24 24 5.0 36 11 5 6.4 47 20 15 7.4 49 21 25 15 32 10 6 5.4 38 55 16 6.9 43 19 26 36 28 10 7 6.0 31 40 17 6.7 97 18 27 43 35 10 8 5.8 29 30 18 7.7 88 16 28 36 42 9.5 9 5.8 35 45 19 6.7 67 15 29 34 26 9.0 10 5.6 44 40 20 5.8 52 14 30 22 9.0 31 20 in r? 51.0 21 6 2.03 10.32 4.23 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. 31 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 _ _ _ - _ _ 2.56 58 3.09 140 _ _ 4 2.25 28 2.27 30 2.35 36 2.62 66 3.02 128 2.74 62 6 .. _ _ _ _ _ 2.69 75 2.97 119 _ _ 8 2.23 27 2.25 28 2.33 35 2.74 82 2.93 112 2.70 76 10 ______3.08 138 3.12 146 _ _ N 2.22 26 2.25 28 2.33 35 3,68 264 3.06 133 2.67 72 2 -. _ _ _ 2.41 42 3.77 286 3.00 124 _ _ 4 2.28 31 2.42 43 2.52 53 3.94 333 2.95 116 2.66 71 6 « _ 2.46 47 « _ 3.76 284 2.90 107 _ _ 8 2.32 34 2.44 45 2.58 61 3.41 204 2.86 101 2.63 67 10 _ _ _ 3.31 183 2.62 94 M 2.30 32 2.38 39 2.55 57 3.21 163 2.78 88 2.59 62 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______2.57 59 2.96 117 _ _ 4 2.56 58 2.51 52 2.44 45 2.60 63 2.87 102 2.64 68 6 ______2.59 62 _ _ _ 8 2.53 55 2.49 50 2.42 43 2.54 56 2.76 85 2.62 66 10 ______2.57 59 _ N 2.52 53 2.48 49 2.41 42 2.56 58 2.73 80 2.62 66 2 ______2.53 55 _ _ _ 4 2.60 63 2.47 48 2.40 41 2.54 56 2.74 82 2.67 72 6 2.62 66 _ _ _ _ 2.80 91 _ 8 2.60 63 2.46 47 2.39 40 3.83 302 2.73 80 2.60 63 10 _ _ _ _ 2.39 40 3.48 220 _ M 2.54 56 2.45 46 2.56 58 3.09 140 2.67 72 2.56 58 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 2.80 91 ______. _ 4 2.54 56 2.97 119 2.50 51 2.42 43 2.36 37 2.32 34 6 .. 2.84 97 ______8 2.52 53 2.75 84 2.48 49 2.41 42 2.36 37 2.31 33 10 _ _ 2.69 75 ______N 2.60 51 2.65 70 2.47 48 2.40 41 2.35 36 2.30 32 2 _ _ _ _ - ______4 2.49 50 2.59 62 2.45 46 2.39 40 2.35 36 2.29 31 6 ______8 2.48 49 2.55 57 2.44 45 2.30 39 2.35 36 2.28 31 10 .2.47 48 ______M 2.54 56 2.52 53 2.43 44 2.37 38 2.33 35 2.27 30 Supplemental records.- Mar. 11, 3:30 p.m., 4.04 ft., 362 sec,-ft. Mar. 17, 7 p.m., 3.21 ft., 163 sec.-ft.; 8:30 p.m., 3.89 ft., 318 sec.-ft. 124 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--FOTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Llnganore Creek near Frederick, Md.

Location.- Lat. 39°24'55n , long. 770 20'0n , Similes above mouth and 4 miles east of Frederick, Frederick County. Drainage area.- 82.3 square miles. gage-height record.- Graph based on two gage readings daily and comparison with the stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 1,000 second- feet; extended on basis of velocity-area study. Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 1,970 seeond-feet 10 p.m. Mar. 11 (gage height, 7.40 feet). 1931-32, 1934-35: Discharge, 1,080 second-feet Dec. 1, 1934 (gage height, 5.6 feet). 1931-36: Maximum known stage, 10.5 feet, August 1933 (from flood marks).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 65 298 146 11 65 619 212 21 130 485 114 2 70 173 164 12 75 968 192 22 110 265 106 3 65 233 173 13 90 395 173 23 105 233 106 4 70 202 138 14 180 276 155 24 100 212 103 5 75 192 130 15 400 222 155 25 200 202 100 6 70 155 370 16 600 202 146 26 500 182 98 7 65 146 244 17 350 273 138 27 850 254 96 8 65 130 182 18 400 476 130 28 575 276 94 9 70 138 182 19 200 345 122 29 515 192 88 10 65 146 222 20 150 265 122 30 173 88 31 173 216 150 Run-off, in inches ...... 2.83 3.84 2.03 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 31 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - _ _ - _ _ 2.49 153 5.20 925 4.30 605 4 - _ - _ _ 2.51 157 4.50 675 3.90 485 6 2.34 128 2.37 133 2.44 145 2.54 162 4.20 575 3.75 440 8 ______2.70 192 4.02 521 _ _ 10 ______2.90 233 4.10 545 _ _ N 2.36 132 2.39 136 2.45 146 3.23 305 4.60 710 3.50 370 2 - - _ _ _ 3.70 425 5.90 1,210 _ _ _ 4 _ _ _ _ 4.40 640 7.00 1,730 _ _ 6 2.38 135 2.40 138 2.46 148 5.10 885 6.60 1,530 3.40 345 8 _ _ _ _ _ 6.70 1,580 5.90 1,210 _ _ 10 _ _ - _ _ _ 7.40 1,970 5.30 965 _ _ M 2.37 133 2.41 140 2.48 152 6.10 1,300 4.70 745 3.25 310 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______5.00 850 _ ^ 4 - _ - _ _ _ _ _ 4.25 590 _ _ 6 3.13 283 2.90 233 2.78 208 2.67 186 8.85 470 3.25 310 8 ______10 ______N 3.08 272 2.86 224 2.73 198 2.67 186 3.58 390 3.35 333 2 M w M M M M M 4 _ _ _ M _ _ 6 3*04 263 2.83 218 2.68 188 2.68 188 3.45 358 3.60 395 8 ______3.20 298 _ _ _ 10 ______4.30 605 _ _ _ _ M 2.98 250 2.80 212 2.68 188 5.85 1,190 3.35 333 3.35 333 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 3.46 360 3.30 321 ______4 3.64 407 3.20 298 ______6 3.12 280 3.86 473 3.12 280 2.90 233 2.82 216 2.76 204 8 - _ 4.20 575 ______10 _ _ 4.35 622 ______N 3.03 261 4.40 640 3.03 261 2.88 229 2.81 214 2.73 198 2 - 4.20 575 ______4 _ 4.00 515 ______6 3.00 254 3.84 467 2.96 246 2.85 222 2.80 212 2.70 192 8 3.03 261 3.70 425 ______10 3.14 285 3.56 385 ______M 3.30 321 3.45 358 2.93 239 2.83 218 2.78 208 2.70 192 POTOMAC RIVER BASIN 125

Goose Creek near Leesburg, Va«

Location.- Lat. 39°!', long. 77°35', at highway bridge at Evergreen Mills, three- quarters of a mile below Little River, 7 milea south of Leesburg, Loudoun County, and 10 miles above mouth. Drainage area.- 338 square miles. Sage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for the period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-6, 21, 22. Defined by current-meter measurements below 8,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage for August 1933 flood by velocity-area study near control section. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 6,010 second-feet 6 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 13.61 feet, from flood marks ). 1909-12, 1930-35: Maximum discharge observed, 12,300 second-feet during flood of Aug. 23 and 24, 1933 (gage height, 21.60 feet, from flood marks). Maximum stage known, about 29 feet in May or June 1889 (discharge not deter­ mined).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 220 1,140 574 11 197 1,780 804 21 270 3,290 368 2 220 760 574 12 197 3,000 712 22 260 1,920 323 3 220 622 666 13 200 2,390 620 23 262 1,390 297 4 230 622 505 14 2,'*T 1,510 574 24 283 1,160 288 668 482 1,000 263 5 250 15 3,2>*0 f i 1,100 528 25 1,390 6 220 576 898 16 746 482 26 3,270 804 243 7 204 484 666 17 1,000 2,600 413 27 3,030 946 267 8 216 454 574 18 1,290 3,050 390 28 2,570 1,190 259 9 262 440 528 19 576 2,050 390 29 1,290 804 s: 10 228 438 758 20 392 1,530 368 30 758 231 31 666 921 1,287 476 Run-off, in inches ...... 2.93 4.39 1.57 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. » March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.06 461 4.02 438 3.99 438 4.00 438 8.33 2,630 9.00 1 3,030 4 4.05 461 4.02 438 3.99 438 4.00 438 8.20 2,570 8.70 2,860 6 4.04 461 4.01 438 3.99 438 4.00 438 8.26 2,630 8.44 2,690 8 4.03 461 4.01 438 3.99 438 4.18 530 8,45 2,690 8.20 2,570 10 4.03 461 4.01 438 3.99 438 4.95 904 8.70 2,860 7.99 2,460 N 4.03 461 4.01 438 3.99 438 6.80 1,810 8.96 3,030 7.77 2,350 2 4.03 461 4.02 438 3.99 438 8.30 2,630 9.23 3,150 7.59 2,240 4 4.03 461 4.03 461 3.99 438 9.07 3,090 9.47 3,330 7.40 2,130 6 4.02 438 4.02 438 4.00 438 9.30 3,210 9.61 3,390 7.23 2,020 8 4.02 438 4.01 438 4.00 438 9.25 3,150 9.60 3,390 7.10 1,970 10 4.02 438 4.00 438 4.00 438 9.05 3,030 9.47 3,330 6.95 1,910 M 4.02 438 3.99 438 4.00 438 8.66 2,860 9.25 3,150 6.80 1,810 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.65 1,700 5.80 1,290 4.53 668 5.40 1,100 9.80 3,530 7.94 2,430 4 6.55 1,700 5.71 1,240 4.25 553 5.12 952 9.25 3,170 7.72 2,320 6 6.43 1,600 5.65 1,190 4.04 461 4.90 856 8.98 3,060 7.55 2,270 8 6.34 1,550 5.59 1,190 3.87 370 4,79 808 8.83 2,940 7.40 2,160 10 6.25 1,490 5.53 1,140 3.87 370 4.80 808 8.84 2,940 7.28 2,110 N 6.18 1,490 5.47 1,140 4.10 484 5.00 904 8.95 3,060 7.14 2,000 2 6.10 1,440 5.42 1,100 4.53 668 7.20 2,020 9.02 3,060 7.03 1,950 4 6.07 1,440 5.34 1,050 4.08 904 12.50 5,260 8.98 3,060 6.92 1,890 6 6.03 1,390 5.24 1,000 5.31 1,050 13.61 6,010 8.83 2,940 6.82 1,840 8 5.99 1,390 5.10 952 5.60 1,190 12.55 5,330 8.65 2,820 6.71 1,790 10 5.92 1,340 4.94 856 5.66 1,240 11.48 4,600 8.40 2,710 6.62 1,740 M 5.85 1,290 4.75 808 5.60 1,190 10.55 4,010 8.20 2,600 6.52 1,690 March 20 March 21 March 22 ' March 23' March 24 March 25 2 6.43 1,630 8.08 2,540 7.90 2,430 6.10 1,480 5.63 1,230 5,30 1,090 4 6.33 1,580 9.00 3,060 7.60 2,270 6.04 1,430 5.57 1,230 5.28 1,090 6 6.26 1,580 9.80 3,530 7.33 2,110 5.99 1,430 5.51 1,190 5.25 1,040 8 6.17 1,530 10.35 3,900 7.13 2,000 5.97 1,430 5.48 1,190 5.23 1,040 10 6.08 1,480 10.55 4,020 6.98 1,950 5.94 1,380 5.40 1,140 5.18 1,040 N 6.01 1,430 10.39 3,900 6.85 1,840 5.92 1,380 5.40 1,140 5.13 994 2 5.93 1,380 10.05 3,650 6.75 1,840 5.90 1,380 5.39 1,140 5.08 994 4 5.87 1,380 9.70 3,470 6.63 1,740 5.86 1,380 5.35 1,140 5.05 946 6 5.80 1,330 9.30 3,230 6.47 1,690 5.82 1,330 5.34 1,090 5.00 946 8 5.99 1,430 8.90 3,000 6.35 1,630 5.79 1,330 5.32 1,090 4.95 946 10 6.50 1,690 8.56 2,820 6.25 1,530 5.75 1,330 5.29 1,090 4.92 898 M 7,22 2,050 8.22 2,600 6.16 1,530 5.70 1,280 5.30 1,090 4.88 898 126 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 FOTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Seneca Greek at Dawsonville, Md.

Location.,- Lat. 390 7'4l", long. 770 20 l 13n , 60 feet below highway bridge, 150 feet be­ low confluence of Great Seneca and Little Seneca Creeks, and half a mile east of Dawsonville, Montgomery County. Zero of gage is 214.147 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 101 square milea. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph, Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 14-17. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 1,600 second-feet; extended to 6,500 second-feet as determined by slope-area computation. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 2,020 second-feet 2 p.m. Jan. 3 (gage height, 6.88 feet); during March, 930 second-feet 11:30 p.m. Mar. 11. Maximum stage 7.36 feet 7 p.m. Feb. 14 (ice jam). 1930-35: Discharge, about 6,500 second-feet Aug. 24, 1933 (gage height, 10.3 feet).

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 73 210 144 11 69 401 252 21 118 418 112 2 75 154 160 12 80 708 196 22 110 236 108 3 73 157 160 13 98 350 174 23 100 196 108 4 77 164 135 14 1,200 228 154 24 242 185 105 5 82 168 132 15 1,000 192 147 25 712 171 102 6 75 141 305 16 600 171 138 26 1,240 154 102 7 71 126 196 17 350 242 126 37 768 248 105 67 118 157 18 518 451 120 28 387 314 102 9 75 120 171 19 185 269 120 29 248 199 98 10 73 132 252 20 132 224 118 30 174 98 31 157 Zf\ry Run-off , in inches ...... 3.28 2.65 1.63 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec . ft . Feet See. ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o& W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 - _ - _ _ - 2.18 144 3.98 815 _ _ 4 2.10 120 2.10 120 2.14 132 2.19 147 3.56 693 2.87 432 6 _ _ _ _ _ 2.21 154 3.32 612 _ _ 8 2.09 118 2.10 120 2.14 132 2.26 171 3.08 522 2.74 370 10 - _ _ _ - _ 2.35 202 3.03 502 _ _ H 2.08 115 2.10 120 2.13 129 2.44 236 3.62 711 2.67 336 2 - _ _ _ _ _ 2.64 323 3.85 780 _ _ 4 2.08 115 2.10 120 2.13 129 3.05 510 4.13 852 2.61 310 6 ______3.56 693 4.08 840 _ _ a 2,09 118 2.11 123 2.15 135 3.86 783 3.81 768 2.56 287 10 _ _ _ 4.30 890 3.44 654 M 2.10 120 2.13 129 2.17 141 4.46 922 3.11 534 2.52 269 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______3.75 750 _ _ 4 2.47 248 2.35 202 2.27 174 2.23 160 3.70 735 2.57 292 6 ------3.21 574 _ _ a 2,43 232 2,33 196 2.26 171 2.23 160 2.92 454 2.52 269 10 - - ______2.79 395 _ _ N 2.41 224 2.32 192 2.26 171 2.23 160 2.73 365 2.49 256 2 ______2.72 360 _ _ 4 2.39 216 2.31 188 2.25 168 2.25 168 2.72 360 2.48 252 6 - _ _ _ _ _ 2.63 318 2.69 346 _ _ 8 2.38 213 a.29 182 2.24 164 2.93 458 2.66 332 2.47 248 10 ______3.00 490 2.65 328 _ _ M 2.36 206 2.28 178 2.24 164 3.09 526 2.63 318 2.46 244 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 2.81 404 ______4 2.44 236 2.99 486 2.51 264 2.34 199 2.30 185 2.27 174 6 _ _ 3.18 562 ______8 2.41 224 3.13 542 2.46 244 2.34 199 2.30 185 2.27 174 10 - _ 2.99 486 ______H 2.38 213 2.90 445 2.43 232 2.33 196 2.30 185 2.26 171 2 - 2.82 409 _ - _ - _ _ _ _ 4 2.37 210 2.76 380 2.40 220 2.32 192 2.29 182 2.25 16B 6 _ _ 2.69 346 ______8 2.36 206 2.63 318 2.37 210 2.31 188 2.29 182 2.25 168 10 2.37 210 2.60 305 ______11 2.53 274 2.56 287 2.35 202 2.30 185 2.28 178 2.24 164 POTOMAC RIVER BASIN ]

Difficult Run near Great Palls, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°58'331', long. 77°14'46", 300 feet below Rocky Run, 0.7 mile above mouth, and if miles southeast of Great Palls, Fairfax County. Drainage area.- 58 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period Mar. 23-25, when a graph was used based on shape of stage graph for Rock Creek at Sherrill Drive, Washington, D. C. Gage not operating Feb. 1-14 and Mar. 23-28. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 700 second- feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during March flood, 735 second-feet 2 a.m. Mar. 12 (gage height, 6»68 feet)f during year, 1,810 second-feet June 13 (gage height, 10.58 feet). 1934-35: Discharge, 810 second-feet Sept. 6, 1935 (gage height, 7.03 feet). Remarks.- Discharge for Feb. 1-14 and Mar. 26-28 computed on basis of records for station on Rock Creek at Sherrill Drive, Washington, D. C.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 40 122 82 11 46 328 136 21 84 275 66 2 40 96 87 12 48 598 108 22 67 131 64 3 42 90 101 13 50 215 96 23 64 105 64 4 50 96 85 14 450 129 85 24 112 100 63 5 65 104 79 15 586 106 82 25 450 98 61 6 50 89 146 16 260 94 78 2R 524 96 63 7 44 79 117 17 170 207 72 27 405 120 62 8 46 74 91 18 392 304 69 28 194 200 62 9 50 76 85 19 123 144 69 29 136 111 60 10 50 81 182 20 92 132 67 30 94 58 31 87

Run-off, in inches ...... 3.03 2.94 1.63 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet |Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.68 77 3.67 76 3.72 81 3.86 96 6.68 735 5.21 343 4 3.68 77 3.67 76 3.72 81 3.92 102 6.64 710 4.99 284 6 3.67 76 3.67 76 3.72 81 3.96 107 6.40 660 4.83 247 8 3.65 74 3.67 76 3.72 81 4.06 120 5.73 501 4.71 222 10 3.63 72 3.67 76 3.72 81 4.42 172 5.24 352 4.62 206 N 3.62 71 3.67 76 3.70 79 4.80 240 5.63 474 4.53 190 2 3.62 71 3.67 76 3.70 79 5.18 334 6.02 562 4.47 180 4 3.63 72 3.67 76 3.70 79 5.62 460 6.24 622 4.40 169 6 3.64 73 3.67 76 3.70 79 5.84 526 6.37 660 4.34 160 8 3.65 74 3.68 77 3.72 81 6.30 635 6.40 660 4.30 154 10 3.66 75 3.70 79 3.75 84 6.57 710 6.38 660 4.27 150 M 3.67 7& 3.71 80 3.79 88 6.66 735 6.02 562 4.26 148 March 14 March 15 Mar oh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.24 145 4.01 113 3.87 97 3.82 91 6.37 660 4.35 162 4 4.22 142 3.99 111 3.87 97 3.82 91 6.09 586 4.32 157 6 4.18 136 3.98 110 3.86 96 3.82 91 5.23 349 4.28 151 8 4.16 133 3.97 108 3.85 94 3.82 91 4.91 264 4.26 148 10 4.13 129 3.95 106 3.85 94 3.82 91 4.74 228 4.24 145 N 4.12 128 3.94 105 3.84 93 3.82 91 4.63 207 4.23 144 2 4.10 125 3.93 104 3.83 92 3.82 91 4.59 200 4.21 140 4 4.08 122 3.92 102 3.83 92 3.82 91 4.57 197 4.18 136 6 4.07 121 3.91 101 3.82 91 4.40 169 4.55 194 4.16 133 8 4.05 118 3.90 100 3.82 91 5.92 538 4.50 185 4.15 132 10 4.03 116 3.88 98 3.83 92 6.29 635 4.43 174 4.13 129 M 4.02 115 3.87 97 3.82 91 6.38 660 4.38 166 4.11 126 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 4.08 122 5.61 460 4.25 146 3.99' 111 3.91 101 3.89 99 4 4.06 120 5.65 474 4.22 142 3.98 110 3.91 101 3.89 99 6 4.03 116 5.30 370 4.18 136 3.97 108 3.91 101 3.89 99 8 4.02 115 5.00 286 4.17 135 3.96 107 3.91 101 3.88 98 10 4.00 112 4.86 253 4.13 129 3.95 106 3.90 100 3.88 98 N 3.98 110 4.77 234 4.11 126 3.94 105 3.90 100 3.88 98 2 3.97 108 4.71 222 4.07 121 3.93 104 3.90 100 3.88 98 4 3.97 108 4.62 206 4.05 118 3.92 102 3.90 100 3.88 98 6 3.96 107 4.53 190 4.03 116 3.92 102 3.89 99 3.88 98 8 3.97 108 4.44 175 4.02 115 3.92 102 3.89 99 3.87 97 10 4.75 230 4.35 162 4.01 113 3.91 101 3.89 99 3.87 97 M 5.25 355 4.28 151 4.00 112 3.91 101 3.89 99 3.87 97 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 FOTOMAC, JAMES, ASD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Rock Creek at Sherrill Drive, Washington, D. C.

Location.- Lat. 380 58'21n long. 77°2'25", 600 feet below Sherrill Drive highway bridge, In Rock Creek Park, 7§ miles above mouth. Zero of gage is 148.99 feet above mean sea level, Drainage area.- 62.2 square miles. Ga^e-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-11, 14. Defined by current-meter measurements below 3,110 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 1,600 second-feet 4 a.m. Jan. 4 (gage height, 6738 feet); during March, 730 second-feet 10 p.m. Mar. 12. 1929-35: Discharge, 4,460 second-feet Aug. 24, 1933 (gage height, 11.6 feet).

Hean discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 42 126 102 11 48 206 200 21 69 260 69 2 42 95 95 12 50 569 138 22 64 152 67 5 44 85 89 15 53 281 89 23 55 121 66 4 50 95 81 14 410 145 85 24 99 117 66 5 60 99 77 15 712 121 85 25 598 114 64 6 50 91 119 16 414 119 81 26 779 112 66 7 46 79 119 17 200 161 75 27 492 131 67 8 47 73 95 18 423 588 73 28 242 232 64 9 50 75 103 19 121 170 71 29 148 126 64 10 52 83 200 20 73 152 71 30 108 62 31 104 184 Qf\ -I Run-of f , in inches ...... 3.19 2.87 1.62 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 a Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft, Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. & March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 15 2 ______1.79 89 3.60 627 5.27 515 4 1.72 75 1.71 73 1.74 79 1.81 93 3.62 634 2.91 397 6 _ _ _ .. _ _ 1.83 97 3.60 627 2.71 334 8 1.72 75 1.71 73 1.76 83 1.89 110 3.40 559 2.54 282 10 ______1.94 121 3.05 442 2.44 253 N 1.71 73 1.72 75 1.76 83 2.01 138 2.98 420 2.57 233 2 _ _ _ _ _ 2.14 170 3.07 449 2.52 219 4 1.71 73 1.72 75 1.76 83 2.36 230 3.19 489 2.27 205 6 ______2.56 288 3.50 593 2.23 194 8 1.71 73 1.73 77 1.77 85 2.82 368 3.78 688 2.20 186 10 ______3.21 495 3.88 723 2.17 178 M 1.71 73 1.73 77 1.77 85 5.50 593 3.73 671 2.15 175 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 - - _ - - - - - 3.26 512 - - 4 2.10 160 1.97 128 1.93 119 1.97 128 3.68 654 2.22 191 6 ______3.82 702 _ _ 8 2.06 150 1.96 126 1.92 117 1.98 130 3.62 634 2.17 178 10 ______5.05 442 _ _ N 2.03 142 1.95 124 1.92 117 2.00 155 2.69 528 2.14 170 2 ______2.52 276 _ _ 4 2.01 158 1.95 124 1.94 121 2.02 140 2.41 244 2.11 165 6 ______2.07 152 2.54 224 _ - 8 1.99 135 1.94 121 1.96 126 2.55 227 2.50 213 2.10 160 10 _ 2.52 276 2.27 205 _ _ U 1.98 150 1.94 121 1.96 126 2.72 557 2.26 202 2.09 158 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 _ _ 2.29 210 2.18 181 _ - _ _ - - 4 2.12 165 2.58 235 2.14 170 1.97 128 1.95 119 1.93 119 6 - _ 2.48 264 2.11 163 ------8 2.10 160 2.66 319 2.08 155 1.95 124 1.95 119 1.92 117 10 _ _ 2.81 365 _ _ _ - _ - - - N 2.07 152 2.77 353 2.04 145 1.94 121 1.95 119 1.92 117 2 - _ 2.61 303 _ ------4 2.05 148 2.46 258 2.02 140 1.94 121 1.95 119 1.92 117 6 - _ 2.37 233 _ _ _ - _ - - - 8 2.04 142 2.31 216 2.00 135 1.95 119 1.95 119 1.92 117 10 2.08 155 2.27 205 ______- M 2.18 181 2.22 191 1.98 130 1.93 119 1.93 119 1.92 117 Supplemental records.- Mar. 12, 5 a.m., 5.63 ft., 637 sec.-ft. RAPPAHANHOCK RIVER BASIN

Rappahannock River at Kellys Ford, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°29 ! , long. 77°47 ! , at highway bridge at Kellys Ford, Culpeper County, 2 miles above mouth of Mountain Run and 5 miles south of Remington. yralnage area.- 641 square Miles. T record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 7-16, when there was no record, and 4 p.m. Mar. 19 to 4 p.m. Mar. 22, when it was based on shape of stage graphs at nearby stations. " :ap:e -discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-6. Defined by current-aieter measure­ ments below 6,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near con­ trol section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records in Rappahannock River Basin. l>xima.- 1936: Discharge, 15,900 second-feet 2 to 2:30 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 13.55

1925-35: Maximum discharge observed, 18,600 second-feet Oct. 23, 1929 (ease height, 20.65 feet). Maximum known stage, 22.9 feet, from flood marks, Oct. 1885 (discharge not determined) . remarks.- Discharge for periods of nissing record determined on basis of records for sta­ tions at Fredericks burg and in Rapidan River near Culpeper.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,000 1,660 1,080 11 1,000 2,360 1,450 21 1,050 4,850 739 2 800 1,350 1,050 12 900 5,550 1,320 22 903 3,350 686 3 900 1,200 1,200 13 950 4,510 1,230 23 846 2,400 661 4 1,000 1,140 990 14 4,500 2,560 1,080 24 1, 020 2,010 636 5 900 1,110 904 15 8,000 1,940 990 25 1,760 1,870 616 6 800 1,080 1,590 16 6,000 1,590 990 26 3,680 1,590 611 7 750 960 1,660 17 3,500 2,920 876 27 3,590 1,480 601 8 70(T 903 1,170 18 3,140 14,000 820 28 2,880 1,870 591 9 900 846 1,110 19 1,740 8,250 792 29 1,870 1,520 586 10 1,100 846 1,760 20 1,140 4,300 766 30 1,260 562 31 1,170 1,977 2,660 971 3.32 4.78 1.68

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. &1 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 o 4.03 932 3.95 874 3.90 846 3.90 846 10.17 6,190 10.18 6,190 4 4.02 503 3.94 874 3.90 846 3.91 846 10.03 5,970 9.90 5,860 6 4.02 903 3.93 874 3.90 846 3.97 874 9.66 5,650 9.57 5,550 8 4.01 903 3.92 846 3.90 846 4.10 960 9.27 5,250 9.12 5,050 10 4.00 903 3.92 846 3.88 846 4.50 1,200 9.00 4,950 8.70 4,650 N 4.00 903 3.92 846 3.85 818 5.22 1,660 8.96 4,950 8.32 4,250 2 3 99 903 3.93 874 3.85 818 5.78 2,080 9.13 5,050 8.02 3,950 4 s!98 903 3.92 846 3.86 818 6.46 2,640 9.38 5,350 7.77 3,770 6 3.98 903 3.88 846 3.86 818 7.50 3,500 9.64 5,550 7.55 3,590 8 3.97 874 3.88 846 3.87 818 8.74 4,650 9.88 5,860 7.34 3,320 10 3.96 874 3.90 846 3.88 846 9 57 5,550 10.14 6,080 7.17 3,230 M 3.95 874 3.90 846 3.89 846 lo!o8 6,080 10.23 6,190 7.03 3,050 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.88 2,960 5.83 2,080 5.27 1,700 4.92 1,450 13.40 9,710 15.75 12,500 4 6.75 2,880 5.77 2,080 5.23 1,700 4.89 1,450 15.00 11,600 15.00 11,600 6 6.63 2,720 5.72 2,010 5.18 1,660 4.87 1,420 16.70 13,600 14.00 10,400 8 6.51 2,640 5.66 2,010 5.15 1,620 4.86 1,420 17.77 14,900 13.15 9,490 10 6.41 2,560 5.62 1,940 5.13 1,620 4.88 1,450 18.37 15,700 12.29 8,500 N 6.32 2,480 5.57 1,940 5.10 1,590 5.20 1,660 18.54 15,800 11.50 7,620 2 6.23 2,400 5.53 1,870 5.08 1,590 5.55 1,940 18.55 15,900 10.84 6,850 4 6.15 2,400 5.48 1,870 5.05 1,560 5.90 2,160 18.45 15,700 10.33 6,300 6 6.08 2,320 5.43 1,800 5.03 1,560 7.50 3,500 18.08 15,300 9.90 5,860 8 6.00 2,240 5.40 1,800 5.00 1,520 10.00 5,970 17.62 14,700 9.58 5,550 10 5.94 2,160 5.36 1,760 4.96 1,480 11.50 7,620 17.06 14,100 9.28 5,250 M 5.88 2,160 5.32 1,730 4.93 1,480 12.45 8,610 16.45 13,200 9.06 5,050 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.90 4,850 8.60 4,550 8.10 4,050 6.53 2,640 5.90 2,160 5.61 1,940 4 8.70 4,650 8.88 4,850 7.92 3,860 6.43 2,560 5.85 2,080 5.62 1,940 6 8.50 4,450 9.12 5,050 7.72 3,680 6.37 2,560 5.80 2,080 5.62 1,940 8 8.38 4,350 9.25 5,150 7.58 3,590 6.31 2,480 5.78 2,080 5.60 1,940 10 8.26 4,250 9.30 5,250 7.42 3,410 6.27 2,480 5.74 2,010 5.57 1,940 N 8.18 4,150 9.22 5,150 7.26 3,320 6.22 2,400 5.72 2,010 5.52 1,870 2 8.08 4,050 9.14 5,050 7.12 3,140 6.18 2,400 5.70 2,010 5.47 1,870 4 8.00 3,950 9.02 4,950 7.00 3,050 6.13 2,320 5.67 2,010 5.43 1,800 6 8.00 3,950 8.88 4,850 6.90 2,960 6.08 2,320 5.65 1,940 5.39 1,800 8 8.08 4,050 8.68 4,650 6.80 2,880 6.04 2,240 5.63 1,940 5.36 1,760 10 8.20 4,150 8.50 4,450 6.72 2,800 5.99 2,240 5.63 1,940 5.34 1,760 M 8.40 4,350 8.30 4,250 6.62 2,720 5.94 2,160 5.61 1,940 5.32 1,730

Supplemental records.- Her. 18, 2 to 2:30 p.m., 18.55 ft., 15,900 sec.-ft. 130 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Rapidan River near Culpeper, Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°21', long. 77°59', at highway bridge half a mile above Cedar Run and 8 1/2 miles south of Culpeper, Culpeper County. Drainage area.- 465 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 12, 13, 21-23.

near control section and comparison or pealc discharge ana total, run-on 01 IJ.OOCL with records for other streams in Rappahannock River Basin, Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 9,310 second-feet 9 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 19.25 feet), 1930-35: Discharge, 9,490 second-feet Sept. 17, 1934 (gage height, 19.54 feet). Remarks.- Discharge for period of missing record determined on basis of records for stations at Fredericksburg and Kellys Ford.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 808 1,020 778 11 800 1,550 1,190 21 1,000 2r740 586 2 788 919 785 12 700 3,160 1,050 22 850 1,890 544 3 781 858 897 13 750 2,660 970 23 750 1,540 518 4 738 806 711 14 3,130 1,650 884 24 894 1,360 498 5 804 776 659 15 3,660 1,360 846 25 1,200 1,240 478 6 660 726 1,600 16 2,530 1,190 818 26 1,610 1,120 466 7 580 668 1,520 17 1,810 3,350 729 27 1,550 1,050 456 8 550 622 1,110 18 2,900 8,290 678 28 1,340 1,100 443 9 700 601 1,020 19 1,710 4,000 646 29 1,100 965 426 10 900 575 1,510 20 1,100 2,490 616 30 890 418 31 838 1,678 795 Run-off , in inches ...... 2.93 4.16 1.91 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. | s March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.38 634 2.35 611 2.31 580 2.31 580 5.96 2,750 7.81 3,660 4 2.37 627 2.35 611 2.31 580 2.33 595 5.VO 2,590 7.10 3,310 6 2.37 627 2.35 6111 2.31 580 2.40 650 5.50 2,480 6.55 3,060 8 2.37 627 2.34 603 j 2.30 572 2.58 789 5.30 2,370 6.17 2,850 10 2.36 619 2.33 595! 2.30 572 2.90 998 5.38 2,420 5.83 2,640 N 2.36 619 2.34 603 2.30 572 3.35 1,270 5.87 2,690 5.55 2,530 2 2.36 619 2.35 611 2.30 572 3.88 1,590 6.70 3,110 5.34 2,370 4 2.36 619 2.34 603 2.30 572 4.74 2,040 7.83 3,660 5.16 2,320 6 2.35 611 2.34 603 2.30 572 5.70 2,590 8,58 4,040 4.93 2,150 8 2.35 611 2.33 595 2.29 565 6.20 2,850 8.83 4,130 4.77 2,100 10 2.35 611 2.32 588 2.28 557 6.38 2,950 8.73 4,-080 4.58 1,990 M 2,35 611 2.32 588 2.29 565 6.27 2,900 8.35 3,940 4.45 1,870 March 14 March 15 Mar oh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.38 1,870 3.65 1,440 3.33 1,270 3.10 1,120 17.60 8,390 11.40 5,320 4 4.26 1,820 3.61 1,420 3.30 1,240 3.09 1,120 18.40 8,840 10.45 4,860 6 4.17 1,760 3.58 1,420 3.28 1,240 3,08 1,120 18.94 9,130 9.70 4,540 8 4.09 1,710 3.55 1,390 3,25 1,210 3.10 1,120 19.22 9,310 9,15 4,310 10 4.02 1,650 3.53 1,390 3.23 1,210 3.16 1,150 19.22 9,310 8.66 4,080 N 4.00 1,650 3.52 1,360 3.20 1,180 3.45 1,330 18.85 9,080 8.24 3,850 2 3.95 1,650 3,50 1,360 3.20 1,180 6.40 2,950 18.23 8,730 7.76 3,660 4 3.88 1,590 3.46 1,330 3.18 1,180 10.25 4,770 17.38 8,290 7.44 3,460 6 3.84 1,530 3.44 1,330 3.16 1,150 13.70 6,430 16.36 7 r760 7.12 3-310 8 3.76 1,530 3.41 1,300 3.15 1,150 14.85 6,950 15.05 7.050 6.86 3,210 10 3.72 1,470 3.39 1,300 3.13 1,150 15.68 7,400 13.77 6 ,,470 6.60 3,060 M 3.69 1,470 3.36 1,270 3.12 1,120 16.60 7,860 12.55 5,900 6.36 2,350 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.15 2,850 5.69 2,590 4.93 2,150 3.95 1,650 3.62 1,420 3.38 1,300 4 6.00 2,750 5.99 2,750 4.80 2,100 3.92 1,590 3.58 1,420 3.36 1,270 6 5.88 2,690 6.25 2,850 4.67 2,040 3.89 1,590 3,57 1,390 3.35 1,270 8 5.72 2,590 6.53 3,010 4.59 1,990 3.86 1,590 3.54 1,390 3.32 1,240 10 5.57 2,530 6.72 3,110 4.47 1,930 3.85 1,530 3.52 1,360 3,31 1,240 N 5.46 2,480 6.69 3,110 4.41 1,870 3.80 1,530 3.50 1,360 3.30 Ir240 2 5.32 2,370 6.44 2,950 4.34 1,820 3.78 1,530 3.48 1,360 3.28 1,240 4 5.25 2,320 6.02 2,750 4.25 1,760 3.75 1,530 3.46 1,330 3.26 1,210 6 5.16 2,320 5.71 2,590 4.17 1,760 3.71 1,470 3.44 1,330 3,25 1,210 8 5.09 2,260 5.51 2,480 4.12 1,710 3.70 1,470 3.44 1,330 3.23 1,210 10 5.07 2,260 5.26 2,370 4.05 1,650 3. 5 1,440 3.42 1,300 3.21 1,180 M 5.35 2,420 5.10 2,260 4.00 1,650 3.63 1,440 3.40 1,300 3.19 1,180

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 9 a.m., 19.25 ft., 9,310 sec.-ft. YORK RIVER BASIS 131

North Anna River near Doswell, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°53'15", long. 77°29 I 15", at old Ox Ford, 1 mile above highway bridge on U.S. Highway 1 and 2i miles north of Doswell, Caroline County- Drainage area,- 439 square miles. Page-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-18. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 4,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during March flood, 5,020 second-feet 11:30 a.m. Mar. 19, (gage height, 13.64 feet); during year, 10,600 second-feet Jan. 4 (gage height, 22.68 feet). , 1929-35: Discharge, 9,660 second-feet during flood of Sept. 5-8, 1935 (gage height, 21.19 feet, from flood marks).

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 800 916 592 11 1,100 810 1,510 21 920 1,610 479 2 900 808 629 12 1,000 2,090 1,090 22 742 1,540 459 3 800 736 1,180 13 950 3,010 862 23 646 1,020 454 4 900 705 905 14 2,800 1,730 732 24 706 859 426 5 1,400 663 664 15 2,400 967 661 25 1,160 779 406 e 1,500 624 869 16 3,000 800 706 2fi 1,790 720 395 7 1,100 578 1,460 17 3,600 780 636 27 1,840 678 410 8 950 542 1,000 18 2,300 2,420 538 28 1,640 880 394 9 1,000 522 728 19 2,390 4,350 501 29 1,130 920 378 10 1,200 510 1,230 20 1,370 1,870 480 30 710 361 31 644 1,449 1,155 "v.»i-of f , in inches ...... 3.56 3.03 1.78 gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. | £ March 8 March 9 March ID March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.49 556 2.40 522 2.35 504 2.37 504 5.38 1,470 9.59 2,950 4 2.48 556 2.39 522 2.35 504 2.43 539 5.67 1,560 9.77 3,040 6 2.47 539 2.39 522 2.36 504 2.52 556 5.94 1,630 9.87 3,080 8 2.46 539 2.38 522 2.36 504 2.62 590 6.14 1,690 9.93 3,080 10 2.44 539 2.37 504 2.35 504 2.80 656 6.40 1,800 9.93 3,080 N 2.44 539 2.38 522 2.35 504 3.03 736 6.85 1,930 9.92 3,080 2 2.43 539 2.38 522 2.36 504 3.40 842 7.65 2,200 9.92 3,080 4 2.43 539 2.40 522 2.37 504 3.70 932 8.23 2,410 9.89 3,080 6 2.42 522 2.39 522 2.37 504 4.03 1,020 8.85 2,630 9.83 3,040 8 2.42 522 2.37 504 2.36 504 4.34 1,120 9.12 2,740 9.70 2,990 10 2.41 522 2.37 504 2.37 504 4.68 1,240 9.27 2,820 9.47 2,910 M 2.41 522 2.36 504 2.37 504 5.05 1,340 9.40 2,870 9.12 2,740 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 8.59 2,550 4.21 1,080 3.48 872 3.09 752 4.07 1,050 12.45 4,350 4 8.00 2,340 4.09 1,050 3.41 842 3.09 752 4.63 1,210 12.83 4,580 6 7.38 2,140 3.98 1,020 3.33 812 3.10 752 5.58 1,530 13.16 4,800 8 6.77 1,930 3.91 992 3.28 812 3.10 752 6.53 1,830 13.41 4,910 10 6.23 1,730 3.84 962 3.26 812 3.08 752 7.38 2,140 13.60 5,020 N 5.82 1,600 3.77 962 3.23 782 3.07 736 8.07 2,370 13.63 5,020 2 5.43 1,470 3.71 932 3.22 782 3.08 752 8.83 2,630 13.45 4,910 4 5.13 1,370 3.66 932 3.19 782 3.08 752 9.60 2,950 12.93 4,630 6 4.88 1,310 3.61 902 3.16 782 3.21 782 10.38 3,320 12.08 4,190 8 4.65 1,210 3.57 902 3.12 752 3.47 872 10.98 3,610 10.98 3,610 10 4.48 1,180 3.52 872 3.11 752 3.67 932 11.53 3,870 9.93 3,080 H 4.33 1,120 3.51 872 3.08 752 3.77 962 12.01 4,140 8.98 2,700 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.28 2,440 5.21 1,400 6.40 1,800 4.45 1,150 3.60 902 3.25 782 4 7.78 2,270 5.20 1,400 6.27 1,760 4.31 1,120 3.58 902 3.25 782 6 7.36 2,140 5.31 1,440 6.12 1,690 4.20 1,080 3.53 872 3.24 782 8 7.01 2,000 5.47 1,500 5.97 1,660 4.08 1,050 3.51 872 3.22 782 10 6.72 1,900 5.61 1,530 5.8? 1,600 3.99 1,020 3.48 872 3.20 782 N 6.45 1,800 5.78 1,600 5.67 1,560 3.95 1,020 3.47 872 3.19 782 2 6.18 1,730 5.96 1,660 5.50 1,500 3.87 992 3.44 842 3.18 782 4 5.93 1,630 6.13 1,690 5.30 1,440 3.81 962 3.42 842 3.17 782 6 5.71 1,560 6.33 1,760 5.12 1,370 3.75 962 3.37 842 3.13 752 8 5.52 1,500 6.45 1,800 4.92 1,310 3.72 932 3.32 812 3.12 752 10 5.38 1,470 6.51 1,830 4.75 1,280 3.67 932 3.30 812 3.09 752 H 5.26 1,440 6.49 1,830 4.60 1,210 3.63 902 3.26 812 3.06 736 Supplemental records.- Mar. 19, 11:30 a.m., 13.64 ft., 5,020 sec.-ft. 132 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

South Anna River near Ashland, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°48', long. 77°33', at highway bridge 5 miles northeast of Ashland, Hanover County, and 5 miles above Newfound River. Drainage area.- 393 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period 5 p.m. Mar. 12 to 3 p.m. Mar. 14, when intake was partially stopped and record was based on. shape of stage graph for North Anna River near Doswell. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 14, 15. Defined by current-meter meas­ urements below 4,500 second-feet; extended to peak stage of flood by velocity-area study near control section. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 4,030 second-feet 4 a.m. Mar. 21 {gage height, 12.79 feet). 1930-35: Discharge, 7,230 second-feet (revised) Sept. 6, 1935 (gage height, 19.04 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day .Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 674 635 496 11 1,020 791 1,370 21 816 3,660 388 2 776 562 540 12 922 1,540 1,130 22 613 1,570 375 3 695 516 876 1.1 784 2,550 841 8.1 500 921 400 4 840 480 872 14 2,000 1,920 668 24 485 660 396 5 1,260 450 607 15 2,600 809 586 25 593 580 366 6 1,440 418 731 16 2,600 590 614 26 953 536 342 7 906 392 1,290 17 2,790 584 576 27 1,170 577 336 8 811 367 1,110 18 3,060 1,320 496 28 1,060 861 340 9 850 351 707 19 2,190 1,960 433 29 866 890 326 10 1,050 346 1,100 20 1,650 3,150 412 30 672 312 31 549

Run-off, in inches ...... 3.41 2.95 1.81 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.78 382 3.71 354 3.65 340 3,82 382 5.38 924 9.20 2,380 4 3.77 368 3.70 354 3.65 340 3,96 425 5.50 960 9.34 2,430 6 3.77 368 3.70 354 3.65 340 4.20 502 5.73 1,030 9.48 2,510 8 3.75 368 3.69 351 5.65 340 4.73 690 5.98 1,140 9.61 2,550 10 3.74 368 3.68 348 3.65 340 5.25 870 6,35 1,280 9,68 2,600 N 3.74 368 3.68 348 3.65 340 5.50 960 6.95 1,500 9.74 2,600 2 3.74 368 3.72 354 3.66 343 5.64 996 7.63 1,730 9.78 2,640 4 3.74 368 3.80 382 3.67 346 5.72 1,030 8,08 1,930 9.82 2,640 6 3.74 568 3.70 354 3.68 348 5.70 1,030 8,38 2,050 9.81 2,640 8 3.72 354 3.55 313 3.70 354 5.62 996 8.62 2,130 9.78 2,640 10 3.72 354 3.61 329 3.73 368 5.50 960 8,81 2,220 9,72 2,600 M 3.72 354 3.64 337 3.76 368 5.40 924 9.03 2,300 9.63 2,550 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 9.50 2,510 5.70 1,030 4.60 636 4.33 551 5,42 924 7.66 1,770 4 9.28 2,430 5.49 960 4.56 619 4.33 551 5.62 996 7.77 1,810 6 9.02 2,300 5.33 906 4.52 602 4,32 534 5,80 1,070 7.89 1,850 8 8.73 2,170 5.20 852 4.50 602 4.30 534 6.04 1,140 7.98 1,890 10 8.41 2,050 5.09 816 4.44 585 4.29 534 6.34 1,250 8.08 1,930 N 8. 13 1,930 5.00 780 4.40 568 4.28 534 6.65 1,360 8.18 1,970 2 7.80 1,810 4.90 744 4.42 568 4.28 534 6.89 1,470 8.26 2,010 4 7.50 1,690 4.84 726 4.42 568 4.33 551 7.06 1,540 8.36 2,050 6 7.22 1T 580 4.78 708 4.38 568 4.49 602 7.22 1,580 8.48 2,090 8 6.83 1,430 4,73 690 4.36 551 4.70 672 7.34 1,620 8.59 2,130 10 6.40 1,280 4.68 672 4.34 551 5.00 780 7.44 1,660 8.73 2,170 M 6.01 1,140 4.63 654 4.33 551 5.21 852 7.55 1,730 8.92 2,260 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 9.15 2,380 12.72 3,990 8.95 2,300 6.02 1,140 4,80 708 4.49 602 4 9.42 2r470 12.79 4,030 8.12 1,930 5.86 1,100 4.76 690 4.47 585 6 9.80 2,640 12.77 4,030 7.45 1,660 5,71 1,030 4.72 672 4.45 585 8 10.20 2,820 12.72 3,990 7,05 1.500 5.56 996 4,69 672 4.44 585 10 10.60 3,000 12.60 3,940 6,90 1,470 5.43 924 4.66 654 4.42 568 N 10.99 3,180 12.45 3,840 6.77 1,430 5,30 888 4.63 654 4.43 585 2 11.36 3,360 12.20 3,750 6.68 1,390 5.20 852 4.62 636 4.42 568 4 11.70 3,510 11.87 3,600 6,60 1,360 5.11 816 4.60 636 4.41 568 6 12.00 3,650 11.45 3,360 6.51 1,320 5.02 780 4.58 636 4.39 56^ 8 12.24 3,750 11.00 3,180 6.42 1-280 4.95 762 4.57 619 4.37 551 10 12.43 3,840 10.45 2,910 6.30 1,250 4.90 744 4.54 619 4,36 551 M 12.60 3,940 9.75 2,640 6.17 1,210 4.85 726 4,51 602 4.35 551 JAMES RIVER BASIN -" "

Jackson River at Palling Spring, Va. (Formerly published as Jackson River at Barber, Va.)

Location.- Lat. 37°52<36«, long. 79°58'39n , at Smiths highway bridge,! mile from Fall- ing Spring (formerly called Barber), Allegheny County, and lur miles below Palling Spring Creek. Zero of gage is 1,333.49 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 409 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. ,_,_-, , CAn * Slage-dlscharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 3,500 seeond- feet and extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and com­ parison of instantaneous flow and total run-off of flood with determinations for other streams in James River Basin. Ma^mg.- 1936: Discharge, 14,100 second-feet 8 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 14.74 * 1925-35: Discharge, 9,590 second-feet (revised) Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, Previously published stage of 25.6 feet for peak of March 1913 flood is con­ sidered doubtful and is disregarded.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 321 1,230 1,050 11 280 559 1,970 21 1,170 3,430 555 2 307 1,050 1,080 12 277 704 1,640 22 940 2,490 512 3 304 912 1,140 13 297 728 1,400 23 728 2,240 475 4 331 804 968 14 4,010 657 1,200 24 657 2,240 442 5 446 728 858 15 4,290 657 1,050 25 830 2,100 414 6 370 728 3,170 16 2,980 753 940 26 2,340 1,680 392 7 324 680 3,200 17 2,100 8,110 804 27 2,980 1,920 377 8 290 612 1,920 18 3,200 8,030 728 28 2,200 2,290 355 9 300 568 1,570 19 2,200 3,550 657 29 1,540 1,880 341 10 280 533 2,390 20 1,540 2,980 612 30 1,500 324 31 1,230

Run-of f , in inches ...... 3.44 5.23 2.96 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 fc Feet Sec. ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet See.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.74 657 4.59 586 4.50 546 4.45 525 4.68 634 4.96 753 4 4.72 634 4.57 577 4.49 542 4.45 525 4.72 634 4.96 753 6 4.70 634 4.56 572 4.48 538 4.47 533 4.74 657 4.96 753 8 4.69 634 4.55 568 4.47 533 4.48 538 4.78 680 4.96 753 10 4.68 634 4.55 568 4.46 529 4.50 546 4.80 680 4.95 753 N 4.66 612 4.54 564 4.45 525 4.50 546 4.83 704 4.92 728 2 4.65 612 4.53 559 4.45 525 4.52 555 4.85 704 4.91 728 4 4.64 613 4.53 559 4.45 525 4.54 564 4.88 728 4.90 728 6 4.64 612 4.53 559 4.45 525 4.56 572 4.90 728 4.88 728 8 4.62 590 4.51 550 4.45 525 4.58 581 4.92 728 4.86 704 10 4.61 590 4.51 550 4.45 525 4.62 590 4.95 753 4.85 704 M 4.60 590 4.50 546 4.45 525 4.65 612 4.96 753 4.84 704 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.82 680 4.70 634 4.86 704 5.68 1,170 13.97 12,800 8.92 4,290 4 4.81 680 4.70 634 4.87 704 7.09 2,240 13.52 11,800 8.74 4,030 6 4.80 680 4.70 634 4.88 728 8.55 3,910 12.81 10,500 8.60 3,910 8 4.78 680 4.70 634 4.88 728 10.00 5,830 12.05 9,050 8.46 3,790 10 4.76 657 4.72 634 4.88 728 10.90 7,220 11.38 8,030 8.32 3,550 N 4.76 657 4.75 657 4.88 728 11.60 8,370 10.85 7,060 8.20 3,430 2 4.74 657 4.78 680 4.88 728 IE. 30 9,590 10.50 6,580 8,10 3,310 4 4.72 634 4.81 680 4.87 704 13.15 11,300 10.10 5,980 8.03 3,200 6 4.70 634 4.83 34 4.90 728 14.12 13,000 9.78 5,530 7.99 3,200 8 4.70 634 4.84 704 5.07 804 14.74 14,100 9.53 5,100 7.98 3,200 10 4.70 634 4.86 704 5.31 940 14.62 13, 900 9.31 4,820 7.98 3,200 H 4.70 634 4.86 704 5.37 968 14.30 13,400 9.11 4,550 7.99 3,200 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.00 3,200 8.34 3,550 7.70 2,870 6.98 2,150 6.92 2,060 7.06 2,200 4 8.00 3,200 8.48 3,790 7.63 2,760 7.04 2,200 6.95 2,100 7.06 2,200 6 7.97 3,200 8.57 3,910 7.55 2,700 7.14 2,290 7.04 2,200 7.05 2,200 8 7.92 3,090 8.57 3,910 7.47 2,600 7.20 2,340 7.14 2,290 7.04 2,200 10 7.86 3,090 8.48 3,790 7.38 2,540 7.22 2,340 7.18 2,340 7.02 2,150 N 7.78 2,980 8.35 3,670 7.30 2,440 7.19 2,340 7.18 2,340 6.99 2,150 2 7.72 2,870 8.22 3,430 7.22 2,340 7.15 2,290 7.16 2,290 6.95 2,100 4 7.66 2,870 8.10 3,310 7.16 2,290 7.10 2,240 7.15 2,290 6.90 2,060 6 7.02 2,760 8.00 3,200 7.11 2,240 7»05 2,200 7.13 2,290 6.85 2,OSO 8 7.60 2,760 7.92 3,090 7.05 2,200 7.01 2,150 7.12 2,240 6.80 1.970 10 7.77 2,980 7.84 2,980 7.01 2,150 6.97 2,100 7.10 2,240 6.75 1,920 M 8.24 3,430 7.77 2,980 6.98 2,150 6.93 2,100 7.08 2,240 6.70 1,880 134 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND TIPPER OHIO RIVERS

James River at Lick Run, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°47', long. 79°47', at highway bridge at Lick Run, Botetourt County, three-quarters of s. mile below confluence of Cowpasture and Jackson Rivers. Zero of gsge is 978.30 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,369 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 30,000 second- feet and extended to peak stage by velocity-EJ-ea study near control section and com­ parison of instantaneous flow and total run-off of flood with other determinations on the same or neighboring streams. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, £1,600 second-feet 2:30 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 25.65 1925-35: Discharge, 43,200 second-feet (revised) Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 22 9^ feet) 1913*. Discharge, about 57,700 second-feet March 1913 (gage height, 27.2 feet, from flood marks). , , 1877: Discharge, about 65,800 second-feet Hovember (revised) 1877 (gage height, 29.1 feet, from flood marks).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,120 3,960 3,540 11 1,040 1,830 6,360 21 4,240 13,700 1,830 2 1,240 3,410 3,680 12 965 1,880 5,270 P.P. 3,410 9,550 1,670 3 1,200 3,020 5,120 13 1,160 2,160 4,520 23 2,760 7,700 1,570 4 1,280 2,700 3,820 14 11,800 2,280 3,820 24 2,460 7,360 1,430 5 1,620 2,520 3,280 15 18,000 2,280 3,410 ?,5 2,520 6,680 1,340 6 1,520 2,460 8,500 16 12,800 2,280 3,220 26 5,880 5,570 1,300 7 1,330 2,340 12,200 17 7,880 22,500 2,820 27 8,790 5,880 1,250 8 1,120 2,160 6,680 18 11,000 39,100 2,460 28 7,360 7,700 1,170 9 1,200 1,940 5,120 19 8,790 14,400 2,160 29 4,970 6,360 1,130 10 1,160 1,830 7,700 20 5,720 10,400 1,940 30 5,120 1,090 31 4,240 4 C -ZQ Run-off, in inches...... 3.64 5.58 2.97 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet S Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. S March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.28 2,280 4.09 2,050 3.94 1,880 3.88 1,830 3.88 1,830 4.08 2,050 4 4.26 2,220 4.07 2,000 3.93 1,880 3.88 1,830 3.88 1,830 4.10 2,050 6 4.25 2,220 4.06 2,000 3.92 1,830 3.88 1,830 3.89 1,830 4.12 2,050 8 4.23 2,220 4.05 3,000 3.92 1,830 3.88 1,830 3.90 1,830 4.15 2,100 10 4.21 2,160 4.04 2,000 3.91 1,830 3.88 1,830 3.90 1,850 4.17 2,100 N 4.20 2,160 4.02 1,940 3.90 1,830 3.88 1,830 3«92 1,830 4.20 2,160 2 4.18 3,160 4.01 1,940 3.89 1,830 3.88 1,830 5.94 1,880 4.22 2,160 4 4.16 3,100 4.00 1,940 3,89 1,830 3.88 1,830 3.96 1,880 4.24 2,220 6 4.15 2,100 3.99 1,940 3.89 1,830 3.88 1,830 3.98 1,940 4.26 2,220 8 4.14 2,100 3.97 1,880 3.88 1,830 3.88 1,830 4.00 1,940 4.27 2,220 10 4.12 2,050 3.96 1,880 3.88 1,830 3.88 1,830 4.03 2,000 4.28 2,280 M 4.1Q 2,050 3.95 1,880 3.88 1,830 3.88 1,830 4.06 2,000 4.30 2,280 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.30 2,280 4.32 2,280 4.32 2,380 4.32 2,280 25.61 51,600 13.45 19,100 4 4.30 2,280 4.32 2,280 4.32 2,280 4.35 2,340 25.40 50,800 12.81 17,700 6 4.31 2,280 4.33 2,340 4.32 2,280 6.20 4,820 24.69 48,400 12.30 16,600 8 4.31 2,280 4.33 2,540 4.32 2,280 8.82 9,170 23.94 45,900 11.85 15,500 10 4.32 2,280 4.32 2,280 4.32 2,280 12.15 16,400 23.35 44,400 11.54 14,800 N 4.32 3,280 4.32 2,280 4.31 2,280 14.69 22,200 22.61 42,100 11.10 15,900 2 4.33 2,340 4.33 2,340 4.31 2,280 17.05 27,^00 21.71 39,600 10.73 13,000 4 4.33 2,340 4,32 2,280 4.31 2,280 19.40 33,700 20.20 35,700 10.39 12,400 6 4.33 2,340 4.32 2,280 4.31 2,280 21.50 39, ICO 18.56 31,700 10.12 11,800 8 4.35 2,340 4.32 2,280 4.31 3,280 22.94 42,900 16.99 27,700 9.86 11,400 10 4.33 2,340 4.32 2,280 4.31 2,280 23.75 45,600 15.50 24,100 9.75 11, 200 M 4.32 2,280 4.32 2,280 4.31 2,280 24.59 48,000 14.30 21, 200 9,68 11,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 n March 25 2 9.66 11,000 9.59 10,800 9.93 11,400 7.96 7,700 7.74 7,190 7.60 7,020 4 9.66 11,000 10.00 11,600 9.71 11,000 8.01 7,700 7.71 7,190 7.56 7,020 6 9.65 10,800 11.10 13,900 9,55 10,800 8.07 7,880 7.74 7,190 7.52 6,850 8 9.62 10,800 11.75 15,500 9.40 10,400 8.10 7,880 7.76 7,360 7.48 6,850 10 9.55 10,800 11.86 15,700 9.28 10,200 8.10 7,880 7.77 7,360 7.46 6,850 N 9.46 10,600 11.80 15,500 9.12 9,750 8.14 7,8BO 7.77 7,360 7.45 6,680 2 9.35 10,400 11.71 15,200 8.83 9,170 8.15 8,060 7.V8 7,360 7.58 6,680 4 9.21 9,950 11.53 14,800 8.60 8,790 8.12 7,880 7.79 7,560 7.32 6,520 6 9.08 9.750 11.23 14,100 8.42 8,420 8.06 7,880 7.80 7,360 7.26 6,520 8 8.98 9,550 10.90 13,500 8.25 8,060 7.98 7,700 7.76 7,360 7.19 6,360 10 9,02 9,550 10.55 12,800 8.10 7,880 7.88 7,530 7.71 7,190 7.12 6,200 M 9.27 10,200 10.23 12,000 8.00 7,700 7.80 7,560 7.65 7,020 7.05 6,040 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 2:30 a.m., 25,65 ft., 51,600 sec.-ft. GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY WATEK-SUPPLY PAPEK 800 PLATE 11

A. CREST OF THE FLOOD ON THE POTOMAC RIVER AT POINT OF ROCKS, MD. MARCH 17, 1936, Courtesy of Kelley's Studio & Camera Shop, Hagerstown, Md.

B. LOOKING DOWNSTREAM ON THE POTOMAC RIVER FLOOD AT HANCOCK, MD., MARCH 18, 1936. Courtesy of Kelley's Studio & Camera Shop, Hagerstown, Md. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 12

A. FLOODED INDUSTRIAL SECTION OF RICHMOND, VA., ON THE JAMES RIVER. Courtesy of the Richmond News Leader.

B. OVERFLOW FROM THE JAMES RIVER INUNDATES THE MAIN STREET OF SCOTTSVILLE, VA4 JAMES RIVER BASIN 135

James River at Buchanan, Va»

Location.- Lat. 37°31 l 50n , long. 79°40'45", at highway bridge near Chesapeake & Ohio Railway station,iBuchanan, Botetourt County. Zero of gage is 802.56 feet above mean sea level. Drainage are a. - 2,084 square miles. gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge reTation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 32,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study near control section and determination of peak flow over dam at Balcony Palls; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 76,400 second-feet 11:30 a.m. Mar. IS (gage height, 26.80 1895-1935: Discharge, about 92,200 second-feet Mar. 27, 1913 (gage height, 31 feet, from flood marks). Remarks. - Information and assistance was furnished by the Virginia Public Service Com­ pany in computing the flow over its dam at Balcony Palls.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,620 5,300 5,510 11 1,540 2,300 10,600 21 6,830 32,300 2,610 2 1,740 4,380 5,300 12 1,370 2,600 8,510 22 5,510 17, 200 2,450 3 1,880 3,800 7,290 13 1,790 3,100 7,060 23 4,2BO 12,100 2,300 4 2,010 3,530 6,380 14 15,600 3,100 5,940 24 3,620 10,900 2,160 5 2,150 3,180 5,200 15 30,100 2,920 5,090 25 3,350 9,810 1,960 6 2,220 3,010 7,330 16 22,300 2,840 4,670 26 4,980 8,260 1,890 7 1,88C 2,920 20,400 17 13,600 22,400 4,070 27 9,540 7,770 1,820 8 1,560 2,760 11,800 18 14,800 66,700 3,580 28 10,100 11,200 1,700 9 1,680 2,440 8,010 19 15,400 26,500 3,120 29 7,060 10,600 1,640 10 1,810 2,300 10,600 20 9,540 16,600 2,860 30 8,260 1,580 31 6,600 9 925 Run-of f , in inches ...... 3.57 6.49 2.91 gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 [H Feet Sec. ft. Peet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec-, ft . Feet Sec.ft. o3 W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.08 2,840 3.94 2,600 3.80 2,370 3.72 2,220 3.82 2,370 4.19 3,010 4 4.08 2,840 3.92 2,520 3.79 2,370 3.73 2,300 3.84 2,440 4.22 3,010 6 4.07 2,760 3.91 2,520 3.78 2,370 3.74 2,300 3.85 2,440 4.24 3,100 8 4.06 2,760 3.90 2,520 3.77 2,300 3.74 2,300 3.88 2,520 4.25 3,100 10 4.04 2,760 3.89 2,520 3.76 2,300 3.74 2,300 3.90 2,520 4.26 3,100 N 4.03 2,760 3.88 2,520 3.76 2,300 3.75 2,300 3.94 2,600 4.28 3,180 2 4.01 2,680 3.86 2,440 3.75 2,300 3.76 2,300 3.97 2,600 4.30 3,180 4 4.00 2,680 3.85 2,440 3.75 2,300 3.77 2,300 4.01 2,680 4.31 3,180 6 3.99 2,680 3.85 2,440 3.74 2,300 3.78 2,370 4.06 2,760 4.32 3,180 8 3.97 2,600 3.84 2,440 3.74 2,300 3.80 2,370 4.10 2,840 4.33 3,260 10 3.96 2,600 3.82 2,370 3.74 2,300 3.80 2,370 4.14 2,920 4.33 3,260 M 3.95 2,600 3.82 2,370 3.73 2,300 3.81 2,370 4.17 2,920 4.33 3,260 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.33 3,260 4.18 3,010 4.08 2,840 4.13 2,920 22.92 62,000 17.05 41, 100 4 4.32 3,180 4.16 2,920 4.08 2,840 5.33 5,200 23.82 65,300 15.46 35,900 6 4.31 3,180 4.16 2,920 4.08 2,840 5.50 5,510 24.60 68,200 14.13 31,100 8 4.30 3,180 4.15 2,920 4.09 2,840 5.78 6,160 25.60 71,900 13.12 27,800 10 4.28 3,180 4.14 2,920 4.09 2,840 7.15 9,540 26.52 75,200 12.41 25,500 N 4.26 3,100 4.12 2,840 4.09 2,840 9.49 16,300 26.78 76,400 11.88 23,900 2 4.25 3,100 4.10 2,840 4.09 2,840 11.60 22,900 26.31 74,500 11.41 22,300 4 4.25 3,100 4.09 2,840 4.10 2,840 14.18 31,500 25.36 71,200 11.02 21,000 6 4.24 3,100 4.09 2,840 4.10 2,840 16.58 39,700 24.05 66,000 10.68 20, 100 8 4.33 3,100 4.09 2,840 4.10 2,840 18.70 47,000 22.50 60,600 10.40 19,100 10 4.21 3,010 4.09 2,840 4.10 2,840 20.60 53,800 20.75 54,500 10.16 18,500 H 4.20 3,010 4.08 2,840 4.10 2,840 21.83 58,400 18.90 47,800 9.95 17,900 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 9,84 17,200 9.75 17,200 11.14 21,300 8.45 13,000 7.90 11,500 7.55 10,600 4 9.69 16,900 10. SO 18,500 10.73 20,100 8.30 12,700 7.82 11,200 7.51 10,400 6 9.60 16,600 10.70 20,100 10.40 19,100 8.17 12,400 7.75 11,200 7.46 10,400 8 9.54 16,300 11.10 21,300 10.10 18,200 8.08 12,100 7.67 10,900 7.41 10, 100 10 9.51 16,300 11.47 22,600 9.86 17,600 8.05 11,800 7.62 10,600 7.35 10,100 N 9.51 16,300 11.88 23,900 9.67 16,900 8.05 11,800 7.59 10,600 7.32 9,810 2 9.50 16,300 12.25 24,900 9.47 16,300 8.06 12,100 7.59 10,600 7.27 9,810 4 9.46 16,300 12.47 25,800 9.31 15,700 8.05 11,800 7.60 10,600 7.24 9,540 6 9.40 16,000 12.42 25,500 9.15 15,400 8.04 11,800 7.60 10,600 7.20 9,540 8 9.38 16,000 12.21 24,900 8.97 14,800 8.04 11,800 7.58 10,600 7.17 9,540 10 9.50 16,300 11.91 23,900 8.78 14,200 8.01 11,800 7.58 10.600 7.12 9,280 H 9.65 16,600 11.55 22,900 8.61 13,600 7.97 11,800 7.58 10,600 7.06 9,280 Supplemental records.- Mar. IS, 11:30 a.m., 26.80 ft., 76,400 sec.-ft.

20!> O 37 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

James River at Holcombs Rook, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°30', long. 79°15', at Holcomba Sock:, Bedford County, half a mile be- low Pedlar River. Zero of gage is 548.53 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 3,250 square miles. Sage-height 're'cord.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 27 to Mar. 2, Apr. 27-29, when recorder was not operating. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 41,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study and determination of peak flow over Reusens Dam; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run­ off of flood with records for other eaged areas in James River Easin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharse, 98,000 second-feet 2:30 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 30.78 feet). 1931-35: Discharge, 78,100 second-feet (revised) Jan. 23, 1935 (gage heizht, 26.61 feet). 1913: Discharge, about 100,000 second-feet in March (gage height, about 31.3 feet, revised, from flood marks). Remarks.- Information and assistance was furnished by the Appalachian electric Power Co.Tn computing the flow over its dam at Reusens. Discharge for periods of missing gage-height record was computed on basis of records at Sent Creek and Buchanan.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Fet. Mar. Apr. 1 2,830 8,500 3,820 11 2,500 3,920 15,600 21 10,600 29,300 4,360 2 2,960 7,000 8,140 12 2,240 4,620 13,000 22 8,460 26,800 4,020 3 3,090 5,620 10,900 13 2,620 5,630 11,400 23 6,920 13,600 3,370 4 3,320 5,500 10,200 14 16,300 5,470 9,680 24 5,930 15,900 3,560 5 4,050 4,980 3,500 15 33,700 5,270 8,280 25 6,130 14,400 3,440 6 3,410 4,630 12,000 16 32,300 5,260 7,540 26 7,140 12,5001 2,990 7 3,190 4,320 25,500 17 19,300 32,100 6,690 27 12,000 11,300 3,300 8 2,600 4,200 17,500 18 20,700 94,400 5,920 28 14,000 14,300 2,900 9 2,640 3,990 12,400 19 21,500 43,200 5,100 29 11,000 15,300 3,000 10 3,060 3,5BO 14,400 20 14,300 25,600 4,110 30 12,600 2,630 31 10,500

Run-off , in inches ...... 3.26 5.33 2.87 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 t, Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w§ March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 6.80 4,730 6.47 4,010 6.33 3,810 6.53 4,210 6.72 4,520 6.87 4,840 4 6.28 3,710 5.91 2,930 5.93 3,020 5.92 2,930 6.23 3,610 7.12 5,360 6 6.19 3,510 6.12 3,310 5.64 2,500 5.63 2,500 6.09 3,310 7.23 5,570 8 6.45 4,010 6.45 4,010 5.89 2,930 5.67 2,500 6.60 4,310 7.33 5,990 10 6.72 4,520 6.69 4,520 6.65 4,420 6.38 3,910 6.92 4,940 7.38 5,990 N 6.67 4,420 6.66 4,420 6.55 4,210 6.48 4,110 6.93 5,040 7.32 5,730 2 6.68 4,520 6.47 4,010 6.00 3,120 6.50 4,110 6.94 5,040 7.33 5,780 4 6.52 4,110 6.40 3,910 6.12 3,310 6.67 4,420 6.93 5,040 7.37 5,990 6 6.06 3,220 6.38 3,910 6.03 3,220 6.71 4,520 6.91 4,940 7.32 5,780 8 6.53 4,210 6.49 4,110 6.38 3,910 6.78 4,730 6.93 5,040 7.31 5,780 10 6.82 4,730 6.59 4,310 6.71 4,520 6.82 4,730 6.93 5,040 7.31 5,780 M 6.84 4,840 6.40 3,910 6.73 4,620 6.79 4,730 6.96 5,040 7.27 5,780 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 7.17 5,570 7.05 5,260 7.48 6,200 6.78 4,730 29.60 92,300 26.30 76,700 4 7.18 5,570 7.40 5,990 7.58 6,410 6.04 3,220 30.02 94,200 24.75 69,700 6 7.23 5,570 7.13 5,360 7.34 5,780 6.05 3,220 30.32 95,600 23.20 62,200 8 7.43 5,990 7.07 5,260 7.17 5,570 7.00 5,150 30.48 96,600 21.57 54,900 10 7.43 5,990 6.97 5,040 6.84 4,840 12.00 17,000 30.57 97,100 20.10 48,200 N 7.29 5,780 6.84 4,840 6.97 5,040 15.00 27,100 30.65 97,100 15.85 42,500 2 7.31 5,780 "7.05 5,260 6.92 4,940 16.63 33,300 30.73 97,600 17.90 33,700 4 7.21 5,570 7.07 5,260 6.89 4,940 18.50 41,200 30.70 97,600 17.15 35,800 6 7.00 5,150 7.23 5,570 6.36 4,840 22.00 56,700 30.48 96,600 16.55 33,300 8 6.78 4,730 6.98 5,150 6.87 4,840 25.00 70,600 29.80 93,200 16.15 31,700 10 6.84 4,840 6.83 4,840 6.82 4,730 27.00 80,000 28190 88,900 15.80 30,200 M 6.91 4,940 7.07 5,260 6.82 4,730 28.83 88,500 27.70 83,300 15.51 29,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 15.22 27,900 14.37 25,000 16.36 32,500 13.43 21,500 11.86 16,700 11.21 14,800 4 15.02 27,100 14.67 26,000 16.00 31,000 13.21 20,800 11.81 16,400 11.19 14,800 6 14.83 26,400 14.87 26,800 15.58 29,400 12.93 20,100 11.77 16,400 11.17 14,800 8 14.67 26,000 15.03 27,100 15.33 28,300 12.80 19,500 11.74 16,100 11.16 14,300 10 14.53 25,300 15.40 28,600 14.97 27,100 12.62 18,800 11.69 16,100 11.12 14,500 N 14.48 25,300 15.78 30,200 14.56 25,700 12.43 18,200 11.61 15,900 11.04 14,200 2 14.33 24,600 16.09 31,300 14.29 24,600 12.27 17,900 11.53 15,600 10.99 14,200 4 14.28 24,600 16.35 32,500 14.24 24,200 12.17 17,600 11.44 15,300 10.94 14,000 6 14.27 24,600 16.60 33,300 14.13 23,900 12.08 17,300 11.38 15,300 10.88 14,000 8 14.23 24,300 16.77 34,100 14.01 23,500 12.02 17,000 11.33 15,000 10.82 13,700 10 14.20 24,200 16.77 34,100 13.87 23,200 11.96 17,000 11.29 15,000 10.77 13,700 M 14.20 24,200 16.62 33,300 13.68 22,500 11.92 16,700 11.25 14,800 10.72 13,500 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 2:30 p.m., 30.73 ft., 93,000 sec.-ft. JAMES RIVER BASIN 137

James River at Bent Creek, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°32', long. 78°50', at highway bridge at Bent Creek, Appomattox County, 150- feet below Bent Creek and 1 mile below Sladstone. Zero of gage is 380.67 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 3,671 square miles. Gage-height "Fe'cord.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 12-14, Apr. 10-14, when the recorder was not operating. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 30,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study near control section and determination of peak flow over Reusens Dam; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 103,000 second-feet 9:30 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 23.02 1925-35: Discharge, 83,400 second-feet (revised) Jan. 24, 1935 (gage height, 20.22 feet). Remarks.- Information and assistance was furnished by the Appalachian Electric Power Go. in computing the flow over its dam at Reusens. Discharge for periods of missing gage-height record determined by comparison with records for stations at Holcombs Rock and Scottsville.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 4,200 9,820 10,600 11 3,920 4,680 17,000 21 12,800 23,600 5,520 2 3,840 8,090 9,580 12 3,100 5,680 15,000 22 10,100 31,000 5,410 3 3,340 7,210 11,400 13 3,400 6,360 13,000 23 8,180 21,200 5,130 4 4,600 6,630 11,700 14 14,000 6,490 11,000 24 7,220 18,100 4,380 5 5,540 6,080 9,600 15 39,400 6,020 9,520 25 6,380 16,700 4,440 6 4,490 5,560 12,800 16 38,800 5,700 8,960 26 7,440 15,0001 4,320 7 4,260 5,420 24,500 17 24,000 23,900 7,960 27 12,000 13,4001 4,220 8 4,260 4,860 21,200 18 20,800 95,700 7,220 28 15,200 15 , 600 3,560 9 3,890 4,980 13,900 19 23,700 70,700 6,380 29 12 , 800 17,100 3,380 10 3,800 4,280 15,000 20 17,300 29,000 5,710 30 14,900 3,500 31 12,900

Run-off , in inches ...... 3.23 5.28 2.90 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 t, 3 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.25 6,120 5.41 6,530 4.86 5,060 5.01 5,450 5.16 5,840 5.57 6,960 4 5.15 5,840 5.40 6,530 4.70 4,690 5.25 6,120 5.31 6,250 5.59 7,100 6 5.30 6,250 5.15 5,340 4.63 4,570 5.40 6,530 5.51 6,810 5.57 6,960 8 5.10 5,710 4.80 4,940 4.60 4,450 5.15 5,840 5.52 6,810 5.52 6,810 10 4.70 4,690 4.50 4,210 4.59 4,450 4.70 4,690 5.26 6,120 5.18 5,930 N 4,39 3,930 4.18 3,530 4.58 4,450 4.41 3,930 4.97 5,320 4.70 4,690 2 4.19 3,530 3.91 2,880 4.55 4,330 4.29 3,750 4.83 5,060 4.48 4,210 4 4.11 3,310 3.91 2,330 4.40 3,980 4.28 3,750 4.83 5,060 5.31 6,250 6 4.07 3,200 4.63 4,570 4.26 3,640 4.30 3,750 4.35 5,060 5.55 6,960 8 4.23 3,640 5.26 6,120 4.16 3,420 4.30 3,750 4.82 4,940 5.56 6,960 10 5.17 5,840 5.10 5,710 4.14 3,420 4.35 3,860 4.86 5,060 5.56 6,960 M 5.41 6,530 5.06 5,530 4.63 4,570 4.91 5,190 5.34 6,390 5.55 6,960 March 14 March 15 Mar oh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.55 6,960 5.51 6,810 5.05 5,580 5.31 6,250 19.57 79,200 22.55 100,000 4 5.53 6,960 5.51 6,810 5.03 5,710 5.34 6,390 20.42 84,800 22.09 96,700 6 5.52 6,810 5.51 6,610 5.21 5,980 5.44 6,670 21.07 89,700 21.49 92,500 8 5.51 6,810 5.50 6,810 5.41 6,530 5.57 6,960 21.77 94,600 20.71 86,900 10 5.50 6,810 5.50 6,810 5.48 6,310 6.27 9,220 22.37 98,300 19.72 79,900 X 5.31 6,250 5.44 6,670 5.47 6,670 6.30 9,220 22.75 102,000 18.52 71,800 2 4.97 5,320 5.14 5,840 5.19 5,980 6.87 11,200 22.89 102,000 17.30 64,000 4 4.85 5,060 4.32 4,940 4.65 4,570 8.42 16,400 22.93 102,000 16.12 56,200 6 5.28 6,250 4.67 4,570 4.21 3,530 14.46 46,500 22.91 102,000 14.97 49,500 8 5.49 6,810 4.69 4,690 4.69 4,690 17.47 65,200 22.94 102,000 14.02 43,500 10 5.52 6,810 4.93 5,320 5.39 6,530 18.57 72,400 22.99 103,000 13.34 39,600 M 5.52 6,810 5.04 5,580 5.45 6,670 18.97 75,000 22.82 102,000 11.97 32,600 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 12.01 32,600 10.65 25,700 12.35 34,700 10.25 23,900 3.93 18,800 8.59 17.200 4 11.92 32,100 10. 7S 26,700 12.47 35,200 10.12 23,400 8.98 18,800 3.56 17,200 6 11.75 31,600 10.77 26,700 12.44 34,700 9.95 23,000 3.97 13,800 9.54 16,800 8 11.59 30,600 10.74 26,200 12.30 34,200 9.85 22,100 8.95 18,800 8.53 16,800 10 11.30 29,100 10.85 26,700 12.18 33,600 9.77 22,100 8.93 18,400 8.52 16,800 X 11.14 28,100 11.07 28,100 11.85 31,600 9.57 21,200 8.88 13,400 8.51 16,300 2 11.10 28,100 11.22 23,600 11.55 30,600 9.37 20,400 8.32 18,000 8.49 16,300 4 10.97 27,600 11.29 29,100 11.35 29,600 9.29 20,000 8.83 13,000 8,49 16,500 6 10.84 26,700 11.55 30,600 11.05 27,600 9.30 20,000 3.34 18,000 8.48 16,800 8 10.82 26,700 11.31 31,600 10.72 26,200 9.19 19,600 5.75 18,000 3.35 16,400 10 10.72 26,200 12.02 32,600 10.52 25,200 9.02 18,800 8.70 17,600 3.27 16,100 M 10.64 25,700 12.14 33,100 10.35 24,800 8.99 18,800 8.64 17,200 B.27 16,100 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 9:30 p.m., 23.02 ft., 103,000 sec.-ft. 138 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AMD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

James River at Scottsville, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°48 ! , long. 78°30>, at highway bridge at Scottsville, Albemarle County, 7 miles above Hardware River. Zero of gage is 253.39 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 4,571 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Mar. 2,3, when there was no record, and Mar. 18 to 9 a.m. Mar. 19, when it was based on flood marks and shape of stage graphs at Bent Creek and Cartersville.

verniea uy uumpansun 01 pea.K uj.aunai^e au for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 112,000 second-feet 2 a.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 25.46 feet, from flood mark). 1925-35: Discharge, 93,40O second-feet (revised) Sept. 6, 1935 (gage height, 23.06 feet). 1913: Discharge, about 110,000 second-feet in March (gage height, 25.16 feet, from flood marks). Remarks.- Discharge Mar. 2, 3 based on records for station at Cartersville.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 5,790 12,300 12,600 11 5,380 6,560 20,700 21 16,700 32,800 7,030 2 5,260 10,600 12,000 12 4,510 7,960 19,100 22 13,000 37,100 6,970 3 4,900 9,200 12,900 13 4,680 8,700 16,400 23 10,600 27,700 6,660 4 5,430 8,020 14,200 14 12,300 8,590 14, 100 24 9,080 21,600 6,460 5 6,470 7,410 12,300 15 38,100 8,160 12,300 25 8,420 19,200 5,720 6 6,970 7,040 15,500 16 46,300 7,220 11,100 26 8,960 17,400 5,540 7 5,520 6,350 25,000 17 32,600 22,300 10,000 27 11,100 15,700 5,430 8 5,180 6,350 29,700 18 25,200 98,200 9,130 28 16,900 17,000 5,140 9 4,980 5,920 19,600 19 27,700 99,400 8,480 29 15,900 20,100 4,710 10 5,100 5,640 17,800 20 23,700 42,200 7,540 30 18,100 4,800 31 15,200 nr\ *zo/i Run-off, in inches...... 3.15 5.13 2.92 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 § Feet {Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. to March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 Z 5.48 5,810 5.15 5,240 4.88 4,700 5.37 5,620 6.00 6,790 6.77 8,600 4 5.44 5,620 4.96 4,880 4.74 4,430 5.33 5,430 5.93 6,590 6.72 8,350 6 5.52 5,810 4.84 4,520 5.13 5,060 5.28 5,430 5.90 6,590 6.68 8,350 8 5.71 6,190 5.01 4,880 5.70 6,190 5.23 5,240 5.91 6,590 6.68 8,350 10 5.86 6,590 5.78 6,390 5.86 6,590 5.23 5,240 6.08 7,000 6.76 8,600 N 5.98 6,790 6.15 7,210 5.83 6,390 5.69 6,190 6.46 7,880 6.94 8,850 2 6.05 6,790 6.26 7,430 5.71 6,190 6.25 7,210 6.82 8,600 7.10 9,370 4 6.10 7,000 6.18 7,210 5.57 6,000 6.62 8,110 7.12 9,370 7.16 9,640 6 6.10 7,000 5.95 6,790 5.46 5,810 6.70 8,350 7.25 9,640 7.14 9,370 8 5.94 6,590 5.70 6,190 5.40 5,620 6.57 8,110 7.20 9,640 6.92 8,850 10 5.69 6,190 5.41 6,620 5.38 5,620 6.36 7,650 7.05 9,110 6.65 8,110 M 5.40 5,620 5.13 5,060 5.38 5,620 6.17 7,210 6.89^ 8,850 6.36 7,650 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.34 7,430 6.28 7,430 6.20 7,210 6.11 7,000 21.10 78,400 25.46 112,000 4 6.64 8", 110 6.38 7,650 5.96 6,790 5.78 6,390 22.45 88,200 25.40 112,000 6 6.86 8,850 6.59 8,110 5.86 6,590 5.64 6,000 23.25 94,200 25.20 110,000 a 6.93 8,850 6.71 8,350 5.90 6,590 6.05 6,790 23.53 96,400 25.01 108,000 10 6.95 9,110 6.76 8,600 6.05 6,790 6.65 8,110 23.73 98,000 24.76 107,000 N 6.95 9,110 6.77 8,600 6.14 7,000 7.64 10,800 23.90 99,600 24.51 104,000 2 6.95 9,110 6.77 8,600 6.20 7,210 8.93 15,000 24.19 102,000 24.10 101,000 4 6.96 9,110 6.76 8,600 6.31 7,430 11.70 25,500 24.55 105,000 23.45 95,600 6 6.96 9,110 6.74 8,350 6.45 7,650 14.65 38,300 24.78 107,000 22.74 90,400 8 6,96 9,110 6.72 8,350 6.56 8,110 16.65 48,700 25.00 108,000 21.85 83,600 10 6.64 8,110 6.63 8,110 6.57 8,110 18.40 59,600 25.25 110,000 20.70 75,400 M 6.40 7,650 6.45 7,650 6.40 7,650 19.80 69,100 25.42 112,000 19.50 67,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 18.32 58,900 13.40 32,800 13.99 35,500 13.25 31,800 11.12 23,100 10.41 20,400 4 17.11 51,500 13.34 32,300 14.20 36,400 12.93 30,500 10.95 22,700 10.34 20,000 6 16.00 45,400 13.28 32,300 14.38 37,400 12.67 29,700 10.78 21,900 10.25 19,600 8 15.23 41,300 13.25 31,800 14.55 38,300 12.50 28,800 10.71 21,500 10.14 19,200 10 14.83 39,300 13.28 32,300 14,67 38,800 12.34 28,000 10.68 21,500 10.06 19,200 N 14.57 38,300 13.32 32,300 14.74 38,800 12.18 27,500 10.66 21,500 10.02 18,900 2 14.35 37,400 13.30 32,300 14.71 38,800 12.02 26,700 10.64 21,100 10.01 18,900 4 14.13 36,000 13.32 32,300 14.62 38,300 11.88 26,300 10.63 21,100 10.00 18,900 6 13.88 35,000 13.39 32,800 14.41 37,400 11.74 25,500 10.61 21,100 9.99 18,900 8 13.73 34,100 13.54 33,200 14.15 36,400 11.56 25,000 10.54 20,800 9.97 18,900 10 13.58 33,600 13.65 33,600 13.87 35,000 11.35 24,200 10.47 20,800 9.97 18,900 M 13.47 33,200 13.79 34,600 13.59 33,600 11.21 23,400 10.44 20,400 9.96 18,900 JAMES RIVER BASIH 139

James River at Cartersville, Va.

location.- Lat. 37°40', long. 78°5', at highway bridge between Pemberton and Carters- vllle, Cumberland County, 1 mile below Willis River. Zero of gage is 161.57 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 6,242 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except lor period Mar. 18-25, wlien there was no record, and Mar. 26 to Apr. 1, Apr. 5-8, when there was a partial rec­ ord. A graph was constructed for the period Mar. 18-25 based on flood marks and shape of stage graphs at Scottsville and Richmond. Stage-discharge relation,.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 90,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study near control section and slope-area determination of flood flow; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima..,- 1936: Discharge. 149,000 second-feet 11 a.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 28.77 feet, from flood marks}. . . 1899-1935: Discharge, about 134,000 second-feet (revised} Sept. 6, 1935 (gage height, 27.80 feet, from flood marks).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 6,980 15,900 15,300 n 6,800 7,910 25,100 21 21,500 43,700 8,780 2 6,260 12,700 15,000 12 6,320 12,600 25,000 22 16,300 39,300 8.580 3 6,230 10,900 16,300 13 6,080 16, 000 20,800 23 13,300 36,400 8,830 4 6,700 10,000 16,700 14 14,400 12,800 17,600 24 11,400 26,300 8,240 5 10,400 9,330 15,400 15 47,600 11,100 15,100 25 11,000 22,400 7,580 6 9,220 8,730 19,500 16 60,400 9,990 13, 400 26 11,900 19,600 7,380 7 6,460 8,240 27,800 17 49,600 20,300 12,100 27 12,900 19,000 7,24p 8 6,220 7,860 30,000 1ft 35,300 94,300 11,100 28 17,500 20,600 6,820 9 6,640 7,440 26,500 19 35,400 143,000 10,300 29 19,300 22,000 6,500 10 7,130 7,360 23,000 20 31,500 94,900 9,620 30 20,500 6,4.40 31 17,600 26 090 14,730 Run-off , in inches ...... 2.99 4.82 2.63 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 b Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet j Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. g 3 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.70 8,140 4.74 8,140 4.76 8,340 4.43 7,540 6.40 11,900 7.83 16,000 4 4.80 8,340 4.76 8,340 4.75 8,340 4.36 7,540 6.69 12,700 8.07 16,900 6 4.82 8,340 4.73 8,140 4.64 7,940 4.32 7,350 6.78 13,000 8.15 17,200 8 4.75 8,340 4.60 7,940 4.48 7,740 4.30 7,350 6.76 13,000 8.14 16,900 10 4.64 7,940 4.44 7,540 4.29 7.350 4.30 7,350 6.68 12,700 8.05 16,600 H 4.50 7,740 4.25 7,160 4.07 6,970 4.34 7,350 6.58 12,500 7.95 16,600 2 4.38 7,540 4.07 6,970 3.88 6,590 4.41 7,540 6.51 ' 12,200 7.84 16,000 4 4.33 7,350 3.90 6,590 3.80 6,400 4.51 7,740 6.48 12,200 7.70 15,700 6 4.36 7,540 3.83 6,400 3.95 6,780 4.69 8,140 6.53 12,200 7.58 15,400 8 4.45 7,540 3.95 6,780 4.20 7,160 4.98 8,740 6.70 12,700 7.48 15,000 10 4.56 7,940 4.30 7,350 4.38 7,540 5.39 9,580 7.04 13,600 7.44 14,1*00 M 4.67 8,140 4.62 7,940 4.45 7,540 5.94 10,700 7.48 15,000 7.42 14,800 March 14 March 15 Mar oh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 7.32 14,400 6.42 11,900 5.99 10,900 5.35 9,580 18.50 62,500 27.77 134,000 4 7.18 14,200 6.36 11,900 5.97 10,900 5.46 9,800 19.58 68,000 28.20 140,000 6 6.99 13,600 6.28 11,700 5.93 10,700 5.56 10,000 20.65 73,300 28.47 144,000 8 6.79 13,000 6.15 11,400 5.85 10,500 5.59 10,000 21.73 79,700 28.60 146,000 10 6.59 12,500 6.00 10,900 5.73 10,200 5.55 10,000 22.75 87,100 28.76 149,000 N 6.46 12, 200 5.87 10,700 5.58 10,000 5.42 9,580 23.80 94,500 28.76 149,000 2 6.44 11,900 5.82 10, 500 5.44 9,580 5.80 10,500 24.80 102,000 28.75 149,000 4 6.51 12,300 5.86 10,700 5.29 9,370 8.00 16,600 25.67 110,000 28.69 147,000 6 6.55 12,500 5.94 10,700 5.19 9,160 11.90 31,200 26.20 115,000 28.53 145,000 8 6.55 12,500 5.98 10,900 5.17 9,160 14.68 43,800 26.70 121,000 28.23 142,000 10 6.51 12,200 6.00 10,900 5.22 9,160 16.20 51,100 27.08 125,000 28.00 137,000 M 6.47 12,200 6.00 10,900 5.27 9,370 17.43 57,000 27.38j 189,000 27.54 131,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 27.08 125,000 16.80 54,000 13.28 37,300 14.27 41,800 11.49 29,500 9.90 23,200 4 26.55 119,000 15.71 50,000 13.26 37,200 14.10 41,000 11.30 28,700 9.84 23,000 6 26.09 114, 000 15.36 47,000 13.28 37,300 13.88 40,000 11.15 28,100 9.81 22,900 8 25.44 108,000 14.90 44,800 13.35 37,600 13.66 39,000 11.02 27,600 9.76 22,700 10 24.75 102,000 14.57 43,200 13.48 38, 200 13.39 37,800 10.82 26,800 9.68 22,400 K 23.87 95,000 14.29 41,900 13.68 39,100 13.08 36,400 10.62 26,000 9.63 22, 200 2 23.07 89,000 14.05 40,800 13.85 39,900 12.79 35,100 10.44 25,300 9.60 22,100 4 22.07 82,000 13.83 39,800 14.03 40,700 12.54 34,000 10.34 24,900 9.60 22,100 6 21.08 76,000 13.66 39,000 14.14 41,200 12.31 33,000 10.23 24,500 9.57 22,000 8 20.00 70,000 13.53 38,400 14.20 41,500 12.08 32,000 10.13 24,100 9.52 21,800 10 18.80 64,000 13.44 38,000 14.28 41,900 11.87 51,100 10.03 23,700 9.46 21,600 M W.60 58,000 13.38 37,700 14.31 42,000 11.66 30,200 9.95 83,400 9.41 21,400 Supplemental records.- Mar. 19, 11 a.m. 28.77 ft., 149,000 sec.-ft. 140 FLOODS OF MARCH 1956--POTOHAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Jamas River near Richmond, Va.

Location. - Lat. 37°34', long. 77°32', at Westham highway bridge, 3 miles west of city limits of Richmond, Henrico County. Zero of gage is 98.8S feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 6,757 square miles. Base-he'lght record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-13. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 90,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study near control section; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run­ off of flood with records for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 158,000 second-feet 10 p.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 23.42 feetj. 1934-35: Discharge, 127,000 second-feet (revised) Sept. 7, 1935 (gage height, 21.01 feet). Remarks.- Discharge does not include flow of James River & Kanawha Canal,which diverts above station. Above gage height 19 feet on river gage, canal merges with river,and flow in canal area above this point is included as part of overflow of river. Canal discharge of 1,370 second-feet measured during flood of Dec. 2, 1934 (river stage, 17.9 feet). Flow of canal at gage height 19 feet on river gage, about 1,650 second- feet. Nine discharge measurements of canal made when river was below flood stages during 1934-35 ranged from 692 to 888 second-feet.

Mean' discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 7,000 17,700 16,800 11 6,900 8,180 25,300 21 24,000 66,900 9,240 2 6,500 14,100 14, 900 12 6,400 12,500 25,800 22 18, 000 41,700 8,780 3 6,100 12,100 16,000 13 6,000 16,900 22,200 23 14,600 40,300 9,000 4 6,300 10,900 17,100 14 12,600 15,100 18,900 24 12,600 28, 600 8,400 5 8,600 10,000 17,100 15 41,600 12,700 16,400 25 11,700 23,600 7,900 6 10,000 9,390 14,900 16 56,300 11,400 14,500 26 12, 100 21,300 7,220 7 7,800 8,920 25,900 17 55,900 10,600 13,300 27 13, 300 1.9,800 7,110 8 6, 200 8,050 32,900 18 38, 200 55,100 11,900 28 16,000 20,100 6,820 9 6,300 7,910 30,600 19 34,900 135,000 11,000 29 19,400 23, 100 6,490 10 6,800 7,460 24,000 20 31,900 136,000 10,300 30 23,100 5,990 31 19,900 Mean monthly c__ilscharor _.._._ wa_ . in_ __set5ond-feet. . . . 17,380 27,370 15 220 Run-off, In inches ...... 2.77 4.67 2-. 51 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. m March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.86 7, 820 5.82 7,640 5. 59 6,950 5.60 6,950 6.16 8,920 7.57 14,800 4 5.82 7, 640 5.6 1 7,640 5. 55 6, 1- 80 5.64 7,120 6.25 9,290 7.62 14,800 6 5.82 7, 640 5» 84 7,820 5. 59 6,950 5.75 7,460 6.45 9,870 7.76 15,700 8 5.86 7, 820 5.88 8,000 5. 70 7,290 5.89 8,000 6.73 11,100 7.95 16,600 10 5.93 8, 180 5.S 3 8,180 5. 81 7,6 40 6.00 8,360 7.02 12, 3C 0 8.14 17,100 1J 5.98 8, 360 5.97 8,180 5 91 8,000 6.08 8,730 7.27 13,600 8.26 18,000 2 6.02 8, 360 5.E 9 8,360 5. 95 8,] 80 6.12 8,730 7.44 14, OC 0 8.35 18,500 4 6.02 8, 360 5.E 8 8,360 5. 94 8,180 6.12 8,730 7.55 14,800 8.36 18, 500 6 5.99 8, 360 5.94 8,180 5 88 8,000 6.10 8,730 7.59 14,800 8.31 18, 000 8 5.94 8, 180 5.6 6 7,82 0 5 79 7,6 40 6.10 8,730 7.61 14, 8C 0 8.26 18,000 10 5.88 8, 000 5.76 7,460 5 70 7,290 6.09 8,730 7.58 14,800 8.19 17,500 M 5.84 7, 820 5.67 7,120 5 65 7,120 6.10 8,730 7.56 14,800 8.11 17,100 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 8.02 16, 600 7.21 13,100 6 94 11,900 6.43 9,870 9.75 25,900 18.38 94,800 4 7.96 16, 600 7.£51 13,10 0 6 85 11, E 00 6.38 9,870 11.25 34, 8C 0 19.29 106,000 6 7.91 16, 200 7.J50 13,10 0 6 85 11, E 00 6.36 9,680 12.40 43, 1C 0 20.23 117,000 8 7.86 16, 200 7.18 13,100 6 85 11,500 6.36 9,680 13.20 49,000 21.00 127,000 10 7.80 15, 700 7.16 13,100 6. 85 11,500 6.41 9,870 13.86 54,200 21.63 135,000 N 7.71 15, 300 7.3L3 12,700 6 85 11, E 00 6.46 10,300 14.35 58,10 0 22.25 143,000 2 7.60 14, 800 7.07 12,700 6 82 11,500 6.53 10,300 14.38 62,000 22.69 149,000 4 7.48 14, 400 7.00 12,300 6 78 11,500 6.62 10,700 15.35 66,000 23.00 153,000 6 7.35 14. 000 6.E 5 12,300 6. 75 11, E 00 6.71 11,100 15.76 69, 4C 0 23.23 156,000 8 7.26 13, 600 6.98 12,300 6 67 11,100 6.82 ll>5dO 16.40 74,600 23.38 158,000 10 7.22 13, 100 6.E 8 12,30 0 6. 58 10,7 00 7.30 13,600 16.98 80, OC 0 23.42 158,000 M 7.20 13, 100 6.£ 8 12,300 6. 49 10,300 8.55 19,500 17.55 86,000 23.38 158,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 23.30 157, 000 18.47 96,000 12. 27 42,400 12.41 43,100 10.87 32,800 9.56 24,800 4 23.15 156, 000 17. E 0 89,20 0 12 20 41, 1 00 12.45 43,100 10.66 31,50 0 9.53 24,200 6 22.93 152, 000 17.30 83,000 12. 15 41,700 12.46 43,800 10.60 30,800 9.48 24,200 8 22.67 149, 000 16.70 77,300 12 12 41,000 12.42 43,100 10.49 30,200 9.43 23,600 10 22.37 145,000 15.98 71,100 12 07 41,000 12.33 42,400 10.36 29,600 9.44 23,600 N 22.00 140, 000 15.] 0 63,600 12 07 41, C 00 12.20 41,700 10.23 28, 3C0 9.42 23,600 2 21.57 135, 000 14.40 58,100 12. 10 41,000 12.00 40,300 10.04 27 100 9.39 23,600 4 21.10 128, 000 13.56 52,000 12 14 41,000 11.80 38,900 9.95 27,100 9.34 23,100 6 20.62 122, 000 13.] 0 48,200 12 18 41, r 00 11.60 37,500 9.88 26, 5C 0 9.32 23, 100 8 20.10 115, 000 12.75 46,000 12. 25 41,700 11.37 36,100 9.78 25,900 9.26 23,100 10 19.57 109, 000 12. J>7 44,600 12 32 42,4 00 11.21 34,800 9.67 25 3C 0 9.20 22,600 M 19.05 102, 000 12.38 43,100 12 37 43,100 11.02 33,400 9.63 24,800 9.14 22,000 JAMES RIVER BASIN 141

Dunlap Creek near Covington, Va«

Location.- Lat. 37°48', long. 80°3', at highway bridge 2 miles below Ogle Creek and 3 miles west of Covington, Alleghany County. Zero of gage is 1,294.21 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 166 square miles. Gage-Height record.- Twice-daily gage readings except for period Mar. 8-25, when a graph was used based on twice-daily gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-4, 7-13. Defined by current-meter measurements below 4,500 second-feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity- area study near control section; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 1936! Discharge, 8,370 second-feet 5 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 10.52 feet, from flood marks}. 1928-35: Maximum observed discharge, 7,250 second-feet (revised) Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 9.70 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 70 262 306 11 70 124 648 21 393 1,810 128 2 60 215 377 12 60 144 482 ?.?. 279 1,150 122 3 50 200 504 13 100 165 377 23 215 1,170 113 4 100 173 377 14 3,900 178 306 24 200 1,140 103 5 262 163 323 15 2,980 204 259 25 200 770 96 6 186 158 1,160 16 1,440 229 230 26 436 527 95 7 130 148 1,040 17 920 6,070 203 27 480 862 90 S 100 133 550 18 2,010 2,630 178 28 414 1,300 86 9 90 124 460 19 920 1,060 155 29 314 752 82 10 80 119 920 20 548 1,040 144 30 504 80 31 377

'Z'Z'T " m-off , in Inches...... 3.81 5.35 2.24 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 J3 Feet Sec . ft . Feet See . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. S March S March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 1.96 139 1.91 128 1.87 120 1.86 118 1.94 135 2.04 158 4 1.95 137 1.90 126 1.87 120 1.88 118 1.95 137 2.05 160 6 1.94 135 1.90 126 1.87 120 1.86 118 1.96 139 2.06 163 8 1.93 133 1.90 126 1.87 120 1.86 118 1.96 139 2.06 163 10 1.93 133 1.89 124 1.86 118 1.88 122 1.97 141 2.07 166 N 1.93 133 1.89 124 1.86 118 1.89 124 1.98 144 2.07 166 2 1.92 130 1.88 122 1.86 118 1.90 126 1.99 146 2.08 168 4 1.92 130 1.88 122 1.86 118 1.92 130 2.00 148 2.08 168 6 1.92 130 1.88 122 1.86 118 1.92 130 2.00 148 2.08 168 8 1.92 130 1.88 122 1.86 118 1 . QOJ7|5 130 2.01 150 2.O9 170 10 1.91 128 1.87 120 1.86 118 1.93 133 2.02 153 2,09 170 M 1.91 128 1.87 120 1.86 118 1.94 135 2.03 156 2.09 170 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 2.10 173 2.14 186 2.28 230 2.72 372 7.60 4,500 4.40 1,300 4 2.10 173 2.15 186 2.27 215 5.46 2,190 6.98 3,780 4.29 1,230 6 2.10 173 2.18 200 2.27 215 8.60 5,780 6.47 3,200 4.20 1,160 8 2.11 173 2.19 200 2.27 215 9.45 6,830 6.15 2,870 4.12 1,100 10 2.11 173 2.21 200 2.28 230 9.83 7,390 5.8V 2,570 4.04 1,040 N 2.12 173 2.22 200 2.28 230 10.08 7,810 5.60 2,280 3.98 1,040 2 2.12 173 2.25 215 2.28 230 10.35 8,230 5.37 2,100 3.92 980 4 2.13 186 2.26 215 2.30 230 10.51 8,370 5.15 1,920 3.86 980 6 2.13 186 2.27 215 2.31 230 10.41 8,230 4.98 1,760 3.82 920 8 2.13 186 2.27 215 2.33 246 10.08 7,810 4.81 1,600 3.82 920 10 2.13 186 2.27 215 0.33 246 9.40 6,830 4.64 1,440 3.85 920 11 2.13 186 2.27 215 2.34 246 8.50 5,650 4.50 1,370 3.90 980 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 3.98 1,040 5.29 2,010 4.25 1,160 4.00 1,040 4.02 1,040 3.80 920 4 4.01 1,040 5.66 2,370 4.35 1,300 4.30 1,230 4.25 1,160 3.75 920 6 4.04 1,040 5.77 2,470 4.40 1,300 4.53 1,370 4.45 1,300 3.70 862 8 4.04 1,040 5.60 2,280 4.40 1,300 4.60 1,440 4.48 1,370 3.62 806 10 4.01 1,040 5.38 2,100 4.37 1,300 4.51 1,370 4.40 1,300 3.55 806 N 3.S5 1,040 5.15 1,920 4.28 1,230 4.40 1,300 4.30 1,230 3.50 752 2 3.87 980 4.93 1,680 4.18 1,160 4.27 1,230 4.20 1,160 3.43 700 4 3.80 920 4.75 1,600 4.06 1,100 4.13 1,100 4.10 1,100 3.39 700 6 3.75 920 4.57 1,440 3.95 1,040 4.01 1,040 4.03 1,040 3.35 700 8 3.8V 980 4.40 1,300 3.85 920 3.94 980 3,96 1,040 3.31 648 10 4.15 1,160 4.27 1,230 3.80 920 3.86 980 3.90 980 3.28 648 11 4.69 1,52.0 4.24 1,160 3.82 920 3.88 980 3.85 920 3.25 623

Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 5 p.m., 10.52 ft., 8,370 sec.-ft. 142 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Potts Creek near Covlngton, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°44', long. 80° 2 ' , at highway bridge a quarter of a mile above Hays Creek and 3 miles southwest of Covlngton, Alleghany County. Zero of gage is 1,257.61 feet above mean aea level. Drainage area.- 158 square miles. gage-height record.- Twice-daily gage readings except for period Mar. 8-25, when a graph was used based on twice-daily gage readings, flood mark, and comparisons with stage graphs of nearby stations. Gage not read Mar. 31. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by Ice Feb. 1-4, 7-12. Defined by current-meter measurements below 4,000 second-feet and extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparisons of the Instantaneous peak flow and total run-off of flood with other determinations on streams in the upper James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 8,570 second-feet 4 p. m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 9.52 feet, from flood marks). 1928-35: Maximum discharge observed, about 9,710 second-feet Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 10.10 feet). Remarks.- Discharge for period of ice effect and for Mar. 31 computed on basis of weather records, observer's notes, and record for stations on Dunlap Creek near Covington and James River at Lick Run.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 110 288 464 11 100 169 643 21 606 1,680 188 2 100 277 464 12 120 161 606 22 570 1,320 184 3 90 267 451 13 214 184 534 23 374 1,180 169 4 130 247 438 14 1,960 183 411 24 299 978 154 5 165 223 444 15 2,500 186 386 25 282 978 140 6 154 210 1,030 16 1,230 188 332 26 293 870 134 7 140 201 1,310 17 1,030 4,710 299 27 327 910 128 8 130 188 718 18 950 2,660 252 28 321 910 118 9 120 180 680 19 680 1,370 228 29 299 870 113 10 110 173 830 20 643 1,270 210 30 755 108 31 550 484 785 406 3.30 5.73 2.87

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 § Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Ho March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.21 192 2.19 184 2.17 177 2.16 173 2.13 161 2.18 180 4 2.20 188 2.19 184 2.16 173 2.16 173 2.13 161 2.19 184 6 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.16 173 2.16 173 2.12 158 2.19 184 8 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.16 173 2.16 173 2.12 158 2.20 188 10 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.16 173 2.16 173 2.12 158 2.20 188 H 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.16 173 2.16 173 2.12 158 2,20 188 2 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.16 173 2.15 169 2.12 158 2.20 188 4 2.20 188 2.17 177 2.16 173 2.14 165 2.12 158 2.19 184 6 2.20 188 2.17 177 2.16 173 2.14 165 2.12 158 2.18 180 8 2.19 184 2.17 177 2.16 173 2.14 165 2.14 165 2.18 180 10 2.19 184 2.17 177 2.16 173 2.13 161 2.15 169 2.18 180 H 2.19 184 2.17 177 2.16 173 2.13 161 2.17 177 2.18 180 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 2.18 180 2.20 188 2.20 185 2.20 188 6.47 3,830 4.33 1,710 4 2.18 180 2.20 188 2.20 188 2.25 210 5.95 3,270 4.20 1,630 6 2.18 180 2.20 188 2.20 188 2.95 643 5.60 2,870 4.10 1,550 8 2.18 180 2.20 188 2.20 188 5.55 2,870 5.40 2,680 4.02 1,470 10 2.18 180 2.20 188 2.20 188 7.76 5,640 5.28 2,590 3.94 1,390 N 2.18 180 2.20 188 2.20 188 8.65 6,960 5.20 2,500 3.85 1,310 2 2.19 184 2.19 184 2.20 188 9.22 8,020 5.10 2,410 3.77 1,310 4 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.20 188 9.52 8,570 4.98 2,320 3.70 1,230 6 2.20 188 2.18 180 2.20 188 9.20 8,020 4.84 2,140 3.63 1,150 8 2.20 188 2.19 184 2.20 188 8.65 6,960 4.70 2,050 3.59 1,150 10 2.20 188 2.20 188 2.20 188 7.98 5,960 4.56 1,960 3.54 1,070 H 2.20 188 2.20 188 2.20 188 7.20 4,740 4.43 1,790 3.49 1,070 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 3.48 1,070 4.58 1,960 3.84 1,310 3.73 1,230 3.43 1,030 3.54 1,070 4 3.50 1,070 4.71 2,050 3.85 1,310 3.72 1,230 3.40 990 3.53 1,070 6 3.52 1,070 4.73 2,050 3.86 1,390 3.71 1,230 3.37 950 3.50 1,070 8 3.59 1,150 4.62 1,960 3.86 1,390 3.70 1,230 3.33 950 3.45 1,030 10 3.70 1,230 4.42 1,790 3.85 1,310 3.68 1,230 3.33 950 3.40 990 N 3.79 1,310 4.27 1,710 3.84 1,310 3.66 1,230 3.33 950 3.38 990 2 3.80 1,310 4.12 1,550 3.83 1,310 3.64 1,150 3.33 950 3.34 950 4 3.81 1,310 4.00 1,470 3.82 1,310 3.61 1,150 3.34 950 3.32 910 6 3.85 1,310 3.89 1,390 3.80 1,310 3.59 1,150 3.35 950 3.30 910 8 3.98 1,470 3.83 1,310 3.78 1,310 3.55 1,150 3.40 990 3.28 910 10 4.13 1,550 3.80 1,310 3.7"5 1,310 3.50 1,070 3.45 1,030 3.26 870 M 4.38 1,790 3.82 1,310 3.74 1,230 3.47 1,030 3.52 1,070 3,24 870 JAMES RIVER BASIN 143

Cowpasture River near Clifton Forge, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°48', long. 79°46', at iron highway bridge li miles above junction with Jackson River and 4 miles southeast of Clifton Forge, Alleghany County. Zero of gage is 1,006.93 feet above mean sea level, Drainage area«- 456 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 3,500 second- feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study near control section; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- feet) 1936: Discharge, 22,400 second-feet 1:30 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 18.6

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 290 1,290 890 11 255 551 1,910 21 1,090 3,730 502 2 278 1,090 1,040 12 232 710 1,500 ?.?. 862 2,560 463 3 262 960 1,460 13 255 800 1,330 23 698 1,860 434 4 315 830 1,010 14 1,820 746 1,100 24 629 1,660 406 5 400 800 860 15 3,850 658 950 25 734 1,540 379 6 395 800 3,370 16 3,100 606 830 2R 2,410 a, 290 360 7 251 746 3,850 17 1,960 7,370 740 27 3,620 1,400 342 8 255 658 1,860 18 2,980 15,600 658 28 2,760 2,000 329 9 274 583 1,500 19 2,370 4,510 594 29 1,660 1,620 313 10 298 551 2,560 20 1,500 3,180 542 30 1,300 300 31 1,070 1,235 1 n«7Q 2.92 5.14 2.64 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at iniicated time, 19 36 Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. |o w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3,48 698 3.34 617 3.25 567 3.21 545 3.30 594 3.64 800 4 3.46 687 3.33 611 3.24 562 3.21 545 3.34 617 3.65 800 6 3.45 681 3.31 600 3.23 556 3.22 551 3.38 640 3.66 800 8 3.43 669 3.30 594 3.22 551 3.22 551 3.43 669 3.68 830 10 3.42 664 3.29 589 3.22 551 3.22 551 3.50 710 3.69 830 N 3.40 652 3.28 583 3.21 545 3.22 551 3.53 728 3.69 830 2 3.39 646 3.28 583 3.20 540 3.22 551 3.56 746 3.69 830 4 3.38 640 3.27 578 3.20 540 3.22 551 3.59 764 3.69 830 6 3.37 635 3.26 572 3.20 540 3.22 551 3.61 770 3.68 830 8 3.36 629 3.26 572 3.19 535 3.23 556 3.62 770 3.67 800 10 3.35 623 3.26 572 3.19 535 3.25 567 3.63 800 3.66 800 M 3.35 623 3.25 567 3.20 540 3.27 578 3.64 800 3.64 800 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3,63 800 3.46 687 3.35 623 3.33 611 18.56 22,400 9,05 6,270 4 3.62 770 3.45 681 3.35 623 3.40 652 17.70 20,700 8.61 5,730 6 3.60 770 3.43 669 3.34 617 4.13 1,120 16.68 18,900 8.22 5,210 8 3.58 758 3.42 664 3.34 617 6.90 3,620 16.00 17,600 7.86 4,820 10 3.57 752 3.41 658 3.33 611 7.95 4,950 15.66 17,100 7.56 4,450 N 3.56 746 3.40 652 3.32 606 8.07 5,080 15.32 16,300 7.31 4,090 2 3.55 740 3.39 646 3.31 600 10.00 7,670 14.74 15,300 7.11 3,850 4 3.54 734 3.38 640 3.31 600 12.15 11,000 13.95 14,000 6.96 3,730 6 3.52 722 3.37 635 3.31 600 13.58 13,400 13.00 12,400 6.86 3,62Q 8 3.51 716 3.36 629 3.30 594 14.46 14,900 11.85 12,000 6.80 3,510 10 3.49 704 3.36 629 3.30 594 14.95 15,800 10.55 8,570 6.75 3,510 M 3.48 698 3.35 623 3.31 600 17.56 20,500 9.62 7,110 6.72 3,400 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.70 3,400 7.03 3,730 6.35 3,070 5.28 2,000 5,00 1,740 4.85 1,620 4 6.68 3,400 7.10 3,850 6.23 2,860 5.20 1,910 4,98 1,740 4.84 1,620 6 6.66 3,400 7.05 3,730 6.16 2,860 5.15 1,860 4.94 1,700 4.83 1,620 8 6.65 3,290 7.04 3,730 6.10 2,760 5.11 1,820 4.90 1,660 4.83 1,620 10 6.60 3,290 7.13 3,850 6.02 2,660 5.10 1,820 4.86 1,620 4.82 1,580 N 6.55 3,290 7.20 3,970 5.93 2,560 5.13 1,860 4.85 1,620 4.78 1,580 2 6.45 3,070 7.22 3,970 5.81 2,460 5.17 1,860 4.85 1,620 4.75 1,540 ' 46 6.35 3,070 7.16 3,970 5.72 2,860 5.18 1,910 4.87 1,620 4.72 1,500 6.26 2,960 7.06 3,850 5.61 2,270 5.17 1,860 4.91 1,660 4.68 1,500 8 6.22 2,860 6.89 3,620 5.52 2,180 5.14 1,860 4.90 1,660 4.65 1,460 10 6.38 3,070 6.69 3,400 5.43 2,140 5.10 1,820 4.90 1,660 4.61 1,430 M 6.77 3,510 6.50 3,180 5.35 2,040 5.05 1,780 4.88 1,660 4.57 1,400 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 1:30 a.m., 18.62 ft., 22,400 sec.-ft. 144 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AMD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Cralg Creek at Parr, Va.

Location.- 37°39 1 55n , long.. 79°54'40", at Chesapeake % Ohio Railway bridge 600 feet from Parr, Botetourt County, and 12 miles above mouth. Zero of gage Is 992.50 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 331 square miles. Qage-height Teeord.- Gage read twice dally. A graph was constructed for the period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 7-13. Defined by current-meter meas­ urements below 5,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 17,000 second-feet 5 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 14.26 feet, from flood marks). 1925-35S Maximum discharge observed, 21,500 second-feet (revised) Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 15.85 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 260 412 688 11 220 249 1,360 21 865 4,710 342 2 342 388 790 12 260 306 1,100 22 688 2,470 321 3 280 365 1,360 13 400 362 902 23 568 1,680 342 4 300 365 980 14 3,750 349 755 24 488 1,390 300 5 365 321 790 15 6,420 323 625 25 462 1,200 280 6 342 300 1,360 16 2,800 303 568 26 436 980 -260 7 320 280 2,550 17 1,860 5,500 514 27 462 1,100 260 8 280 272 1,360 18 2,080 11,800 436 28 488 1,650 256 9 260 253 1,100 19 1,650 3,040 412 29 436 1,450 242 10 240 252 2,430 20 1,180 2,210 365 30 1,100 227 31 865 983 Run-off, in Inches...... 3.20 5.20 2.61 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. si March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.57 280 4.50 260 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.55 280 4.70 342 4 4.57 280 4.50 260 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.57 280 4.72 342 6 4.56 280 4.50 260 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.58 300 4.73 365 8 4.55 280 4.49 256 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.59 300 4.74 365 10 4.55 280 4.49 256 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.60 300 4.75 365 N 4.54 280 4.48 253 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.60 300 4.76 365 2 4.53 280 4.48 253 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.62 300 4.77 365 4 4.52 260 4.45 242 4.48 253 4.46 245 4.64 321 4.77 365 6 4.52 260 4.47 249 4.47 249 4.47 249 4.66 321 4.77 365 8 4.52 260 4.46 245 4.47 249 4.50 260 4.67 321 4.77 365 10 4.52 260 4.47 249 4.47 249 4.51 260 4.68 342 4.78 388 M 4.52 260 4.48 253 4.47 249 4.53 280 4.68 342 4.76 365 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.75 365 4.68 342 4.62 300 4.73 365 14.00 16,200 8.40 4,050 4 4.75 365 4.67 321 4.62 300 4.90 436 14.25 16,800 8.07 3,610 6 4.74 365 4.66 321 4.62 300 5.30 655 14.25 16,800 7.80 3,190 8 4.72 342 4.65 321 4.62 300 6.15 1,360 13.80 15,700 7.63 2,930 10 4.72 342 4.64 321 4.62 300 7.10 2,310 13.25 14,100 7.50 2,800 N 4.72 342 4.64 321 4.62 300 8.15 3,750 12.55 12,600 7.41 2,670 2 4.71 342 4.64 321 4.61 300 9.30 5,500 11.88 10,900 7.39 2,670 4 4.70 342 4.63 321 4.61 300 10.60 8,010 11.15 9,290 7.40 2,670 6 4.69 342 4.63 321 4.61 300 11.60 10,200 10.45 7,600 7.45 2,670 8 4.68 342 4.63 321 4.62 300 12.40 12,100 9.85 6,420 7.47 2,800 10 4.68 342 4.63 321 4.64 321 13.03 13,600 9.33 5,500 7.45 2,670 H 4.68 342 4.62 300 4.65 321 13.60 15,100 8.88 4,830 7.38 2,670 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 7.34 2,550 7.82 3,190 7.78 3,190 6.70 1,860 6.33 1,450 6.12 1,270 4 7.25 2,430 8.57 4,350 7.60 2,930 6.66 1,860 6.30 1,450 6.11 1,270 6 7.16 2,430 9.13 5,160 7.44 2,670 6.62 1,750 6.28 1,450 6.10 1,270 8 7.10 2,310 9.42 5,680 7.34 2,550 6.57 1,750 6.26 1,450 6.05 1,180 10 7.05 2,190 9.56 6,040 7.25 2,430 6.53 1,650 6.25 1,360 6.03 1,180 N 6.98 2,190 9.55 6,040 7.15 2,430 6.50 1,650 6.24 1,366 6.02 1,180 2 6.92 2,080 9.36 5,680 7.10 2,310 6.47 1,650 6.22 1,360 6.00 1,180 4 6.85 1,970 9.05 4,980 7.02 2,190 6.44 1,550 6.19 1,360 5.98 1,180 6 6.80 1,970 8.77 4,670 6.97 2,190 6.41 1,550 6.17 1,360 5.96 1,180 8 6.76 1,970 8.48 4,200 6.90 2,080 6.40 1,550 6.16 1,360 5.96 1,180 10 6.79 1,970 8.22 3,750 6.83 1,970 6.39 1,550 6.14 1,270 5.93 1,100 H 7.05 2,190 8.00 3,470 6.77 1,970 6.37 1,550 6.14 1,270 5.87 1,100 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 5 a.m., 14.26 ft., 17,000 sec.-ft. JAMES RIVER BASIN 145

Johns Creek at Newcastle, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°30«, long. 80°6«, at highway bridge 500 feet east of town limits of Newcastle, Craig County, and a quarter of a mile above mouth. Drainage area.- 106 square milea. Sage-height 'FicorcU- Gage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for the period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs at nearby stations. S tage rd is charge r e lat i on. - Affected by ice Feb. 10-12. Defined by current-meter meas­ urements below 3,200 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 4,340 second-feet 11:30 a.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 9.7 feet, from graph based on gage readings). 1926-35: Maximum discharge observed, 6,000 second-feet Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 10.80 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 146 131 254 11 70 88 390 21 295 1,190 110 2 89 124 317 12 60 99 340 ?,?, 224 742 116 3 109 131 390 l?i 72 96 295 23 215 600 116 4 109 116 317 14 2,370 91 254 24 162 449 91 5 124 102 274 15 1,840 88 224 25 162 389 86 6 96 96 650 16 790 98 188 26 162 340 86 7 77 89 695 17 740 2,560 162 27 179 525 86 8 72 81 455 18 345 1,400 146 2fl 170 605 75 9 89 77 790 19 605 758 131 29 146 420 70 10 80 77 565 20 365 907 116 30 317 70 31 274 361 421 262 Run-off , in inches ...... 3.68 4.58 2.76 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Peet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. ao M March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.67 83 3.60 77 3.60 77 3.59 77 3.79 102 3.77 96 4 3,66 83 3.60 77 3.61 77 3.60 77 3.79 102 3.77 96 6 3.65 83 3.60 77 3.62 77 3,61 77 3.79 102 3.76 96 8 3.65 83 3.60 77 3.62 77 3,64 83 3.79 102 3.75 96 10 3,64 83 3.60 77 3.61 77 3.67 83 3.79 102 3.74 96 N 3.64 83 3.60 77 3.60 77 3.70 89 3.78 102 3,74 96 2 3.64 83 3.60 77 3.60 77 3.73 96 3,77 96 3.74 96 4 3.63 83 3.60 77 3.60 77 3.75 96 3.77 96 3.74 96 6 3.62 77 3.60 77 3.59 77 3.76 96 3,77 96 3.74 96 8 5.60 77 3,60 77 3.58 77 3,76 96 3.77 96 3.74 96 10 3.60 77 3.60 77 3.57 72 3,78 102 3.77 96 3,74 96 M 3.60 77 3.60 77 3.58 77 3.79 102 3.77 96 3,74 96 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3.74 96 3.71 89 3,66 83 4.92 295 7.67 1,840 6,40 845 4 3.73 96 3,70 89 3.66 83 6.20 740 7.55 1,740 6.25 740 6 3.73 96 3.70 89 3.65 83 7.60 1,740 7.40 1,560 .6.16 740 8 3.72 89 3,70 89 3.65 83 8,80 3,110 7.34 1,470 6.15 740 10 3.72 89 3.70 89 3,65 83 9.58 4,200 7,30 1,470 6.15 740 N 3.72 89 3.69 89 3.65 83 9.67 4 ,-340 7.23 1,390 6.15 740 2 3.72 89 3.69 89 3.65 83 9.40 3,920 7.15 1,390 6.15 740 4 3.71 89 3.68 89 3.70 89 9.05 3,370 7.05 1,230 6.15 740 6 3.71 89 3,68 89 3.80 102 8.72 2,980 6.92 1,160 6.18 740 8 3.71 89 3,67 83 3.90 116 8.41 2,610 6.80 1,090 6.20 740 10 3.71 89 3.67 83 4.10 146 8.12 2,260 6.66 1,020 6.25 740 15 3.71 89 3.67 83 4.35 188 7.90 2,040 6.50 900 6.26 790 Marcf. 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.32 790 7.21 1,390 6.25 740 6,15 740 5.55 490 5.42 420 4 6.38 845 7.35 1,560 6.23 740 6.10 695 5,54 455 5.40 420 6 6.41 845 7.39 1,560 6.20 74j 6.07 695 5.52 455 5.40 420 8 6.45 845 7,29 1,470 6.19 740 5.98 650 5.50 455 5.37 420 10 6.48 900 7.15 1,S90 6.16 740 5.92 605 5.49 455 5,33 390 N 6.48 900 6.95 1.230 6.15 740 5.86 605 5,49 455 5.31 390 2 6,48 900 6.79 1,090 6.15 740 5.79 565 5.47 455 5.26 390 4 6.49 900 6.65 960 6.15 740 5.74 525 5.46 455 5.21 365 6 6.52 900 6.52 900 6.16 740 5.69 525 5.45 420 5.17 365 8 6.65 960 6.45 845 6.19 740 5.65 490 5.44 420 5,15 365 10 6.80 1,090 6.39 845 6.18 740 5.60 490 5.43 420 5.12 340 H 7,00 1,230 6.32 790 6.16 740 5.59 490 5.42 420 5.10 340 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11:30 a.m., 9.7 ft., 4,340 sec.-ft. 146 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AW) UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Oatawba Creek near Fincastle, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°33'0", long. 79°50'5n , at highway bridge at Kyles Mills, 4 miles northeast of Fincastle, Botetourt County. Zero of gage is 994.05 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 104 square miles. Sage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. No record Feb. 8, 15. Stage graph con­ structed for period liar. 8-25, from gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 2,000 second- fee't; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and com­ parison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 19368 Discharge. 3,300 second-feet 4s30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 14.27 feet, from flood marks). 1928-35: Maximum discharge observed, about 6,000 second-feet Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 18.02 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 8, 16 determined on basis of weather records and records for Johns Creek at Newcastle and Craig Creek at Parr.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 98 119 188 11 93 64 309 21 310 520 110 2 93 108 295 12 103 99 295 22 216 530 110 3 93 108 281 13 338 103 267 23 153 390 110 4 103 98 227 14 lj48Q 89 214 24 130 310 98 5 93 98 442 15 1,690 79 188 25 136 261 381 6 83 93 426 Ifi 1^.220 255 163 2R 141 227 188 7 93 83 381 1.7 411 1,750 133 27 147 267 93 8 90 73 267 1.8 474 1,320 127 28 136 337 78 9 83 56 267 19 352 584 127 29 124 323 78 JQ 78 50 309 20 324 260 115 30 267 7B 31 227 306 295 Run-off , in inches ...... 3.17 3.27 2.28 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. | s March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.59 78 2.47 64 2.27 48 2.28 52 2.61 78 2.93 114 4 2.58 78 2.46 64 2.28 52 2.32 52 2.65 83 2.90 108 6 2.57 74 2.45 64 2.30 52 2.35 56 2.68 88 2.88 108 8 2.56 74 2.42 60 2.32 52 2.40 60 2.72 88 2.86 103 10 2.55 74 2.40 60 2.31 52 2.41 60 2.78 98 2.84 103 N 2.54 74 2.35 56 2.30 52 2.45 64 2.82 98 2.83 103 2 2.53 74 2.32 52 2.29 52 2.47 64 2.86 103 2.82 98 4 2.53 69 2.30 52 2.28 52 2.52 69 2.90 108 2.80 98 6 2.50 69 2.27 48 2.27 48 2.54 74 2.93 114 2.80 98 8 2.50 69 2.25 48 2.26 48 2.56 74 2.96 114 2.80 98 10 2.49 69 2.25 48 2.26 48 2.58 78 2.98 119 2.79 98 M 2.48 69 2.26 48 2.27 48 2.60 78 2.96 114 2.78 98 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 2.77 93 2.62 78 3.12 130 5.95 544 S.1.12 1,760 7.83 890 4 2.76 93 2.60 78 3.30 153 6.50 634 L0.70 1,630 7.54 830 6 2.75 93 2.60 78 3.47 177 7.15 770 10.32 1,510 7.25 770 8 2.74 93 2.59 78 3.64 190 8.00 930 LO.OO 1,420 6.88 710 10 2.73 93 2.55 74 3.83 216 9.35 1,250 9.72 1,330 6.52 634 N 2.72 88 2.51 69 4.02 242 LI. 10 1,760 9.45 1,250 6.08 562 2 2.70 88 2.48 69 4.20 268 L3.50 2,820 9.20 1,200 5.64 474 4 2.68 88 2,50 69 4.40 296 14.24 3,240 8.96 1,150 5.22 411 6 2.67 83 2.56 74 4.62 324 L3.83 3,000 8.75 1,100 5.00 381 8 2.66 83 2.65 83 4.88 366 L3.00 2,570 8.55 1,050 4.83 351 10 2.65 83 2.80 98 5.19 411 12.28 2,240 8.31 990 4.75 351 M 2.64 83 2.95 114 5.50 458 11.65 1,960 8.09 950 4.85 351 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.00 381 3.90 227 6,68 670 5.22 411 4.87 366 4.22 267 4 5.03 381 4.24 267 6.45 616 5.18 411 4.85 351 4.21 267 6 4.90 366 4.60 323 6.25 580 5.16 411 4,78 351 4.20 267 8 4.64 323 5.00 381 6.10 562 5.10 396 4.64 323 4.20 267 10 4.36 295 5.43 442 5.95 544 5.07 396 4.53 309 4.18 267 N 4.05 240 5.88 526 5.82 508 5.03 381 4,43 295 4.16 267 2 3.76 214 6.33 598 5.71 490 5.00 381 4.35 295 4.15 267 4 3.51 175 6.80 690 5.60 474 4.98 381 4.34 281 4.14 253 6 3.35 163 7.15 770 5.50 458 4.95 381 4.28 281 4.11 253 8 3.34 151 7.30 790 5.42 442 4.90 366 4.26 281 4.10 253 10 3.42 163 7.17 770 5.35 442 4.88 366 4.24 267 4.08 253 M 3.63 188 6.95 730 5.30 426 4.87 366 4.23 267 4.05 240 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 4:30 p.m., 14.27 ft., 3,300 sec.-ft. JAMES RIVER BASIN 147

Calfpasture River (formerly called North River) at Goshen, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°59'10n , long. 79°29'38", at highway bridge at Goshen, Rockbridge County, 500 feet below mouth of Mill Creek. Zero of gage is 1,381.69 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 190 square miles. Sage-height record.- Twice-daily gage readings except for period Mar, 8-25, when a graph was used based on twice-daily gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs at nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 9-12. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 2,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near con­ trol section; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 12,200 second-feet 11 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 11.71 feet, from flood marks). 1925-35: Maximum observed discharge, 8,370 second-feet (revised) Oct. 17, 1932 (gage height, 9.75 feet).

Bean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. I3ay Feb. Mav. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 169 690 360 11 60 308 960 21 630 1,910 156 2 142 540 460 12 60 568 750 22 455 1,320 142 3 87 455 460 13 76 578 630 23 338 1,080 129 4 108 374 360 14 239 477 515 24 292 971 115 5 142 338 316 15 1,290 388 410 25 322 802 107 6 114 322 1,850 16 2,020 348 360 26 780 630 101 7 74 297 1,650 17 1,220 6,360 295 27 1,600 690 97 8 128 272 890 18 1,290 6,490 240 28 1,440 960 90 9 100 249 690 19 1,600 1,880 207 29 1,010 750 83 10 80 229 1,280 20 1,010 1,710 180 30 570 80 31 460 Mean nonthlv UsehsTcr B. 1n sftf»r»nH- f 0A 4- 582 1,065 465 3.30 6.47 2.73 Qage height, in feet, and discharge, Ln second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Seo . ft . Feet Sec. ft. o£ W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.56 277 2.52 258 2. 48 239 2.43 216 2.98 510 3.16 600 4 2.56 277 2.52 258 2. 47 234 2,45 225 3.01 510 3.16 600 6 j!.56 277 2.E 2 258 2,47 £ 34 2,47 234 3.04 540 3,15 600 8 2,56 277 2.52 258 2.46 250 2.50 248 3.08 570 3.14 600 10 2.56 277 2.51 253 2. 46 230 2,54 268 3.10 570 3,13 600 N 2.55 272 2,50 248 2. 46 230 2 .-59 292 3,12 570 3.12 570 2 £2.54 268 2,4 9 243 2, 4o £ 30 2.63 312 3.14 600 3.11 570 4 £2.54 268 2,4 8 239 2. 4q £ 30 2.70 348 3.16 600 3.10 570 6 2,54 268 2.48 239 2. 45 225 2.76 374 3,17 600 3.08 570 8 2.54 268 2.48 239 2.44 220 2^82 400 3,16 600 3,07 540 10 2.54 268 2.48 239 2.43 216 2.87 428 3.16 600 3.06 540 M 2.53 263 2.48 239 2. 42 211 2.93 482 3.16 600 3.05 540 March 14 March 15 Mar oh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3.02 510 2.82 400 2.72 348 2.69 343 11,48 11,700 5.81 2,290 4 15,00 510 2.e 1 400 2. 72 2>48 3.08 570 11.16 11,100 5,70 2,180 6 \2.99 510 2.6 0 400 2.72 1>48 4.90 1,840 10.70 10,100 5.60 2.070 8 2.98 510 2.80 400 2, 72 348 6.90 3,960 10.13 8-.920 5,50 1,960 10 2.96 482 2.79 400 2.71 348 8.30 5,880 9.03 6,980 5.41 1^850 K £>.94 482 Z.I 8 400 2. 71 -48 9.15 7,320 7,97 5,330 5.34 1,750 2 2.92 455 2.77 374 2. 71 348 9.72 8,190 7.30 4,260 5.26 1,750 4 2.90 455 2.76 374 2. 70 348 10.13 8,920 6,80 3,550 5.20 1,650 6 £J.88 455 2.1 5 374 2.70 2>48 10.59 9,880 6.50 3,150 5.13 1,550 8 2.86 428 2.74 374 2.70 348 11.26 11,300 6,27 2,890 5,16 1,650 10 2.84 428 2.73 374 2.70 348 11.64 12,000 6.12 2,650 5,23 1,650 M 2.83 428 2.72 348 2.70 348 11.65 12,000 5.96 2,530 5.38 1,850 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.50 1, 960 5.60 2^070 5. 05 1.460 4.56 1,120 4,44 1,000 4.30 890 4 I>,51 1, 960 5,7 3 2,180 5. 04 M 60 4.58 1,120 4.43 1,000 4.28 890 6 5.47 1,960 5.80 2,290 5. 02 1,460 4.59 1,120 4.44 1,000 4,26 855 8 5.40 1 850 5.75 2,290 5. 00 1,460 4.60 1,120 4.45 1,000 4.25 855 10 5.32 1, 760 5.63 2,070 4. 95 1-460 4.58 1,120 4.43 1,000 4,20 820 K I>.22 1, 650 5,£ 3 1,960 4.90 1,270 4.55 1,120 4,42 960 4.15 785 2 t>.14 1, 550 5.4 0 1,850 4. 80 1,2 80 4.53 1,040 4,41 960 4.13 785 4 5.10 1, 550 5.30 1,750 4.70 1,200 4.50 1,040 4.40 960 4,10 750 6 5.03 1, 460 5.22 1,650 4. 65 1,120 4.48 1T040 4,39 960 4.08 750 8 5.00 460 5.15 1,650 4.60 1,120 4.47 1,000 4.37 925 4.06 720 10 5.10 i' 550 5.10 1,550 4,56 1,120 4.46 1,000 4.35 925 4.04 720 M 5.32 i; 750 5.06 1,550 4,55 1,120 4.45 1,000 4,33 925 4.02 690 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11 p.m., 11.71 ft., 12,200 sec.-ft. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AMD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

North River at Roekbridge Baths, Va.

Location.- Lat. 370 54'26N , long. 790 25 I 20N , 700 feet above highway bridge at Roekbridge Baths, Roekbr_ idgeu _ County,____ and 1 mile above Hays Creek. Zero of gage is 1,100.33 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 329 square miles

extended to peaic stage oy velocity-area stuay near control section; verinea oy co parison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other gaged areas in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 20,800 second-feet midnight Mar. 17 (gage height, 13.07 feet)c 1928-35! Discharge, 11,500 second-feet (revised) Jan. 23, 1935 (gage height, 10.08 feet).re***- \

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 242 858 622 11 165 426 1,560 21 858 3,540 321 2 266 712 878 12 166 760 1,280 22 655 2,340 289 3 222 633 1,060 13 184 806 1,060 23 517 1,740 262 4 277 569 760 14 1,480 678 858 24 538 1,480 238 5 308 517 672 15 3,150 574 718 25 724 1,240 222 6 212 491 3,230 16 2,450 522 633 26 1,700 960 212 7 193 461 2,750 17 1,560 8,950 528 27 2,340 1,060 196 8 163 417 1,440 18 2,730 12,000 461 28 1,650 1,440 184 9 209 383 1,320 19 1,880 3,540 402 29 1,100 1,240 178 10 178 347 2,180 20 1,170 3,090 356 30 960 169 31 760 941 Run-off, in inches ...... 3.08 6.05 2.83 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet FSec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. So w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.50 436 2.42 398 2.34 360 2.30 342 2.97 683 3.23 858 4 2.49 431 2.41 393 2.34 360 2.31 347 3.01 706 3.22 825 6 2.48 426 2.40 388 2.33 356 2.33 356 3.03 718 3.22 825 8 2.47 422 2.39 383 2.33 356 2.35 365 3.05 730 3.21 825 10 2.47 422 2.38 379 2.32 351 2.38 379 3.07 742 3.19 818 N 2.46 417 2.38 379 2.32 351 2.42 398 3.10 760 3.18 812 2 2.46 417 2.37 374 2.32 351 2.47 422 3.12 773 3.17 806 4 2.45 412 2.37 374 2.31 347 2.56 466 3.17 806 3.15 792 6 2.44 407 2.37 374 2.30 342 2.64 507 3.22 825 3.13 780 8 2.43 402 2.37 374 2.30 342 2.73 554 3.23 858 3.12 773 10 2.43 402 2.36 370 2.30 342 2.80 590 3.23 858 3.11 766 M 2.42 398 2.35 365 2.30 342 2.89 639 3.23 858 3.09 754 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3.07 742 2.83 606 2.70 538 2.66 517 12.92 20,100 6.72 4,530 4 3.05 730 2.82 601 2.69 533 2.83 606 12.76 19,800 6.50 4,230 6 3.03 718 2.81 595 2.68 528 3.08 748 12.47 18,800 6.30 3,950 8 3.01 706 2.30 590 2.67 522 5.90 3,410 11.72 16,200 6.12 3,670 10 2.98 689. 2.78 580 2.67 522 8.43 7,480 10.62 12,900 5.94 3,410 N 2.96 678 2.77 574 2.66 517 9.32 9,480 9.55 10,200 5.78 3,280 2 2.93 661 2.76 569 2.66 517 9.77 10,700 8.75 8,320 5.67 3,090 4 2.92 655 2.75 564 2.65 512 10.35 12,300 8.20 7,100 5.59 3,030 6 2.89 639 2.74 559 2.64 507 11.12 14,400 7.79 6,360 5.66 3,090 8 2.88 633 2.73 554 2.64 507 12.17 17,800 7.47 5,830 5.82 3,280 10 2.87 628 2.72 548 2.63 502 12.82 19,800 7.20 5,320 5.93 3,410 II 2.86 622 2.71 543 2.63 502 13. q1^ 20,800 6.93 4,840 6.03 3,540 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.11 3,670 5.62 3,030 5.49 2,910 4.51 1,830 4.16 1,520 3.98 1,400 4 6.08 3,670 6.02 3,540 5.42 2,790 4.50 1,830 4.14 1,520 3.93 1,360 6 5.99 3,540 6.29 3,950 5.32 2,670 4.50 1,830 4.14 1,520 3.90 1,320 8 5.88 3,410 6.48 4,230 5.22 2,560 4.50 1,830 4.15 1,520 3.86 1,280 10 5.76 3,220 6.51 4,230 5.12 2,450 4.48 1,830 4.14 1,520 3.82 1,240 N 5.63 3,090 6.40 4,090 5.00 2,340 4.45 1,780 4.13 1,520 3.80 1,240 2 5.53 2,970 6.22 3,810 4.91 2,230 4.42 1,740 4.12 1,480 3.77 1,200 4 5.43 2,850 6.03 3,540 4.82 2,130 4.38 1,740 4.11 1,480 3.73 1,200 6 5.34 2,730 5.87 3,410 4.73 2,080 4.33 1,700 4.08 1,480 3.70 1,170 8 5.28 2,670 5.73 3,220 4.63 1,980 4.28 1,650 4.06 1,440 3.66 1,140 10 5.27 2,620 5.63 3,090 4.57 1,880 4.23 1,600 4.03 1,440 3.62 1,100 II 5.37 2,730 5.56 2,970 4.52 1,830 4.19 1,560 4.02 1,400 3.58 1,100 JAMES RIVER BASIN 149

North River near Lexington, Va.

.'ooation.- Lat. 37°48'4911 , long. 79°26'4211 , 300 yards above Lime Kiln highway bridge and £ I/2 miles above Lexlngton, Rockbridge County. Zero of gage Is 906.56 feet above mean sea level, rralnage area.- 487 square miles. i'^ie-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods 3!15 p.m. Mar, 16 to midnight Mar. 25, when It was based on flood marks and shape of stage graph, at Rook- brUfge Baths, and Mar. 26 to Apr. 7, when there was no record. rtage-

Mean discharge, in second-feet* 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apt. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 368 1,180 1,000 11 288 574 2,110 21 1,290 4,630 623 2 384 970 1,300 12 321 940 1,750 22 970 3,060 568 3 356 882 1,500 13 344 1,030 1,550 23 775 2,340 515 4 551 800 1,100 14 2,430 882 1,290 24 886 2,000 479 5 561 725 1,000 15 4,510 750 1,120 25 1,370 1,730 443 6 392 700 4,500 16 3,600 692 1,020 26 2,160 1,300 417 7 372 650 3,800 17 2,460 8,320 930 27 2,840 1,500 392 8 310 584 1,880 18 3,890 20,000 840 2R 2,160 1,900 372 9 356 547 1,760 19 2,620 5,000 752 29 1,470 1,600 360 10 517 519 2,730 20 1,800 4,360 686 30 1,300 344 31 1,100 2 'ZA'l 1 0-Z Q "un-off , in laches...... 3.06 5.54 2.85 OagW height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. i| Mareh 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.74 626 3.61 561 3.54 528 3.49 506 4.04 775 4.55 1,060 4 3.72 602 3.60 556 3.53 524 3.49 506 4.13 828 4.54 1,060 6 3.71 602 3.60 556 3.53 524 3.49 506 4.21 855 4.53 1,060 -.08 &.70 602 3.59 551 3.52 519 3.50 510 4.26 882 4.52 1,030 3.68 593 5.58 547 3.52 519 3.53 524 4.28 910 4.51 1,030 N 5.67 588 5.57 542 3.51 515 3.58 547 4.32 910 4.49 1,030 2 3,66 584 3.56 538 3.51 515 3.62 565 4.38 970 4.47 1,000 4 3.65 579 3.55 533 3.50 510 3.67 588 4.44 1,000 4.45 1,000 6 3.64 574 3.55 533 3.50 510 3.73 626 4.47 1,000 4.42 970 o8 3.63 570 3.54 528 3.50 510 3.82 650 4.51 1,030 4.40 970 5.63 570 3.54 528 3.49 506 3.92 700 4.53 1,060 4.38 970 M 3.62 565 3.53 524 3.49 506 3.98 750 4.55 1,060 4.37 940 March 14 March 16 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.36 940 4.09 800 3.93 725 3.85 675 23.00 29,000 9.70 6,780 4 4.34 940 4.07 775 3.92 700 3.86 675 23.59 30,100 9.22 6,080 6 4.31 910 4.05 775 3.91 700 3.89 700 23,. 54 29,900 8.83 5,550 8 4.28 910 4.03 775 3.90 700 4.08 800 22.80 28,600 8.52 5,160 \0 4.26 882 4,02 750 3.89 700 4.80 1,220 20.80 25,000 8.20 4,770 N 4.23 882 4.01 750 3.88 700 6.80 3,060 18.50 21,000 7.97 4,510 2 4.21 855 3.99 750 3.87 675 11.20 8,950 15.90 16,500 7.80 4,250 4 4.18 855 3.98 750 3.86 675 14.10 13,500 14.30 13,500 7.70 4,130 6 4.16 828 3.97 725 3.86 675 15.90 16,500 12.70 11,300 7.70 4,130 8 4.14 828 3.96 725 3.85 675 17.00 18,400 11.00 9,550 7.77 4,250 10 4.12 800 3.95 725 3.85 675 19.10 22,000 10.80 8,350 7.85 4,250 M 4.10 800 3.94 725 3.85 675 21. 4, 26,100 10.20 7,480 8.00 4,510 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.15 4,770 7.70 4,130 7.40 3,770 6.30 2,510 5.92 2,110 5.60 1,840 4 8.27 4,900 7.97 4,510 7.24 3,530 6.25 2,460 5.90 2,110 5.60 1,840 6 8.27 4,900 8.22 4,770 7.12 3,410 6.22 2,410 5.87 2,060 5.60 1,840 8 8.22 4,770 8.43 5,030 7.00 3,290 6.20 2,410 5.82 2,020 5.55 1,800 10 8.10 4,640 8.57 5,290 6.88 3,170 6.15 2,360 5.80 2,020 5.50 1,750 N 7.97 4,510 8.56 5,290 6.80 3,060 6.12 2.310 5.80 2,020 5.45 1,710 2 7.78 4,250 8.40 5,030 6.69 2,950 6.08 2,310 5.77 1,980 5.42 1,670 4 7.62 4,010 8.23 4,770 6.60 2,840 6.06 2,260 5.73 1,980 5.40 1,670 6 7.50 3,890 8.03 4,510 6.52 2,730 6.03 2,260 5.70 1,930 5.40 1,670 8 7.43 3,770 7.83 4,250 6.46 2,680 6.00 2,210 5.68 1,930 5.38 1,670 10 7.42 3,770 7.68 4,130 6.40 2,620 5.99 2,210 5.65 1,880 5.32 1,590 M 7.53 3,890 7.53 3,890 6.33 2,560 5.98 2,210 5.62 1,840 5.30 1,590

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 5 a.m., 23.58 ft., 30,100 sec.-ft. 150 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Kerrs Creek near Lexington, Va.

location.- Lat. 370 49'33n , long. 79026<28n , at highway bridge 2t miles north of Lexington, Rockbridge County, and 1* miles above mouth. Zero of gage is 972.04 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 34 square miles. Gage-height record.- Twice-daily gage readings except for period Mar. 8-25, when a graph was used based on twice-daily gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 11, 12. Defined by current-meter measurements below 300 aecond-feet and extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of instantaneous flow and total run-off of flood with determinations on other streams in James River Basin. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 4,090 second-feet 11 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 12.82 feet, from flood marks). 1927-35: Maximum discharge observed, 1,700 seoond-feet Apr. 16, 1933 (gage height, 8.76 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 48 52 88 11 15 30 147 21 73 331 53 2 28 49 120 12 20 32 170 ?.?, 66 182 52 3 26 46 195 13 300 30 112 ?,?> 60 139 47 4 63 42 120 14 370 29 96 24 68 127 44 5 28 39 102 15 666 28 90 25 116 103 42 6 28 36 466 16 200 26 76 26 136 95 34 7 31 34 208 17 136 8,480 68 27 118 109 34 8 16 29 132 18 212 1,890 65 28 86 182 36 9 26 31 154 19 127 380 67 29 68 120 31 10 22 30 158 20 93 236 64 ao 109 32 31 98 o^n 103 Rim-off, In inches ...... 3.49 7.79 3.38 flags height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 3 Feet Sec.ft. Feet ] Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Peet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . S March B l~ March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.90 29 3.92 31 3.93 32 3.91 30 3.92 31 3.92 31 4 3.90 29 3.92 31 3.93 32 3.92 31 3.93 32 3.91 30 6 3.90 29 3.93 32 3.93 32 3.92 31 3.94 33 3.92 31 8 3.90 29 3.96 34 3.92 31 3.92 31 3.96 34 3.92 31 10 3.90 29 3.97 35 3.91 30 3.92 31 3.96 34 3.90 29 N 3.90 29 3.94 33 3.90 29 3,91 30 3.94 33 3.90 29 2 3.90 29 3.91 30 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.93 32 3.90 29 4 3.91 30 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.92 31 3.90 29 6 3.91 30 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.92 31 3.90 29 8 3.91 SO 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.92 31 3.90 29 10 3.91 30 3.91 30 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.92 31 3.90 29 M 3.92 31 3.92 31 3.91 30 3.91 30 3.92 31 3.90 29 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.85 26 4.68 136 12.46 3,880 6.07 540 4 3.90 29 3.91 30 3.85 26 6.35 656 11.90 3,460 6.96 502 6 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.85 26 8.30 1,460 11.15 3,020 6,85 448 8 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.85 26 9.90 2,250 10.15 2,420 5.76 412 10 3.90 29 3.90 29 3.85 26 10.50 2,600 9.06 1,850 5.63 377 H 3.90 29 3.88 28 3.86 26 10.90 2,840 8,24 1,420 5.57 343 2 3.90 29 3.87 27 3.85 26 11.20 3,020 7.60 1,160 5.60 326 4 3.90 29 3.85 26 3.85 ae 11.60 3,260 7.15 975 5.48 326 6 3.90 29 3.85 26 3.85 26 12.05 3,530 6.81 815 5.39 294 8 3.90 29 3.85 26 3.85 26 12.50 3,880 6.58 735 5.37 279 10 3.90 29 3.85 26 3.86 26 12.75 4,090 6.35 655 5.35 279 M 3.90 29 3.85 26 3.88 28 12.75 4,090 6.20 578 5.33 279 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.30 264 6.50 326 5.13 222 4.86 149 4.75 126 4.70 116 4 5.28 264 5,8& 430 5.10 208 4,86 149 4.75 126 4.67 111 6 5.26 250 6.93 466 6.09 208 4.85 147 4.75 126 4.66 109 8 5.23 250 5.83 448 5.06 195 4.85 147 4,75 126 4.64 105 10 5.20 236 5.68 394 5.03 195 4.82 140 4.76 12£ 4.62 102 H 6.19 236 5.58 360 5.00 182 4.80 136 4.76 128 4.61 100 2 6.15 222 5.45 310 4.95 170 4.80 136 4.76 128 4.60 98 4 5.13 222 5.36 279 4.92 158 4.78 132 4.77 130 4,60 98 6 5.09 208 5.29 264 4.90 158 4.78 132 4.78 132 4.60 98 8 5.07 195 5,21 236 4.89 156 4.77 130 4.76 128 4.59 96 10 5.10 208 5.17 222 4.87 151 4.76 128 4.74 124 4.58 95 M 5.25 250 5.15 222 4.86 149 4.76 126 4,72 120 4.57 95 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11 p.m., 12.82 ft., 4,090 sec.-ft. JAMES RIVER BASIN 151

Tye River at Roselaiid, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°45', long. V8°59', at highway bridge three-quarters of a mile southwest of Roseland, Kelson County, and three-quarters of a mile above Hat Creek. Zero of gage is 655.78 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 68 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Gage read twice daily. A stage graph was constructed for the period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 700 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and com­ parison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 3,970 second-feet 9:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 8.92 feet, from flood marks). 1927-35: Discharge, about 6,000 second-feet (revised) Sept. 16, 1934 (gage height, 10.02 feet, from flood marks).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 126 180 299 11 100 134 444 21 244 810 175 2 113 167 318 12 126 429 422 22 210 716 180 3 105 154 244 13 86 419 358 23 r?5 591 159 4 130 142 227 14 590 333 318 24 167 525 149 5 120 135 217 15 540 274 299 25 227 446 142 6 100 126 865 16 400 236 280 2fi 280 400 130 7 94 120 645 17 338 1,510 237 27 280 422 120 8 100 109 515 18 590 2,220 227 28 244 422 120 9 109 104 467 19 400 1,240 210 29 204 379 126 10 90 100 490 20 318 957 186 30 358 109 31 318

Run-off , in inches ...... 3.61 7.92 4.74 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 ,2 March 13 2 3.91 Ill 3.88 105 3.85 100 3.88 105 4.72 358 4.90 444 4 3.90 109 3.88 105 3.85 100 3.88 105 4.83 422 4.90 444 6 3.90 109 3.89 107 3.85 100 3.88 105 4.90 444 4.90 444 8 3.90 109 3.90 109 3.85 100 3.39 107 4.90 444 4.90 444 10 3.90 109 3.89 107 3.85 100 3.91 111 4.90 444 4.90 444 N 3.90 109 3.88 105 3.85 100 3.94 117 4.90 444 4.86 422 2 3.90 109 3.87 103 3.85 100 3.96 122 4.90 444 4.83 422 4 3.90 109 3.86 101 3.85 100 3.99 128 4.90 444 4.81 400 6 3.90 109 3.85 100 3.85 100 4.01 132 4.90 444 4.79 400 8 3.90 109 3.85 100 3.85 100 4.12 159 4.90 444 4.76 379 10 3.90 109 3.85 100 3.86 101 4.30 210 4.90 444 4.75 379 M 3.89 107 3.85 100 3.87 103 4.53 299 4.90 444 4.74 379 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.72 358 4.54 299 4.42 244 4.32 217 8.46 3,340 6.70 1,470 4 4.70 358 4.52 280 4.41 244 4.31 213 8.22 2,900 6.60 1,400 6 4.68 358 4.51 280 4.40 244 4.30 210 7.95 2,640 6.50 1,340 8 4.67 338 4.50 280 4.40 244 4.30 210 7.70 2,300 6.40 1,280 10 4.65 338 4.49 280 4.39 241 4.38 237 7.50 2,100 6.34 1,220 N 4.63 338 4.48 280 4.38 237 5.00 490 7.35 2,010 6.27 1,220 2 4.61 318 4.47 262 4..S7 234 6.43 1,280 7.26 1,920 6.23 1,160 4 4.60 318 4.46 262 4.36 230 7.78 2,410 7.15 1,840 6.17 1,160 6 4.59 318 4.45 262 4.35 227 8.45 3,190 7.10 1,760 6.15 1,160 8 4.58 318 4.45 262 4.34 224 8.85 3,810 7.04 1,680 6.10 1,100 10 4.56 299 4.44 262 4.33 220 8.90 3,970 6.92 1,610 6.06 1,100 M 4.55 299 4.43 262 4.33 220 8.72 3,650 6.82 1,540 6.03 1,040 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.00 1,040 5.65 810 5.58 810 5.28 645 5.11 540 4.98 490 4 5.98 1,040 5.65 810 5.55 810 5.27 618 5.10 640 4.97 467 6 5.97 1,040 5.65 810 5.50 755 5.26 618 5.10 540 4.95 467 8 S.95 1,040 5.65 810 5.46 755 5.25 618 5.10 540 4.93 467 10 5.92 980 5.65 810 5.44 700 5.22 590 5.09 540 4.90 444 N 5.87 980 5.65 810 5.41 700 5.19 590 5.08 540 4.90 444 2 5.81 920 5.65 810 5.40 700 5.18 590 5.07 515 4.88 444 4 5.75 920 5.65 810 5.33 672 5.16 565 5.06 515 4.86 422 6 5.70 865 5.65 810 5.35 672 5.15 565 5.05 515 4.85 422 8 5.68 865 5.64 810 5.30 645 5.13 565 5.03 515 4.84 422 10 5.66 865 5.64 810 5.30 645 5.13 540 5.01 490 4.83 422 M 5,65 810 5.60 810 5.29 645 5.11 540 5.00 490 4.82 400 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 9:30 P.m., 8.92 ft.. 3,970 sec.-ft.

2080 37 II 152 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Hardware River near Scottsvllle, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°50', long. 78°29', at bridge on Woodridge Scottsvllle highway 3 miles north of Scottsvllle, Albemarle County, and 11-jj miles above mouth. Zero of gage Is 308,50 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.'- 104 square miles. Sage-height record.- Twice-daily gage readings except for period Mar. 8-25, when a graph was used based on twice-daily gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations, Stage-discharge relation..- Defined by current-meter measurements below 4,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage on basis of velocity-area study near control section; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 4,550 second-feet 9 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 16.45 feet, from flood marks). 1925-35: Discharge, 6,150 second-feet Sept. 5 or 6, 1935 (gage height, 19.6 feet, from flood marks).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 135 130 260 11 130 127 348 21 220 421 192 2 130 124 274 12 124 404 318 22 207 402 192 3 130 109 288 13 135 289 288 23 124 375 179 4 157 104 274 14 840 214 260 24 119 358 167 5 135 99 246 15 1,040 145 246 25 157 338 167 6 124 94 303 16 428 129 246 26 169 3l8 167 7 124 84 718 17 325 1,730 232 27 181 380 167 8 130 82 348 18 278 2,510 218 28 157 348 155 9 140 76 380 19 263 923 205 29 140 333 149 10 140 74 466 20 248 594 205 30 303 143 31 274 OOQ 384 Run-off, in inches...... 2.37 4.25 2.79 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 3o W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.09 84 3.03 80 3.00 75 3.09 84 5.30 375 5.10 325 4 3.09 84 3.02 75 2.99 75 3.12 84 5.50 410 4.95 325 6 3.08 84 3.02 75 2.98 75 3.16 89 5.57 428 4.88 309 8 3.08 84 3.02 75 2.98 75 3.21 94 5.60 428 4.80 293 10 3.07 80 3.01 75 2.97 70 3.25 99 5.60 428 4.70 278- H 3.06 80 3.01 75 2.97 70 3.32 104 5.59 428 4.65 263 2 3.05 80 3.00 75 2.96 70 3.39 114 5.55 428 4.60 263 4 3.04 80 3.00 75 2.96 70 3.44 119 5.54 410 4.57 263 6 3.04 80 3.00 75 2.98 75 3.62 135 5.50 410 4.50 248 8 3.04 80 3.00 75 3.00 75 3.90 169 5.40 39S 4.46 248 10 3.03 80 3.00 75 3.03 80 4.40 234 5.30 375 4.45 234 M 3.03 80 ,_ 3.00 75 3.06 80 4.90 309 5.20 358 4.44 234 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.40 234 3.82 157 3.62 135 3.46 119 15.53 4,100 8.80 1,220 4 4.40 234 3.75 157 3.61 135 3.45 119 14.80 3,750 8.55 1,160 6 4.40 234 3.71 146 3.60 135 3.45 119 13.90 3,300 8.32 1,070 8 4.36 234 3.69 146 3.58 135 3.44 119 13.00 2,860 8.10 1,010 10 4.33 220 3.68 146 3.56 130 3.58 135 12.25 2,540 7.90 950 H 4.30 220 3.67 140 3.55 130 4.90 309 11.55 2,300 7.68 890 2 4.25 207 3.66 140 3.52 124 8.90 1,250 10.95 2,060 7.46 840 4 4.21 207 3.64 140 3.50 124 13.20 2,950 10.. 45 1,820 7.25 765 6 4.15 207 3.64 140 3.50 124 15.78 4,250 10.00 1,660 7.08 740 8 4.09 194 3.63 140 3.49 124 16.35 4,550 9.62 1,500 7.00 718 10 4.00 181 3.62 135 3.48 124 16.40 4,550 9.30 1,380 6.95 718 M 3.92 169 3.63 140 3.47 119 16.05 4,350 9.02 1,280 6.98 718 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.99 718 5.68 448 5.46 412 5.34 380 5.20 364 5.09 348 4 6.95 718 5.62 430 5.46 412 5.33 380 5.19 364 5.09 348 6 6.85 674 5.60 430 5.46 412 5.32 380 5.18 364 5.0, 348 8 6.72 652 5.56 430 5.46 412 5.32 380 5.18 364 5.C 348 10 6.60 630 5.54 412 5.45 396 5.30 380 5.17 364 5. 04 333 H 6.40 586 5.52 412 5.44 396 5.28 380 5.16 364 5.02 333 2 6.28 564 5.51 412 5,43 396 5.26 380 5.15 364 5.01 333 4 6.15 544 5.50 412 5.41 396 5.24 364 5.14 348 5.00 333 6 6.03 504 5.50 412 5.39 396 5.22 364 5.13 348 4.98 333 8 5.90 484 5.49 412 5,38 396 5,20 364 5,12 348 4.96 333 10 5.80 466 5.48 412 5.36 396 5.20 364 5.11 348 4.95 333 M 5.72 448 5.47 412 5.35 396 5.20 364 5.10 348 4.93 318 Supplemental record*.- Mar. 17, 9 p..m., 16.45 ft., 4,550 sec.-ft. JAMES RIVER BASIN 153

Rivanna River at Palmyra, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°51', long. 78°16', 200 feet below highway bridge at Palmyra, Fluvanna County. Drainage area.- 675 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period 5 p.m. Mar. 17 to 6 a.m. Mar.19, when it was baaed on flood marks and shape of stage graphs at nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-4, 7-13. Defined by current-meter measurements below 14,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section; verified by comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other James River tributaries. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 24,800 second-feet 10 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 29.26 feet, from flood mark). 1934-35: Discharge, 20,400 second-feet Sept. 6, 1935 (gage height, 26.27 feet;.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 620 1,300 1,030 11 760 1,080 2,150 21 1,600 4,090 785 2 600 1,150 1,200 12 720 2,860 1,760 22 1,350 3,160 762 3 700 1,060 1,350 13 700 3,580 1,550 23 1,150 2,380 720 4 800 988 1,080 14 6,030 2,200 1,350 24 1,080 1,980 700 5 1,250 898 965 15 6,870 1,710 1,200 25 1,250 1,760 660 6 740 852 2,200 16 4,540 1,400 1,120 26 1,980 1,550 640 7 700 808 2,980 17 3,040 7,370 988 27 2,100 1,500 640 8 800 762 1,980 18 3,900 22,400 898 28 1,880 1,600 600 9 1,000 740 1,600 19 2,980 8,880 852 29 1,500 1,350 600 10 820 720 2,620 20 2,040 3,700 808 30 1,220 580 31 1,120 1 O~\O Run-off, in inches ...... 2.94 4.75 2.01 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. M March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.69 785 3.62 740 3.57 720 3.53 720 6.59 2,260 9,88 4,280 4 3.68 785 3.61 740 3.57 720 3.56 720 6.93 2,440 9,89 4,280 6 3.67 762 3.60 740 3.57 720 3.58 740 7.11 2,560 9.73 4,160 8 3.67 762 3.59 740 3.55 720 3.64 762 7.14 2,560 9.48 4,020 10 3.65 762 3.59 740 3.55 720 3.76 808 7.11 2,560 9.12 3,760 N 3.64 762 3.58 740 3.54 720 3.98 920 7.04 2,500 8.82 3,580 2 3.63 762 3.57 720 3.53 720 4.26 1,030 7.05 2,500 8.46 3,400 4 3.63 762 3.57 720 3.52 700 4.65 1,220 7.40 2,740 8.15 3,220 6 3.63 762 3.57 720 3.52 700 5.17 1,500 8.23 3,220 7.88 3,040 8 3.63 762 3.57 720 3.52 700 5.58 1,710 9.04 3,700 7.66 2,920 10 3.62 740 3.57 720 3.52 700 5.91 1,880 9.41 3,960 7.45 2,740 M 3.62 740 3.56 720 3.53 720 6.22 2,040 9.68 4,160 7.24 2,620 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 7.08 2,560 5.89 1,880 5.23 1,500 4.80 1,300 28.21 23,100 21.65 14,400 4 6.92 2,440 5.82 1,820 5.18 1,500 4.78 1,300 28.66 23,800 20.35 13,000 6 6.78 2,380 5.75 1,820 5.13 1,450 4.78 1,300 29.02 24,300 19.15 11,700 8 6.65 2,260 5.68 1,760 5.10 1,450 4.78 1,300 29.22 24,600 18.20 10,600 10 6.54 2,200 5.61 1,710 5.06 1,450 4.81 1,300 29.26 24,800 16.92 9,440 N 6.42 2,150 5.55 1,710 5.03 1,400 6.95 2,500 29.20 24,600 15.25 8,040 2 6.33 2,100 5.51 1,660 5.00 1,400 12.45 5,960 29.00 24,300 14.00 7,080 4 6.25 2,040 5.46 1,660 4.98 1,400 17.45 9,890 28.40 23,400 13.00 6,380 6 6.16 2,040 5.41 1,600 4.92 1,350 20.70 13,300 27.30 21,800 12.24 5,820 8 6.09 1,980 5.36 1,600 4.89 1,350 24.60 18,200 25.80 19,700 11.60 5,400 10 6.03 1,930 5.31 1,550 4.86 1,350 26.45 20,600 24.15 17,700 11.13 5,060 M 5.96 1,930 5.28 1,550 4.84 1,300 27.52 22,100 23.00 16,100 10.67 4,800 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 10.25 4,480 8.20 3,220 9.05 3,700 7.23 2,620 6.34 2,100 5.83 1,820 4 9.87 4,280 8.50 3,400 8.78 3,580 7.14 2,560 6.29 2,100 5.81 1,820 6 9.60 4,090 8.92 3,640 8.52 3,400 7.06 2,560 6.23 2,040 5.77 1,820 8 9.35 3,960 9.30 3,900 8.31 3,280 6.96 2,500 6.18 2,040 5.73 1,760 10 9.12 3,760 9.80 4,220 8.13 3,160 6.88 2,440 6.14 1,980 5.68 1,760 N 8.91 3,640 10.35 4,610 7.98 3,100 6.81 2,380 6.10 1,980 5,65 1,710 2 8.73 3,520 10.65 4,740 7.85 2,980 6.73 2,320 6.07 1,980 5.62 1,710 4 8.57 3,460 10.64 4,740 7.73 2,920 6.68 2,320 6.03 1,930 5.58 1,710 6 8.42 3,340 10.47 4,680 7.62 2,860 6.62 2,260 5.99 1,930 5.55 1,710 8 8.28 3,280 10.16 4,480 7.50 2,800 6.52 2,200 5.94 1,880 5.52 1,660 10 8.16 3,220 a. so 4,220 7.40 2,740 6.46 2,200 5.90 1,880 5.48 1,660 M 8.11 3,160 9.42 3,960 7.30 2,680 6.40 2,150 5.87 1,880 5.45 1,600 154 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Appomattox River at Farmville, Va.

Location.- Lat 0 37°18', long. 78°23 f , at highway bridge 1,000 feet north of Farmville, Prince Edward County, and l|j miles below Buffalo Creek. Drainage area.- 306 square miles. gage-height record,- Water-stage recorder graph. Ho record Feb. 1-3, 8-14. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 2,800 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and compari­ son of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same stream. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 4,870 second-feet 12:30 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 17.72 feet). 1926-35: Maximum discharge observed, 6,960 second-feet Aug. 12, 1928 (gage height, 21.10 feet). Remarks.- Discharge for periods Feb. 1-3, 8-14, determined on basis of records for stations at Mattoax and Petersburg.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 300 348 368 11 400 604 1,170 21 494 912 286 2 300 334 510 12 500 858 758 22 419 685 296 3 350 332 766 13 450 691 584 23 378 490 320 4 778 325 476 14 900 475 460 24 382 426 290 5 1,050 314 382 15 3,030 402 406 25 403 408 272 6 706 314 645 16 2,460 370 388 26 431 398 266 7 380 304 1,120 17 1,280 1,660 345 27 420 494 264 8 340 298 640 18 1,090 4,490 318 28 406 1,080 254 9 320 296 485 19 975 2,480 304 29 361 899 250 10 320 306 1,050 20 624 1,170 296 30 524 244 31 423

Run-off, in inches...... 2.46 2.80 1.73 gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.15 302 5.13 302 5.12 295 5.46 341 9.02 940 8.16 782 4 5.14 302 5.12 295 5.15 302 5.66 376 8.94 920 8.20 782 6 5.14 302 5.12 295" 5.17 302 5.92 404 8.84 900 8.22 782 8 5.14 302 5.12 295 5.24 314 6.31 463 8.76 900 8.17 782 10 5.13 302 5.14 302 5.12 295 6.58 508 8.69 880 8.01 746 N 5.13 302 5.12 295 5.17 302 7.07 588 8.62 860 7.81 710 2 5.13 302 5.08 295 5.19 308 7.41 638 8.53 840 7.57 674 4 5.13 302 5.14 302 5.19 308 7.85 710 8.43 820 7.38 638 6 5.13 302 5.07 288 5.19 308 8.26 800 8.34 800 7.22 604 8 5.13 302 5.11 295 5.22 308 8.61 860 8.26 800 7.07 588 10 5.13 302 5.12 295 5.28 321 8.88 920 8.19 782 6.93 556 M 5.13 302 5.12 295 5.33 328 9.00 940 8.14 764 6.82 540 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.73 524 6. 05 418 5.73 376 5.62 362 16.49 4,150 15.05 3,250 4 6,63 508 6.03 418 5.72 376 5.63 362 16.85 4,330 14.59 3,010 6 6.54 493 5.95 418 5.70 376 5.64 362 17.18 4,570 14.25 2,770 8 6.48 493 5.92 404 5.69 376 5.73 376 17.42 4,690 13.95 2,660 10 6.42 478 5.89 404 5.71 376 6.20 448 17.62 4,810 13.70 2,500 N 6.34 463 5.87 404 5.66 376 10.20 1,210 17.70 4,870 13.46 2,400 2 6.32 463 5.85 390 5.65 362 11.70 1,630 17.69 4,870 13.27 2,300 4 6.28 463 5.83 390 5.63 362 13.25 2,250 17.55 4,810 13.07 2,200 6 6.18 448 5.81 390 5.55 355 15.04 3,250 17.25 4,570 12.87 2,100 8 6.16 448 5.79 390 5.60 362 15.69 3,670 16.84 4,330 12.63 1,970 10 6.13 433 5.78 390 5.62 362 15.87 3,790 16.31 4,030 12.37 1,880 11 6.09 433 5.75 390 5.62 362 16.16 3,970 15.75 3,730 12.03 1,730 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 11.73 1,630 9.07 928 8.63 818 7.16 546 6.60 448 6.38 418 4 11.31 1,490 9.07 928 8.43 776 7.08 528 6.58 448 6.37 418 6 10.87 1,370 9.08 928 8.33 756 7.02 512 6.55 448 6.36 418 8 10.48 1,260 9.07 928 8.19 736 6.97 512 6.52 433 6.36 418 10 10.07 1,160 9.03 906 8.06 716 6.92 496 6.50 433 6.34 403 N 9.77 1,090 9.03 906 7.90 676 6.85 480 6.46 433 6.34 403 2 9.48 1,020 9.08 928 7.75 656 6.79 480 6.44 418 6.38 418 4 9.24 950 9.12 928 7.68 636 6.75 480 6.42 418 6.27 403 6 9.07 928 9.13 928 7.56 618 6.62 448 6.34 403 6.33 403 8 9.03 906 9.05 906 7.42 582 6.67 464 6.39 418 6.34 403 10 9.03 906 8.92 884 7.34 564 6.66 464 6.39 418 6.34 403 M 9.06 928 8.77 862 7.24 546 6.64 448 6.38 418 6.33 403 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 17.72 ft=, 4,870 sec.-ft. JAMES RIVER BASIN 155

Appomattox River at Mattoax, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°25', long. 77°52', at Southern Railway bridge at Mattoax, Amelia County, a quarter of a mile above Skinquarter Creek. Drainage area.- 729 square miles (revised). Sage-height re"cord.- Sage read twice daily. A graph was constructed for period Mar. 8-25, based on gage readings, flood mark, and comparison with stage graphs of nearby stations. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1, 2. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 4,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with other records on the same stream. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 7,060 second-feet 11 p.m. Mar. 20 (gage height, 25.27 feet, from flood marks). 1900-1905, 1926-351 Maximum discharge observed, 12,200 second-feet May 25, 1901 (gage height, 24.6 feet, former datum).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 560 802 956 11 906 995 2,820 21 1,830 6,640 660 2 580 754 1,010 12 1,240 1,980 2,970 22 1,240 5,420 638 3 658 706 1,520 13 932 2,340 2,460 23 1,070 3,250 660 4 854 706 1,610 14 2,690 2,010 1,420 24 906 1,280 682 5 1,890 682 1,180 15 3,790 1,190 1,100 25 730 1,070 638 6 2,180 658 1,150 16 4,450 871 1,040 26 1,040 1,010 594 7 2,020 636 2,040 17 5,580 1,250 904 27 1,040 1,100 594 8 880 614 2,110 18 5,940 3,550 802 28 984 1,640 572 9 828 593 1,840 19 4,890 5,310 730 29 880 2,180 550 10 802 605 2,320 20 3,980 6,720 706 30 2,210 53d 31 1,180

Run-off, In Inches...... 2.83 3.06 1.87 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 fc Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Mg March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 7.74 614 7.65 592 7.63 592 7.77 636 11.45 1,640 13.48 | 2,320 4 7.73 614 7.65 592 7.63 592 7.79 636 11.70 1,730 13.55 2,350 6 7.72 614 7.65 592 7.63 592 7.86 658 11.90 1,800 13.60 2,350 8 7.71 614 7.64 592 7.63 592 8.15 750 12.15 1,890 13.64 2,350 10 7.70 614 7.64 592 7.65 592 8.62 828 12.35 1,960 13.65 2,350 N 7.69 614 7.64 592 7.68 614 9.08 958 12.53 1,990 13.64 2,350 2 7.68 614 7.64 592 7.67 614 9.48 1,070 12.68 2,050 13.62 2,350 4 7.67 614 7.65 592 7.66 614 9.90 1,180 12.85 2,090 13.60 2,350 6 7.67 614 7.65 592 7.70 614 10.25 1,270 13.00 2,150 13.58 2,350 8 7.67 614 7.65 592 7.72 614 10.55 1,390 13.15 2,220 13.56 2,350 10 7.66 614 7.64 592 7.74 614 10.88 1,480 13.30 2,S50 13.45 2,290 M 7.66 614 7.64 592 7.75 636 11.15 1,570 13.40 2,290 13.40 2,290 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 13.30 2,250 11.05 1,510 8.92 906 8.63 828 13.90 2,460 19.63 4,570 4 13.18 2,220 10.75 1,450 8.86 906 8.61 828 14.45 2,630 19.80 4,650 6 13.05 2,150 10.50 1,360 8.80 880 8.58 828 15.05 2,830 20.09 4,770 8 12.93 2,120 10.22 1,270 8.76 880 8.55 828 15.65 3,050 20.45 4,890 10 12.80 2,090 9.98 1,210 8.75 880 8.70 854 16.35 3,330 20.95 5,130 N 12.65 2,020 9.80 1,150 8.73 854 9.30 1,010 17.05 3,560 21.38 5,310 2 12.50 1,990 9.63 1,100 8.71 854 10.05 1,210 17.80 3,860 21.80 5,490 4 12.34 1,930 9.45 1,040 8.69 854 10.80 1,450 18.53 4,130 22.15 5,670 6 12.15 1,890 9.32 1,010 8.69 854 11.53 1,670 19.09 4,370 22.50 5,800 8 11.90 1,800 9.19 984 8.68 854 12.15 1,890 19.35 4,490 22.80 5,940 10 11.62 1,700 9.08 958 8.67 854 12.80 2,090 19.50 4,530 23.10 6,080 M 11.36 1,640 9.00 932 8.65 828 13.32 2,250 19.54 4,530 23.35 6,210 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 23.60 6,300 25.20 7,020 23.15 6,120 19.25 4,410 11.35 1,550 9.95 1,120 4 23.85 6,390 25.10 6,980 22.95 6,030 19.00 4,330 11.02 1,420 9.88 1,100 6 24.10 6,520 24.92 6,880 22.75 5,940 18.75 4,250 10.80 1,360 9.87 1,100 8 24.30 6,620 24.75 6,840 22.50 5,800 18.35 4,090 10.60 1,300 9.85 1,070 10 24,50 6,700 24.58 6,750 22.22 5,670 17.70 3,810 10.48 1,270 9.83 1,070 N 24.65 6,750 24.40 6,660 21.86 5,540 16.62 3,380 10.35 1,340 9.80 1,070 2 24.75 6,840 24.20 6,570 21.42 5,310 15.48 2,970 10.30 1,210 9.78 1,070 4 24.90 6,880 24.00 6,480 20.90 5,090 14.48 2,600 10.20 1,180 9.76 1,070 6 25.05 6,930 23.82 6,390 20.40 4,890 13.60 2,280 10.15 1,180 9.72 1,040 8 25.15 7,020 23.62 6,300 20.00 4,730 12.85 2,010 10.12 1,150 9.70 1,040 10 25.25 7,020 23.45 6,210 19.70 4,610 12.25 1,800 10.04 1,120 9.68 1,040 M 25.26 7,060 23.32 6,160 19.46 4,530 11.75 1,680 10.00 1,120 9.65 1,010

Supplemental records.- Mar. 20, 11 p.m., 25.27 ft., 7,060 sec.-ft. 156 FLOODS OB MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES", AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Appomattox River near Petersburg, Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°14', long. 77°53 1 , 1§ miles above Wallace Creek, 2-J miles above dam of Virginia Electric and Power Co., and 7 miles west of Petersburg, Dinwiddle County. Drainage area.- 1,335 square miles. Sage-height 7e"cord.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1, 2. Defined by current-meter meas- (irements below 7,500 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study near control section and comparison of peak discharge and total run-off of flood with records for other stations on the same stream. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during March flood, 9,090 second-feet 4 a.m. Mar. 23 (gage height, 11.32 feet);durlng year, 9,690 second-feet Jan 9 (gage height, 11.75 feet). 1927-35: Discharge, 8,850 second-feet Sept. 6, 1935 (gage height, 11.12 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 920 1,360 1,850 11 2,400 1,700 5,230 21 7,890 7,290 1,280 2 940 1,280 1,800 12 2,350 2,810 5,340 22 2,920 8,610 1,280 3 1,040 1,280 2,400 13 2,050 3,910 4,680 23 1,850 8,970 1,280 4 1,500 X,230 2,650 14 4,350 3,470 3,580 24 1,700 6,930 1,280 5 3,690 1,180 2,150 15 7,290 3,150 2,200 25 1,700 2,100 1,230 6 4,150 1,140 2,650 16 8,490 1,600 2,050 26 1,750 1,750^ 1,140 7 3,470 1,100 3,360 17 8,370 1,550 1,800 27 1,750 1,800 1,180 8 2,600 1,060 3,910 18 8,010 4,020 1,550 28 1,650 2,920 1,140 9 1,800 1,040 3,580 19 8,130 5,670 1,410 29 1,550 3,690 1,100 10 2,250 1,040 4,240 20 8,250 6,450 1,360 30 3,690 1,040 31 2,760

2.92 2.66 1.94 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Ipeet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet See.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.05 1,100 3.98 1,040 3.97J 1,040 4.09 1,140 5.35 2,350 6.62 3,690 4 4.04' 1,100 3.98 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.17 1,180 5.39 2,400 6.68 3,800 6 4.03 1,100 3.98 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.28 1,320 5.45 2,450 6.74 3,800 8 4.02 1,060 3.98 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.42 1,410 5.52 2,500 6.80 3,S10 10 4.01 1,060 3.98 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.57 1,550 5.63 2,650 6.82 3,910 N 4.00 1,060 3.97 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.73 1,750 5.76 2,760 6.84 3,910 2 3.99 1,050 3.97 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.85 1,850 5.88 2,920 6.84 3,910 4 3.99 1,050 3.97 1,040 3.97 1,040 5.00 2,000 6.02 3,030 6.83 3,910 6 3.99 1,050 3.97 1,040 3.97 1,040 5.08 2,100 6.15 3,250 6.82 3,910 8 4.00 1,060 3.97 1,040 3.98 1,040 5.18 2,200 6.27 3,360 6.81 3,910 10 3.98 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.01 1,060 5.25 2,250 6.42 3,470 6.78 3,910 M 3.98 1,040 3.97 1,040 4.04 1,100 5.30 2,300 6.52 3,580 6.76 3,910 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 Z 6.71 3,800 -5.62 2,600 4.74 1,750 4.50 1,500 5.58 2,600 7.88 5,120 4 6.66 3,800 5.48 2,500 4.72 1,700 4.48 1,500 5.93 2,920 7.98 5,230 6 6.61 3,690 5.38 2,400 4.68 1,700 4.46 1,460 6.30 3,.360 8.11 5,340 8 6.54 3,580 5.28 2,300 4.66 1,650 4.46 1,460 6.63 3,690 8.22 5,450 10 6.47 3,580 5.19 2,200 4.63 1,650 4.43 1,460 6.90 4,020 8.31 5,560 N 6.41 3,470 5.13 2,150 4.61 1,600 4.43 1,460 7.11 4,240 8.41 5,670 2 6.31 3,360 5.04 2,050 A. 58 1,600 4.44 1,460 7.27 4,460 8.48 5,780 4 6.22 3,250 4.98 2,000 . 57 1,550 4.47 1,4*60 7.39 4,570 8.55 5,890 6 6.12 3,140 4.92 1,900 4.55 1,550 4.54 1,550 7.51 4,680 8.63 5,890 8 6.00 3,030 4.88 1,900 4.53 1,550 4.73 1,750 7.61 4,790 8.70 6,000 10 5.89 2,920 4.83 1,850 4.52 1,500 4.98 2,000 7.70 4,900 8.76 6,110 M 5.76 2,760 4.78 1,800 4.52 1,500 5.26 2,250 7.78 5,010 8.82 6,110 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.87 6,220 9.48 6,930 10.44 8,010 11.31 9,090 10.67 8,370 5.70 2,700 4 8.91 6,220 9.53 6,930 10.53 8,130 11.32 9,090 10.56 8,250 5.38 2,400 6 8.95 6,330 9.58 7,050 10.65 8,250 11.31 9,090 10.43 8,010 5.20 2,200 8 8.98 6,330 9.63 7,050 10.75 8,490 11.29 9,090 10.31 7,890 5.10 2,100 10 9.02 6,330 9.71 7,170 10.85 8,490 11.27 9,090 10.18 7,770 5.03 2,050 N 9.11 6,450 9.79 7,290 10.93 8,610 11.22 8,970 10.02 7,530 4.96 1,950 2 9.18 6,570 9.88 7,410 10.99 8,730 11.18 8,970 9.80 7,290 4.92 1,900 4 9.24 6,570 9.96 7,530 11.07 8,850 11.10 8,850 9.48 6,930 4.88 1,900 6 9.29 6,690 10.04 7,530 11.16 8,970 11.03 8,730 8.94 6,220 4.86 1,850 8 9.34 6,690 10.14 7,650 11.21 8,970 10.97 8,730 8.18 5,450 4.84 1,850 10 9.40 6,810 10.24 7,770 11.25 8,970 10.87 8,610 7.12 4,240 4.82 1,800 M 9.43 6,810 10.35 8,010 11.28 9,090 10.78 8,490 6.22 3,250 4.80 1,800 ROANOKE RIVER BASIN 157

Roanoke River near Clover, Va.

Location.- lat. 36°50'17'1 , long. 780 40 l 2n , at highway bridge 5% miles below mouth of Roanoke Creek and 6 miles east of Clover, Halifax County. Drainage area.- 3,230 square miles. Sage-height re~eord.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 24-29, Mar. 2-10. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 55,000 second- feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 56,400 second-feet 1 p.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 23.49 feet). 1929-35: Discharge, 54,300 second-feet Oct. 19, 1932 (gage height, 23.19 feet). Remarks.- Discharge for period of missing record determined on basis of record for sta­ tion at Altavista.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3,570 4,120 5,950 11 4,560 4,120 11,600 21 6,790 16,100 4,010 2 3,240 4,100 6,190 12 3,790 4,780 9,160 ?.?, 5,710 13,300 3 r900 3 3,460 4,000 9,290 13 3,900 6,070 7,630 23 5,110 10,100 4,010 4 4,450 4,000 8,770 14 11,400 5,470 6,430 24 4,700 7,630 4,120 5 7,630 4,000 6,430 15 26,600 4,450 5,710 25 4,500 6,790 3,900 6 7,150 4,000 8,250 16 40,500 3,900 5,230 26 4,300 6,430 3,680 7 5,000 4,000 17,400 17 28,400 7,780 4,890 27 4,200 6,310 3,460 8 4,010 3,800 15,200 18 13,000 30,000 4,560 28 4,200 10,500 3,460 9 4,010 3,800 8,640 19 10,200 53,600 4,230 29 4,200 12,700 3,460 10 4,560 3,800 10,500 20 8,380. 35,100 4,120 30 8,510 3,240 31 6,790 9,679 Run-off, in inches...... 2.78 3.46 2.28 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec . ft . Feet |Sec.ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o w1 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 ______4.70 3,790 5.50 4,670 5.92 5,110 4 ______4.75 3,900 5.52 4,670 6.10 5,350 6 ______4.79 3,900 5.57 4,780 6.35 5,710 8 _ _ _ - _ 4.85 3,900 5.61 4,780 6.65 5,950 10 _ _ _ 4.91 4,010 5.65 4,780 6.87 6,310 N - *3,800 _ «3,800 _ *3,800 4.98 4,120 5.68 4,890 7.02 6,430 2 - 5,05 4,120 5,72 4,890 7.09 6,550 4 _ _ _ _ _ 5.18 4,340 5.75 5,000 7.12 6,550 6 ______5.28 4 r450 5,76 5,000 7,06 6,550 8 _ _ _ _ _ 5.34 4,450 5.77 5,000 6.97 6,430 10 ______5.39 4,560 5.78 5,000 6.85 6,190 M ------5.44 4,560 5.81 5,000 6.75 6,190 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6,63 5,950 5.60 4,780 5.00 4,120 4.69 3,790 15.87 20,800 22.47 49,700 4 6.52 5,830 5.53 4,670 4.95 4,120 4.68 3,790 16.42 22,000 22.82 51,600 6 6.42 5,710 5.46 4,670 4.92 4,010 4.66 3,790 16.88 23,400 23.09 53,600 8 6.30 5,590 5,40 4,560 4,88 4,010 4,65 3,680 17.33 24,600 23.30 55,000 10 6.21 5,470 5.34 4,450 4,85 3,900 4.71 3,790 17.85 26,200 23.42 55,700 N «.12 5,350 5,30 4,450 4.82 3,900 5.22 4,340 18.38 28,400 23.48 56,400 2 ,'.03 5,230 5.25 4,340 4.81 3,900 6,75 6,190 18.97 30,600 23.47 56,400 4 6.95 5,230 5.21 4,340 4.78 3,900 9.05 8,900 19.53 32,700 23.40 55,700 6 5.88 5,110 5.16 4,340 4.76 3,900 11.10 11,700 20.20 36,100 23.28 55,000 8 5.80 5,000 5.13 4,230 4.75 3,900 13.03 14,600 20.83 39,400 23.10 53, 600 10 5.72 4,890 5.08 4,230 4,73 3,790 14,45 17,400 21,45 42,800 22.85 51,600 M 5.66 4,890 5.05 4,120 4,72 3r790 15.30 19,300 21.97 46,500 22.57 50,300 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 22.23 47,800 16.10 21,300 12.16 13,300 11.40 12,100 8.52 8,250 7.46 7,030 4 21.86 45,900 15.40 19,600 12.10 13,200 11.05 11,600 8.40 8,120 7.42 6,910 6 21.47 43,400 14.67 18,000 12,09 13,200 10.72 11,100 8,27 7,990 7.38 6,910 8 21.03 40,500 14.10 16,700 12.13 13,200 10.37 10,700 8.15 7,870 7.34 6,790 10 20.55 38,200 13.67 15,900 12.21 13,300 10.03 10,200 8.05 7,630 7,30 6,790 N 20.07 35,600 13.39 15,400 12.29 13,500 9.75 9,940 7.96 7,630 7,27 6,790 2 19.58 33,200 13.15 15,000 12.35 13,600 9.50 9,550 7.86 7,510 7,25 6,670 4 19,10 31,000 12.98 14,600 12.36 13,600 9.30 9,290 7,78 7,390 7.23 6,670 6 18.58 29,100 12.79 14,300 12.30 13,500 9.11 9,030 7.70 7,270 7.21 6,670 8 18,00 26,900 12.62 14,000 12.15 13,300 8.94 8,770 7.65 7,150 7.20 6,670 10 17.42 25,000 12.46 13,800 11.96 13,000 8.78 8,640 7.57 7,150 7.18 6,670 M 16.75 23,200 12.29 13,500 11.71 12,600 8.65 8,380 7.52 7,030 7.16 6,670

Supplemental records.- Mar. 19, 1 p.m., 23.49 ft., 56,400 sec.-ft. *Mean for the day. 158 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND TIPPER OHIO RIVERS

Allegheny River at Larabee, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 41°54'5 n , long. 78°23'5n , at bridge on TJ. S, Highway 6 at Larabee, McKean County, 1 mile below mouth of Potato Creek and 34 miles south of Eldred. Zero of gage is 1,423.39 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 541 square miles. Gage-height record.- Graph based on two or more readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 1.0 and 2.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 4,500 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended logarithmlcaTly to crest stage. Affected by ice Feb. 1-27. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 6,720 second-feet noon Mar. 18 (gage height, 15,46 feet). 1915-35: Discharge, 8,210 second-feet (revised) Nov. 18, 1927 (gage height, 17.6 feet, from graph based on gage readings).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 210 3,000 4,240 11 160 3,750 2,360 21 140 4,830 980 2 200 2,320 3,850 12 160 4,980 2,280 22 140 4,480 1,110 3 200 2,100 3,630 13 160 5,320 2,050 23 140 4,210 950 4 220 3,000 3,050 14 180 4,810 1,790 24 140 4,140 800 5 210 3,850 2,500 15 170 4,240 1,750 25 160 4,480 740 6 200 3,630 2,550 16 160 4,170 1,630 26 500 4,810 740 7 190 2,950 3,410 17 160 4,670 1,390 27 2,000 4,890 655 8 180 2,630 3,300 18 150 6,230 1,180 2R 3,630 4,920 655 9 180 2,930 2,850 19 150 6,100 1,110 29 3,elO 4,720 963 10 170 3,080 2,550 20 140 5,620 980 30 4,510 740 31 4,410 476 4,186 1,893 0.95 8.92 3.90

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 !i Feet Sec . ft . Feet iSec.ft. Feet ] Sec.ft. Feet Ssc.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. S March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 Harch 13 2 8.63 2,700 8.48 2,650 9.10 2,950 9.88 3,360 11.92 4,470 13.61 5,490 4 8.58 2,700 8.58 2,700 9.00 2,900 9.92 3,360 12.12 4,590 13.60 5,490 6 8.54 2,650 8.68 2,750 8.87 2,850 10.00 3,410 12.30 4,710 13.56 5,490 8 8.50 2,650 8.78 2,800 8.88 2,850 10.18 3,520 12.46 4,830 13.52 5,430 10 8.44 2,600 8.96 2,900 9.02 2,900 10.36 3,630 12.62 4,890 13.48 5,430 N 8.40 2,600 9.08 2,950 9.28 3,050 10.54 3,680 12.78 5,010 13.38 5,370 2 8.38 2,600 9.26 3,050 9.54 3,150 10.72 3,800 12.96 5,030 13.28 5,310 4 8.36 2,600 9.46 3,150 9.68 3,250 10.92 3,900 13.14 5,190 13.18 5,250 6 8.36 2,600 9.53 3,150 9.72 3,250 11.12 4,020 13.28 5,310 13.08 5,190 8 8.37 2,600 9.54 3,150 9.76 3,300 11.32 4,120 13.40 5,370 12.98 5,130 10 8.38 2,600 9.46 3,150 9.80 3,300 11.52 4,240 13.52 5,430 12.88 5,070 M 8.40 2,600 9.30 3,050 9.84 3,300 11.72 4,350 13.60 5,490 12.78 5,010 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 Harch 19 2 12.68 4,950 12.02 4,530 11.22 4,070 11.62 4,290 13.50 5,430 15.00 6,400 4 12.58 4,890 11.86 4,470 11.26 4,120 11.70 4,350 13.85 5,620 14.92 6,340 6 12.50 4,830 11.70 4,350 11.30 4,120 11.80 4,410 14.20 5,880 14.84 6,270 8 12.48 4,830 11.56 4,290 11.34 4,120 11.93 4,470 14,60 6,140 14.76 6,270 10 12.43 4,770 11.48 4,240 11.40 4,180 12.05 4,530 15.00 6,400 14.68 6,200 N 12.42 4,770 11.40 4,180 11.41 4,180 12.17 4,650 15.46 6,720 14.57 6,140 2 12.42 4,770 11.32 4,120 11.42 4,180 12.29 4,710 15.44 6,660 14.43 6,010 4 12.42 4,770 11.24 4,070 11.43 4,180 12.41 4,770 15.40 6,660 14.29 5,940 6 12.41 4,770 11.18 4,070 11.46 4,240 12.55 4,890 15.34 6,600 14.18 5,880 8 12.37 4,770 11.19 4,070 11.49 4,240 12.75 5,010 15.26 6,600 14.10 5,820 10 12.27 4,710 11.20 4,070 11.52 4,240 12.95 5,130 15.18 6,530 14.05 5,750 If 12.17 4,650 11.21 4,070 11.56 4,290 13.20 5,250 15.10 6,460 14.00 5,750 March 20 March 21 March 22 r~ March 23 March 24 Harch 25 2 13.95 5,750 13.00 5,130 12.12 4,590 11.67 4,350 11.29 4,120 11.59 4,290 4 13.90 5,680 12.75 5,010 12.07 4S 590 11.63 4,290 11.30 4,120 11.66 4,350 6 13.92 5,680 12.50 4,830 12.02 4,530 11.58 4,290 11.31 4,120 11,73 4,350 8 13.93 5,680 12.45 4,770 11.97 4,530 11.52 4,240 11.32 4,120 11.80 4,410 10 13.94 5,680 12.40 4,770 11.92 4,470 11.46 4,240 11.32 4,120 11.87 4,470 N 13.94 5,680 12.38 4,770 11.89 4,470 11.40 4,180 11.32 4,120 11.94 4,470 2 13.93 5,680 12.37 4,770 11.86 4,470 11.36 4,180 11.31 4,120 12.01 4,530 4 13.92 5,680 12.35 4,770 11.83 4,410 11.32 4,120 11.31 4,120 12.07 4,590 6 13.80 5,620 12.32 4,710 11.80 4,410 11.31 4,120 11.32 4,160 12.13 4,590 8 13.70 5,560 12.27 4,710 11.77 4,410 11.30 4,120 11.38 4,180 12.18 4,650 10 13.55 5,490 12.22 4,650 11,74 4,350 11.29 4,120 11.45 4,180 12.22 4,650 M 13.25 5,250 18.17 4,650 11.71 4,350 11.28 4,120 11.52 4,240 12.26 4,710 OHIO RIVER BASIN 159

Allegheny River at Bed House, Jf. location.- Lat. 42°6'50n , long. 78°48'15n , at site of old highway bridge in Red House, Cattaraugus County. Drainage area.- 1,690 square miles. Gage-height re c ord. - Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1 to Mar. 1. Defined by current-meter me asuremen t s, Haxima.- 1936: Discharge, 30,700 second-feet 10 p.m. Mar. 27 (gage height, 11.84 feat). 1903-35! Discharge, 41,000 second-feet Mar. 2, 1910; maximum gage height, 13.78 feet Mar. 4, 1934 (backwater from ice jam). Remarks.- Flood run-off not materially affected by artificial storage or diversion. Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 700 5,500 15,200 11 550 17,400 6,620 21 480 18,800 4,300 2 700 4,720 11,900 12 550 23,700 7,090 22 460 14,000 5,810 3 700 4,050 10,100 13 550 22,200 7,740 23 460 11,200 4,510 4 750 3,690 8,100 14 550 19,000 6,620 24 950 11,900 3,630 5 700 6,770 6,730 15 550 15,400 6,010 25 2,000 19,700 3,160 6 650 6,910 9,560 16 550 14,000 5,580 26 5,500 25,300 2,840 650 5,860 11,800 17 500 12,800 4,760 27 10,000 27,400 2,530 8 600 5,160 9,260 18 500 13, 900 4,240 28 8,500 28,800 2,310 9 600 7,010 8,000 19 500 19,200 4,000 29 7,500 23,600 3,080 10 600 11,100 7,030 20 480 22,400 3,750 30 19, 900 3,100 31 18,900 1,648 14.850.,_.. 6,312 1.05| 10.13 4.16 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 FH Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet J Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. O M March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 7.74 11,100 4 _ _ _ 8.75 15,100 10.42 23,300 6 6.15 5,580 6.12 5,500 10.38 23,100 8 7.64 10,700 9.01 16,200 10.47 23,600 10 6.07 5,360 ______N 5.94 5,000 6.59 6,900 7.59 10,500 9.14 16,900 10.53 23,800 10.21 22,200 2 5.85 4,760 ______4 - - - _ _ _ 9.40 18,200 10.58 24,3,00 _ _ 6 5.90 4,890 7.02 8,320 7.74 11,100 _ _ _ _ 10.04 21,400 8 - - 7.12 8,670 - - 9.81 20,200 10.56 24,000 - - 10 9,260 M 5.85 4,760 7.61 10,500 8.34 13,500 10.22 22,300 10.52 23,800 9.87 20,600 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______4 _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ - - 9.14 16,900 6 9.72 19,800 9.00 16,200 8.51 14,100 8.26 13,100 8.24 13,100 - 8 ______. _ - _ 9.35 18,000 10 _ _ _ _ » _ _ _ - - _ - N 9.56 19,000 8.77 15,200 8.46 13,900 8.16 12,700 8.42 13,800 9.59 19,200 2 *. .. _ _ - 4 ______9.83 20,400 6 9.41 18,200 8.59 14,500 8.41 13,700 8.07 12,400 8.64 14,700 _ _ 8 ______- _ 10.04 21,400 10 ______M 9.22 17,300 8.62 14,600 8.33 13,400 8.12 12,600 8.94 15,900 iokao 22,100 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______- _ 4 10.27 22,600 ______9.08 16,600 6 _ _ 9.79 20,200 8.70 14,900 7.94 11,900 7.61 10,500 _ _ 8 10.30 22,700 ------9.40 18,200 10 H .. .. H H _ H _ -. -- N 10.29 22,600 9.53 18,800 8.45 13,900 7.80 11,300 7.85 11,500 9.61 19,200 2 .. _ .. .. _ _ .. 4 10.25 22,400 _ _ . _ _ _ _ 9.93 20,800 6 _ _ 9.27 17,600 8.24 13,100 7.63 10,600 8.21 12,90O - _ 8 10.15 22,000 _ - - - - _ - - 10.44 23,400 10 ______- _ _ _ M 10.02 21,300 9.00 16,200 8.09 12,500 7.55 10,300 8.73 15,000 10.73 24,800 March 27 March 31 2 _ _ 10.92 25,800 _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ 4 _ _ 10.85 25,400 ______= _ 6 10.76 25,000 10.78 25,100 11.65 29,600 10.77 25,000 - - - - 8 _ 10.77 25,000 _ _ _ _ - - _ _ 10 - - 10.85 25,400 _ - _ _ _ _ _ - N 10.76 25,100 11.04 26,400 11.52 28,800 10.45 23,400 ., _ _ _ 2 - - 11.26 27,500 ------4 - _ 11.52 28,800 ______6 10.87 25,600 11.72 30,000 11.34 27,900 10.15 22,000 _ _ _ _ 8 _ _ 11.80 30,500 ______10 _ _ 11.84 30,700 ______M 10.97 26,000 11.80 30,500 11.10 26,700 10.00 21,200 - - - - Supplemental records.- Mar. 8, 4S30 a.m., 6.16 ft., 5,610 sec.-ft.} 1:30 p.m., 5.84 ft., 4,730 sec.-ft.; 11 p.m., 5.84 ft., 4,730 sec.-ft. Mar. 12, 4:30 p m., 10.58 ft., 24,100 sec.-ft. Mar. 17, 7:30 p.m., 8.05 ft. , 12,300 sec.-ft. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOKAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Allegheny River at Franklin, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 41°23 I 25", long. 79°49'10n , at Eighth Street Bridge, at Franklin, Venango County, 1,000 feet below mouth of French Creek. Zero of gage is 956.26 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 5,982 square miles. Sage-height re"cord.- Water-stage recorder graph. Sage heights used to half tenths be­ tween 3.5 and 6.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 120,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended logarithmically to maximum known peak stage. Affected by ice Feb. 1 to liar. 6. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 118,000 second-feet 6 a.m. Mar. 28 (gage height, 19.02 feet). 1905-35! Discharge, 191,000 second-fset (revised) Bar. 26, 1913; gage height, 26.0 feet, present datum, Feb. 27, 1917 (affected by Ice). Maximum known free-flow stage, 25.0 feet, present datum, Mar. 17, 1865 (dis­ charge, about 196,000 second-feet). Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2,800 30,000 54,100 11 2,300 54,800 24,700 21 2,050 40,800 12,700 2 2,800 25,000 44,600 12 2,300 77,400 24,100 22 2,000 35,300 16,200 5 2,700 21,000 37,800 13 2,300 71,000 26,600 23 2,000 31,100 18,400 4 2,900 18,000 31,800 14 2,400 56,300 25,900 24 2,700 44,900 15,200 5 3,000 28,000 25,900 15 2,400 46,300 22,300 25 8,000 74,900 12,700 6 2,800 28,000 29,800 16 2,300 42,500 19,400 26 26,000 94,000 10,800 7 2,700 24,300 38,000 17 2,200 45,500 17,800 27 55,000 99,600 9,500 8 2,600 22,400 33,800 18 2,150 45,100 15,700 28 50,000 112,000 8,470 9 2,500 32,000 28,500 19 2,100 38,600 14,200 29 37,000 89,200 11,600 10 2,400 44,000 26,600 20 2,100 39,700 13,200 30 70,900 14,200 31 62,800 8,086 Run-off, In Inches ...... 1.46 9.60 4.25

Gage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. n March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 8.06 24,300 7.65 21,300 11.00 43,900 11.66 49,300 13.96 68,500 15.08 78,400 4 8.02 23,700 7.72 21,900 11.03 43,900 11.93 50,900 14.35 72,100 14.93 76,600 6 7.95 23,700 8.01 23,700 11.09 44,600 11.96 51,700 14.71 74,800 14.78 75,700 8 7.76 22,500 8.49 26,700 11.07 44,600 12.04 51,700 14.98 77,500 14.60 73,900 10 7.70 21,900 8.92 29,200 11.03 43,900 12.11 52,500 15.27 80,400 14.45 72 , 100 N 7.65 21,300 9.31 31,800 10.9& 43,900 12.20 53,300 15.36 81,300 14.25 70,300 2 7.64 21,300 9.68 34,500 10.87 43,200 12.33 54,100 15.44 81,300 14.10 69,400 4 7.65 21,300 10.15 38,000 10.82 42,400 12.48 55,700 15.44 81,300 13.95 68,500 6 7.67 21,900 10.51 40,200 10.88 43,200 12.69 57,400 15.43 81,300 13.80 66,700 8 7.67 21,900 10.74 41,600 11.05 43,900 12.99 59,900 15.40 81,300 13.65 65,000 10 7.64 21,300 10.85 42,400 11.18 45,400 13.35 63,300 15.33 80,400 13.50 64,200 M 7.63 2L,300 J.0.90 43,200 11.34 46,200 13.77 66,700 15.23 79,400 13.36 63,300 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 13.23 61,600 11.75 50,100 10.81 42,400 10.80 42,400 11.78 50,100 10.44 39,400 4 13.10 60,800 11.67 49,300 10.79 42,400 10.80 42,400 11,63 48,500 10.37 39,400 6 12.96 59,900 11.57 48,500 10.79 42,400 10.82 42,400 11.46 47,700 10.32 38,700 8 12.81 58,200 11.47 47,700 10.80 42,400 10.85 42,400 11.32 46,200 10.27 38,700 10 12.68 57,400 11.39 46,900 10.81 42,400 10.94 43,200 11.22 45,400 10.24 38,000 N 12.54 55,700 11.29 46,200 10.82 42,400 11.05 43,900 11.13 44,600 10.22 38,000 2 12.40 54,900 11.20 45,400 10.83 42,400 11.23 45,400 11.04 43,900 10.21 38,000 4 12.28 54,100 11.09 44,600 10.85 42,400 11.43 46,900 10.95 43,900 10.21 38,000 6 12.15 53,300 11.01 43,900 10.86 43,200 11.63 48,500 10.85 42,400 10.22 38,000 8 12.04 51,700 10.96 43,900 10.86 43,200 11.78 50,100 10.73 41,600 10.24 38,000 10 11.94 50,900 10.89 43,200 10.83 42,400 11.85 50,100 10.62 40,900 10.26 38,700 M 11.83 50,100 10.83 42,400 10.81 42,400 11.87 50,900 10.52 40,200 10.29 38,700 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 10.32 38,700 10.63 40,900 10.24 38,000 9.32 31,800 9.68 34,500 13.40 63,300 4 10.35 39,400 10.67 41,600 10.15 38,000 9.29 31,800 9.94 35,900 13.71 65,800 6 10.39 39,400 10.71 41,600 10.07 37,300 9.25 31,100 10.18 38,000 13.98 68,500 8 10.41 39,400 10.74 41,600 9.97 36,600 9.22 31,100 10.40 39,400 14.18 70,300 10 10.44 39,400 10.74 41,600 9.86 35,900 9.17 31,100 10.63 40,900 14.36 72,100 N 10.45 39,400 10.70 41,600 9.76 35,200 9.14 30,400 10.89 43,200 14.53 73,000 2 10.47 40,200 10.64 40,900 9.67 34,500 9.10 30,400 11.18 45,400 14.73 74,800 4 10.49 40,200 10.60 40,900 9.59 33,800 9.09 30,400 11.55 48,500 15.00 77,500 6 10.50 40,200 10.54 40,200 9.53 33,100 9.08 30,400 11.98 51,700 15.38 81,300 8 10.51 40,200 10.48 40,200 9.46 33,100 9.13 30,400 12.41 54,900 15.79 85,100 10 10.54 40,200 10.41 39,400 9.41 33,4"00 9.24 31,100 12.78 58,200 16.30 89,900 M 10.60 40,900 10.32 38,700 9.36 32,400 9.43 32,400 13.11 60,800 16.52 91,900 Maroh 26 March 27 Maroh 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 16.60 92,900 16.57 92,900 18.75 116,000 17.22 98,900 14.89 76,600 13.56 65,000 4 16.68 93,900 16.52 91,900 18.90 117,000 17.02 96,900 14.73 74,800 13.52 64,200 6 16.77 94,900 16.53 91,900 19.02 118,000 16.82 94,900 14.58 73,900 13.50 64,200 8 16.82 94,900 16.60 92,900 18.95 118,000 16.64 92,900 14.46 73,000 13.47 64,200 10 16.86 95,900 16.75 94,900 18.83 116,000 16.45 90,900 14.36 72,100 13.44 63,300 N 16.86 95,900 16.97 96,900 18.58 115,000 16.29 89,900 14.22 70,300 13.41 63,300 2 16.80 94,900 17.22 98,900 18.49 113,000 16.11 88,000 14.11 69,400 13.36 63,300 4 16.74 93,900 17.52 102,000 18.31 111,000 15.75 85,100 13.99 68,500 13.28 62,400 6 16.69 93,900 17.85 106,000 18.12 108,000 15.58 83,200 13.88 67,600 13.20 61,600 8 16.65 92,900 18.12 108,000 17.90 106,000 15.40 81,300 13.76 66,700 13.11 60,800 10 16.62 92,900 18.35 112,000 17.67 104,000 15.25 79,400 13.67 65,800 13.03 59,900 M 16.59 92,900 18.57 114,000 17.44 101,000 15.05 77,500 13.60 65,000 12.93 59,000 OHIO RIVER BASIN

Allegheny River at Parkers Landing, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 41°6'5", long. 79°40'45", at highway bridge at Parkers Landing, Armstrong County, 1.1 miles below mouth of Clarion River. Zero of gage is 845.14 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 7,671 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights used to half tenths be­ tween 2.5 and 4.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Rating defined to oeak stage by current-meter measurements. Affected by ice Feb. 1-27. Maxima.- 1936! Discharge, 128,000 second-feet 2 p.m. Mar. 28 (gage height, 19.30 feet, from flood marks). 1932-35: Discharge, 70,200 second-feet Jan. 10, 1935; gage height, 20.60 feet Feb. "27, 1935 (ice jam). 1365-1935: Maximum known stage, 29.0 feet Mar. 17, 1865 (discharge not deter­ mined ). Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3,500 40,500 61,100 11 2,900 61,300 31,000 21 2,600 53,700 15,100 2 3,400 32,900 52,400 12 2,800 98,200 2B,400 22 2,500 47,600 19,800 3 3,300 27,700 43,400 13 2,900 92,300 29,600 23 2,500 41,300 23,000 4 3,400 25,200 38,400 14 3,000 70,500 30,300 24 3,500 54,500 18,700 5 3,500 32,200 31,000 15 3,100 58,300 27,000 25 11,000 84,900 15,900 6 3,400 34,900 32,900 16 3,000 55,100 24,000 26 35,000 105,000 13,600 7 3,200 32,200 44,100 17 2,900 82,700 21,600 27 70,000 106,000 11,700 8 3,100 28,300 40,500 18 2,800 105,000 20,000 28 61,400 122,000 10,800 9 3,000 33,600 34,900 19 2,700 67,200 17,200 29 47,800 103,000 11,700 10 2,900 51,200 32,900 20 2,600 55,600 15,600 30 81,400 15,100 31 69,400

Run-off, in inches ...... 1.44 9.48 3.94

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. s1 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 7.88 31,000 7.50 28,400 10.46 49,400 11.00 53,100 14.58 83,000 16.82 103,000 4 7.87 31,000 7.67 29,600 10.63 50,100 11.16 54,700 15.05 86,600 16.71 102,000 6 7.74 29,600 7.55 29,000 10.71 50,800 11.30 55,500 15.58 92,000 16.44 99,200 8 7.60 29,000 7.49 28,400 10.77 51,600 11.52 57,100 16.18 97,400 16.17 97,400 10 7.48 28,400 7.46 28,400 10.79 51,600 11.76 59,500 16.60 101,000 15.88 94,700 N 7.31 27,000 7.60 29,000 10.83 51,600 11.89 60,300 16.85 103,000 15.65 92,000 Z 7.27 27,000 8.09 32,200 10.90 52,400 11.98 61,100 17.00 105,000 15.36 90,200 4 7.23 26,400 8.50 34,900 10.91 52,400 12.09 61,900 17.09 106,000 15.10 87,500 6 7.26 27,000 8.88 37,700 10.89 52,400 12.30 63,500 17.15 107,000 14.74 83,900 8 7.26 27,000 9.30 40,500 10.93 51,600 12.78 67,600 17.15 107,000 14.62 83,000 10 7.25 26,400 9.76 44,100 10.83 51,600 13.39 72,700 17.12 106,000 14.43 82,100 M 7.35 27,700 10.20 47,100 10.87 52,400 13.88 77,000 16.96 105,000 14.29 80,400 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 13.95 77,800 12.17 62 ,700 11.06 53,900 11.72 58,700 17.92 114,000 14.12 78,600 4 13.69 75,200 15.04 61,100 10.87 52,400 12.01 61,100 17.92 114,000 13.74 75,200 6 13.59 74,400 11.85 59,500 10.36 52,400 12.36 64,300 17.81 113,000 13.24 71,000 8 13.46 73,600 11.77 59,500 11.06 53 , 900 12.78 67,600 17.69 112,000 13.02 69,300 10 13.30 71,800 11.72 58,700 11.20 54,700 13 .53 73,600 17.56 111,000 12.79 67,600 N 13.15 71,000 11.61 57,900 11.06 53,900 14.31 80,400 17.45 109,000 12.56 65 , 900 Z 12.92 68,400 11.56 57,900 11.27 55,500 15.20 88,400 17.22 107,000 12.44 64,300 4 12.69 66,800 11.52 57,100 11.43 56,300 15.84 93,800 16.84 103,000 12.12 61,900 6 12.54 65,100 11.37 56,300 11.34 55,500 16.58 101,000 16.21 97,400 12.08 61,900 8 12.44 64,300 11.18 54,700 11.42 56,300 16.91 104,000 15.88 94,700 11.76 59,500 10 12.36 64,300 11.14 53,900 11.62 57,900 17.50 110,000 15.27 89,300 11.62 57,900 M 12.27 63,500 11.21 54,700 11.67 58,700 17.81 113,000 14.47 82,100 J- 1 ' 68^ 58,700 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 11.52 57,100 11.07 53,900 10.84 51,600 9.56 42,600 9.75 44,100 13.69 75,200 4 11.45 56,300 11.09 53,900 10.76 51,600 9.50 41,900 9.94 44,800 13.99 77,800 6 11.40 56,300 11.09 53,900 10.67 50,800 9.49 41,900 10.16 47,100 14.24 79,500 8 11.38 56,300 11.12 53,900 10.52 49,400 9.41 41,200 10.34 47,800 14.44 81,200 10 11.36 56,300 11.21 54,700 10.28 47,800 9.36 41,200 10.59 50,100 14.61 83,000 N 11.30 55,500 11.22 54,700 10.12 46,400 9.33 40,500 10.92 52,400 14.78 84,800 2 11.26 55,500 11.10 53,900 10.11 46,400 9.33 40,500 11.28 55,500 14.99 86,600 4 10.98 53,100 11.06 53,900 10.09 46,400 9.22 39,800 11.60 57,900 15.17 88,400 6 11.10 53,900 11.03 53,100 9.92 44,800 9.18 39,800 12.04 61,100 15.36 90,200 8 11.25 54,700 10.96 53,100 9.78 44,100 9.24 39,800 12.49 65,100 15.61 92,000 10 11. V 54,700 10.89 52,400 9.71 43,400 9.39 41,200 12.93 68,400 15.94 94,700 M 11. 0V 53,900 10.86 52,400 9.66 43,400 9.56 42,600 13.31 71,800 16.31 98,300 March 26 Mar oh 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 Z 16.66 102,000 16.85 103,000 18.26 118,000 17.96 115 ,000 15.33 89,300 13.36 72,700 4 16.83 103,000 16.81 103,000 18.49 120,000 17.71 112,000 15.14 87,500 13.26 71,800 6 16.95 105,000 16.81 103,000 18.72 122,000 17.39 109,000 14.90 85,700 13.18 71,000 8 17.08 106,000 16.79 103,000 18.88 124,000 17.04 105,000 14.69 83,900 13.07 70,200 10 17.10 106,000 16.79 103,000 19.04 125,000 16.83 103,000 14.49 82,100 12.99 69,300 N 17.09 106,000 16.82 103,000 19.20 127,000 16.69 102,000 14.32 80,400 12.95 69,300 2 17.09 106,000 16.88 104,000 19.30 128,000 16.51 100,000 14.16 79,500 12.92 68,400 4 17.10 106,000 17.00 105,000 19.16 127,000 16.30 98,300 14.04 77,800 12.89 68,400 6 17.10 106,000 17.21 107,000 18.85 123,000 16.10 96,500 13.89 77,000 12.89 67,600 8 17.10 106,000 17.48 110,000 18.60 121,000 15.89 94,700 13.75 76,100 12.78 67,600 10 17.05 105,000 17.72 112,000 18.37 119,000 15.70 98,900 13.61 74,400 12.72 66,800 M 16.96 105,000 18.02 115 ,000 18.14 116,000 15.50 91,100 13.48 73,600 12.64 65,900 162 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMA.C, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°26'3011 , long. 80°0'501', at junction of Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, in Pittsburgh, Allegheny County. Zero of gage Is 694.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 19,110 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Maxima.- 19568Sage height, 46.0 feet 8-10 p.m. Mar. 18, from flood mark. 1873-1935: Gage height, 38.7 feet Mar. 15, 1907. 1762-1935$ Maximum known stage, 41.1 feet Mar. 9, 1763. Remarks.- Records furnished by TJ. S. Weather Bureau. Discharge not determined.

Gage height, in feet, at indicated time, 1936 Hour Mar. 8 Mar. 9 Mar. 10 Mar. 11 Mar. 12 Mar. 13 Mar. 14 Mar. 15 Mar. 16 2 17.4 16.5 15.8 18.6 20.6 25.7 23.5 21.1 20,0 4 17.3 16.4 16.0 18.7 20.9 25.8 23.2 21.0 19.9 6 17.2 16.2 16.3 18.8 21.4 25.8 23.0 20.8 19.8 8 17.1 16.1 16.7 18,8 22.0 25.7 82. 8 20.8 19.8 10 17.1 16.0 16.9 18.9 22.6 25.6 22.6 20.7 19.9 H 17.0 15.9 17.3 19.0 23.4 25.4 22.4 20.6 20.0 2 16.9 15.9 17.6 19.1 24.0 25.2 22.2 20.6 20.2 4 16.8 15.8 17.8 19.3 24.5 25.0 22.0 20.5 20.3 6 16.8 15.8 18.0 19.5 24.8 24.7 21.7 20.4 20.6 a 16.7 15.7 18.2 19.7 25.2 24.4 21.5 20.3 20,9 10 16.6 15.7 18.3 20.0 25.4 24.2 21.4 20.2 21.2 M 16.5 15.7 18.5 20,3 25.6 23.9 21.9 20.0 21.7 Hour Mar. 17 Mar. 18 Mar. 19 Mar. 20 Mar. 21 Mar. 22 Mar. 23 Mar. 24 Mar. 25 2 22.2 37.7 46.1 30.2 24.20 24.1 22.5 22.6 25.1 4 22.8 39.1 44.2 29.4 24.10 24.0 22.5 22.6 25.8 6 23.5 40.3 43.0 28.6 24.00 23.8 22.6 22.6 26.6 8 24.7 41.7 41.7 S7.9 24.00 23.7 22.4 22.6 27.5 10 25.9 42.9 40.0 27.3 23.90 23.6 22.4 22.6 28.3 H 27.1 43.9 38.3 26.8 23.90 23.4 22.4 22.7 28,9 2 28.6 44.9 36.8 26.4 23.90 23.2 22.4 22.9 29.5 4 29,9 45.4 35.4 25.8 24.00 23.0 22.5 23.1 29.8 6 31.5 45.8 34.1 25.3 24.20 22.8 22.5 23.3 30,1 8 33.2 46.0 32.9 25.0 24.2 22.6 22.6 23,6 30.4 10 34.8 46.0 31.9 24.7 24.1 22.6 22.6 24.0 30.5 M 36.4 45.6 31.0 24.4 24.1 22.5 22.6 24.5 30.6 Hour Mar. 26 Mar. 27 Mar. 28 Mar. 29 Mar. 30 Mar. 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 2 Apr. 3 2 30.6 29.0 27.0 S7.5 24.6 22.2 _ _ _ 4 30.5 28.8 27.0 27.3 24.4 22.0 _ _ _ 6- 3P.4 28.6 27.1 27.1 24.1 21.8 _ _ _ 8 30.3 28.3 27.2 26.9 23.9 21.7 20.2 19.0 18.7 10 30.2 28.1 27.3 26.7 23.7 21.5 _ _ N 30.1 37.8 27.4 26.4 23.5 _ _ _ _ 2 30.0 37.6 27.5 26.1 23.3 _ _ _ _ 4 29.9 27.4 27.6 25.9 23.1 _ _ _ _ 6 29.8 27.3 27.7 25.6 22.9 _ _ _ « 8 29,6 27.1 27.7 25.4 22,7 _ _ _ w 10 29,4 27.0 27.7 25.1 22.5 _ _ _ _ M 29.2 27.0 27.6 24.8 22.4 - - - - Hour Apr. 4 Apr. 5 Apr. 6 Apr. 7 Apr. 8 Apr. 9 2 _ _ _ 22.4 24.6 21.1 4 _ _ 23.4 24.6 20,8 6 _ _ _ 24..E 23.0 20.5 8 18.0 17.0 16.3 24.% 23.7 20.3 10 - _ 16.4 25.2 23.5 20.1 H - - 16.6 25.4 23.2 19.9 2 - - 17.2 25.5 22.9 19.6 4 _ _ 17.8 25.5 22.6 19.4 6 _ - 18.2 25.5 22.2 19.3 8 _ _ 19.0 25.3 22 e O 19.0 10 _ _ 19.9 25.1 21.7 18,9 M - - 21.2 24.9 21.4 18.7 OHIO RIVER BASIN

Ohio River at Sewiokley, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°31'50", long. 80°ll'20lt , 200 feet above highway bridge at Sewickley, Allegheny County, half a mile above mouth of Narrows Run, and Ig- miles above Dashields Dam. Zero of gage is 690.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 19,500 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period noon Mar. 18 to 4 p.m. Mar. 28, when there was no record. Gage heights used to half tenths between 4.0 and 6.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 550,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; logarithmic extension to crest stage. Affected by Ice Feb. 1-3. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 574.000 second-feet 10 p.m. to midnight Mar. 18 (gage height, 34.75 feet, from flood mark). 1933-35! Discharge, 225,000 second-feet Mar. 13, 1935 (gage height, 15.7 feet). 1833-1935: Maximum known discharge, 413,000 second-feet Mar. 15, 1907 (gage height, 28.0 feet, f rom f lood mark). Remarks.- Discharge during period of missing gage-height record determined from compara­ tive hydrographs. Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 11,000 97,200 95,000 11 15,000 85,900 77,400 21 28,700 147,000 26,900 2 11,000 79,600 86,200 12 13,500 132,000 75,200 22 23,000 139,000 26,900 3 11,500 70,800 81,800 13 13,100 167,000 68,600 23 18,800 129,000 28,600 4 13,200 64,300 73,000 14 20,400 126,000 66,400 PA 15,600 137,000 30,300 5 16,800 68,600 62,200 15 39,600 103,000 60,100 25 27,500 211,000 26,100 6 25,700 79,600 73,000 16 80,700 99,300 51,700 26 116,000 242,000 23,700 Y 29,800 70,800 150,000 17 68,600 195,000 45,600 27 187,000 215,000 18,800 8 26,000 60,600 134,000 18 48,600 465,000 39,600 28 207,000 202,000 18,800 9 18,100 50,100 95,000 19 43,600 440,000 33,900 29 134,000 185,000 18,800 10 16,200 63,700 79,600 20 36,800 810,000 29,800 30 138,000 20, -800 31 110,000 45,410 147,900 57,260 Run-off, in inches ...... 2.51 8.74 3.28

Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar o Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3.99 8.29 8.20 11 4.06 7.78 7.45 21 5.02 10.64 4.91 2 3.84 7.53 7.80 12 3.92 9.94 7.28 22 4.66 10.25 4.91 3 3.73 7.12 7.60 13 3.88 11.75 6,97 23 4.36 9.76 5.01 4 3.89 6.81 7.20 14 4.45 9.64 6.88 24 4.09 10.14 5.09 5 4.18 6.95 6.70 15 5.58 8.56 6.57 25 4.90 14.79 4.87 6 4.82 7.47 7.15 16 7.52 8.39 6.19 26 9.29 17.07 4.69 7 5.08 7.14 10.80 17 6.99 14.06 5.88 27 13.03 14.96 4.37 8 4.85 6.63 10.00 18 6.05 30.02 5.59 28 14.37 13.97 4.37 9 4.32 6.13 8.25 19 5.78 28.75 5.30 29 10.06 13.96 4.36 10 4.14 6.77 7.52 20 5.43 14.83 4.97 30 10.18 4.51 31 8.89

Gage height, in feet and discharge, in second-feet, at 1 rdicated time, 1936

Feet Sec.ft. 1 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. $ M I M & March 9 March 16 10 15.00 216,000 6 16.86 240,000 N 6.06 48,600 2 8.23 95,000 4 13.02 187,000 2p 7.65 81,800 M 5.98 47,600 N 8.25 95,000 8 11.88 169,000 March 27 M 7.30 75,200 10 8.77 108,000 M 11.06 155,000 4 15.90 228,000 Ma pch 10 N 14.95 216,000 Apr-_11 4- N 6.83 64,300 March 17 March 21 6 14.13 203,000 9 7.30 75.200 6 7.20 73,000 2 9.30 119,000 6 10.70 148,000 9 7.10 70,800 6 10.17 138,000 N 10.51 144,000 March 28 March 11 10 11.60 164,000 6 10.50 144,000 2 13.72 198,000 4 7.56 81,800 N 12.85 184,000 M 10.61 146,000 10 13.80 199,000 N 6.79 64,300 8 7.63 81,800 4 15.67 225,000 4 14.16 205,000 6 6.35 54,800 2 7.75 86,200 8 19.00 265,000 Ma]"Ch 22 10 14.28 206,000 9 6.25 52,800 6 7.94 88,400 M 22.35 311,000 6 10.56 146,000 M 6.55 60,100 M 8.31 97,200 4 10.05 134,000 March 29 March 18 M 9.78 130,000 2 14.16 205,000 Itapch 12 2 23.85 333,000 8 13.65 196,000 10 6.57 60,100 6 8.83 108,000 6 26.80 388,000 MaJ-ch 23 2 12.75 184,000 4 7.30 75,200 N 9.86 132,000 N 30.95 481,000 4 9.74 128,000 M 8.60 104,000 6 11.01 154,000 4 33.17 534,000 N 9.71 128,000 March 30 M 11.83 168,000 6 33.95 554,000 8 9.80 130,000 Z 10.94 152,000 Apr 11 7 8 34.48 566,000 N 10.15 138,000 4 9.80 130,000 Ma.pch 13 10 34.75 574,000 Mai"Ch 24 M 9.38 121,000 10 11.10 155,000 2 12.08 173,000 M 34.75 574,000 6 9.82 130,000 2 11.50 162,000 4 12.23 174,000 4 10.20 138,000 March 31 4 11.50 162,000 6 12.35 177,000 March 19 10 8.96 113,000 5 11.42 161,000 8 12.36 177,000 2 34.49 566,000 March 25 4 8.71 106,000 ID 11.42 161,000 10 12.26 176,000 4 33.92 552,000 2 11.30 159,000 M 8.46 102,000 N 12.12 173; 000 6 33.12 532,000 10 14.70 212,000 April 8 6 11.40 161,000 8 32.20 510,000 N 15.60 224,000 April 1 4a 10.68 148,000 10 31.00 481,000 4 16.52 235,000 2 8.42 99,400 6p 9.38 121,000 March 14 2 28.15 417,000 8 17,04 241,000 2 8.18 95,000 2 10.40 142,000 6 24.80 350,000 M 17.41 246,000 M 7.85 86,200 10 9«7B 130,000 10 21.61 299,000 2a 8.75 108,000 8 9.07 115,000 M 20.30 282,000 March 26 IDp 7.63 81,800 2 17.52 247,000 4j 7.75 86,200 March 15 March 20 6 17.51 247,000 8 7.65 81,800 4 8.74 106,000 2 19.10 266,000 10 17.20 243,000 4a 7.52 79,600 4 8.49 102,000 6 16.85 239,000 2 17.00 241,000 M 7.52 79,600 164 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Wheeling, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 400 6'15n , long. 80°42'151t , at Lock Ho. 12 at Warwood, 3 miles above Wheeling, Ohio County. Zero of gage Is 610,8 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 24,800 square miles. Gage-height Tecord.- Gage read hourly. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 265,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by averaging discharges obtained from extensions by logarithmic, A \/d~pand slope-area methods. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 466,000 second-feet 2-6 p.m. Mar. 19 (gage height, 55.5 feet). 1882-19351 Gage height, 52.1 feet Feb. 7, 1884, at the Wheeling wharf; equivalent to about 53.7 feet on the present gage at Lock No. 12 (discharge not de­ termined. 1838-1935J Highest known flood, that of Feb. 7, 1884. Remarks.- Discharge, Apr. 19-30 not determined. Gage-height record furnished by Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Ap'r. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 18,100 148,000 124,000 11 27,800 86,200 97,400 21 45,900 249,000 - 2 18,600 113,000 110,000 12 32,400 114,000 95,000 22 36,200 192,000 - 3 17,600 94,200 105,000 13 31,800 153,000 83,600 23 30,000 174,000 - 4 16,800 86,200 95,800 14 27,800 155,000 80,600 24 25,000 175,000 - 5 18,600 79,800 84,600 15 37,500 137,000 75,800 25 28,900 214,000 - 6 23,500 89,400 84,600 16 78,200 128,000 67,000 26 86,200 272,000 - 7 36,200 91,000 120,000 17 106,000 168,000 59,000 27 194,000 274,000 - 8 44,500 79,800 170,000 18 78,200 301,000 51,500 28 219,000 239,000 - 9 38,200 68, 600 140,000 19 57,500 449,000 - 29 205,000 222,000 - 10 30,000 61,400 109,000 20 53,800 384,000 - 30 184,000 - 31 152,000 57,360 172,100 Run-off , in. inchea ...... 2.49 8.00

Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Felu Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 7.5 25.0 22.1 11 9.4 17.4 18.8 21 12.2 36.4 _ 2 7.6 20.7 20.4 12 10.2 20.9 18,5 22 10.8 30.1 _ 3 7.4 18.4 19.8 13 10.1 25.6 17.7 23 9.8 28.1 _ 4 7.2 17.4 18.6 14 9.4 25.8 16.7 24 8.9 28.2 - 5 7.6 16.6 17.2 15 11.0 23.7 16.1 25 9.6 32.5 _ 6 8.6 17.8 17.2 16 16.4 22.6 15.0 26 17.4 38.8 _ 7 10.8 18.0 21.6 17 19.9 27.4 14.0 27 30.3 38.9 _ 8 12.0 16.6 27.6 18 16.4 41.4 13.0 28 33.1 35.3 _ 9 11.1 15.2 24.0 19 13.8 54.1 _ 29 31.6 33.5 _ 10 9.8 14.3 20.2 20 13.3 48.7 - 30 29.2 . 31 25.5 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 JH U Feet Sec.ft. 0 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec .ft. Feet Sec. ft. & W 1 I I March 16 N 48.8 386,000 S 39.1 276,000 April 2 8 27.9 173,000 4 22.3 125,000 4 46.5 358,000 4 39.5 280,000 4 20.7 113,000 10 28.0 174,000 N 22.5 127,000 8 44.2 332,000 6 39.6 282,000 H 20.3 109,000 H 27.9 173,000 8 23.1 132,000 M 41.9 307,000 8 20.2 109,000 4 27.6 170,000 March 27 8 27.2 167,000 Ma rch 17 Mai-ch 21 2 39.6 282,000 Apt 11 3 M 26.5 161,000 4 24.1 140,000 4 39.7 283,000 4 39.5 280,000 4 20.1 108,000 8 25.4 151,000 N 36.1 246,000 N 39.1 276,000 N 19.8 105,000 Apic-il 9 N 27.2 167,000 8 33.2 220.000 8 38.1 266,000 8 19.6 104,000 4 25.8 155,000 4 28.8 180,000 M 19.4 102,000 8 24.9 147,000 8 30.6 196,000 March 22 March 28 N 24.0 140,000 M 32.6 214,000 4 31.2 202,000 4 36.7 252,000 Apr 11 4 4 2'3.2 133,000 N 29.9 190,000 H 35.4 240,000 8 18.9 98,200 8 22.5 127,000 Maifch 18 8 29.2 184,000 8 34.5 232,000 4 18.2 92,600 M 21.8 121,000 4 35.4 240,000 M 18.0 91,000 8 38.6 271,000 March 23 March 29 . April 10 N 41.6 304,000 4 28.7 179,000 4 34.1 228,000 April 5 4 21.4 118,000 4 44.6 336,000 H 27.9 173,000 H 33.6 223,000 8 17.5 87,000 N 20.1 108,000 8 47.1 365,000 8 27.5 169,000 8 32.9 217,000 4 16.9 82,200 8 19.3 101,000 M 49.9 399,000 M 16.5 79,000 March 24 March 30 Ma:fch 19 4 27.5 169,000 4 31.6 205,000 Api 11 6 8 18.8 97,400 4 52.2 426,000 N 28.1 174,000 N 30.0 191,000 8 17.0 83,000 4 18.7 96,600 8 54.0 448,000 8 28.9 182,000 8 28.4 177,000 4 17.4 86,200 11 18,6 95,800 10 54.7 456,000 M 17.4 86,200 N 55,2 462,000 March 25 March 31 2 65.6 466,000 4 30.2 193,000 4 26.9 164,000 Apr 11 7 8 "18.4 94,200 4 55.5 466,000 8 31.1 201,000 N 25.4 151,000 4 17.9 90,200 4 18.3 93,400 6 55.5 466,000 N 32.2 211,000 8 24.2 141,000 8 18.9 98,200 11 18.2 92,600 8 55.2 462,000 4 33.6 223,000 N 21.0 115,000 10 54.9 459,000 8 35.0 236,000 April 1 4 23.2 133,000 M 54.4 453,000 M 36.5 250,000 4 23.1 132,000 8 25.3 151,000 8 18.0 91,000 { N 22.0 123,000 M 26.7 162,000 4 17.5 87,000 March 20 March 26 8 21.4 118,000 M 17.0 83,000 4 53.0 436,000 4 37.7 262,000 April 8 8 51.3 416,000 8 38.6 271,000 4 27.7 171,000 OHIO RIVER BASIN 165

Ohio River at Fomeroy, Ohio location.- Gages at Lock 24, lat. 380 58'45n , long. 81 0 55«40n , 0.9 mile below Racine, Ohio, and 242.5 miles below Pittsburgh and Lock 25, lat. 38*54'15", long. 82°7 t 5011 , 4.5 miles above Point Pleasant, W. Va., and 260.7 miles below Pittsburgh. Measuring section, Pomeroy Bend Bridge, lat. 39°0'50n , long. SS^'SO", 1 mile below Fomeroy, Ohio, and 251.3 miles below Pittsburgh. Altitude above mean sea level of zero of middle gage at Lock 24 is 521.65 feet; of lower gage at Lock 24 is 517.49 feet. Drainage area.- 39,950 square miles. Sage-height record.- Staff gages at Locks 24 and 25 read to tenths hourly. Sbage-discharge reTation.- Defined by current-meter measurements for the entire range of stage. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 452,000 second-feet noon Mar. 21; gage height, 57.0 feet (middle gage, Lock 24) 2 a.m. Mar. 22. Maximum known stage, 68.6 feet (Lock 24) Mar. 30, 1913 (discharge, 633,000 second-feet, by extension of present rating curve). Remarks.- Maximum discharge and maximum gage height not coincident owing to change in slope of river. Record furnished by the Huntington, W. Va., office of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 20,000 275,000 219,000 11 40,900 80,400 172,000 21 76,400 446,000 59,400 2 16,800 234,000 178,000 12 32,800 89,900 149,000 22 65,800 428,000 45,500 3 16,600 189,000 156,000 13 28,100 116,000 136,000 25 56,500 378,000 46,900 4 21,300 154,000 144,000 14 27,100 162,000 125,000 24 49,500 526,000 48,400 5 45,200 128,000 132,000 15 46,600 180,000 114,000 25 51,600 298,000 48,000 6 76,400 112,000 167,000 16 88,400 171,000 105,000 26 88, 600 506,000 45,700 7 56,600 108,000 213,000 17 100,000 200,000 94,600 27 150,000 336,000 37,100 8 42,800 109,000 207,000 18 157,000 253,000 83,400 28 234,000 355,000 32,100 9 44,800 101,000 218,000 19 120,000 317,000 73,000 29 270,000 343,000 33,300 10 45,500 89,500 204,000 20 92,200 399,000 46,800 30 315,000 32,800 31 273,000

1.99 6.77 3.12

Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 (Lock 24) Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 5.65 40.84 38.32 11 9.85 16.61 33.07 21 17.26 56,38 b!3.48 2 5.22 37.75 32.69 12 8.23 17.95 29.55 22 14.90 56.58 b!4.96 5 5.11 32.96 28.74 13 7.58 21.66 26.88 25 12.86 54.44 b!5.16 4 6.12 28.18 26.87 14 7.12 27.57 24.74 24 11.24 51.16 b!5.54 5 10.29 24.22 25.26 15 12.82 29.95 22.61 25 11.55 49.47 bl5.51 6 16.56 21.62 30. 56 16 24.16 28.52 20.94 26 17.60 49.42 b!4.94 7 13.42 20.86 38.61 17 25.10 33.13 19.27 27 27.18 50.13 bl5. 76 8 10.50 20.93 39.70 18 26.71 40.63 17.35 28 55.94 50.64 bl5. 15 9 10.29 19.83 59.21 19 25.20 47.61 15.55 29 40.15 49.94 blS. 41 10 10.34 18.09 36.94 20 20.91 53.12 a 30 47.69 b!3.40 31 44.86 a Wickets put up this date. b At lower gage; all other gage heights are for middle gage^

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 h S 1 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet See. ft. o Feet Sec. ft. I Feet Sec. ft. M W W M M March 14 March 20 March 26 April 1 6 26.0 151,000 6 51.9 379,000 6 49.3 300,000 6 39.8 231,000 6 37.7 210,000 H 27.6 164,000 K 55.1 398,000 K 49.3 302,000 K 38.2 216,000 N 39.0 217,000 6 38.8 174,000 6 54.3 418,000 6 49.5 311,000 6 36.8 207,000 6 39.6 216,000 M 29.6 180,000 M 55.5 439,000 M 49.7 319,000 If 35.4 197,000 M 39.7 209,000 March 15 March 21 March 27 April 2 April 8 6 30.0 182,000 6 56.0 444,000 6 49.9 329,000 6 34.0 187,000 6 39.6 202,000 K 30.1 182,000 S 56.6 462,000 N 50.1 336,000 K 32.6 177,000 N 39.6 202,000 6 29.9 179,000 6 56.9 450,000 6 50.3 345,000 6 31.4 170,000 6 59.7 209,000 1C 29.6 176,000 M 57.0 444,000 M 50.5 550,000 M 30.2 164,000 M 39.7 214,000 liar oh 16 Maroh 22 Mai ch 28 Apr il 3 Apr 11 9 6 29.1 171,000 6 57.0 439,000 6 50.6 355,000 6 29.4 159,000 6 39.6 219,000 N 29.0 169,000 N 56.7 427,000 K 50.7 357,000 N 28.7 157,000 N 59.2 219,000 6 29.4 171,000 6 56.4 418,000 6 50.6 355,000 6 27.9 150,000 6 58.8 216,000 M 30.0 176.000 M 55.8 405.000 M 50.5 352 . 000 M 27.6 150.000 M 58.4 216.000 March 17 March 23 March 2' 9 April 4' April 10 6 51.5 186,000 6 55.1 393,000 6 50.3 348,000 6 27.2 147,000 6 37.7 211,000 K 53.0 199,000 N 54.5 382,000 N 50.0 344,000 K 26.8 144,000 N 57.0 204,000 6 34.8 215,000 6 53.5 362,000 6 49.6 339,000 6 26.5 141,000 6 56.1 199,000 M 36.7 231,000 M 52.7 351,000 M 49.0 329,000 M 2-6.1 139,000 M 55.2 191,000 Mar Bh 18 Maroh 24 Mai ch 30 Apr11 5 Apr 11 11 6 38.7 242,000 6 51.8 336,000 6 48.4 323,000 6 25.6 134,000 6 54.2 183,000 N 40.7 250,000 N 51.0 326,000 N 47.8 318,000 N 25.1 131,000 N 52.9 172,000 6 42.6 266,000 6 50.5 319,000 6 46.9 306,000 6 24.8 129,000 6 32.1 166,000 1C 44.3 281,000 K 49.9 305,000 M 46.0 296.000 M 25.2 130,000 1C 51.1 158.000 March 19 March 25 March 31 April 6 April 12 6 46.1 300,000 6 49.6 300,000 6 44.9 283,000 6 27.6 146,000 6 30.2 153,000 N 47.6 515,000 N 49.3 293,000 N 43.9 274,000 N 30.5 170,000 N 29.5 150,000 6 49.1 334,000 6 49.3 295,000 6 42.7 262,000 6 33.5 190,000 6 28.8 146,000 M 50.6 356,000 M 49.3 298,000 M 41.5 252,000 M 35.9 205,000 M 28.1 143,000 166 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Euntlngton, W. Va» location.- Lat. 38°24'48n , long. 82°30«2n , at Lock 28 and lat. 38°25'56n , long. 82°25' 3W , at foot of 24th Street, Huntington, Cabell County. Zero of gages is 492.00 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 55,200 square miles. gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graphs at Lock 28 arid at 24th Street in Hunt­ ington, except for period Feb. 2-4 at 24th Street gage. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements for the entire range of stage. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, 536,000 second-feet 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Mar. 22; gage height, 57.08 (Lock 28 gage) 4 a.m. Mar. 23. Maximum knoim stage, 64.5 feet (computed for present gage at Lock 28) Mar. 30, 1913 (discharge, about 770,000 second-feet based on present rating curve). Remarks.- Maximum discharge and maximum gage height not coincident due to change In slope of the river. All gage heights refer to the Lock 28 gage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 45,100 302,000 324,000 11 69,300 105,000 282,000 21 136,000 509,000 59,800 2 38,800 287,000 280,000 12 60,800 100,000 245,000 22 111,000 531,000 60,900 3 36,200 254,000 231,000 13 50,400 116,000 214,000 23 94,600 522,000 62,400 4 40,200 214,000 205,000 14 48,300 152,000 190,000 24 81,000 498,000 64,900 5 68,900 178,000 191,000 15 88,700 188,000 169,000 25 76,200 472,000 67,200 6 111,000 147,000 246,000 16 213,000 198,000 147,000 26 92,000 461,000 65,800 7 108,000 134,000 341,000 17 226,000 236,000 132,000 27 161,000 448,000 54,400 8 83,500 132,000 354,000 18 211,000 316,000 118,000 28 244,000 438,000 45,600 9 72,000 128,000 340,000 19 207,000 411,000 105,000 29 295,000 436,000 41,300 10 71,900 115,000 313,000 20 174,000 463,000 87,100 30 420,000 41,700 31 372,000 114,300 299,400 169,300 Run-off, in inches ...... 2.23 6.25 3.42

Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 8,77 38.61 44.37 11 13.11 18.18 40.38 21 24.05 53.93 13.71 2 7.71 38.58 39.38 12 12 . 13 17.40 36.60 22 20.58 56.40 13.58 3 7.27 36.25 34.28 13 10.55 19.08 33.07 23 17.88 56.89 13.23 4 7.93 32.33 31.3S 14 10.15 2S.86 30.04 24 15. 63 55.84 12.96 5 12.70 28.05 29.64 15 15.54 26.76 27.27 25 14.41 54.99 12.52 6 20.27 24.53 34.25 16 28.38 28.63 24.86 26 15.82 54.67 12.47 7 21.14 22.23 43.54 17 32.54 32.82 22.77 27 22.44 53.84 11.00 8 17.72 21.37 47.57 18 30.98 39.49 20.53 28 30.30 52.82 10.28 9 14.70 20.73 46.09 19 30.15 46,11 18.62 29 36.05 52.02 13.63 10 13.61 19,55 43.67 20 27.72 50.63 16.37 30 50.80 13.71 31 48.32 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at Indicated time, 1936 FH FH & & t§' Feet Sec. ft. o Feet See. ft. g Feet See. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. M M M 1 March 16 March 21 March 26 8 42.80 298,000 4 45.08 358,000 4 27.94 196,000 4 52.93 499,000 4 54.88 465,000 8 46.14 359,000 H 28.40 194,000 8 53.45 500,000 H 54.71 462,000 Apt 11 2 M 46.87 360,000 8 29.44 199,000 H 53.93 507,000 8 54.50 459,000 4 41.08 288,000 4 54.43 514,000 N 39.38 267,000 April 8 March 17 8 54.93 522,000 March 27 8 37.58 249,000 4 47.38 360,000 4 30.98 216,000 M 55.40 526,000 4 54.20 452,000 8 47.66 360,000 K 32.80 234,000 N 53.85 450,000 April 3 H 47.78 359,000 8 34.66 256,000 March 22 4 53.66 449,000 4 35.78 238,000 4 47.73 358,000 4 55.83 535,000 8 53.47 444,000 N 34.18 224,000 8 47.57 352,000 Mai ch 18 8 56.18 536,000 M 53.30 439,000 8 32.87 214,000 4 36.85 282,000 H 56.50 536,000 April 9 8 38.20 294,000 4 56.75 536,000 March 28 April 4 4 46.87 350,000 H 39.47 310,000 8 56.92 535,000 4 53.13 438,000 4 31.98 205,000 N 46.03 340,000 4 40.76 336,000 H 57.03 534,000 N 52.80 440,000 N 31.32 202,000 8 45.35 335,000 8 42.10 345,000 8 52.52 440,000 8 30.73 199,000 M 43.43 374,000 Mai ch 23 Api-11 10 4 57.08 527,000 March 29 April 5 4 44.57 324,000 Max ch 19 8 57.07 522,000 4 52.29 437,000 4 30.05 192,000 N 43.69 313,000 4 44,16 396,000 N 56.98 524,000 N 52.04 437,000 N 29.30 186,000 8 42.72 303,000 8 45.22 408,000 4 56.85 518,000 8 51.75 433,000 5 29.30 186,000 N 46.15 416,000 8 56.64 518,000 10 29.60 189,000 April 11 4 47.07 418,000 M 66.43 517,000 Mar ch 30 4 41.56 296,000 8 47.95 434,000 4 51.38 429,000 April 6 N 40.38 285,000 M 48.76 444,000 Mai ch 24 H 50.87 417,000 4 31.25 209,000 8 39.17 268,000 4 56.22 511,000 8 50.20 415,000 8 32.70 222,000 March 20 8 55.97 501,000 N 34.13 239,000 April 12 4 49.43 460,000 N 65.83 496,000 March 31 4 35.58 255,000 4 37.90 258,000 8 60.06 464,000 4 55.66 495,000 4 49,39 388,000 8 37.32 269,000 N 36.60 250,000 H 60.60 461,000 8 55.48 485,000 N 48.38 371,000 M 39.08 296,000 8 35.38 233,000 4 51.28 468,000 8 47.20 360,000 8 61.79 481,000 March 25 April 7 April 13 M 52.38 489,000 4 65.17 476,000 Apr 11 1 4 40.80 321,000 4 34.20 225,000 N 54.93 470,000 4 45.88 341,000 8 42.40 333,000 N 33.07 217,000 8 54.85 465,000 N 44.37 316,000 N 43.83 348,000 8 32.02 208,000 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 13

A. FORMER LOCATION OF SIX HOUSES WHICH WERE REMOVED BY THE FLOOD OF MARCH 1936 ON THE KISKIMINETAS RIVER AT NORTH VANDERGRIFT, PA. Courtesy of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army.

B. FLOOD CONDITIONS ON THE ALLEGHENY RIVER AT PITTSBURGH, PA., MARCH 18, 1936. The smoke is from a burning oil tank. Courtesy of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 800 PLATE 14

A. THE BUSINESS SECTION OF PITTSBURGH, PA., AT THE JUNCTION OF THE ALLE­ GHENY AND MONONGAHEIA RIVERS, FLOODED ALMOST TO THE SECOND STORIES. Courtesy of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army.

B. WHEELING ISLAND AND CONNECTING BRIDGES AT WHEELING, W. VA., AT THE CREST OF THE FLOOD ON THE OHIO RIVER. Courtesy of Cresco Photo Service, Wheeling, W. Va. OHIO RIVER BASIS 167

Ohio River at Cincinnati, Ohio

Location.- 0. S. Weather Bureau gages at West End plant of Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co. 1^ miles below Broadway and at foot of Broadway in Cincinnati, Hamilton County. Zeros of gages are 428.8 feet and 429.8 feet respectively above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 76,580 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph at West End gage Mar. 21 to 2 p.m. Apr. 3; hourly gage readings at Broadway gage thereafter. Maxima.- 1936: Oage height, 60.6 feet 2 a.m. to noon Mar. 28. 1858-1935: Oage height, 71.1 feet Feb. 14, 1884 (discharge not determined). - ae heih

Gage height, in feet, at 0. S. Weather Bureau gages, at indicated time, 1936 Hour March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 2 50.7 54.2 56.7 58.4 59.5 59.7 59.7 60.6 4 51.1 54.4 56.8 58.5 59.6 59.7 59.8 60.6 6 51.4 54.6 57.0 58.6 59.5 59.5 59.8 60.6 8 51.7 54.8 57.0 58.7 59.5 59.5 59.8 60.6 10 52.0 55.1 57.2 58.8 59.5 59.5 60.0 60.6 N 52.4 55.3 57.3 58.9 59.6 59.5 60.0 60.6 2 52.7 55.5 57.4 59.0 59.6 59.4 60.1 60.5 4 52.9 55.7 57.7 59.1 59.7 59.5 60.2 60.4 6 53.2 55.9 57.8 59.2 59.7 59.5 60.3 60.3 8 53.5 56.1 58.0 59.2 59.7 59.5 60.4 60.2 10 53.7 56.3 58.1 59.3 59.6 59.5 60.5 60.1 M 54.0 56.5 58.3 59.4 59.6 59.6 60.5 1 60.0 Hour March 29 March 30 March 31 April 1 April 2 April 3 April 4 April 5 2 59.9 59.1 57.9 56.5 54.6 51.8 47.8 43.5 4 59.9 59.0 57.8 56.3 54.4 51.4 47.4 43.1 ' 86 59.8 58.9 57.7 56.1 54.2 51.0 47.0 42.7 59.8 58.8 57.6 56.0 54.0 50.6 46.6 42.5 10 59.7 58.7 57.6 55.8 53.8 50.3 46.2 42.2 N 59.7 58.6 57.5 55.6 53.6 50.0 45.8 42.0 2 59,5 58.5 57.4 55.4 53.2 49.7 45.4 41.7 4 59.4 58.4 57.3 55.2 52.9 49.3 45.2 41.4 6 59.3 58.3 57.2 55.1 52.7 49.0 44.9 41.2 8 59.3 58.2 57.0 54.9 52.5 48.7 44.6 41.3 10 59.2 58.1 56.9 54.8 52.3 48.5 44.2 41.7 M 59.2 58.0 56.7 54.7 52.1 48.2 43.9 42.3 Hour April 6 April 7 April 8 April 9 April 10 April 11 April 12 2 42.7 46.3 48.5 51.9 53.7 53.8 52.5 4 43.1 46.5 48.9 52.1 53.8 53.8 52.3 6 43.5 46.6 49.3 52.3 53.9 53.7 52.2 8 43.9 46.7 49.6 52.5 54.0 53.6 52.0 10 44.3 46.9 50.0 52.7 54.0 53.5 51.8 N 44.7 47.1 50.3 52.9 54.0 53.4 51.6 2 45.0 47.2 50.5 53.0 54.0 53.3 51.4 4 45.3 47.4 50.9 53.1 54.0 53.2 51.1 6 45.5 47.6 51.1 53.3 54.0 53.1 50.9 8 45.7 47.8 51.3 53.4 54.0 53.0 50.7 10 45.9 48.0 51.5 53.5 53.9 52.8 50.5 M 46.1 48.2 51.7 53.6 53.9 52.7 50.3

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Dam Ho. 37 Day Feett Sec. -ft. Day Feetf Sec. -ft. Day Feett Sec. -ft. March 28 59.6 550,000 11 53.0 470,000 14 22.7 125,000 29 59.3 544,000 12 51.6 430,000 15 23.9 135,000 30 58.4 530,000 13 49.0 398,000 16 27.1 170,000 31 57.1 496,000 14 45.5 354,000 17 32.5 231,000 41.5 307,000 18 37.5 292,000 1 55.4 470,000 16 37.6 263,000 19 41.5 343,000 2 53.4 450,000 17 34.0 225,000 20 45.6 397,000 3 50.6 415,000 18 31.0 204,000 21 50.2 461,000 4 46.7 368,000 19 28.5 169,000 22 53.3 508,000 5 42.4 318,000 20 26.3 148,000 23 55.6 560, QOO 6 43.7 360,000 21 24.5 132,000 24 57.4 560,000 7 46.4 408,000 22 22.2 112,000 25 58.5 546,000 8 48.6 438,000 23 19.4 92,000 26 58.6 527,000 9 51.5 480,000 24 18.0 83,000 27 58.9 535,000 10 53.0 485,000 25 17.8 81,000

* In downstream order this station precedes Louisville, Ky. ** Discharges are considered the same as at Cincinnati. Gage heights and discharges given In this table are for 8 a.m. Discharges are preliminary and are subject to re­ vision. t Pass sill gage. 168 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Ashland, Ky. (Drainage area, 60,800 square miles) Gage Mean Gage Mean Day height discharge Day height discharge

Mar. 18 4S.1 317,000 Mar. 26 60.7 511,000 19 50.2 397,000 27 60.1 500,000 20 55.2 461,000 28 59.0 482,000 21 58.7 516,000 29 58.1 468,000 22 61.5 559,000 30 57.1 453,000 23 62.6 557,000 31 55.0 425,000 24 61.5 529,000 Apr. 1 51.5 382,000 25 60.9 517,000 Z 46.6 328,000 * Records of discharge given for this station are preliminary and are subject to revision.

Ohio River at Louisville, Ky. (Dam 41)t (Drainage area, 91,200 square miles) Gage height Mean Gage height Mean Day (Lower gage) discharge Day (Lower gage) discharge Mar. 15 24.1 142,000 Apr. 6 52.7 402,000 16 25.5 154,000 7 53.8 418,000 17 29.6 190,000 8 55.1 440,000 18 37. S 266,000 9 56.5 480,000 19 42.7 327,000 10 58.6 520,000 20 46.3 370,000 11 60.2 540,000 21 50.7 428,000 12 60.7 530,000 22 54.3 482,000 13 59.5 512,000 23 57.1 528,000 14 57.0 476,000 24 59.4 570,000 15 53.5 428,000 25 61.2 597,000 16 49.1 369,000 26 62.4 606,000 17 43.9 310,000 27 63.6 613,000 18 38.1 254,000 28 64.8 619,000 19 34-1 216,000 29 65.5 618,000 20 30.8 186,000 30 65.5 610,000 SI 27.9 161,000 31 64.8 596,000 22 25.8 144,000 Apr. 1 63.5 568,000 23 22.8 118,000 2 6S.1 540,000 24 20.8 102,000 3 60.3 505,000 25 19.3 88,000 4 57.7 461,000 26 18.6 82,000 5 54.1 416,000 t Records of discharge given for this station are preliminary and are subject to revision. Discharge measurements made and gage heights furnished by Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Daily discharge determined by application of 8 a.m. gage heights to preliminary rating based on discharge measurements made In 1936. Daily discharge sub­ ject to revision on basis of later measurements and further study of relation of slope to discharge. OHIO RIVER BASIN

Ohio River at Cannelton, Ind.* (Drainage area, 96,600 square mllea)

Gage Mean Gage Mean Day height discharge Day height discharge Mar. 18 a69.7 _ Apr. 4 92.40 553,000 19 a75.3 _ 5 91.10 511,000 20 a79.5 _ 6 90.30 486,000 21 a82.6 _ 7 89.80 471,000 22 85.75 411,000 8 89.75 477,000 23 88.13 462,000 9 90.00 486,000 84 89.73 506,000 10 90.70 510,000 25 91.07 546,000 11 91.50 535,000 26 92.05 576,000 12 92.13 547,000 27 93.10 609,000 13 92.35 548,000 28 93.75 629,000 14 91.87 530,000 29 94.25 643,000 15 90.67 490,000 30 94.58 647,000 16 88.85 440,000 31 94.60 641,000 17 86.50 390,000 Apr. 1 94.37 623,000 18 83.33 - 2 93.86 603,000 19 a79.45 3 93.30 584,000 20 a76.00 - * Recoirds of discharge have been computed from discharge measurements and stages furnished byiy the Corps of Engineers, tr. S. Army. They are preliminary and subject to revision. a Estimated.

Ohio River at Golconda, 111. (Dam 51} (Drainage area, 143,700 square miles)

Gage height Mean Gage height Mean Day Dam 50 Dam 51 discharge Day Dam 50 Dam 51 discharge Mar. 17 19.6 18.8 193,000 Apr. 8 47.2 44.9 723,000 18 19.3 18.7 188,000 9 46.8 44.6 711,000 19 21.4 20.1 221,000 10 46.5 44.5 700,000 20 25.2 23.1 282,000 11 46.3 44.4 694,000 21 28.7 26.4 340,000 12 46.3 44.4 694,000 22 31.0 28.6 377,000 13 46.3 44.5 692,000 23 33.0 30.2 413,000 14 46.4 44.7 692,000 24 34.9 31.8 450,000 15 46.6 44.8 699,000 25 36.3 33.2 477,000 16 46.7 44.9 702,000 26 37.7 34.5 506,000 17 46.5 44.7 697,000 27 39.8 36.8 550,000 18 45.8 44.3 674,000 28 41.1 38.1 581,000 19 44.7 43.5 641,000 29 42.6 39.4 618,000 20 43.3 42.2 607,000 30 43.9 40.7 650,000 21 41.2 40.3 556,000 31 45.2 41.8 686,000 22 38.7 38.1 500,000 Apr. 1 46.2 42.8 711,000 23 35.0 34.9 420,000 2 47.0 43.7 733,000 24 30.5 30.6 347,000 3 47.4 44.2 742, OQO 25 25.7 25.9 279,000 4 47.5 44.5 743,000 26 21.7 21.7 209,000 5 47.6 44.7 738,000 27 18.6 18.6 179,000 6 48.0 45.4 750,000 28 16.7 16.7 152,000 7 47.6 45.1 738,000

* Records of discharge have been computed from discharge measurements and stages furnished by the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. They are preliminary and subject to revision. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD TIPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Metropolis, 111.

Location.- Discharge section at lat. 37°9', long. 88°44', at Paducah & Rail- road bridge at Metropolis, Massac County, 111., 9i miles below Tennessee River. Gage-height record obtained at lat. 37 5'25", long. 88 35"38", at foot of Jefferson St., Paducah, McCracken County, Ky., a quarter of a mile below Tennessee River. Zero of gage is 286.23 feet above mean sea level (general adjustment of 1929). Drainage area.- 203,000 square miles. GaKe-heiKht record.- Water-stage recorder graph at Paducah; hourly readings from aux­ iliary staff gage at Dam No. 53 used in obtaining stage-slope-discharge rating. Stage-discharge relation.- Discharge determined from rating curve defined by frequent discharge measurements throughout full range of stage. The gage height at Paducah, corrected by a submergence ratio determined from the stages at Paducah and Dam No. 53, was applied to curve to obtain discharge, this method allowing for changes in slope. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 1,100,000 second-feet Apr. 15 (gage height, 49.15 feet, Paducah gage). 1934-35: Discharge, 936,000 second-feet Mar. 23, 1935 (gage height, 45.40 feet, Paducah gage). 1875-1936: Maximum known stage, 54.3 feet (Paducah gage), Apr. 7, 1913 (dis­ charge not determined). Remarks.- Flood discharge affected only slightly, If at all, by storage in reservoirs upstream. Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 April Day February March Feet Second-feet Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet 1 16.53 240,000 25.73 381,000 44.82 938,000 2 14.87 213,000 26.25 378,000 45.75 977,000 3 13.54 190,000 26.89 392,000 46.34 987,000 4 12.91 183,000 27.60 417, 000 46.80 1,010,000 5 13.00 184,000 28.26 439,000 47.30 1,020,000 6 14.64 211,000 28.90 460,000 48.11 1,060,000 7 16.47 247,000 29.47 480,000 48.26 1,060,000 8 17.53 265, 000 29.82 483, 000 48.27 1,050,000 9 18.81 294,000 30.00 488, 000 48.34 1,050,000 10 19.60 312,000 29.79 477,000 48.44 1,050,000 11 21.22 348, 000 29.17 460,000 48.58 1,070,000 12 21.67 357,000 28.05 428, 000 48.74 1,080,000 13 22.00 362, 000 26.48 386, 000 48.87 1,090,000 14 24.50 423,000 24.86 346,000 48.99 1,090,000 15 2.3. 5*- 386,000 23.10 306,000 49.09 1,100,000 16 21.43 338,000 21.49 274, 000 49.11 1,090,000 17 19.70 304,000 21.18 282, 000 48.99 1,090,000 18 18.63 284, 000 22.13 304,000 48.58 1,060,000 19 17.81 267, 000 23.80 346,000 47.85 1,010,000 20 17.57 262,000 26.33 403, 000 46.61 957,000 21 18.17 279,000 28.80 465,000 44.95 895, 000 22 18.94 294, 000 30.32 491,000 42.62 794,000 23 19.74 309, 000 31.68 527, 000 39.41 685,000 24 21.00 340,000 32.93 555,000 35.17 555,000 25 25.43 448, 000 34.30 593,000 30.36 448, 000 26 28.46 503,000 36.20 649,000 25.60 354,000 27 28.55 491,000 38.54 722,000 21.37 289,000 28 27.17 451,000 40.12 777,000 18.37 242,000 29 25.94 406,000 41.45 815,000 16.39 216,000 30 42.66 868, 000 15.16 197,000 31 43.78 904,000 February March April Mean monthly discharge, in second- feet...... 316,900 493,400 850,500 Run-off, in inches...... 1.68 2.80 4.68 OHIO RIVER BASIN 171

Chadakoin River at Falconer, N. Y,

Location.- Lat. 42°6 I 45", long. 79°12 I 1511 , at South Dow Street bridge in Falconer, Ghautauqua County. Zero of gage is 1,256.64 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 194 square miles. About 191 square miles affected by storage in Chautauqua Take. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 20-24, Mar. 28-30, Then a graph was determined from Chautauqua Lake gage heights and a hydro- graph study. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements. Maxima.- 1936;Discharge, 2,020 second-feet 2 a.m. Apr. 1 (gage height, 4.40 feet). 1935: Discharge, 904 second-feet Mar. 13 and July 25 (gage height, 2.95 feet). Remarks.- Flow regulated by storage in Chautauqua Lake. Diurnal fluctuation caused by operation of mills. Mean monthly discharges corrected for storage.

Mean discharge, in aecond-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 335 500 1,840 11 303 692 1,370 21 270 1,020 1,020 2 336 500 1,740 12 303 861 1,340 22 260 970 998 3 332 504 1,670 13 300 931 1,340 23 255 970 963 4 319 534 1,580 14 294 939 1,340 24 255 1,060 970 5 323 530 1,540 15 292 930 1,270 £'5 261 1,260 709 5 324 544 1,500 16 288 954 1,260 26 299 1,380 549 7 318 566 1,460 17 285 1,020 1,180 27 404 1,520 759 8 317 566 1,440 18 285 1,050 1,040 28 455 1,750 767 9 309 580 1,380 19 287 1,040 858 29 496 1,800 744 10 310 607 1,410 20 280 1,030 939 30 1,840 742 31 1,840 977 -i i en Mean monthly discharge in aecond-feet (corrected for atorage) . , 381 1,647 676 2.11 9.79 3.88

Clarion River near Piney, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 41°11'30", long. 79°26 I 011 , at hydroelectric plant of Clarion River Power Co. 2g- miles upstream from Piney, Clarion County, and 3 miles southwest of Clarion. Drainage area.- 951 square miles. Remarks.- Discharge computed from power-house records. Monthly data corrected for storage. Records furnished by Clarion River Power Co.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 975 3,360 3,960 11 528 8,060 4,080 21 607 h 7,810 1,560 2 272 3,240 3,850 12 454 18,100 2,090 22 461 6,310 2,060 3 704 3,060 4,900 13 653 10,700 3,050 23 63 6,280 1,700 4 694 3,350 3,720 14 601 7,140 2,950 24 862 6,970 1,090 5 510 5,670 1,480 15 437 6,460 2,650 25 1,420 7,950 2,210 6 596 5,700 4,730 16 317 8,850 2,560 26 3,760 7,810 406 7 719 5,500 4,790 17 457 23,900 2,710 27 5,420 7,370 1,320 8 894 4,540 3,660 18 609 38,400 2,680 28 5,680 7,970 1,200 9 63 4,660 3,770 19 438 16,600 518 29 5,590 5,760 1,200 10 366 5,490 4,170 20 442 9,610 1,540 30 5,090 1,050 31 4,000 1,193 8,571 1.35 10.39 2,622 Run-orf f, in inches (corrected 1.37 10.49 3.08 172 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Redbank Creek at St. Charles, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°59'4011 , long. 79°23'30", at industrial-railroad bridge at St. Charles, Clarion County, a quarter of a mile below mouth of Leatherwood Creek. Zero of gage is 976.24 feet above mean sea level. brainage area.- 528 square miles. Gage-height record.- Graph based upon two or more chain-gage readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 1.0 and 2.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 4,000 second- feet; extended to crest discharge using slope-area determination of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 35,200 second-feet 4 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 18.60 feet, from flood marks). 1909-35: Discharge, 21,000 second-feet Dec. 14, 1927; maximum gage height, 14.0 feet Mar. 12, 1920 (affeoted by ice).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 320 2,730 1,290 11 250 4,560 1,490 21 230 5,560 606 2 310 1,370 2,190 12 240 8,640 1,290 22 220 3,200 690 3 300 2,190 2,190 13 230 5,740 1,390 23 210 2,560 662 4 290 2,450 1,820 14 225 4,010 1,110 24 200 2,580 530 5 280 3,640 1.490 15 230 3,790 950 25 2,500 2,450 460 6 280 3,020 2,420 16 290 8,730 950 26 4,500 2,110 438 7 270 2,450 2,190 17 310 20,300 810 27 6,260 2,220 396 8 265 1,980 1,940 18 270 25,300 720 28 4,680 2,560 396 9 260 1,950 1,710 19 250 13,000 633 29 2,870 2,300 396 10 255 2,530 1,710 20 240 8,390 606 30 1,770 417 31 1,410 932 Run-off, in inches...... 1.91 10.95 2.39 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 SJ Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.98 2,190 3.69 1,820 4.00 2,190 4.90 3,480 6.70 6,890 6.65 6,680 4 3.96 2,190 3.70 1,820 4.01 2,190 5.05 3,640 7.30 8,200 6.50 6,470 6 3.94 2,060 3.71 1,820 4.01 2,190 5.20 3.970 8.10 9.970 6.35 6,260 8 3.92 2,060 3.73 1,820 4.00 2,190 5.35 4,320 8.35 10,700 6.25 5,850 10 3.88 2,060 3.76 1,940 4.05 2,190 5.45 4,320 8.40 10,700 6.15 5,850 H 3.82 1,940 3.78 1,940 4.15 2,450 5.55 4,680 8.20 10,200 6.05 5,450 2 3.76 1,940 3.80 1,940 4.25 2,450 5.60 4,680 7.90 9,520 5.97 5,450 4 3.72 1,820 3.83 1,940 4.35 2,730 5.65 4,680 7.65 8,860 5.92 5,250 6 3.68 1,820 3.87 2,060 4.45 2,730 5.75 5,060 7.40 8,420 5.88 5,250 8 3.66 1,820 3.91 2,060 4.55 3,020 5.90 5,250 7.20 7,980 5.84 5,060 10 3.66 1,820 3.95 2,190 4.65 3,020 6.10 5,660 7.00 7,540 5.76 5,060 M 3.68 1,820 3.99 2,190 4.75 3,320 6.40 6,260 6.80 7,100 5.68 4,870 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.60 4,680 5.08 3,800 5.65 4,680 9.40 13,000 18.40 34,700 10.55 15,700 4 5.50 4,500 5.10 3,800 6.20 5,850 9.50 13,200 18.60 35,200 10.30 15,000 6 5.38 4,320 5.12 3,800 6.70 6,890 9.60 13,400 18.00 33,700 10.10 14,600 8 5.26 4,140 5.14 3,800 7.00 7,540 9.80 13,900 16.80 30,700 9.90 14,100 10 5.14 3,800 5.16 3,970 7.40 8,420 10.20 14,800 15.40 27,200 9.70 13,600 N 5.10 3,800 5.12 3,800 7.65 8,860 11.40 17,600 14.07 24,000 9.50 13,200 2 5.06 3,800 5.08 3,800 7.95 9,740 13.00 21,400 13.20 21,900 9.20 12,500 4 5.02 3,640 5.02 3,640 8.25 10,200 14.60 25,200 12.45 20,000 8.90 11,800 6 4.98 3,640 5.00 3,640 8.55 11,100 15.70 27,900 11.80 18,500 8.70 11,400 8 4.99 3,640 5.02 3,640 8.80 11,600 16.20 29,200 11.55 18,000 8.50 10,900 10 6.00 3,640 5.10 3,800 9.00 12,000 16.60 30,200 11.15 17,100 8.30 10.400 M 5.01 3,640 5.30 4,140 9.20 12,500 17.40 32,200 10.80 16,200 8.10 9,970 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 7.90 9,520 6.75 7,100 5.20 3,970 4.18 2,450 4.39 2,730 4.20 2,450 4 7.70 9,080 6.60 6,680 5.10 3,800 4.17 2,450 4.37 2,730 4.22 2,450 6 7.55 8,860 6.45 6,260 5.00 3,640 4.18 2,450 4.34 2,590 4.24 2,450 8 7.45 8,420 6.30 6,050 4.95 3,640 4.19 2,450 4.31 2,590 4.24 2,450 10 7.35 8,420 6.15 5,850 4.85 3,320 4.21 2,450 4.29 2,590 4.26 2,590 H 7.30 8,200 6.00 5,450 4.75 3,320 4.23 2,450 4.28 2,590 4.25 2,450 2 7.25 7,980 5.85 5,060 4.60 3,020 4.26 2,590 4.27 2,590 4.23 2,450 4 7.20 7,980 5.70 4,870 4.45 2,730 4.30 2,590 4.26 2,590 4.21 2,450 6 7.20 7,980 5.60 4,680 4.35 2,730 4.40 2,730 4.24 2,450 4.19 2,450 8 7.10 7,760 5.50 4,500 4.25 2,450 4.41 2,730 4.22 2,450 4.17 2,450 10 7.00 7,540 5.40 4,320 4.20 2,450 4.42 2,730 4.20 2,450 4.15 2,450 H 6.90 7,320 5.30 4,140 4.19 2,450 4.40 2,730 4.20 2,450 4.13 2,320 OHIO RIVER BASIN 173

Mahoning Creek near Dayton, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°54'5n , long. 79°13'3511 , at Independence Bridge, 1 3/4 miles northeast of Dayton, Armstrong County. Zero of gage is 1,095.24 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 321 square miles. Gage-height record.- Graph based on two or more chain-gage readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.5 and 4.0 feetj hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 4,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended to crest discharge using slope-area determination of flood flow*. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 22,800 second-feet 8:30 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 14.53 feet). 1916-35: Discharge, 11,000 second-feet Feb. 20, 1918 (gage height, 9.6 feet, from graph based on gage readings).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr.. 1 290 1,320 740 11 200 2,930 910 21 165 2,040 338 2 270 749 910 12 190 4,020 740 22 160 1,680 314 3 250 1,230 1,280 13 180 2,100 700 23 150 1,680 292 4 250 1,880 960 14 175 2,160 700 24 150 1,500 270 5 245 2,580 910 15 180 2,260 625 25 1,000 1,290 246 6 235 915 2,630 16 190 3,110 590 26 2,500 1,050 219 7 230 1,370 1,950 17 210 9,970 526 27 4,500 1,160 200 8 220 1,190 1,570 18 190 16,300 476 28 3,530 1,310 208 9 210 1,220 1,220 19 180 5,860 440 29 2,280 1,020 200 10 205 1,520 1,060 20 170 3,160 386 30 912 193 31 819 2 590 727 Run-off, in inches ...... 2.17 9.30 2.52 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 p Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet jSec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o3 m March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.70 1,275 3.47 1,040 3o92 1,470 4.33 1,910 6.09 4,460 4.61 2,280 4 3.68 1,275 3.48 1,090 3.94 1,520 4.47 2,150 6.23 4,620 4.49 2,150 6 3.66 1,230 3.49 1,090 3.96 1,520 4.61 2,280 6,37 4,940 4.37 2,030 8 3.64 1,230 3.50 1,090 3.94 1,520 4.75 2,540 6.51 5,100 4.25 1,790 10 3.62 1,180 3.55 1,140 3.92 1,470 4.90 2,670 6.50 5,100 4.18 1,790 N 3.60 1,180 3.60 1,180 3.90 1,470 5.05 2,810 6,25 4,620 4.12 1,680 2 3.59 1,180 3.65 1,230 3.88 1,470 5.20 3,090 5.90 4,140 4.06 1,680 4 3.58 1,180 3.70 1,275 3.86 1,420 5.35 3,380 5.60 3,680 4.00 1,570 6 3.55 1,140 3.76 1,320 3.85 1,420 5.50 3,530 5.30 3,230 4.96 2,810 8 3.53 1,140 3.82 1,370 3.96 1,520 5.65 3,680 5.11 2,950 4.94 2,670 10 3.50 1,090 3.86 1,420 4.08 1,680 5.80 3,980 4.92 2,670 4.96 2,810 M 3.48 1,090 3.90 1,470 4.20 1,790 5.95 4,300 4.73 2,410 4.00 1,570 March 14 March 15 Marc-h 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.12 1,680 4.90 2,670 4.27 1,910 6.98 5,950 12 0 30 17,260 8.20 8,170 4 4.24 1,790 4.90 2,670 4.34 1,910 7.28 6,490 12.80 18,490 7.85 7,410 6 4.35 2,030 4.86 2,670 4.41 2,030 7.58 7,030 13.90 21,240 7.50 6,850 8 4.46 2,150 4.82 2,540 4,48 2,150 7.88 7,600 14.50 22,800 7.20 6,310 10 4.50 2,150 4.71 2,410 4.73 2,410 8.36 8,570 14.40 22,540 6.95 5,950 N 4.54 2,150 4.60 2,280 4.98 2,810 8.84 9,370 13.20 19,490 6.70 5,440 2 4.58 2,280 4.49 2,150 5.24 3,090 9.32 10,410 12.10 16,780 6.50 5,100 4 4.62 2,280 4.38 2,030 5.50 3,530 9.80 11,480 11.20 14,640 6.30 4,770 6 4.68 2,410 4.30 1,910 5.80 3,980 10.30 12,580 10.40 12,800 6.20 4,610 8 4.74 2,410 4.25 1,790 6.09 4,460 10.80 13,720 9.70 11,260 6.05 4,290 10 4.80 2,540 4.20 1,790 6.38 4,940 11.30 14,870 9.10 9,990 5.95 4,290 M 4.86 2,670 4.20 1,790 6.68 5,440 11.80 16,060 8.60 8,970 5.85 3,970 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.75 3,970 4.72 2,350 4.17 1,690 4.23 1,690 4.11 1,570 3.95 1,390 4 5.66 3,810 4.69 2,350 4.16 1,690 4.24 1,690 4.10 1,570 3.94 1,390 6 5.58 3,660 4.66 2,350 4.15 1,690 4.26 1,820 4.09 1,570 3.92 1,330 8 5.50 3,510 4.64 2,210 4.14 1,570 4.28 1,820 4.08 1,570 3.90 1,330 10 5.37 3,360 4.57 2,210 4.15 1,690 4.25 1,690 4.06 1,570 3.89 1,330 N 5.24 3,060 4.49 2,080 4.16 1,690 4.22 1,690 4.04 1,450 3.87 1,280 2 5.10 2,910 4.40 1,950 4.17 1,690 4.19 1,690 4.02 1,450 3.84 1,280 4 4.95 2,770 4.30 1,820 4.18 1,690 4.16 1,690 4.01 1,450 3.82 1,220 6 4.88 2,630 4.24 1,690 4.19 1,690 4.15 1,690 3.99 1,450 3.81 1,220 8 4.80 2,490 4.20 1,690 4.20 1,690 4.14 1,570 3.98 1,450 3.80 1,220 10 4.78 2,490 4.19 1,690 4.21 1,690 4.13 1,570 3.97 1,390 3.79 1,220 M 4.75 2,490 4.18 1,690 4.22 1,690 4.12 1,570 3.96 1,390 3.78 1,220 Supplemental records. - Mar. 18, 8:30 a.m., 14.53 ft., 22,800 sec.-ft. 174 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Crooked Creek near Ford City, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°43 tO", long. 79°31'50n , at highway bridge similes south of Ford City, Armstrong County, and 5 miles above confluence with Allegheny River. Zero of gage is 786.13 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 280 square miles. Gage-height record.- Graph based on two or more chain-gage readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.0 and 3.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements to 2,000 second-feet; extended to crest discharge using contracted-opening determination of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 21,000 second-feet 5 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 17.86 feet, from flood mark). 1909-35: Discharge, 17,700 second-feet (revised) June 29, 1924 (gage height, 13.1 feet, former site and datum, from graph based on gage readings); maximum gage height, 15.5 feet (affected by ice) Mar. 4, 1934.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 200 725 400 11 145 541 635 21 170 1,510 267 2 190 570 435 12 140 1,750 570 22 150 1,110 226 3 190 635 435 13 135 1,790 550 23 140 1,080 201 4 210 607 382 14 130 1,160 470 24 130 914 167 5 180 1,400 435 15 140 1,420 452 25 2,000 633 157 6 170 810 1,140 16 300 1,930 382 26 4,000 561 147 7 160 680 1,410 17 330 10,200 330 27 5,230 691 138 8 155 468 692 18 260 13,900 282 28 1,540 740 125 9 160 400 680 19 220 4,250 267 29 985 683 119 10 150 280 636 20 190 2,100 239 30 548 107 31 480 624 1,757 416 2.40 7.24 1.65 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in seoond-feet, at indicated time. 1956 & Feet Sec. ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 3 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.25 490 2.96 382 3.01 400 2.72| 297 4.30 985 6.00 2,150 4 3.20 470 2.92 365 2.96 382 2.90 365 4.40 1,040 5.80 1,990 6 3.18 470 2.90 365 2.86 348 3.10 435 4.50 1,100 5.60 1,830 8 3.19 470 2.89 365 2.77 313 3.20 470 4.58 1,160 5.35 1,680 10 3.20 470 2.90 365 2.68 297 3.26 490 5.00 1,400 5.30 1,610 N 3.22 470 2.95 382 2.57 253 3.30 510 5.50 1,750 5.40 1,680 2 3.24 490 3.05 418 2.42 213 3.35 530 6.00 2,150 5.50 1,750 4 3.23 490 3.10 435 2.30 189 3.46 570 6.31 2,410 5.58 1,830 6 3<20 470 3.12 435 2.20 167 3.60 635 6.42 2,500 5.60 1,830 8 3.16 452 3.10 435 2.30 189 3.80 725 6.42 2,500 5.45 1,680 10 3.10 435 3.08 435 2.42 213 4.00 825 6.35 2,500 5.25 1,540 M 3.00 400 3.06 418 2.56 253 4.20 930 6.20 2,320 5.00 1,400 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 Maroh 18 Maroh 19 2 4.80 1,280 4.95 1,400 4.921 1,340 8.10 4,190 17.20 19,400 9.601 5,980 4 4.60 1,160 4.94 1,340 4.80 1,280 8.75 4,990 17.75 20,700 9.25 5,470 6 4.40 1,040 4.92 1,340 4.65 1,160 9.40 5,720 17.80 20,700 8.90 5.110 8 4.30 985 4.88 1,340 ' 4.61 1,160 10.08 6,630 17.40 19,800 8.55 4,750 10 4.26 985 4.90 1,340 4.70 1,220 10.95 7,900 15.80 16,400 8.20 4,300 N 4.28 985 4.95 1,400 5.05 1,400 11.98 9,430 14.40 13,600 7.95 4,080 2 4.35 1,040 5.00 1,400 5.50 1,750 12.80 10,700 13.25 11,400 7.70 3,750 4 4.50 1,100 5.10 1,470 6.00 2,150 13.85 12,500 12.32 9,910 7.45 3,450 6 4.65 1,160 5.20 1,540 6.35 2,500 15.20 15,200 11.65 8,800 7.20 3,250 8 4.80 1,280 5.22 1,540 6.70 2,770 15.90 16,600 11.00 7,900 7.00 3,050 10 4.85 1,280 5.18 1,540 7.15 3,250 16.20 17,200 10.50 7,190 6.80 2,860 M 4.90 1,340 5.08 1,470 7.60 3,650 16.60 18,000 10.00 6,500 6.65 2,680 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 Maroh 24 March 25 2 6.50 2,590 5.38 1,680 4.64 1,160 4.47 1,100 4.32 985 3.86 775 4 6.35 2,500 5.36 1,680 4.60 1,160 4.48 1,100 4.29 985 3.&L 725 6 6.20 2,320 5.34 1,610 4.57 1,160 4.49 1,100 4.27 985 3.76 725 8 6.09 2,230 5.32 1,610 4.54 1,100 4.51 1,100 4.25 930 3.71 680 10 5.98 2,150 5.28 1,610 4.51 1,100 4.50 1,100 4.23 930 3.66 680 N 5.87 2,070 5.24 1,540 4.49 1,100 4.49 1,100 4.21 930 3.60 635 2 5.76 1,990 5.16 1,540 4.47 1,100 4.47 1,100 4.17 930 3.50 590 4 5.65 1,830 5.04 1,400 4.46 1,100 4.46 1,100 4.13 875 3.40 550 6 5.55 1,830 4.96 1,400 4.44 1,040 4.44 1,040 4.08 875 3.30 510 8 5.50 1,750 4.88 1,340 4.44 1,040 4.41 1,040 4,03 825 3.32 510 10 5.45 1,680 4.80 1,280 4.45 1,040 4.38 1,040 3.97 825 3.35 530 M 5.40 1,680 4.72 1,220 4.46 1,100 4.35 1,040 3.91 775 3.40 550

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 5 a.m., 17.86 ft., 21,000 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVEE BASIN 175

Stony Creek at Johnstown, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°19'0", long. 78°54'50", at Poplar Street Bridge, at Johnstown, Cam­ bria bounty, 1-g miles above confluence with Little Conemaugh River. Zero of gage is 1,154.0 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 467 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Graph based on two or more readings daily until 1 p.m. Mar. 17, when gage was destroyed; Mar. 17-31 based on hydrographic comparison with nearby stations. No records available for April. Gage heights used to half tenths be­ tween 2.0 and 3.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements to 5,000 second-feet; extended to crest discharge by using slope-area and contracted-opening determina­ tions of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 59,000 second-feet 12:30 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 30.26 feet, by levels to flood marks). 1913-35: Discharge, 21,000 second-feet (revised) Mar. 29, 1924 (gage height, 16.9 feet, from graph based on gage readings). 1889-1935: Maximum known stage, 28.3 feet May 31, 1889, by levels to flood marks (affected by backwater from Conemaugh River: discharge not determined).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 328 3,360 11 260 5,640 21 420 4,430 2 309 2.640 12 265 6,380 22 400 3,490- 3 290 1,930 13 270 3,730 23 390 2,950 4 400 1,610 14 290 2,530 24 470 2,840 5 350 3,800 15 330 2,590 25 1,010 2,720 6 310 3,040 16 380 4,100 26 6,170 2,540 7 290 2,270 17 560 20,700 27 8,300 2,840 8 270 2,120 18 500 35,700 28 5,000 2,590 9 265 2,030 19 470 9,970 29 3,470 2,140 10 260 3,080 20 440 5,690 30 1,880 31 1,680

Run-off, in inches...... 2.50 12.22 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. | s March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 5.08 2,270 4.86 2,090 5.40 2,540 6.60 3,800 9.59 7,700 7.40 4,750 4 5.05 2,180 4.80 2,010 5.60 2,740 6.78 4,030 9.46 7,560 7.20 4,510 6 5.02 2,180 4.72 1,930 5.80 2,940 6.95 4,270 9.21 7,140 7.01 4,270 8 S.OO 2,180 4.68 1,930 5.95 3,140 7.25 4,510 9.04 6,860 6.82 4,030 10 4.95 2,180 4.65 1,850 5.98 3,140 7.65 5,000 8.80 6,580 6.65 3,800 N 4.93 2,090 4.67 1,950 6.00 3,140 8.05 5,520 8.60 6,300 6.50 3,690 2 4.90 2,090 4.70 1,930 6.00 3,140 8.45 6,040 8.40 6,040 6.32 3,470 4 4.83 2,010 4.75 2,010 6.00 3,140 8.80 6,580 8.26 5,910 6.14 3,250 6 4.80 2,010 4.83 2,010 6.10 3,250 9.17 7,140 8.06 5,650 6.00 3,140 8 4.80 2,010 4.89 2,090 6.20 3,360 9.39 7,420 7.86 5,390 5.80 2,940 10 4.83 2,010 5.00 2,180 6.30 3,470 9.54 7,560 7.69 5,130 5.67 2,840 M 4.86 2,090 5.20 2,360 6.48 3,690 9.60 7,700 7.58 5,000 5.58 2,740 March 14 March 15 Mar eh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.47 2,640 5.49 2,640 5.47 2,640 9.58 7,700 30.22 58,700 13.20 13, 600 4 5.40 2,540 5.47 2,640 5.52 2,640 10.22 8,600 29.60 56,600 12.60 12,500 6 5.37 2,540 5.40 2,540 5.60 2,740 11.05 9,840 27.70 50,200 12.05 11,500 8 5.34 2,450 5.35 2,540 5.70 2,840 12.00 11,500 25.70 43,900 11.60 10,800 10 5.32 2,450 5.36 2,540 5.90 3,040 12.90 13,000 23.60 37,800 11.07 10,000 N 5.30 2,450 5.40 2,540 6.20 3,360 14.00 15,100 21.40 31,800 10.70 9,360 2 5.30 2,450 5.47 2,640 6.80 4,030 15.70 18,400 19.80 27,700 10.40 8,900 4 5.30 2,450 5.52 2,640 7.70 5,130 17.20 21,600 18.50 24,600 10.05 8,300 6 5.29 2,450 5.50 2,640 8.05 5,520 19.20 26,200 17.60 22,500 9.80 8,000 8 5.40 2,540 5.46 2,640 8.30 5,910 21.40 31,800 16.40 19,900 9.50 7,560 10 5.45 2,540 5.45 2,540 8.51 6,170 24.60 40,600 15.07 17,200 9.25 7,140 M 5.50 2,640 5.45 2,540 8.90 6,720 29.90 57,600 14.00 15,100 9.03 6,860 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.80 6,580 7.44 4,750 6.62 3,800 5. 9S 3,140 5.70 2,840 5.65 2,740 4 8.60 6,300 7.40 4,750 6.57 3,800 5.93 3,040 5.70 2,840 5.64 2,740 6 8.46 6,170 7.34 4,630 6.50 3,690 5.88 3,040 5.70 2,840 5.63 2,740 8 8.33 5,910 7.30 4,630 6.40 3,580 5.82 2,940 5.70 2,840 5.61 2,740 10 8.18 5,780 7.22 4,510 6.36 3,580 5.80 2,940 5.71 2,840 5.60 2,740 N 8.03 5,520 7.18 4,510 6.30 3,470 5.77 2,940 5.72 2,840 5.58 2,740 2 7.90 5,390 7.10 4,390 6.22 3,360 5.75 2,940 5.71 2,840 5.56 2,740 4 7.80 5,260 7.00 4,270 6.18 3,360 5.74 2,840 5.71 2,840 5.55 2,740 6 7.75 5,260 6.94 4,150 6.14 3,250 5.73 2,840 5.70 2,840 5.54 2,640 8 7.66 5,130 6.87 4,150 6.09 3,250 5.72 2,840 5.69 2,840 5.64 2,640 10 7.58 5,000 6.80 4,030 6.02 3,140 5.70 2,840 5.68 2,840 5.52 2,640 V 7.50 4,870 6.71 3,910 5.98 3> 140 5.70 2,840 5.67 2,840 5.50 2,640

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 12:30 a.m., 30.36 ft., 59,000 sec.-ft. 176 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Quemahonlng Reservoir near Eol-lsopple, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°0'55", long. 78°56'35", at Quemahoning Dam, Somerset County, abo 2 miles south of Hollaopple and 1 mile upstream from mouth of Quemahoning Creek. Drainage area.- 92 square miles. Remarks.- Spillway crest is at elevation 1,620.0 feet. Flashboards removed from sp: way on the morning of Mar. 17 and were not replaced until after the flood. Maxii reservoir elevation reached at 3 a.m. Mar. 18. Records furnished by Bethlehem Si Company, Cambria Plant, Johnstown, Pa.

Elevation, in feet, and contents, in millions of cubic feet, March 1956

Day Time Elevation Contents

8 7 a.m. 1,620.5 1,403 9 do 1,620.4 1,400 10 do 1,620.6 1,407 11 do 1,620.9 1,418 12 do 1,621.3 1,433 13 do 1,621.0 1,422 14 do 1,620.7 1,410 15 do 1,620.7 1,410 16 do 1,620.5 1,403 17 do 1,621.0 1,422 17 2:30 p.m. 1,622.5 1,478 17 3:30 p.m. 1,623.3 1,508 17 4:30 p.m. 1,624.0 1,535 17 6 p.m. 1,624.6 1,558 17 8 p.m. 1,624.9 1,570 17 10 p.m. 1,625.1 1,577 17 12 p.m. 1,625.2 1,581 is 3 a.m. 1,625.4 1,589 18 7 a.m. 1,624.8 1,566 19 do 1,622.0 1,459 20 do 1,621.1 1,426 21 do 1,620.9 1,418 22 do 1,620.7 1,410 OHIO RIVER BASIH 177

Kisklminetas River at Avonmore, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°32'5", long. 79°27'55", at highway bridge at Avonmore, Westmoreland County, 1 mile above mouth of Long Run. Zero of gage is 805.64 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,723 square miles. Page-height record.,- Graph based on two or more readings daily of wire-weight gage. No record Mar. 18 to Apr. 7. Gage heights used to tenths above and half tenths below 4.0 feet. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Defined by current-meter measure- ments to crest stage, using slope-area determination of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 200,000 second-feet 8 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 47.2 feet, from flood marks). 1907-35: Discharge, 91,700 second-feet Mar. 19, 1908 (gage height, 30.8 feet, from graph based on gage readings). 1884-1935: Discharge, 110,000 second-feet Mar. 14, 1907 (gage height, 33.8 feet, from flood marks). Remarks.- Discharge during period of missing gage-height record determined from compari­ son with records at nearby stations.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2,000 9,780 4,800 11 1,400 11,000 8,310 21 1,700 9,750 2,510 2 1,900 &, 670 4,400 12 1,350 20,000 7,970 22 1,600 8,330 2,510 3 1,900 7,140 4,000 13 1,350 14,400 6,820 23 1,600 7,760 2,290 4 2,400 6,060 3,600 14 1,500 9,390 5,620 24 1,800 7,590 2,070 5 2,100 10,160 3,300 15 1,800 9,240 4,930 25 8,000 7,140 1,850 6 1,900 9,780 26,500 16 2,500 11,100 4,410 26 29,500 6,210 1,750 7 1,700 7,300 14,200 17 2,800 52,400 3,800 27 33,800 7,540 1,750 8 1,600 6,140 9,400 18 2,500 135,000 3,320 28 22,500 8,160 1,750 9 1,500 5,380 7,140 19 2,000 37,800 2,960 29 12,000 6,240 1,650 10 1,450 7,040 8,310 20 1,800 15,500 2,730 30 5,710 1,550 31 5,150 5,207 "un-off , in inches...... 3.24 10.20 3.37 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 fc Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . § w March 8 March 9 March 10 Maroh 11 March 12 March 13 2 8,65 6,660 7.78 5,480 7.80 5,480 9.70 8,490 13.63 17,000 13.90 17,800 4 8,57 6,660 7.75 5,480 7.86 5,620 9.80 8,670 14.50 19,400 13.64 17,000 6 8.50 6,510 7.72 5,340 7.97 5,760 9.98 9,030 15.20 21,500 13.40 16,500 8 8.40 6,360 7.71 5,340 8.11 5,910 10.40 9,780 15.47 22,500 13.07 15,700 10 8.32 6,210 7.70 5,340 8.50 6,510 10.80 10,600 15.50 22,500 12.70 14,700 N 8.22 6,060 7.70 5,340 8.90 7,140 11.05 11,000 15.40 22,100 12.43 14,000 2 8.18 6,060 7.69 5,340 9.20 7,630 11,26 11,600 15.30 21,800 12.18 13,600 4 8.10 5,910 7.70 5,340 9.45 7,970 11.40 11,800 15.05 20,900 11.85 12,600 6 8.03 5,760 7.71 5,340 9.60 8,310 11.65 12,200 14.81 20,300 11.60 12,200 8 7.96 5,760 7.72 5,340 9.68 8,490 11.79 12,600 14.60 19,700 11.42 11,800 10 7.88 5,620 7.73 5,340 9.75 8,670 12.10 13,300 14.35 19,200 11.20 11,400 M 7.80 5,480 7.75 5,480 9.73 8,490 12.80 15,000 14.18 18,600 11.00 11,000 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 10.81 10,600 9.70 8,490 9.97 9,030 14.30 18,900 38.80 140,000 24.30 57,900 4 10.64 10,200 9.75 8,670 9.95 9,030 15.08 21,200 42.50 166,000 23.00 51,400 6 10.50 9,970 9.86 8,850 9.95 9,030 15.90 23,800 46.10 192,000 21.70 46,200 8 10.35 9,780 10.08 9,210 9.99 9,030 16.90 27,200 47.20 200,000 20.70 42,200 10 10.20 9,400 10.40 9,780 10.04 9,030 18.00 31,400 47.10 199,000 19.80 38,600 N 10.10 9,210 10.48 9,970 10.25 9,400 20.00 39,400 42.30 165,000 18.85 34,600 2 9.93 9,030 10.45 9,780 10.57 10,200 22.80 50,600 37.70 133,000 18.00 31,400 4 9.90 8,850 10.35 9,780 11.10 11,200 25.60 64,400 34.80 116,000 17,40 29,100 6 9.80 8,670 10.25 9,400 11.73 12,400 27.80 75,400 32.00 98,900 16.80 26,900 8 9.74 8,490 10.18 9,400 12.38 14,000 30.20 88,100 29.60 84,500 16.20 24,800 10 9.70 8,490 10.08 9,210 13.00 15.400 32.90 104,000 27.20 72,400 15.65 22,800 M 9.70 8,490 10.00 9,030 13.60 17,000 35.60 120,000 25.60 64,400 15 e20 21,500 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 14.70 20,000 10.98 11,000 9.84 8,670 9.38 7,970 9.21 7,630 9.05 7,300 4 14.25 18,600 10.80 10,600 9.80 8,670 9.36 7,970 9.20 7,630 9.02 7,300 6 13.84 17,500 10.66 10,200 9.71 8,490 9.34 7,800 9.20 7,630 9.00 7,300 8 13.50 16,700 10.54 9,970 9.66 8,490 9.32 7,800 9.20 7,630 8.97 7,300 10 13.37 16,000 10.40 9,780 9.62 8.310 9.30 7,800 9 19 7,630 8.95 7,300 H 12.80 15,000 10.30 9,590 9.60 8,310 9»27 7,800 9ll8 7,630 8.90 7,140 2 12.46 14,200 10.20 9,400 9.57 8,310 9.25 7,630 9.17 7,630 8.87 7,140 4 12.19 13,600 10.14 9,210 9.52 8,140 9.25 7,630 9.16 7,630 8.82 6,980 6 11.90 12,900 10.05 9,030 9.48 8,140 9.24 7,630 9.15 7,630 8.80 6,980 8 11.60 12,200 10.00 9,030 9.45 7,970 9.22 7,630 9.12 7,460 8.75 6,980 10 11.37 11,800 9 094 8,850 9.42 7,970 9.21 7,630 9.10 7,460 8.70 6,820 M 11.17 11,400 9.9Q 8,850 9.40 7,970 9.21 7.630 9.08 7,460 8.67 6, Q90 178 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Blacklick Creek at Blacklick, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°28'25", long. 79°12'15n , at highway bridge at Gratton, a quarter of a mile northwest of Blacklick, Indiana County, and three-quarters of a mile below mouth of Two Lick Creek. Zero of gage is 945.94 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 390 square miles. Sage-height record.- Graph based on two readings daily except for period 10 a.m. liar. 17 to 5 p.m. Mar. 22, when the record was determined from flood mark and comparison with graphs of nearby stations. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.0 and 4.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Defined to 10,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended to crest discharge using slope-area determina­ tion of flood flovf. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 51,700 second-feet 1 a.m. Bar. 18 (gage height, 15.88 feet, from flood mark). 1904-35: Discharge, 28,900 second-feet (revised) Sept. 3, 1912 (gage height, 12.90 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 340 2,120 920 11 250 2,990 1,820 21 330 2,720 520 2 320 1,740 920 12 260 3,970 2,160 22 320 2,540 590 3 300 1,440 920 13 270 2,550 1,400 23 320 2,530 485 4 450 1,230 750 14 290 1,760 1,250 24 1,200 2,470 420 5 400 2,650 670 15 320 2,070 1,150 25 2,800 1,960 390 6 350 2,120 4,310 16 360 3,360 920 26 6,540 1,630 366 7 300 1,500 2,530 17 450 20,000 790 27 7,450 1,960 336 8 270 1,180 1,820 18 300 29,400 710 28 4,160 1,850 336 9 260 1,280 1,400 19 350 7,850 590 29 2,380 1,390 308 10 250 1,810 1,820 20 340 3,570 590 30 1,220 302 31 1,100 3 rjA-\ Run-off, in inches ...... 3.05 11.06 3.04 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 h 3 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. & March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.14 1,230 4.07 1,130 4.46 1,560 5.22 2,510 6.30 4,160 5.65 3,070 4 4.13 1,230 4.08 1,180 4^.53 1,620 5.38 2,790 6.45 4,330 5.57 3,070 6 4.13 1,230 4.09 1,180 4.:* 1,740 5.47 2,930 6.50 4,510 5.50 2,930 8 4.12 1,180 4.11 1,180 4.60 1,740 5.53 2,930 6.47 4,510 5.40 2,790 10 4.12 1,180 4.13 1,230 4.64 1,740 5.51 2,930 6.37 4,330 5.30 2,650 H 4.12 1,180 4.15 1,230 4.67 1,860 5.48 2,930 6.28 4,160 5.25 2,510 2 4.12 1,180 4.17 1,230 4.70 1,860 5.48 2,930 6.18 3,990 5.20 2,510 4 4.12 1,180 4.20 1,280 4.64 1,740 5.50 2,930 6.07 3,830 5.15 2,510 6 4.11 1,180 4.24 1,340 4.64 1,740 5.54 2,930 5.97 3,670 5.05 2,250 8 4.-07 1,130 4.28 1,390 4.70 1,860 5.65 3,070 5.90 3,520 4.96 2,250 10 4.07 1,130 4.32 1,390 4.80 1,990 5.85 3,370 5.81 3,370 4.88 2,120 M 4.07 1,130 4.40 1,500 5.00 2,250 6.05 3,670 5.74 3,220 4.80 1,990 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.75 1,990 4.60 1,740 4.74 1,860 7.10 5,680 15.86 51,700 9.50 11,400 4 4.70 1,860 4.80 1,990 4.80 1,990 7.35 6,320 15.50 48,500 9.20 10,400 6 4.62 1,740 5.00 2,250 4.90 2,120 7.65 6,760 14.60 41,300 8.90 9.400 8 4.60 1,740 5.12 2,380 5.00 2,250 8.00 7,690 13.60 33,800 8.65 8,500 10 4.64 1,740 5.12 2,380 5.25 2,510 8.75 9,680 12.90 28,900 8.45 7,900 N 4.73 1,860 5.04 2,250 5.50 2,930 9.60 11,900 12.30 25,000 8.25 7,350 2 4.73 1,860 4.93 2,120 5.80 3,370 10.50 15,300 11.80 22,000 8.00 6,850 4 4.67 1,860 4.82 1,990 6.15 3,990 11.50 20,200 11.35 19,700 7.80 6,350 6 4.57 1,740 4.78 1,990 6.45 4,330 12.60 26,800 10.95 17,700 7.60 5,850 8 4.47 1,560 4.75 1,990 6.65 4,690 13.80 35,200 10.55 15,700 7.45 5,450 10 4.40 1,500 4.70 1,860 6»80 5,070 14.90 43,700 10.15 14,100 7.30 5,250 M 4.48 1,620 4.70 1,860 6.90 5,270 15.75 50,900 9.85 12,500 7.10 4,850 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.90 4,480 5.79 2,790 5.68 2,660 5.56 2,530 5.58 2,530 5.35 2,280 4 6.75 4,310 5.78 2,790 5.66 2,660 5.56 2,530 5.58 2,530 5.28 2,160 6 6.60 3,970 5.76 2,790 5.64 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.57 2,530 5.20 2,040 8 6.50 3,800 5.74 2,660 5.62 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.57 2,530 5.16 2,040 10 6.35 3,650 5.72 2,660 5.60 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.57 2,530 5.10 1,930 H 6.25 3,350 5.73 2,660 5.60 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.57 2,530 5.10 1,930 2 6.15 3,350 5.75 2,790 5.59 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.07 1,93.0 4 6.05 3,050 5.75 2,790 5.57 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.56 2,530 5.03 1,820 6 5.96 3,050 5.74 2,660 5.55 2,530 5.57 2,530 5.54 2,400 5.00 1,820 8 5.90 2,920 5.72 2,660 5.53 2,400 5.57 2,530 5.50 2,400 4.97 1,820 10 5.84 2,790 5.70 2,660 5.54 2,400 5.58 2,530 5.45 2,280 4.94 1,710 H 5.80 2,790 5.69 2,660 5.55 2,530 5.58 2,530 5.40 2,280 4.90 1,710 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 1 a.m., 15.88 ft., 51,700 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASH! 179

Loyalhanna Creek at Hew Alexandria, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°25'40n , long. 79°25'55n , at highway bridge at New Alexandria, West- moreland County, 1 3/4 miles below mouth of Crabtree Creek. Zero of gage is 917.26 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 265 square miles. Sage-height record.- Graoh based on two or more readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3^0 and 4.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-14. Defined to 3,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended to crest discharge using slope-area determina­ tion of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 31,000 second-feet 3 a.m. Kar. 18 (gage height, 20.96 feet, from levels to flood marks). 1913-23, 1925-35: Discharge, 17,900 second-feet Aug. 3, 1935 (gage height, 16.0 feet, from graph based on gage readings).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Kar. Apr. 1 280 1,000 588 11 190 894 1,200 21 288 2,060 310 2 270 759 533 12 200 1,570 1,060 22 246 1,730 315 3 270 818 480 13 220 1,220 938 23 222 1,800 315 4 370 730 380 14 290 968 730 24 267 1,600 297 5 310 938 434 15 404 981 644 25 3,510 1,440 254 6 270 730 3,150 16 588 1,550 506 2fi 5,720 1,130 222 7 240 616 1,380 17 560 13,500 429 27 4,110 1,810 206 8 220 514 1,130 18 454 20,000 380 28 2,260 1,230 214 9 210 500 908 19 404 4,660 356 29 1,340 1,000 191 10 200 655 1,270 20 356 2,540 338 30 830 191 31 701

Xun-of f , in inches ...... 3.41 9.89 2.71

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 § Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Peet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . 3 March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.32 533 3.24 506 3.46 616 3.58 701 4.90 1,550 4.65 1,340 4 3.29 533 3.23 506 3.52 644 3.62 701 5.00 1,620 4.57 1,340 6 3.27 506 3.23 506 3.56 672 3.66 730 5.03 1,620 4.45 1,200 8 3.25 506 3.22 480 3.57 672 3.70 759 5.07 1,700 4.42 1,200 10 3.24 506 3.22 480 3.57 672 3.75 788 5.06 1,700 4.41 1,200 N 3.25 506 3.21 480 3.57 672 3.82 818 5.02 1,620 4.40 1,200 2 3.25 506 3.20 480 3.56 672 3.89 878 4.98 1,620 4.38 1,200 4 3.26 506 3.18 480 3.54 672 3.96 908 4.95 1,620 4.36 1,200 6 3.26 506 3.19 480 3.52 644 4.08 1,000 4.91 1,550 4.35 1,200 8 3.25 506 3.22 480 3.52 644 4.22 1,060 4.86 1,550 4.34 1,130 10 3.25 506 3.30 533 3.54 672 4.40 1,200 4.80 1,480 4.33 1,130 M 3.24 506 3.40 588 3.56 672 4.70 1,410 4.73 1,410 4.31 1,130 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.26 1,130 4.00 938 3.90 878 8.40 4,770 20.85 30,400 9.50 6,110 4 4.20 1,060 4.05 938 3.95 908 9.40 5,980 20.92 30,700 9.10 5,600 6 4.14 1,000 4.10 1,000 4.01 938 10.18 7,050 20.80 30,400 8.80 5,240 8 4.05 938 4.15 1,060 4.07 1,000 10.89 8,060 20.40 29,300 8.49 4,880 10 4.00 938 4.19 1,060 4.15 1,060 11.70 9,300 19.40 26,500 8.30 4,660 N 3.98 938 4.20 1,060 4.25 1,060 12.50 10,600 17.80 22,300 8.10 4,440 2 3.96 908 4.19 1,060 4.50 1,270 13.40 12,300 15.90 17,700 7.90 4,220 4 3.94 908 4.14 1,000 4.75 1,480 14.60 14,800 13.60 12,700 7.70 4,010 6 3.94 908 4.06 1,000 5.13 1,700 16.00 17,900 11.50 8,980 7.61 3,910 8 3.95 908 4.00 938 5.80 2,260 18.00 22,800 10.80 7,910 7.43 3,710 10 3.96 908 3.94 908 6.60 2,950 20.00 28,100 10.30 7,190 7.30 3,610 M 3.97 908 3.90 878 7.40 3,710 20.50 29,600 9.90 6,630 7.20 3,510 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.95 3,310 5.63 2,100 5.38 1,940 5.20 1,780 5.02 1,620 '4.87 1,550 4 6.70 3,040 5.62 2,100 5.31 1,860 5.30 1/860 5.01 1,620 4.83 1,480 6 6.37 2,770 5.60 2,100 5.24 1,780 5.40 1,940 5.01 1,620 4.79 1,480 8 6.04 2,420 5.58 2,100 5.17 1,780 5.42 1,940 5.00 1,620 4.75 1,480 10 5.94 2,340 5.58 2,100 5.11 1,700 5.42 1,940 4.99 1,620 4.74 1,410 N 5.88 2,340 5.57 2,100 5.07 1,700 5.38 1,940 4.98 1,620 4.73 1,410 2 5.84 2,260 5.55 2,100 5.03 1,620 5.30 1,860 4.96 1,620 4.72 1,410 4 5.80 2,260 5.53 2,020 5.00 1,620 5.22 1,780 4.95 1,620 4.71 1,410 6 5.76 2,260 5.51 2,020 4.97 1,620 5.16 1,780 4.94 1,550 4.70 1,410 8 5.72 2,180 5.49 2,020 4.98 1,620 5.10 1,700 4.93 1,550 4.69 1,410 10 5.68 2,180 5.47 2,020 5.02 1,620 5.04 1,620 4.92 1,550 4.68 1,410 M 5,64 2,100 5.45 1,940 5.10 1,700 5.02 1,620 4.91 1,550 4.62 1,340

Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 3 a.m., 20.96 ft., 31,000 sec.-ft. 180 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Tygart River near Dailey, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°48'35n , long. 79 O52'55", at highway bridge 1 mile northeast of Dailey, Randolph County, 1,000 feet above Stalnaker Run. Drainage area.- 194 square miles. Gage-height record.- Two gage readings daily. Peak stage from flood narks. Gage height at indicated time Kar. 14-31 from graph based on gage readings, flood marks, and shape of graph at station on Tygart River at Fetterman. jage heights given to half tenths between 2.00 and 3.00 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-4. 11-13. Defined by current-meter measurements below 4,400 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 7,680 second-feet about 6 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 14jl feet, from gage reading and flood marks). 1915-35: Discharge, 10,300 second-feet Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 17.2 feet, from flood marks). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1-4, 11-13 determined by comparison with records for other streams in the basin.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 180 350 320 11 180 162 1,100 21 430 743 142 2 160 275 320 12 170 213 850 22 290 721 146 3 150 250 380 13 160 201 690 23 213 1,470 127 4 500 225 365 14 1,800 133 535 24 213 4,660 114 5 930 201 448 15 3,460 434 412 25 365 4,800 104 6 610 197 3,120 16 1,380 546 350 26 1,140 2,090 110 7 430 179 2,140 17 1,100 4,640 275 27 1,230 1,460 107 8 275 154 1,010 18 1,640 3,710 238 28 730 I', 560 98 9 250 146 770 19 850 1,100 201 29 465 946 88 10 185 142 1,330 20 570 727 162 30 593 86 31 461 692 Run-off, in inches ...... 3.85 6.43 3.09 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o w1 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______4 1.91 181 2.65 350 3.1 535 5.1 1,380 11.8 5,820 5.0 1,330 6 - - - _ _ - ______8 1.88 175 2.7 395 3.1 535 7.2 2,550 10.4 4,760 4.6 1,140 10 - ______N 1.89 177 2.85 448 3.0 500 10.7 4,980 8.9 3,670 4.4 1,050 2 - ______4 1.95 190 2.95 482 2.95 482 13.8 7,440 7.4 2,670 4.3 1,010 8 2.05 213 3.0 510 3.2 570 14.0 7,600 6.2 1,970 4.1 930 10 ______M 2.25 262 3.1 535 3.8 810 13.1 6,860 5.4 1,530 4.0 890 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 19 2 ______4 3.8 810 3.6 730 3.5 690 4.8 1,230 8.6 3,460 11.9 5,900 8 3.6 730 3.7 770 3.4 650 5.0 1,330 9.7 4,240 11.6 5,670 10 ______N 3.5 690 3.7 770 3.4 650 5.1 1,380 10.5 4,830 10.7 4,980 2 ______4 3.5 690 3.7 770 3.5 690 5.2 1,430 11.2 5,360 9.6 4,170 6 ______8 3.4 650 3.6 730 3.8 810 5.7 1,700 12.0 5,980 8.9 3,670 10 ______M 3.5 690 3.6 730 4.4 1,050 7.1 2,490 12.0 5,980 8.3 3,260 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 ______4 7^9 3,000 4.9 1,280 5.8 1,750 4.5 1,140 3.4 650 2.95 482 8 7.2 2,550 5.0 1,330 5.6 1,640 4.3 1,010 3.3 610 2.9 465 10 ______N 6.3 2,020 5.2 1,430 5.5 1,580 4.1 930 3.2 570 2.85 448 2 ______4 5.5 1,580 5.4 1,530 5.2 1,430 3.9 850 3.1 535 2.85 448 6 ______8 5.0 1,330 5.7 1,700 5.0 1,330 3.7 770 3.0 500 2.85 448 10 ______X 4.8 1,230 5.8 1,750 4.8 1,230 3.6 730 3.0 500 2.85 448 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, about 6 p.m., 14.1 ft., 7,680 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 181

Tygart River at Eellngton, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°!'30", long. 79°56'10", at highway bridge in Belington, Barbour County, a quarter of a mile atove Mill Creek." Zero of gage is 1,679.89 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 390 square miles. Gage-height record.- Two gage readings daily. Peak stages determined from flood marks. Gage height at indicated time Mar. 14-31 determined from graph based on gage read­ ings, flood marks, and shape of graph at station on Tygart River at Fetterman. Sage heights given to tenths. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-3. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 9,500 second-feet; extended to peak stage by averaging discharges ob­ tained from extensions by logarithmic and A \/5 methods; verified by slope-area com­ putation. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 15,000 second-feet 9 p.m. Mar. 24 (gage height, 17.22 feet, from flood marks). 1907-35: Discharge, 22,400 second-feet (revised) Mar. 13, 1917 (gage height, 21.48 feet).

VIean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 360 875 875 11 344 300 2,470 21 985 1,710 364 2 350 710 930 12 344 386 2,240 22 820 1,690 364 3 350 628 1,280 13 397 525 1,670 23 453 2,860 307 4 1,470 525 1,160 14 4,070 476 1,280 24 576 9,680 247'277 5 2,390 453 1,160 15 6,480 730 985 25 765 14,200 6 1,950 430 6,020 16 5,910 1,140 875 26 2,630 8,900 250 7 1,040 408 7,450 17 2,950 7,600 682 27 2,550 4,010 386 8 710 364 2,870 18 3,530 12,400 576 28 1,810 3,670 364 9 602 323 1,810 19 2,390 4,500 500 29 1,160 2,450 323 10 525 300 2,550 20 1,400 1,960 430 30 1,580 296 31 1,120 1,700 2,804 Run-off, in inches...... 4.70 8.29 3.90 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 £ Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Peet Sec.ft. « March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 - ______4 3.9 500 4.0 550 4.9 1,040 6.8 2,320 16.2 13,400 11.1 6,360 6 - - - - ______8 3.9 500 4.1 602 5.0 1,100 8.7 3,870 15.8 12,800 9.4 4,530 10 - - - - ______N 3.9 500 4.3 710 5.0 1,100 11.0 6,240 15.7 12,700 8.3 3,530 2 - - - - ______4 3.8 453 4.5 820 4.9 1,040 14.3 10,600 15.7 12,700 7.5 2,870 6 - - ______8 3.8 453 4.7 930 5.1 1,160 16.6 14,100 14.8 11,400 7.1 2,550 10 - - - - ______M 3.9 500 4.8 985 5.6 1,470 16.5 13,900 13.4 9,340 6.9 2,390 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 6.6 2,160 6.0 1,740 6.0 1,740 6.8 2,320 9.5 4,630 17.2 15,000 6 ______8 6.4 2,020 6.0 1,740 6.0 1,740 7.2 2,630 11.2 6,480 17.2 15,000 10 ______N 6.2 1,880 6.0 1,740 5.8 1,600 7.4 2,790 13.5 9,480 17.0 14,700 2 ______4 5.1 1,810 6.0 1,740 5.8 1,600 7.7 3,030 15.9 13,000 16.8 14,400 6 _ _ . ______8 6.0 1,740 6.0 1,740 6.0 1,740 8.1 3,360 17.2 15,000 16.2 13,400 10 ______M 6,0 1,740 6.0 1,740 6.2 1,880 8.6 3,780 17.2 15,000 15.6 12, 600 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 ______4 14.9 11,500 8.9 4,050 8.8 3,960 7.5 2,870 6.0 1,740 5.2 1,220 6 ______- - 8 14.1 10,300 8.6 3,780 8.8 3,960 7.2 2,630 5.8 1,600 5.0 1,100 10 ______- - _ - N 13.1 8,920 8.6 3,780 8.6 3,780 6.9 2,390 5.6 1,470 5.0 1,100 2 _ _ - - _ _ _ - _ _ _ 4 12.1 7,580 8.7 3,870 8.3 3,530 6.7 2,240 5.5 1,400 4.9 1,040 8 10.9 6,130 8.8 3,960 8.1 3,350 6.5 2,090 5.4 1,340 4.8 985 10 - _ - _ - _ _ - - M 9.8 4,930 8.8 3,960 7.8 3,110 6.2 1,880 5.2 1,220 4.8 985 Supplemental records.- Mar. 24, 9 p.m., 17.22 ft., 15,000 s^.-ft. 182 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Tygart River at Petterman, W. Va,

Location.- Lat. 39°21'0", long. 80°2'30", at highway bridge at Pet'terman, Taylor County, three-quarters of a mile above Otter Creek. Zero of gage is 957.86 fest above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,340 square miles. Page-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record 8 a.m. Feb, 19 to 12:30 p.m. Feb. 20.Sage heights used to half tenths between 5.5 and 6.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Peb. Mar. Apr. Day Peb. Mar. Apr. 1 950 2,840 2,750 11 2,100 1,060 6,650 21 4,080 7,690 1,220 2 870 2,360 2,750 12 1,440 1,250 6,820 22 3,280 7,740 1,260 3 800 2,440 3,370 13 1,560 1,740 5,760 23 2,360 10, 600 1,170 4 2,180 2,21C 3,460 14 12,100 1,900 4,520 24 2,100 31,500 1,030 5 12,900 1,880 3,190 15 22, 800 1,840 3,460 25 3,110 43,800 910 6 12,000 1,620 16,700 16 20, 000 2,470 2,930 26 7,000 27,100 866 7 7,900 1,460 22,100 17 11,200 22,900 2,360 27 7,360 14, 000 922 8 5,580 1,290 12,200 18 10, 800 32,400 1,910 28 5,760 10,700 1,080 9 4,080 1,170 6,290 19 9,210 '17,800 1,620 29 3,990 7,790 1,010 10 3,190 1,130 5,760 20 5,580 7,600 1,400 30 5,100 922 31 3,560 6,423 8,998 4,213 5.17 7.74 3.50 Qage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 g Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Peet Sec . ft . Peet Sec.ft. W Maroh 14. March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.14 1,950 5.07 1,830 5.18 2,020 5.90 3,280 20.75 39,300 16.35 25,600 4 5.15 1,960 5.07 1,830 5.23 2,100 6.18 3,810 20.25 37,200 15.80 23,900 6 5.14 1,950 5.06 1,820 5.28 2,190 7.25 "5, 580 19.70 35,500 15.25 22,300 8 5.14 1,950 5.06 1,820 5.BS 2,280 9.70 10,200 19.20 33,900 14.60 20,800 10 .5.13 1,930 5.05 1,800 5.37 2,350 13.60 18, 400 18.70 32,300 13.95 19,300 N 5.12 1,910 5.06 1,820 5.43 2,450 16.40 25, 600 18.30 31,100 13.20 17,500 2 5.11 1,900 5.06 1,820 5.48 2,540 18.40 31,400 18.05 30,200 12.45 15,700 4 5.09 1,860 5.06 1,820 5.53 S,660 19.70 35, 500 17.82 29,600 11.65 14,000 6 5.08 1,850 5.07 1,830 5.58 2,750 20.50 38, 200 17.63 29,000 11.05 12,800 8 5.08 1,850 5.08 1,850 5.65 2,840 21.10 40,400 17.43 28,400 10.53 11,800 10 6.08 1,850 5.10 1,880 5.72 2,930 21.33 41,100 17.15 27,900 10.08 11,000 M 5.08 1,856 51. 13 1,930 5.80 3,110 21.17 40,700 16.75 26,700 9.67 10,200 March 20 March 21 March £2 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 9.35 9,590 7.80 6,650 8.53 7,900 9.08 9,020 13.45 17,900 24.58 53,900 4 9.05 8,830 8.02 7,000 8.48 7,900 9 .12 9,020 13.95 19,300 24.00 51,500 6 8.77 8,450 8.27 7,540 8.38 7,720 9.12 9,020 14.35 20,300 23.35 49,100 8 8.53 7,900 8.50 7,900 8.30 7,540 9.12 9,020 14.80 21,300 22.75 46,700 10 8.33 7,540 8.60 8,080 8.20 7,360 9.12 9,020 15.25 22,300 22.40 45,200 N 8.14 7,180 8.63 8,080 8.13 7,180 9.18 9,210 16.00 24,500 21.75 43,000 2 8.00 7,000 8.65 8,080 8.08 7,180 9.32 9,400 17.60 29, 000 21.15 40,700 4 7.87 6,820 8.65 8,080 8.12 7,180 9.65 9,970 19.80 35,800 20.70 39,000 6 7.73 6,470 8.65 8,080 8.25 7,360 10.20 11,200 22.00 43,700 20.30 37, 600 8 7.65 6,290 8.64 8,080 8.50 7,900 11.00 12,800 23*60 49,900 20.05 36, 500 10 7.63 6,290 8.63 8,080 8.77 8,450 12.00 14,800 24.55 53,900 19.85 35,800 M 7.64 6,290 8.58 8,080 8.97 8,830 12.85 16,600 24.85 54,700 19.60 35,200 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 Mar,sh 30 March 31 2 19.40 34, 500 13.10 17, 300 10.35 11,600 9.22 9,210 7.40 5,940 6.30 3,990 4 19.05 33,200 12.60 16, 200 10.33 11,400 9.07 9,020 7.30 5,760 6.27 3,900 6 18.65 32, 000 12.15 15,300 10.25 11,200 8.88 8,640 7.20 5,580 6.22 3,810 8 18.15 30,800 11.75 14, 400 10.18 11,200 8.73 8,260 7.10 5,410 6.15 3,730 10 17.60 29, 000 11.47 13,800 10.08 11,000 8.58 8,080 7.00 5,230 6.10 3,640 N 17.00 27, 300 11.20 13,200 9.92 10,600 8.43 7,720 6.90 5,050 6.05 3,550 2 16.40 25, 600 11.00 12,800 9.88 10,600 8.28 7,540 6.80 4,880 6.00 3,460 4 15.80 23, 900 10.85 12,400 9.86 10,600 8.13 7,180 6.72 4,700 5.95 3,370 6 15.25 22,300 10.68 12, 200 9.77 10,400 7.95 7,000 6.68 4,700 5.91 3,280 8 14.65 20, 800 10.55 12,000 9.65 9,970 7.82 6,650 6.60 4,520 5.86 3,190 10 14.10 19, 500 10.48 11, 800 9.52 9,780 7.62 6,290 6.50 -4 f 540 5.83 3,190 M IS. 55 18,400 10.40 11,600 9.37 9,590 7.52 S.120 '6.37 4»H° 5.78 3,110 OHIO RIVER BASIN 183

Monongahela River at Morgantown, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°37'50n , long. 79°57'35n , at highway bridge in Morgantown, Mononga- hela County. Zero of gage is 789.05 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 2,670 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 1-14, 19-25. Gage heights used to half tenths between 7.0 and 8.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 45,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 77,100 second-feet 6 a.m. Mar. 25 (gage height, 23.88 feet), 1928-35: Discharge, 61,600 second-feet Feb. 5, 1932 (gage height, 20.55 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1-14, 19-25 determined by comparison with flow of Tygart and West Fork Rivers.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. liar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,800 5,390 5,390 11 3,800 1,880 10,700 21 7,500 19,700 2,370 2 1,650 4,390 5,070 12 2,500 2,160 10,700 22 5,500 20,400 2,320 3 1,700 5,720 6,040 13 4,000 2,920 10,000 23 4,000 26,100 2,370 4 4,500 5,720 6,380 14 20,000 3,650 7,900 24 3,500 45, 500 2,190 5 25,000 4,510 5,720 15 47,500 3,380 6,210 25 9,000 68, 400 2,010 6 20,000 3,560 23,800 16 40,100 4,450 5,070 26 13, 800 42, 100 1,800 7 14,000 2,890 41,500 17 22,000 42,000 4,360 27 15,000 23,200 1,850 8 10,000 2,370 26,500 18 15,400 60,900 3,590 28 10,700 17,300 1,850 9 7,000 2,090 11, 800 19 14,000 32,900 3,000 29 7,390 13,200 1,900 10 5,500 1,900 10,000 20 11,000 16,000 2,560 30 9,270 1,720 31 6,870 12, 170 h 16, 150 7,556 """n-of f , in inches ...... 4.92 6.98 3.16 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. | £ March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 1? 2 6.82 3,620 6.79 3,540 6.70 3,280 8.55 9^300 23.10 73,400 16.90 44,200 4 6.84 3,680 6.78 3,510 6.70 3,280 9.50 12,800 22.92 72, 400 16.42 41,900 6 6.85 3,710 6.76 3,450 6.70 3,280 11.30 19,600 22.50 70,600 15.92 39,600 8 6.85 3,710 6.76 3,450 6.72 3,340 13.15 26,900 21.90 67,700 15.40 37,300 10 6.85 3,710 6.72 3,340 6.90 3,860 15.30 36,400 21.10 64,000 14.85 34, 600 N 6.86 3,740 6.71 3,310 7.10 4,450 17.00 44,700 2d.30 60yEOO 14.32 32,400 2 6.85 3,710 6.71 3,310 7.15 4,600 18.50 51,800 19.65 56,900 13.82 30,300 4 6.85 3,710 6.71 3,310 7.20 4,760 20.00 58,800 19.15 55,000 13.27 28.200 6 6.84 3,680 6.71 3,310 7.32 5,070 21.10 64,000 18.67 52,700 12.75 26, 100 8 6.84 3,680 6.71 3,310 7.48 5,720 22.05 68, 200 18.20 50,300 12.30 24,000 10 6.83 3,650 6.70 3,280 7.67 6,210 22.65 71,000 17.75 48,5PP 11.85 22,000 M 6.81 3,590 6.70 3,280 8.10 7,730 23.00 72,900 17.35 46, 600 11.45 20, 400 March 20 March 21 Mareh 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 11.10 19, gOO 10.06 15,400 11.68 21,600 12.18 23,000 14.18 32,000 23.15 73,800 4 10.80 18,"000 10.35 16,500 11.62 21,200 12.50 24,800 14.76 34,600 23.75 76,700 6 10.57 17,300 10.64 17,300 11.52 20,800 12.75 26,100 15.28 36,900 23.88 77,100 8 10.35 16,500 11.00 18,800 11.43 20,400 12.88 26,500 15.69 38,700 23.70 76,200 10 10.18 15,800 11.28 20,000 11.32 20,000 12.89 26,900 16.05 40,100 23.25 73,800 H 10.06 15,400 11.50 20,800 11.20 19,600 12.85 26,100 16.58 42,900 22.65 71,000 2 9.92 14,600 11.70 21,600 11.15 19,600 12.78 26,100 17.30 46,100 22.00 68,200 4 9.82 14,300 11.83 22,000 11.10 19,200 12.78 26,100 18.00 49,400 21.40 65,400 6 9.73 13,900 11.88 22,400 11.11 19,200 12.88 26,500 18.70 52,700 20.80 62,600 8 9.68 13,900 11.87 22,400 11.22 16,600 13.07 27,300 19.55 56,900 20.20 59,700 10 9.67 13,900 11.84 22,000 11.44 20,400 13.28 28,200 20.85 62,600 19.60 56,900 11 9.78 14,300 11.77 22,000 11.80 22,000 13.63 29,400 22.10 68,700 19.10 54,600 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 18.65 52^200 13.32 28,200 10.97 18,800 10.00 15,000 8.80 10,700 7.92 7,560 4 18.20 50,300 12.97 26,900 10.88 18,400 9.88 14,600 8.70 10,400 8,01 7,900 6 17.80 48,500 12.67 25,600 10.80 18,000 9.78 14,300 8.62 10,000 7.8$ - 7,560 8 17.40 46,600 12.37 24,400 10.73 17,700 9.70 13,900 8.53 9,650 7.82' i&7,220^*7,050 10 16.95 44,700 12.10 23,200 10.67 17,700 9.59 13,600 8.44 9,480 7.75 # 16.48 42,400 11.85 22,000 10.58 17,300 9.48 13,200 8.35 9,120 7.68 6,880 2 16.00 40,100 11.67 21,600 10.51 16,900 9.38 12,800 8.28 8,950 7.62 6,540 4 15.50 37,800 11.48 20,800 10.47 16,900 9.27 12,500 8.22 8,600 7.57 6,380 6 15.00 35,500 11.36 20,400 10.33 16,100 9.18 12,100 8.15 8,420 7.54 6,380 8 14.55 33,700 11.25 19,600 10.27 16 , 100 9.08 11,800 8.08 8,250 7.51 6,210 10 14.10 31,500 11.17 19,600 10.20 15,800 8.98 11,400 8.03 8,080 7.47 6,040 H 13.67 29,800 11.07 19J200 10.13 15,400 8.89 11,100 7.96 7,730 7.42 5,880 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 1:30 a.m., 23.11 ft., 73,400 sec.-ft. 184 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Monongahela River at Charleroi, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°8> 30", long. 79°53'35 n , 1,100 feet upstream from dam at Look 4, at Charleroi, Washington County, half a mile below mouth of Maple Creek. Zero of gage is 735.33 feet (revised) above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 5,213 square miles. Page-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights used to half tenths be- tween 4.0 and 6.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 130,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; logarithmic extension to crest discharge. Affected by ice Feb. 1-3. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 138,000 second-feet 11 a.m. to noon Mar. 18 (gage height, 22.47 feet). 1886-1936: Discharge, 156,000 second-feet (revised) July 11, 1888 (gage height, 42.0 feet, on lower gage at old lock downstream,which would correspond to about 26.1 feet on present gage), 1873-1936: Maximum known discharge and stage, that of July 11, 1888.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,400 15,800 12,000 11 5,600 7,940 22,400 21 15,900 41,900 5,420 2 1,350 13,200 13,000 12 4,840 9,510 20,900 22 11,100 39,500 5,280 3 1,350 15,400 12, 500 13 5,340 11,300 19,500 23 7,970 45,700 4,840 4 6,550 13,800 13,400 14 12,100 11,700 16,700 24 6,590 63.400 4,340 5 10, 500 13,100 10,100 15 44, 600 9,480 13,400 25 15,500 117,000 4,240 6 20,900 11,800 34,800 16 69, 400 11,600 12,300 26 54,600 99,100 2,980 7 16,600 10,200 85,300 17 43,700 64,100 9,940 27 55,900 56,800 3,460 8 9,750 7,130 48,900 18 30,600 132,000 7,220 28 37,600 44,700 3,750 9 6,300 4,740 26,200 19 28,000 88,800 5,870 29 22,800 31,900 4,770 10 6,550 6,940 22,400 20 20,000 39,400 5,200 30 22,200 4,180 31 15,800 M *71 A 15,170 Run-off, in inches...... 4.09 7.68 3.25 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.95 9,700 3.83 4,340 4.50 7,300 4.78 8,800 5.00 10,000 5.37 12,100 4 5.00 10,000 3.80 4,230 4.52 7,900 4.75 8,550 5.00 10,000 5.45 12,700 6 4.95 9,700 3.75 4,040 4.48 7,300 4.72 8,300 4.94 9,700 5.43 12,700 8 4.77 8,550 3.72 3,930 4.39 6,800 4.62 7,800 4.82 8,800 5.25 11,500 10 4.62 7,800 3.70 3,860 4.27 6,050 4.48 7,300 4.67 8,050 5.05 10,300 N 4.45 7,050 3.70 3,860 4.17 5,600 4.35 6,550 4.60 7,800 4.91 9,400 2 4.27 6,050 3.75 4,040 4.20 5,800 4.40 6,800 4.65 8,050 4.90 9,400 4 4.15 5,600 3.95 4,800 4.30 6,300 4.50 7,300 4.80 8,800 5.00 10,000 6 4.05 5,200 4.05 5,200 4.42 6,800 4.55 7,550 4.94 9,700 5.10 10,600 8 3.97 4,880 4.18 5,800 4.60 7,800 4.66 8,050 5.08 10,600 5.25 11,500 10 3.90 4,610 4.30 6,300 4.67 8,050 4.77 8,550 5.20 11,200 5.40 12,400 M 3.85 4,420 4.42 6,800 4.72 8,300 4.90 9,400 5.27 11,500 5.47 12,700 . March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.53 13,300 5.54 13,300 4.55 7,550 7.00 23,200 20.35 128,000 18.40 116,000 4 5.55 13,300 5.55 13,300 4.70 8,300 7.10 24,000 21.10 132,000 17.60 112,000 6 5.48 13,000 5.44 12,700 4.72 8,300 7.25 24,800 21.70 134,000 16.75 107,000 8 5.30 11,800 5.23 11,500 4.74 8,550 7.90 30,600 22.17 137,000 16.00 102,000 10 5.08 10,600 5.03 10,300 4.77 8,550 9.15 42,900 22.45 138,000 15.25 96,400 N 4.94 9,700 4.80 8,800 4.78 8,800 10.60 56,900 22.47 138,000 14.50 91,500 2 4.95 9,700 4.63 8,050 4.95 9,700 12.15 72,900 22.30 137,000 13.70 85,600 4 5.03 10,300 4.48 7,300 5.27 11,500 14.00 88,OOP 22.00 136,000 12.80 78,300 6 5.15 10,900 4.35 6,550 5.65 13,900 15.90 101,000 21.40 133,000 12.00 71,100 8 5.25 11,500 4.26 6,050 6.15 17,400 17.15 109,000 20.75 130,000 11.25 63,300 10 5.38 12,400 4.21 5,800 6.55 20,200 18.27 116,000 20.00 126,000 10.65 56,900 M 5.50 13,000 4.33 6,550 6.84 21,600 19.40 122,000 19.23 121,000 10.20 52,900 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 9.85 48,900 8.18 33,300 9.50 45,900 9.10 41,900 9.87 49,900 16.35 104,000 4 9.60 46,900 8.37 35,100 9.40 44,900 9.20 42,900 9.97 50,900 17.25 109,000 6 9.30 43,900 8.60 36,900 9.20 42,900 9.32 43,900 10.08 51,900 18.10 115,000 8 9.00 40,900 8.87 39,900 8.98 40,900 9.37 44,900 10.20 52,900 18.80 119,000 10 8.80 38,900 9.10 41,900 8.70 37,900 9.46 45,900 10.37 54,900 19.27 122,000 N 8.65 36,900 9.35 44,900 8.50 36,000 9.52 45,900 10.57 56,900 19.60 124,000 2 8.50 36,000 9.50 45,900 8.34 34,200 9.63 46,900 10.83 59,000 19.75 125,000 4 8.35 35,100 9.60 46,900 8.27 34,200 9.67 47,900 11.20 63,300 19.70 124,000 6 8.20 33,300 9.64 46,900 8.37 35,100 9.73 47,900 11.90 70,200 19.60 124,000 8 8.15 33,300 9.65 46,900 8.55 36,900 9.75 48,900 12.85 78,300 19.15 121,000 10 8.11 32,400 9.62 46,900 8.72 37,900 9.73 47,900 14.17 89,400 18.70 118,000 M 8.12 32,400 9.60 46,900 8.90 39,900 9.77 48,900 15.35 97,800 18.20 115,000 Supplemental records.- Mar. 18, 11 a.m. to noon, 22.47 ft., 138,000 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 18

Buckhanncn River at Hall, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°3 I 15B , long. 80O6 I 40", a quarter of a mile above highway bridge at Hall,Barbour County, and 1 mile above Pecks Run. Drainage area.- 277 square miles. Bage-helght record.- Two gage readings daily and extra readings during high water of Mar. 17 and 24. Sage height at indicated time Mar. 14-31 from graph based on gage readings and shape of graph at station on Tygart River at Petterman. Sage heights given to half tenths between 3.50 and 4.00 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 7,150 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 9,690 second-feet 1 p.m. Mar. 25 (gage height, 12.40 feet). 1915-35: Discharge, 12,200 second-feet Mar. 14, 1918 Tgage height, 14.7 feet).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 199 56^ 618 11 684 188 1,400 21 834 1,980 228 2 188 508 768 12 554 228 1,450 22 684 1,670 223 3 159 489 1,000 13 426 471 1,250 23 572 2,350 213 4 853 408 882 14 1,940 408 950 24 591 6,630 173 5 4,760 343 797 15 4,370 441 750 25 600 9,280 153 6 1,350 300 4,080 16 4,270 612 628 26 872 5,680 147 7 931 258 5,150 17 1,940 4,850 462 27 1,050 2,570 188 8 853 232 2,290 18 2,120 6,460 359 28 1,050 2,070 180 9 806 208 1,350 19 1,650 3,020 300 29 712 1,550 162 10 768 199 1,350 20 1,150 1,460 252 30 1,060 153 31 804 1,274 1,848 930 4.96 7.69 3.75 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 £ Peet Sec.ft. Peet Sec.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Peet Sec.ft. Peet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. S March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 _ _ _ _ _ » ^ _ _ 4 2.92 408 2.90 390 3.08 554 4.7 2,120 10.1 7,270 7.1 4,270 6 - ______8 2.92 408 2.91 399 3.10 572 6.7 3,890 9.8 6,970 6.3 3,520 10 _ _ _ _ _ ., _ _ _ H 2.92 408 2.94 426 3.11 581 8.3 5,450 9.5 6,660 5.5 2,810 2 - ______4 2.92 408 2.98 462 3.11 581 9.2 6,350 9.0 6,150 4.9 2,290 6 ______8 2.92 408 3.02 498 3.13 600 9.8 6,970 8.4 5,550 4.6 2,030 10 ______M 8.92 408 3.05 526 3.6 1,050 10.3 7,480 7.8 4,950 4.4 1,850 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 4.2 1,650 4.2 1,650 4.3 1,750 4.3 1,750 7.1 4,270 12.2 9,480 6 _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 8 4.0 1,450 4,7 2,120 4.2 1,650 4.5 1,940 8.1 5,250 12.3 9,580 10 _ - - ______N 3.9 1,350 5.0 2,380 4.2 1,650 4.8 2,200 9.1 6,250 12.4 9,690 2 ______4 3.85 1,300 4.7 2,120 4.2 1,650 5.2 2,550 11.1 8,320 12.3 9,580 6 ______8 3.9 1,350 4.5 1,940 4.2 1,650 5.7 2,980 12.1 9,370 11.6 8,840 10 ______M 4.0 1,450 4.4 1,850 4.2 1,650 6.3 3,520 12.2 9,480 10.8 8,000 March 26 March 27" March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 ______4 10.0 7,170 5.8 3,070 4.8 2,200 4.3 1,750 3.5 1,200 3.42 872 6 - - - - _ _ _ - - _ _ _ 8 9 f0 6,350 5.3 2,640 4.8 2,200 4.2 1,650 3.65 1,100 3.38 834 10 - - - - _ - _ _ _ - _ _ N 8.4 5,550 5.0 2,380 4.7 2,120 4.0 1,450 3.6 1,050 3.34 797 2 - _ - _ _ - _ - _ - _ _ 4 7.8 4,950 4.8 2,200 4.6 2,030 3.95 1,400 3.55 1,000 3.31 768 6 - - - - _ - _ - - - - - 8 7.1 4,270 4.8 2,200 4.5 1,940 3.85 1,300 3.5 950 3.28 740 10 _ _ - ______M 6.4 3.610 4.8 2,200 4.4 1,850 3.8 1,250 3.46 911 3.26 721 Supplemental records.- Mar. 25, 1 p.m., 12.40 ft., 9,690 sec.-ft. 186 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND TIPPER OHIO RIVERS

West Fork River at Butcherville, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°4'50n , long. 800 28'5", at interurban bridge at Butcherville, Lewis County. Drainage area.- 181 square miles. Gage-height record.- Two gage readings daily. Peak stages determined from flood narks. Gage height at indicated time Mar. 14-31 determined from graph based on gage readings, flood marks, and shape of graph at station on West Fork River at Clarksburg. Gage heights given to half tenths below 13.00 feet and tenths above. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by ourrent-meter measurements below 5,600 seoond- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 7,360 seoond-feet about 8 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 22.1 feet, from flood marks). 1915-35: Discharge, 9,800 seoond-feet (revised) Mar. 13, 1918, Jan. 2, 1919 (gage height, 24.0 feet). Maximum known stage, about 27 feet in 1888 (discharge, about 12,600 seoond- feet) . Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 18, 19 determined by comparison with flow at Clarksburg.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 77 156 178 11 137 119 720 21 212 1,780 85 2 68 167 462 12 119 445 640 22 189 1,790 110 72 325 445 13 119 375 428 23 146 3,010 110 4 850 265 340 14 3,330 325 310 24 167 5,230 90 5 2,200 200 280 15 4,190 302 225 25 600 3,810 77 6 940 167 5,610 16 1,380 436 167 26 560 1,200 83 7 392 137 2,080 17 850 4,710 137 27 410 796 77 295 110 520 18 1,100 3,530 119 28 295 666 90 212 119 560 19 600 1,130 101 29 212 443 80 146 110 640 20 250 851 90 30 290 72 31 221 694 1,071 498 Run-off , In inches ...... 4.13 6.82 3.07 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. | « March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 Z ______4 12.55 358 12.4 310 12.35 295 15.9 1,960 19.4 4,750 14.7 1,280 6 - ______8 12.5 340 12.4 310 12.35 295 18.4 3,830 18.2 3,650 14.2 1,030 10 - _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ N 12.45 325 12.35 295 12.35 295 20.2 5,510 17.4 3,010 14.1 985 2 ______4 12.4 310 12.35 295 12.5 340 21.3 6,580 16.7 2,470 14.0 940 6 ______8 12.4 310 12.35 295 13.0 520 22.1 7,360 16.0 2,020 14.0 940 10 ______H 12.4 310 12.35 295 14.1 985 21.2 6,480 15.4 1,660 14.0 940 March 20 March 21 Marc-h 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 14.0 940 15.0 1,440 15.0 1,440 17.0 2,690 18.9 4,280 20.1 5,420 6 ______8 13.9 895 16.1 2,080 15.0 1,440 17.0 2,690 19.4 4,750 19.1 4, 460 10 ______N 13.7 805 16.6 2,400 15.3 1,600 17.1 2,770 20.0 5,320 17.9 3,410 2 _ - ______4 13.4 680 16.3 2,200 15.6 1,780 17.5 3,090 20.5 5,800 17.2 2,850 6 - ______8 13.5 720 15.7 1,840 16.1 2,080 18.0 3,490 21.1 6,390 16.5 2,330 10 ______H 14.0 940 15.3 1,600 16.8 2,540 18.4 3,830 21.0 6,290 15.9 1,960 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 ______4 15.4 1,660 13.5 720 13.8 850 12.95 500 12.5 340 12.15 238 6 ______8 14.9 1,380 13.5 720 13.6 760 12.9 480 12.45 325 12.1 225 10 ______N 14.2 1,030 13.6 760 13.3 640 12.8 445 12.35 295 12.1 225 2 ______4 13.7 805 13.7 805 13.1 560 12.7 410 12.25 265 12.05 212 6 _ - ______8 13.6 760 13.9 895 13.0 520 12.65 392 12.15 238 12.05 212 10 ______H 13.5 720 13.9 895 12.96 500 12.55 358 12.15 238 12.0 200 OHIO RIVER BASIH 187

West Pork River at Clarksburg, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°16'5", long. 80o21'25n , at dam at Clarksburg waterworks, three- quarters of a mile south of Clarksburg, Harrison County. Drainage area.- 384 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.0 and 4.4 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 9,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by formula for flow over dam. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 12,800 second-feet 2 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 6.58 1923-35: Discharge, 16,300 second-feet May 12, 1924 (gage height, 7.76 feet) . Remarks.- Flood run-off not affected by storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 237 403 396 11 313 214 1,120 21 637 3,170 185 2 219 346 583 12 237 353 1,180 22 439 3,900 231 3 185 601 1,050 13 244 722 886 23 333 5,960 250 4 539 664 692 14 2,800 592 646 24 403 8,910 214 5 3,990 492 558 15 8,610 503 439 25 1,390 8,660 185 6 2,080 381 6,590 16 4,500 656 432 26 1,660 2,580 168 7 875 307 6,570 17 1,990 7,270 340 27 1,170 1,380 168 8 500 256 1,660 18 2,210 10,000 294 28 791 1,570 174 9 424 219 892 19 1,660 2,860 244 29 500 1,080 157 10 360 208 1,200 20 844 1,630 208 30 693 135 31 495 1,384 2,164 Run-off , in inches ...... 3.88 6.50 2.70 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec. ft. Peet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March.18 March 19 2 1.21 683 1.02 517 0.98 485 2.10 1,720 6.58 12,800 3.53 4,440 4 1.18 655 1.02 517 .98 485 2.60 2,460 6.55 12,800 3.34 3,990 6 1.17 646 1.01 508 .98 485 3.20 3,660 6.45 12,200 3.10 3,450 8 1.15 628 1.00 500 .97 477 3.70 4,780 6.30 11,900 2.88 3,030 10 1.13 610 1.00 500 .97 477 4.30 6,280 6.15 11,600 2.67 2,550 N 1.11 592 1.00 500 .98 485 4.85 7,600 5.90 10,700 2.57 2,380 2 1.09 575 1.00 500 1.02 517 5.25 8,710 5.65 9,840 2.50 2,290 4 1.08 566 1.00 500 1.12 601 5.70 10,100 5.35 9,270 2.42 2,130 6 1.07 558 1.00 500 1.25 722 6.00 11,000 5.00 8,150 2.35 2,060 8 1.06 550 .99 492 1.40 875 6.30 11,900 4.60 7,060 2.28 1,990 10 1.05 542 .99 492 1.58 1,080 6.45 12,200 4.20 6,020 2.24 1,920 M 1.03 525 .98 485 1.82 1,360 6.55 12,800 3.85 5,140 2.20 1,850 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 2.17 1,780 2.10 1,720 3.44 4,210 3.98 5,510 4.65 7,060 5.75 10,400 4 2.13 1,780 2.25 1,920 3.37 3,990 4.17 5,890 4.85 7,600 5.75 10,400 6 2.10 1,720 2.40 2,130 3.32 3,880 4.30 6,280 5.00 8,150 5.74 10,100 8 2.07 1,660 2.62 2,460 3.24 3,770 4.37 6,410 5.12 8,430 5.70 10,100 10 2.04 1,660 2.82 2,830 3.17 3,560 4.35 6,410 5.20 8,710 5.60 9,840 N 2.00 1,590 3.07 3,340 3.08 3,450 4.28 6,280 5.30 8,990 5.45 9,270 2 1.98 1,560 3.25 3,770 3.02 3,240 4.18 6,020 5.50 9,550 5.27 8,990 4 1.95 1,520 3.42 4,100 3.06 3,340 4.11 5,760 5.60 9,840 5.00 8,150 6 1.93 1,500 3.50 4,320 3.20 3,660 4.08 5,760 5.68 10,100 4.75 7,600 8 1.92 1,490 3.53 4,440 3.35 3,990 4.10 5,760 5.73 10,100 4.43 6,540 10 1.92 1,490 3.52 4,320 3.53 4,440 4.22 6,020 5.75 10,400 4.10 5,760 II 1.98 1,560 3.48 4,320 3.75 4,900 4.43 6,540 5.76 10, 400 3.78 5,020 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 3.50 4,320 1.79 1,330 2.07 1,660 1.77 1,300 1.34 812 1.06 550 4 3.30 3,880 1.75 1,280 2.07 1,660 1.73 1,260 1.32 791 1.04 533 6 3.00 3,240 1.68 1,200 2.06 1,660 1.69 1,210 1.28 751 1.03 525 8 2.75 2,830 1.66 1,170 2.05 1,660 1.65 1,160 1.26 731 1.02 517 10 2.60 2,460 1.67 1,180 2.03 1,660 1.60 1,100 1.24 712 1.00 500 N 2.42 2,130 1.69 1,210 2.01 1,590 1.57 1,070 1.21 683 .99 492 2 2.26 1,920 1.77 1,300 2.00 1,590 1.52 1,010 1.18 655 .97 477 4 2.15 1,780 1.88 1,440 1.97 1,550 1.48 963 1.16 637 .96 470 6 2.06 1,660 1.95 1,520 1.93 1,500 1.47 952 1.14 619 .95 462 8 1.96 1,540 2.00 1,590 1.90 I r 460 1.43 908 1.13 610 .94 454 10 1.89 1,450 2.04 1,660 1.86 1,410 1,40 875 1.11 592 .93 447 II 1.82 1,360 2.06 1,660 1.82 1,360 1.37 844 1.08 566 .92 439 188 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

West Fork River at Enterprise, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°25'20 11 , long. 80O16'40 B , 150 feet below highway bridge at Enter- prise, Harrison County, three-quarters of a mile above Bingaman Creek. Zero of age Is 869.91 feet above mean sea level. ?nage area.- 750 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 1-2, 10-13, 20-22. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.0 and 5.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-4, 10-13. Defined by current-meter measurements below 19,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 27,200 second-feet 11:15 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 19.88 1907-18, 1932-35: Discharge, 27,500 second-feet (revised) Mar. 12, 1935 (gage height, 20.00 feet) . Remarks.- Discharge for periods of missing or Ice-affected record determined by com­ parison with flow of nearby streams.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 580 1,080 1,020 11 720 570 2,340 21 1,600 6,610 485 2 540 960 1,300 12 540 755 2,340 22 1,150 7,720 618 3 470 1,660 1 5 900 13 560 1,330 2,260 23 810 11,000 628 4 1,420 1,700 1,500 14 6,390 1,260 1,440 24 870 16,600 535 5 7,040 1,300 1,190 15 23,600 1,050 1,120 25 3,520 16,300 460 6 4,080 990 12,200 16 12,300 1,350 1,020 26 5,340 5,510 440 7 1,900 610 11,600 17 3,970 16,100 900 27 3,250 3,250 445 8 1,160 672 3,450 18 3,860 18,900 728 28 2,100 3,240 435 9 1,020 601 2,020 19 3,050 6,040 618 29 1,440 2,350 386 10 820 565 2,500 20 2,300 3,450 535 30 1,670 340 31 1,300 I QQO Run-off, in inches ...... 4,78 6.78 2.81 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. H March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.08 1,400 3.68 1,120 3.51 990 6.80 3,750 19.60 26,500 11.20 9,250 4 4.06 1,360 3.67 1,080 3.50 990 8.00 5,100 19.10 25,200 10.45 8,120 6 4.02 1,330 3.67 1,080 3.49 990 9.60 7,080 18.45 23,500 9.65 7,080 8 3.97 1,300 3.63 1,080 3.48 990 11,50 9,700 17.75 22,000 9.05 6,300 10 3.93 1,300 3.62 1,050 3.50 990 13.50 13,200 17.00 20,100 8.58 5,820 H 3.88 1,260 3.58 1,050 3.55 1,020 15.40 16,800 16.35 18,800 8o20 5,340 2 3.85 1,220 3.57 1,020 3.63 1,080 17.20 20,600 15.65 17,200 7.85 4,860 4 3.82 1,190 3.56 1,020 3.80 1,190 18.45 23,500 14.92 15,800 7.62 4,630 6 3.78 1,190 3.55 1,020 4.10 1,400 19.20 25,500 14.20 14,500 7.42 4,410 8 3.75 1,160 3.54 1,020 4.50 1,700 19.70 26,800 13.50 13,200 7.25 4,190 10 3.73 1,160 3.53 1,020 5.22 2,260 19.85 27,000 12.75 11,900 7.10 4,080 11 3.70 1,120 3.53 1,020 5.98 2,950 19.85 27,000 12.00 10,500 6.97 3,970 March. 20 March 21 March 22 March 26 March. 24 March 25 2 6.85 3,750 6.78 3,750 10.42 8,120 12.50 11,400 13.50 13,200 17.60 21,500 4 6.75 3,750 7.30 4,300 10.22 7,860 12.62 11,500 13.80 13,700 17.30 20,800 6 6.65 3,550 7.95 5,100 10.00 7,600 12.60 11,500 14.05 14,100 16.90 19,900 8 6.57 3,550 8.80 6,060 9.70 7,210 12.50 11,400 14.25 14,500 16.40 18,800 10 6.48 3,450 9.40 6,820 9.45 6,820 12.38 11,200 14.40 14,900 15.80 17,600 N 6.41 3,350 9.85 7,340 9.20 6,560 12.22 10,800 14.70 15,400 15.25 16,400 2 6.35 3,350 10.20 7,860 9.02 6,300 12.04 10,500 15.25 16,400 14.60 15,200 4 6.30 3,250 10.35 8,120 9.13 6,430 11.85 10,200 15.85 17,600 14.00 14,100 6 6.27 3,250 10.48 8,250 9.63 7,080 11.78 10,200 16.55 19,200 13,45 13,000 8 6.25 3,150 10.55 8,390 10.45 8,120 11.95 10,500 17.25' 20,600 12.85 11,900 10 6,27 3,250 10.57 8,390 11.35 9,550 12.45 11,200 17.70 21,800 12.30 11,000 H 6.40 3,350 10.52 8,250 12.05 10,500 13.05 12,200 17.75 22,000 11.60 9,860 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 10.85 8,670 6.10 3,050 6.60 3,550 5.75 2,770 4.75 1,900 4.10 1,400 4 10.00 7,600 6.02 2,950 6.57 3,550 5.65 2,590 4.68 1,860 4.10 1,400 6 9.40 6,820 6.02 2,950 6.52 3,450 5.55 2,590 4.62 1,780 4.07 1,360 8 8.80 6,060 6.03 2,950 6.48 3,450 5.48 2,500 4.56 1,740 4.05 1,360 10 8.30 5,460 6.09 3,050 6.40 3,350 5.38 2,420 4.50 1,700 4.02 1,330 H 7.85 4,860 6.20 3,150 6.33 3,250 5.30 2,340 4.42 1,620 3.98 1,330 2 7.45 4,410 6.35 3,350 6.25 3,150 5.20 2,260 4.39 1,620 3.95 1,300 4 7.10 4,080 6.48 3,450 6.18 3,150 5.12 2,180 4.34 1,580 3.91 1,260 6 6.80 3,750 6.55 3,550 6.10 3,050 5.02 2,100 4.28 1,540 3.86 1,220 8 6.55 3,550 6.59 3,550 6.02 2,950 4.97 2,060 4.24 1,500 3.80 1,190 10 6.35 3,350 6.60 3,550 5.93 2,860 4.88 2,020 4.19 1,470 3.75 1,160 M 6.17 3,150 6.60 3,550 5.85 2,770 4.82 1,940 4.15 1,440 3.72 1,120 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11:15 p.m., 19.88 ft., 27,200 sec.-ft. Mar. 24, 11:15 p.m., 17.76 ft., 22,000 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 189

Buffalo Creek at Barrackville, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°30'15", long. 80°10'20n , at highway bridge at Barrackville, Marion County, 1,700 feet above Pinchs Run. Drainage area.- 115 square miles. Sage-height record.- Two gage readings daily except for periods Feb. 22-25, Feb. 27 to Mar. 3, Mar. 16, 20-23. Gage heights at indicated time Mar. 14-31 determined from graph based on gage readings and shape of graphs at stations on other streams in the Monongahela River Basin. Gage heights given to half tenths between 2.00 and 3.00 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-3. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 5,750 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 5,960 second-feet noon Mar. 17 (gage height, 11.08 feet). 1907-8, 1915-24, 1932-35: Discharge, 9,490 second-feet Jan. 22, 1917 (gage height, 14.22 feet) . Maximum known stage, about 16 feet during flood of July 1912 (discharge, about 11,600 second-feet). Remarks.- Discharge for periods of missing or ice-affected record determined by compari­ son with discharges of other streams in the Monongahela River Basin.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 85 178 149 11 88 77 350 21 135 1,830 70 2 80 151 300 12 80 lie 287 22 120 1,370 7S 3 80 82C 262 13 66 144 238 23 110 1,350 66 4 575 376 214 14 910 109 178 24 107 2,230 60 5 445 226 202 15 2,200 106 156 25 1,500 1,220 75 6 312 156 3,310 16 800 342 124 26 2,400 440 58 7 238 120 735 17 474 4,010 114 27 820 594 62 8 160 96 312 18 178 1,270 81 28 363 544 61 9 142 85 250 19 178 554 75 29 226 298 54 10 101 81 475 20 155 466 70 30 202 52 31 158 453 636 284 4.25 6.38 2.76 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o w March 14 March 15 March 16 March 1?_ March 18 March 19 2 ______4 1.80 122 1.71 103 1.76 114 7.1 2,470 6.1 1,840 3,6 615 6 - - _ - _ _ ------8 1.78 118 1.71 103 1.77 116 9.4 4,310 5.2 1,350 3.5 575 10 - - - - - _ - _ - - - - H 1.75 112 1.72 105 1.83 129 11.1 5,960 4.6 1,050 3.4 540 2 - ______4 1.72 105 1.74 109 2.6 312 10.5 5,350 4.2 865 3.3 505 6 ______- _ _ _ _ 8 1.70 101 1.74 109 3.8 695 9.4 4,310 3.9 735 3.2 475 10 ______- _ _ _ _ M 1.70 101 1.75 112 5.2 1,350 7.5 2,750 3.8 695 3.2 475 March 20 March 21 Marc-h 22 March 23 March 24 March 26 2 ______4 3.1 445 5.3 1,400 5.6 1,560 5.0 1,250 5.3 1,400 6.1 1,840 6 ______8 3.1 445 6.9 2,340 5.6 1,560 5.4 1,450 5.7 1,610 5.1 1,300 10 _ _ _ _ - ______N 3.0 415 6.8 2,270 5.3 1,400 5.4 1,450 6.3 1,960 4.6 1,050 2 _ _ _ _ - ______4 3.0 415 6.4 2,020 4.9 1,200 5.3 1,400 7.1 2,470 4.2 865 6 ______8 3.2 475 6.0 1,780 4.8 1,150 5.1 1,300 7.9 3,050 3.9 735 10 - ______- _ - _ M 4.0 775 5.7 1,610 4.9 1,200 5.1 1,300 7.2 2,540 3.5 595 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29_ March 30 March 31 2 - - - - _ _ - - _ - - - 4 3.3 505 3.0 415 3.7 655 2.75 350 2.25 226 2.0 167 8 3.1 445 3.1 445 3.5 575 2.6 312 2.2 214 2.0 167 10 ------N 3.0 415 3.5 575 3.4 540 2.5 287 2.1 190 1.98 162 2 - _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - - _ 4 2.95 402 4.0 775 3.3 505 2.45 274 2.0 178 1.95 156 6 ------8 2.95 402 4.2 865 3.2 475 2.4 262 2.0 178 1.94 153 10 ------M 2.95 402 4.0 Y78 2.95 402 2.3 238 2.0 178 1.92 149 190 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Cheat River near Parsons, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. Sg^'lS", long. 79°40 t30lt , at highway bridge 1 J miles north of Parsons, 5*ucker County, Sf miles below confluence of Black Fork and Shavers Fork. Drainage area.- 719 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Gage read to hundredths twice daily. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-5, 10-13. Defined by current-meter measurements below 14,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 39,900 second-feet 5 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 16.16 feet, from graph based on gage readings). 1913-35: Discharge, 51,000 second-feet Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 18.03 feet, from graph based on gage readings). Remarks.- discharge Feb. 1-5, 10-13 determined on basis of flow of Cheat River at Lake Lyrm hydroelectric plant and observer's notes. Records furnished by West Virginia Power & Transmission Co.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 51f 3,10C 2,380 11 57 £ 2,880 4,800 21 1,860 3,100 930 2 503 2,46C 2,940 12 503 4,060 4,150 22 1,460 2,380 835 3 266 2,OOC 3,100 13 399 2,780 3,340 23 1,040 3,520 750 4 560 1,72C 2,380 14 3,900 2,000 2,780 24 1,160 17,500 675 5 1,490 2,0701 2,900 15 8,860 3,180 2,140 25 5,340 21,800 603 6 1,790 1,93C 14,200 16 5,380 3,430 1,930 26 11,600 13, 600 603 7 1,220 1,72C 9,770 17 4,42C 18,500 1,650 27 12,000 11,900 750 8 882 1,400, 5,540 18 5,620 14,300 1,340 28 6,460 10, 400 639 9 882 l,46d 3,880 19 3,610 4,800 1,160 29 3,700 5,330 568 10 755 1,72C 4,800 20 2,460 3,700 1,040 30 3,610 534 31 2,860 3,076 5,652 2,770 Run-off, in inches...... 4.62 9.06 4.30 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet | See. ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 14 March 15 March 16 March 1Y March 18 March 19 2 ______4 4.19 2,070 4.65 2,780 5.14 3,610 5.83 4,900 11.50 20,800 5.95 5,100 6 - - - - _ - - - _ _ _ _ 8 4.13 2,000 5.00 3,340 5.08 3,520 6.77 6,830 10.22 16,300 5.60 4,420 10 _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - _ _ _ N 4.11 1,930 5.09 3,520 5.01 3,340 8.89 12, 400 9.25 13, 400 5.60 4,420 2 - ______4 4.10 1,930 4.98 3,340 4.98 3,340 16.09 39,700 8.38 11,000 5.77 4,700 6 _ _ - _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ 8 4.13 .2,000 4.98 3,340 4.98 3,340 15.09 35,200 7.50 8,620 5.86 4,900 10 _ - ______M 4.37 2,300 5.10 3,520 5.29 3,880 13.14 27,000 6.67 6,610 5.69 4,600 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 5.47 4,150 4.97 3,260 4.42 2,380 4.92 3,180 6.36 5,950 12.22 23,200 6 ______8 5.27 3,790 4.94 3,260 4.31 2,220 5.05 3,430 7.77 9,270 11.85 22,000 10 ______N 5.13 3,610 4.88 3,180 4.26 2,140 5.07 3,430 9.55 14,400 11.68 21,500 2 _ _ _ _ _ 4 5.04 3,430 4.80 3,020 4.36 2,300 5.08 3,520 12.20 23,200 11.49 20,800 6 _ _ _ 8 5.00 3,340 4.69 2,860 4.57 2,620 5.16 3,610 14.60 33, 000 11.28 20,100 10 ______M 4.98 3,340 4.55 2,620 4.76 2,940 5.48 4,240 14.03 30,600 10.96 18,800 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 ______4 10.52 17,300 7.80 9,400 9.11 13,000 6.50 6,280 5.37 3,970 4.84 3,100 6 - - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 8 10.08 16,000 8.15 10,300 8.69 11,800 6.22 5,620 5.27 3,790 4.80 3,020 10 ______N 9.40 13,900 8.81 12,100 8.12 10,300 5.98 5,200 5.14 3,610 4.75 2,940 2 ______. 4 8.43 11,200 9.31 13,600 7.61 8,880 5.75 4,700 5.05 3,430 4.69 2,860 6 - - ______8 7.99 9,920 9.48 14,200 7.21 7,900 5.60 4,420 4.93 3i260 4.61 2,700 10 ______II 7.80 9,400 9.41 13,900 6.81 6,940 5.47 4,150 4.88 3,180 4.57 2,620 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 5 p.m., 16.16 ft., 39,900 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 191

Cheat River at Rowlesburg, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°20'50 11 , long. 79°40»0", doimstream from Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge at Rowlesburg, Preston County. Drainage area.- 972 square miles (including drainage area of Salt Lick Creek). Gage-height "record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 43,600 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima^- 1936s Discharge, 55,400 second-feet 9 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 11.95 feet). 1923-35: Discharge, 65,200 second-feet Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 12.66 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1-25 determined on basis of flow of Cheat River at Lake Lynn hydroelectric plant. Records furnished by West Virginia Power & Transmission Co.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 700 3,600 2,990 11 778 2,100 6,330 21 2,460 4,280 1,250 2 680 2,990 3,080 12 680 4,280 5,830 22 1,960 3,470 1,180 3 360 2,580 4,000 13 311 3,740 4,720 23 1,750 5,120 1,060 4 758 2,200 3,220 14 3,070 2,580 3,730 24 1,350 24,500 946 5 2,010 2,280 3,050 15 11,700 3,090 2,990 25 4,030 34,100 865 6 2,510 2,360 19,800 16 9,280 3,860 2,580 26 16,000 SI, 500 844 7 1,980 2,050 15,400 17 6,590 25,200 2,250 27 15,800 15,100 900 8 1,420 1,740 7,850 18 8,050 26,600 1,890 28 9,220 14,700 934 9 1,250 1,570 5,020 19 5,330 8,470 1,630 29 5,040 7,840 823 10 1,020 1,700 5,910 20 3,170 5,180 1,410 30 4,880 750 31 3,600 4,112 7,976 3,774 Run-off , in inches ...... 4.56 9.46 4.33 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 |3 Feet | Sec.ft. Peet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 Marcb 18 March 19 2 4.24 2,880 3.96 2,300 4.56 3,600 4.63 3,860 11.61 50,800 6.72 11,200 4 4.21 2,780 3.99 2,360 4.59 3,730 4.66 3,860 11.12 44,700 6.55 10, 500 6 4.17 2,680 4.05 2,480 4.63 3,860 4.79 4,280 10.36 36,300 6.38 9,870 8 4.14 2,680 4.16 2,680 4.66 3,860 5.40 6,160 9.64 29,600 6.23 9,270 10 4.11 2,580 4.29 2,990 4.66 3,860 6.50 10,300 9.07 24,500 6.10 8,680 N 4.08 2,580 4.41 3,220 4.67 3,860 7.54 15,400 8.59 21,300 5.97 8,120 2 4.04 2,480 4.51 3,470 4.67 3,860 9.27 26,100 8.17 18,500 5.86 7,740 4 4.01 2,380 4.57 3,600 4.67 3,860 11.02 43,500 7.84 16,800 5,75 7,380 6 3.98 2,340 4.59 3,730 4.67 3,860 11.55 50,200 7.56 15,400 5.66 7,020 8 3.95 2,280 4.59 3,730 4.66 3,860 11.90 54,700 7.31 14,100 5.57 6,680 10 3.94 2,270 4.57 3,600 4.65 3,860 11.94 55, 400 7.10 13,200 5.50 6,500 M 3.95 2,280 4.56 3,600 4.63 3,860 11.87 54,000 6.90 12,200 5.43 6,330 March 20 March 21 Maroh- 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.36 6,000 4.86 4,420 4.58 3,730 4.82 4,280 6.19 9,070 11.46 48,900 4 5.30 5,830 4.88 4,570 4.54 3,600 4.90 4,570 6.59 10,700 11.23 46,500 6 5.23 5,660 4.88 4,570 4.50 3,470 4.96 4,720 6.87 12,000 10.88 42,300 8 5.17 5,340 4.87 4,420 4.45 3,340 5.00 4,870 7.07 13,000 10.47 37,400 10 5.11 5,180 4.87 4,420 4.41 3,220 5.01 4,870 7.20 13,600 10.03 33,300 N 5.06 5,020 4.86 4,420 4.38 3,220 5.01 4,870 7.53 15,400 9.65 29,600 2 §.01 4,870 4.84 4,420 4.36 3,100 5.01 4,870 8.70 22,000 9.35 26,900 4 4.96 4,720 4.81 4,280 4.38 3,220 5.05 5,020 9.56 28, 600 9.19 25,700 6 4.92 4,570 4.76 4,140 4.45 3,340 5.11 5,180 10.61 39,000 9.14 25,300 8 4.88 4,570 4.71 4,000 4.55 3,600 5.26 5,660 11.42 48,300 9.25 26,100 10 4.84 4,420 4.67 3,860 4.63 3,860 5.47 6,330 11.68 52,100 9.53 28,600 M 4.84 4,420 4.63 3,860 4.73 4,140 5.78 7,560 11.62 50,800 9.74 30, 400 .March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 9.77 30,400 7.00 12,700 8.08 18, 200 6.37 9,670 5.29 5,830 4.70 4,000 4 9.63 29,600 6.98 12,700 8.03 17,900 6.25 9,270 5.22 5,500 4.66 3,860 6 9.39 27,300 7.01 12,700 7.94 17,400 6.14 8,880 5.16 5,340 4.63 3,860 8 9.11 24,900 7.12 13,200 7.80 16,600 6.04 8,490 5.10 5,180 4.59 3,730 10 8.81 22,700 7.29 14,100 7.64 15,800 5.94 8,120 5.05 5,020 4.56 3,600 N 8.50 20,600 7.45 14,800 7.47 14,800 5.85 7,740 5.00 4,870 4.53 3,600 2 8.20 18,800 7.60 15, 600 7.30 14, 100 5.77 7,380 4.95 4,720 4.50 3,470 4 7.91 17,100 7.77 16,400 7.12 13,200 5.68 7,200 4.91 4,570 4.48 3,470 6 7.66 15,800 7.94 17,400 6.94 12,400 5.59 6,850 4.86 4,420 4.46 3,340 8 7.43 14,800 8.04 17,900 6.78 11,400 5.51 6,500 4.82 4,280 4.45 3,340 10 7.24 13,800 8.08 18, 200 6.61 10,700 5.43 6,330 4.78 4,280 4.43 3,340 M 7.08 13,200 8.08 18,200 6.49 10,300 5.36 6,000 4.74 4,140 4.42 3,220 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 9 p.m., 11.95 ft., 55,400 sec.-ft. 192 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Gheat River near Pisgah, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°36'45n , long. 79°47 I 51', 2^ miles southwest of Pisgah, Preston County, three-quarters of a mile above Scotts Run. Drainage area.- 1,360 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 22-27. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.0 and 5.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-16, 20-25. Defined by current-meter measurements below 23,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by comparison of peak discharge with that over dam at Lake Lynn and by logarithmic extension of rating curve. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 72,000 second-feet 11:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 23.92 'l927-35: Discharge, 72,000 second-feet Feb. 4, 1932 (gage height, 23.90 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1-16, 20-27 determined from record of flow over dam at Lake Lynn and from power output.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 850 5,720 4,140 11 1,130 3,250 7,420 21 3,570 5,770 1,830 2 800 4,890 4,140 12 1,000 6,000 7,420 22 2,850 6,270 1,760 3 750 4,760 5,160 13 1,100 6,000 6,280 23 2,550 8,310 1,620 4 1,100 4,260 4,500 14 4,500 4,380 5,160 24 2,400 30,900 1,450 5 2,950 4,260 3,900 15 17,000 4,360 4,260 25 5,870 46,500 1,320 6 3,650 4,020 22, 500 16 13, 500 5,500 3,570 26 20,000 27,700 1,250 7 2,900 3,350 20,700 17 8,600 35,400 3,150 27 26,400 18,000 1,280 8 2,050 2,870 10,000 18 10,300 40,900 2,690 28 13,500 18,600 1,480 9 1,800 2,520 6,740 19 7,240 12,700 2,360 29 7,420 10,200 1,320 10 1,500 2,780 7,060 20 4,600 6,170 2,040 30 6,570 1,190 31 5,090 5,924 11,230 4,923 Run-off, in inches ...... 4.70 9.51 4.04 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. £| March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 8.59 4,890 7.73 3,790 8.79 5,160 9.8S 6,580 23.48 69,300 13.79 17,100 4 8.48 4,760 7.71 3,790 8.74 5,020 10.15 7,240 22.98 65,900 13.38 15,800 6 8.37 4,630 7.74 3,790 8.74 5,020 11.55 10,300 22.08 59,800 13.08 14,800 8 8.28 4,500 7.76 3,900 8.79 5,160 14.10 18,000 20.55 49,900 12.78 13,900 10 8.19 4,380 7.79 3,900 8.85 5,160 16.24 25,900 19.17 41,400 12.48 12,900 N 8.13 4,260 7.94 4,020 8.92 5,300 17.66 33,100 18.06 35,200 12.27 12,300 2 8.05 4,140 8.21 4,380 8.99 5,440 18.62 38, 000 17.05 29,600 11.96 11, 400 4 8.00 4,140 8.49 4,760 9.11 5,580 19.94 45,500 16.25 25,900 11.80 10,900 6 7.96 4,140 8.67 5,020 9.28 5,860 21.91 58, 400 15.65 23,500 11.55 10,300 8 7.90 4,020 8.77 5,160 9.43 6,000 23.28 67,900 15.12 21,500 11.38 9,780 10 7.84 3,900 8.22 5,160 9.60 6,280 23.78 71,300 14.60 19,700 11.18 9,280 M 7.80 3,900 8.81 5,160 9.72 6,420 23.88 72,000 14.16 18, 400 10.95 8,820 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 10.80 8,380 8.60 4,890 9.45 6,000 10.45 7,600 12.16 12,000 22.98 65,900 4 10.42 7,600 8.82 5,160 9.45 6,000 10.45 7,600 12.51 12,900 22.48 62,500 6 10.17 7,240 9.07 5,580 9.35 6,000 10.45 7,600 13.07 14,800 21.87 58,400 8 9.87 6,740 9.28 5,860 9.28 5,860 10.50 7,780 13.63 16,400 21.06 53,200 10 9.62 6,280 9.35 6,000 9.20 5,720 10.50 7,780 14.10 18,000 20.15 47,300 N 9.28 5,860 9.45 6,000 9.17 5,720 10.50 7,780 14.82 20,500 19.28 41,900 2 9.00 5,440 9.50 6,140 9.17 5,720 10.50 7,780 16.95 29,600 18^67 38,500 4 8.75 5,160 9.50 6,140 9.33 5,860 10.60 7,980 18.56 38,000 18.17 35, 800 6 8.5S 4,760 9.50 6,140 9.72 6,420 10.85 8,380 19.84 44,900 17.81 33,700 8 8.4S 4,630 9.50 6,140 10.07 7,060 11.23 9,280 21.06 53,200 17.56 32, 600 10 8.35 4,630 9.50 6,140 10.27 7,420 11.51 10,000 22.98 63,200 17.56 32,600 M 8.42 4,630 9.50 6,140 10.38 7,600 11.84 10,900 23.18 67,300 17.86 34,200 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 18.23 35,800 13.74 16,700 15.08 21,500 12.46 12,900 10.33 7,420 9.08 5,580 4 18.30 36,300 13.50 16,100 15.07 21,500 12.21 12,000 10.20 7,240 9.01 5,440 6 18.08 35,200 13.45 15, 800 15.02 21,200 11.98 11,400 10.08 7,060 8.95 5,440 8 17.70 33,100 13.45 15,800 14.92 20,800 11.79 10,900 9.97 6,900 8.88 5,300 10 17.23 30, 600 13.57 16,400 14.74 20,100 11.59 10,300 9.84 6,580 8.82 5,160 N 16.65 27,700 13.77 17,100 14.50 19, 400 11.42 9,780 9.74 6,420 8.77 5,160 2 16.15 25,900 14.02 17,700 14.19 18, 400 11.26 9,520 9.63 6,280 8.66 5,020 4 15.63 23,500 14.26 18,700 13.88 17, 400 11.06 9,040 9.52 6,140 8.59 4,890 6 15.13 21,500 14.47 19,400 13.58 16,400 10.95 8,820 9.44 -. 000 8.53 4,760 8 14.66 20,100 14.66 20, 100 13.30 15,500 10.77 8,380 9.35 ,. 100 8.45 4,630 10 14.22 18, 400 14.94 20,800 12.99 14,500 10.62 7,980 9.26 5,860 8.39 4,630 M 14.00 17,700 15.07 21, 500 12.72 13,500 10.48 7,780 9.17 5,720 8.34 4,500 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11:30 p.m., 23.92 ft., 72,000 sec.-ft. Mar. 25, 1 a.m., 23.22 ft., 67,300 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 193

Blackwater River at Davis, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39O]7^35n , long. 79°28'10 n , three-eighths of a mile southwest of Davis, Tucker County, and half a mile below Beaver Creek. Drainage area.- 86.2 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Gage read to hundredths twice dally. No readings Mar. 22. Gage height at Indicated time, Mar. 14-31, from graph based on gage readings. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by Ice Feb. 1-25. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 1,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 3,040 second-feet 7:15 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 9.01 feet, from graph based on gage readings). 1921-35: Discharge, 7,170 second-feet Mar. 29, 1924 (gage height, 13.20 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1-25 determined on basis of flow of Cheat River at Lake Lynn hydroelectric plant and observer% notes. Records furnished by West Virginia Power & Transmission Co.

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 62 392 252 11 69 428 602 21 218 264 116 2 60 299 436 12 60 638 516 22 174 263 114 3 32 252 350 13 28 364 378 23 155 381 109 4 67 252 275 14 272 311 311 24 120 1,350 89 5 178 287 400 15 1,040 392 240 25 358 2,460 79 6 222 240 1,520 16 823 364 240 26 1,850 1,750 86 7 176 195 1,250 17 584 2,090 206 27 1,530 1,250 94 8 126 184 766 18 714 1,900 173 28 958 992 76 9 111 184 524 19 472 842 152 29 528 620 76 10 91 228 729 20 281 534 133 30 392 66 31 299 392 658 345 Run-off, In Inches...... 4.91 8.80 4.46 Gage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 b Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . o W March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______4 2. 85 275 3.36 406 3.19 364 4.69 878 8.13 2,480 5.00 992 6 ______8 2.84 275 3.36 406 3.17 350 6.44 1,600 7.58 2,170 4.69 878 10 ______N 2.94 299 3.32 392 3.17 350 8.05 2,420 7.03 1,880 4.50 803 2 ______4 3.05 324 3.29 392 3.18 364 8.88 2,970 6.44 1,600 4.38 766 6 ______8 3.17 350 3.26 378 3.25 378 9.00 3,040 5.86 1,330 4.30 729 10 ______M 3.28 392 3.24 378 3.47 436 8.69 2,830 5.40 1,150 4.16 674 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4 3.99 620 2.96 299 2.71 240 2.96 299 4.04 638 7.75 2,250 6 ______8 3.80 550 2.74 252 2.73 252 3.04 324 4.45 784 7.77 2^250 10 _ _ _ - ______N 3.69 516 2.72 240 2.76 252 3.18 364 5.32 1,110 8.49 2,690 2 ______4 3.63 500 2.72 240 2.78 263 3.38 421 6.60 1,660 8.48 2,690 6 _ - ______8 3.58 483 2.72 240 2.81 263 3.58 483 7.91 2,340 8.15 2,480 10 ______M 3.34 406 2.72 240 2.88 287 3.78 550 8.00 2,390 7.82 2,280 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 ______4 7.58 2,170 5.66 1,250 5.38 1,150 4.32 729 3.48 451 3.05 324 6 _ _ _ _ - ______8 7.20 1,960 5.65 1,250 5.20 1,070 4.21 692 3.40 421 2.97 299 10 ______- N 6.70 1,710 5.70 1,270 4.98 992 4.04 638 3.30 392 2.95 299 2 ______4 6.21 1,480 5.70 1,270 4.78 916 3,86 568 3.22 364 2.90 287 6 ______- _ _ 8 5.97 1,380 5.64 1,250 4.60 840 3.69 516 3.18 364 2.87 275 10 ______- H 5.78 1,310 5.52 1,190 4.45 784 3.56 467 3.10 337 2.84 275 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 7sl5 p.m., 9.01 ft., 3,040 sec.-ft. 194 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Big Sandy Creek at Rockville, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39O37'15B , long. 79°42'20n , at highway bridge in Rockville, Preston County, 5 milea above Junction with Cheat River and 5^ miles below Bruceton Mills. Drainage area.- 200 square miles. Gage-height "record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 1 to Mar. 3. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 6,960 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 11,100 second-feet 2:45 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 13.17 1909-18, 1921-35: Discharge, 21,300 second-feet July 24, 1912 (gage height, 18.00 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1 to Mar. 3 determined on baais of flow of Cheat River at Lake Lynn hydroelectric plant. Records furnished by West Virginia Power & Trans­ mission Co.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feti. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 144 800 455 11 160 624 845 21 506 1,680 184 2 140 630 515 12 140 1,200 750 22 404 1,540 232 3 74 676 495 13 64 1,000 628 23 360 2,150 200 4 156 1,050 415 14 632 700 538 24 278 4,670 173 5 414 1,110 415 15 2,410 628 455 25 830 4,060 156 6 516 810 3,280 16 1,910 765 395 26 4,050 2,030 156 7 408 605 1,860 17 1,360 7,460 319 27 3,500 1,860 164 8 292 495 1,020 18 1,660 4,120 283 28 2,090 1,420 200 9 258 455 760 19 1,100 1,870 248 29 1,110 880 173 10 210 560 950 20 652 1,220 215 30 650 156 31 582 891 1,558 554 4.81 8.98 3.09 Page height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 g Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. § March 14 March IE March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 6.44 780 6.27 675 r 6.03 582 7.52 1,660 11.17 6,800 8.20 2,310 4 6.40 750 6.26 675 6.01 560 7.91 2,020 10.72 6,000 8.08 2,210 6 6.36 725 6.24 675 6.00 560 9.19 3,530 10.24 5,230 7.96 2,070 8 6.32 700 6.21 650 5.99 560 11.00 6,500 9.84 4,520 7.85 1,980 10 6.32 700 6.18 650 5.98 560 12.31 9,100 9.52 3,970 7.77 1,880 K 6.27 675 6.15 628 6.02 560 13.00 10,700 9.26 3,600 7.69 1,840 2 6.25 675 6.13 628 6.08 605 13.15 11,100 9.02 3,250 7.60 1,740 4 6.25 675 6.11 605 6.29 700 13.07 10,800 8.82 2 990 7.52 1,660 6 6.24 675 6.09 605 6.58 880 12.83 10, 400 8.68 2^870 7.46 1,610 8 6.24 675 6.08 605 6.94 1,150 12.56 9,700 8.54 2,690 7.40 1,560 10 6.25 675 6.06 582 7.27 1,420 12.11 8,700 8.42 2,520 7.33 1,520 M 6.26 675 6.04 582 7.44 1,610 11.65 7,800 8.30 2,410 7.27 1,420 March 20 March 21 Maroh 22 March 23 ""1 March 24 March 25 2 7.21 1,380 7.29 1,470 7.22 1,380 8.26 2,360 8.75 2,930 10.68 6,000 4 7.15 1,330 7.49 1,660 7.15 1,330 8.16 2,260 8.75 2,930 10.37 5,410 6 7.08 1,280 7.58 1,740 7.09 1,280 8.03 2,160 8.71 2,870 10.00 4,780 8 7.01 1,190 7.65 1,790 7.04 1,240 7.92 2,020 8.70 2,870 9.67 4,200 10 6.94 1,150 7.68 1,840 7.00 1,190 7.79 1,930 8.72 2,870 9.42 3,820 K 6.93 1,150 7.67 1,790 6.98 1,190 7.70 1,840 9.01 3,250 9.22 3,530 2 6.89 1,110 7.62 1,740 7.02 1,190 7.66 1,790 10.40 5,500 9.07 3,320 4 6.92 1,110 7.56 1,700 7.26 1,420 7.68 1,840 11.11 6,700 9.00 3,250 6 6.95 1,150 7.48 1,660 7.67 1,790 7.90 2,020 11.43 7,400 8.98 3,250 8 7.00 1,190 7.42 1,560 8.01 2,120 8.19 2,310 11.39 7,300 8.93 3,180 10 7.06 1,240 7,35 1,520 8.24 2,360 8.46 2,580 11.27 7,000 8.82 2,990 M 7.13 1,330 7.29 1,470 8.31 2,410 8.65 2,810 11.03 6,600 8.68^ 2,870 Maroh 26 March 87 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 8.52 2,630 7.27 1,420 7.61 1,740 6.83 1,070 6.35 725 6.03 582 4 8.36 2,460 7.28 1,470 7.52 1,660 6.79 1,030 6.32 700 6.02 560 6 8.82 2,310 7.40 1,560 7.44 1,610 6.74 990 6.28 700 6.05 582 8 8.07 2,160 7.57 1,700 7.37 1,520 6.70 950 6.25 675 6.07 582 10 7.94 2,070 7.80 1,930 7.30 1,470 6.66 915 6.22 650 6.08 605 K 7.81 1,930 7.98 2,120 7.22 1,380 6.61 880 6.20 650 6.09 605 2 7.71 1,840 8.06 2,160 7.16 1,330 6.56 845 6.18 650 6.07 582 4 7.61 1,740 8.04 2,160 7.09 1,280 6.52 810 6.15 628 6.03 582 6 7.52 1,660 7.97 2,070 7.03 1,240 6.48 810 6.12 605 6.02 560 8 7.46 1,610 7.88 2,020 6.97 1,150 6.45 780 6.09 605 5.99 560 10 7.39 1,560 7.79 1,930 6.92 1,110 6.42 750 6.07 582 5.95 538 M 7.33 1,520 7.69 l,84fl 6.88 1,110 6.38 750 6.04 582 5.91 515 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 2:45 p.m., 13.17 ft., 11,100 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 19E

South Pork of Tenmile Creek at Jefferson, Pa.

Location.- La1^. 39°55'2511 , long. 80°4'2511 , at highway bridge 1 mile southwest of Jefferson, Greene County, and 3* miles downstream from mouth of Ruff Creek. Zero of gage is 852.54 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 180 square miles. Bage-height record.- Graph based on two or more chain-gage readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.0 and 3.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 1,500 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended logarithmically to crest discharge. Affected by ice Feb. 1-23. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 7,830 second-feet 11 a.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 13.54 feet, 'from flood marks). 1931-35: Discharge, 6,840 second-feet Apr. 14, 1934 (gage height, 12.4 feet, from graph based on gage readings).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 100 425 238 11 190 190 525 21 600 2,390 90 2 100 264 392 12 190 269 425 22 500 1,960 Bl 3 100 380 396 13 200 276 365 23 490 1,550 74 4 140 525 264 14 1,000 261 306 24 490 1,400 59 5 300 595 179 15 2,300 290 238 25 3,570 985 53 6 280 595 3,700 16 1,600 1,520 200 26 2,590 771 59 7 250 525 2,040 17 1,250 5,600 159 27 1,730 592 72 8 230 410 490 18 1,050 1,980 136 28 830 494 74 9 210 294 630 19 900 1,230 124 29 630 589 56 10 200 218 830 20 800 1,160 93 30 318 90 31 275 907 415 Run-off, in inches ...... 4.71 5.81 2.58 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 & Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft,. Feet Sec.ft. s March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 2.92 455 2.46 320 2.28 278 1.86 168 2.15 238 2.31 278 4 2.89 455 2.42 306 2.26 264 1.87 170 2.20 251 2.32 278 6 2.86 440 2.39 306 2.24 264 1.89 175 2.26 264 2.32 278 8 2.83 440 2.36 292 2.22 251 1.91 179 2.32 278 2.32 278 10 2.80 425 2.34 292 2.20 251 1.93 184 2.34 292 2.33 292 N 2.77 410 2.32 278 2.10 225 1.95 188 2.34 292 2.34 292 2 2.74 410 2.30 278 2.00 200 1.97 193 2.32 278 2.33 292 4 2.70 395 2.32 278 1.90 177 1.98 195 2.30 278 2.31 278 6 2.65 380 2.34 292 1.80 155 2.01 200 2.28 278 2.29 278 8 2.60 365 2.34 292 1.82 159 2.04 212 2.27 264 2.26 264 10 2.55 350 2.32 278 1.84 164 2.07 212 2.29 278 2.22 251 M 2.50 335 2.30 278 1.85 166 2.10 225 2.30 278 2.18 251 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 2.14 238 2.37 292 2.70 395 9.80 4,650 7.20 2,730 4.92 1,330 4 2.10 225 2.34 292 2.90 455 10.80 5,450 6.85 2,450 4.84 1,280 6 2.06 212 2.30 278 3.20 560 11.90 6,390 6.50 2,270 4.76 1,280 8 2.06 212 2.28 278 3.60 710 12.99 7,380 6.15 2,090 4.72 1,230 10 2.12 225 2.28 278 4.00 880 13.50 7,830 5.95 1,970 4.66 1,230 N 2.20 251 2.29 278 4.50 1,130 13.50 7,830 5.75 1,850 4.64 1,180 2 2.26 264 2.31 278 5.00 1,380 12.80 7,200 5.55 1,730 4.62 1,180 4 2.35 292 2.32 278 5.60 1,730 11.60 6,120 5.40 1,610 4.60 1,180 6 2.38 306 2.32 278 6.40 2,210 10.40 5,130 5.28 1,550 4.58 1,180 8 2.38 306 2.34 292 7.20 2,730 9.20 4,170 5.18 1,490 4.56 1,180 10 2.39 306 2.40 306 8.00 3,290 8.40 3,570 5.08 1,430 4.56 1,180 M 2.40 306 2.50 335 8.90 3,930 7.80 3,150 4.98 1,380 4.54 1,130 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 4.51 1,130 7.10 2,660 5.70 1,790 5.80 l',850 5.08 1,430 4.62 1,180 4 4.47 1,130 7.95 3,290 5.80 1,850 5.63 1,730 5.11 1,430 4.54 1,130 6 4.42 1,080 8.16 3,430 5.88 1,910 5.46 1,670 5.15 1,490 4.46 1,130 8 4.36 1,080 8.00 3,290 5.99 1,970 5.30 1,550 5.17 1,490 4.38 1,080 10 4.30 1,030 7.50 2,940 6.02 1,970 5.20 1,490 5.16 1,490 4.29 1,030 N 4.28 1,030 6.90 2,520 6.08 2,030 5.15 1,490 5.12 1,430 4.20 980 2 4.26 1,030 6.40 2,210 6.12 2,030 5.10 1,430 5.08 1,430 4.10 930 4 4.26 1,030 5.90 1,910 6.16 2,090 5.07 1,430 5.04 1,380 3.98 880 6 4.34 1,030 5.62 1,730 6.16 2,090 5.05 1,380 4.96 1,380 3.90 830 8 4.50 1,130 5.56 1,730 6.12 2,030 5.03 1,380 4.88 1,330 3.86 830 10 5.00 1,380 5.56 1,730 6.08 2,030. 5.03 1,380 4.79 1,280 3.83 790 M 5.90 1,910 5.60 1,730 6.00 1,970 5.06 1,430 4.70 1,230 3.80 790 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11 a.m., 13.54 ft., 7,830 sec.-ft. 196 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Youghiogheny River at Connellsville, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40 ol'5n , long. 79°35'40", at Crawford Avenue Bridge, at Connellsvllle, Payette County, three-quarters of a mile above mouth of Mounts Creek. Zero of gage is 860»13 feet above mean aea level. Drainage area.- 1,326 square miles. Sage-height 're'cord.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights uaed to half tenths be- tween 2.5 and 5.0 feetj hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements to 40,000 second-feetj logarithmic extension to crest discharge. Maxim.- 1936: Discharge, 92,500 second-feet 2j50 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 20.28 feet). T908-35S Discharge, 84,000 second-feet Mar. 29, 1924 (gage height, 19.4 feet, from graph based on gage readings). 1888-1935: Discharge, that of Mar. 29, 1924.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,250 8,760 4,320 11 1,080 9,050 6,940 21 3,100 10,200 1,940 2 1,220 7,160 3,980 12 1,070 12,900 6,780 ?.P: 2,680 8,830 1,940 3 1,120 5,870 4,270 15 1,040 9,210 5,450 25 2,150 10,000 1,810 4 1,290 5,260 5,710 14 1,270 6,560 4,750 24 1,940 12,500 1,620 5 1,680 7,990 3,260 15 5,500 6,110 4,180 25 5,960 18,200 1,500 6 1,810 7,380 12,800 16 5,250 6,450 3,620 26 23,800 12,400 1,350 7 1,680 5,840 13,500 17 4,850 38,400 5,260 27 25,800 10,600 1,290 8 1,330 4,720 8,500 18 4,750 58,100 2,760 28 16,600 9,710 1,730 9 1,330 4,590 6,290 19 4,460 20,000 2,570 29 9,720 7,180 1,740 10 1,170 6,490 7,160 20 3,620 11,400 2,010 50 5,700 1,680 51 4,980 1 1 ^*7fl 4,201 Run-off, in inches ...... 3.83 9.88 3.54 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 3 Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet | Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. S March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.80 5,050 4.42 4,270 4.95 5,350 5.98 7,600 8.24 13,300 7.32 10,700 4 4.77 4,950 4.43 4,360 5.05 5,450 6.06 7,850 8.37 14,000 7.19 10,400 6 4.74 4,950 4.48 4,460 5.23 5,870 6.13 7,830 8.46 14,400 7.07 10,200 8 4.72 4,850 4.53 4,560 5.43 6,290 6.24 8,060 8.43 14,000 6.97 9,950 10 4.68 4,850 4.57 4,560 5.66 6,940 6.31 8,290 8.34 13,600 6.81 9,470 N 4.64 4,750 4.55 4,560 5.70 6,940 6.36 8,520 8.23 13,300 6.66 9,230 2 4.60 4,650 4.52 4,460 5.73 6,940 6.48 8,750 8.12 15,000 6.52 8,750 4 4.55 4,560 4.63 4,750 5.75 7,160 6.64 8,990 7.98 12,700 6.39 8,520 6 4.51 4,460 4.64 4,750 5.73 6,940 6.89 9,710 7.84 12,100 6.27 8,290 8 4.48 4,460 4.65 4,750 5.70 6,940 7.25 10,400 7.72 11,800 6.16 8,060 10 4.44 4,360 4.67 4,750 5.75 7,160 7.64 11,500 7.58 11,500 6.05 7,600 M 4.43 4,360 4.80 5,050 5.90 7,380 8.00 12,700 7.45 11,000 5.95 7,600 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.86 7,380 5.29 6,080 5.16 5,870 6.54 8,290 20.26 92,500 11.33 26,400 4 5.77 7,160 5.35 6,080 5.16 5,870 6.58 8,990 20.03 89,600 11.00 24,800 6 5.68 6,940 5.37 6,290 5.18 5,870 7.26 10,700 19.23 82,200 10.69 23,400 8 5.62 6,720 5.39 6,290 5.20 5,870 8.34 13,600 17.95 71,800 10.41 22,000 10 5.59 6,720 5.40 6,290 5.24 5,870 10.28 21,600 16.78 62,OOQ 10.13 20,600 N 5.46 6,500 5.38 6,290 5.28 6,080 11.81 29,000 15.65 52,800 9.76 19,300 2 5.36 6,290 5.35 6,290 5.35 6,290 13.82 40,600 14.64 45,800 9.50 18,100 4 5.31 6,080 5.31 6,080 5.48 6,500 15.71 53,600 15.86 41,300 9.24 16,900 6 5.27 6,080 5.27 6,080 5.67 6,940 16.96 63,600 13.19 57,000 9.00 16,100 8 5.25 5,870 5.23 5,870 5.85 7,160 18.02 71,800 12.61 53,400 8.79 15,400 10 5.24 5,870 5.20 5,870 6.03 7,600 19.08 81,400 12.10 30,600 8.58 14,700 M 5.26 6,080 5.18 5,870 6.20 8,060 19.80 87,800 11.68 28*400 8.40 14,000 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 8.22 13,300 7.07 10,200 6.67 9,230 7.09 10,SOO 7.18 10,400 9.67 18,900 4 8.05 12,700 7.14 10,200 6.57 8,990 7.19 10,400 7.28 10,700 9.85 19,300 6 7.90 12,400 7.22 10,400 6.47 8,750 7.20 10,400 7.38 11,000 9.94 19,800 8 7.74 11,800 7.29 10,700 6.40 8,520 7.18 10,400 7.46 11,200 9.96 20,200 10 7.59 11,500 7.31 10,700 6.35 8,520 7.10 10,200 7.48 11,200 9.87 19,800 N 7.44 11,000 7.27 10,700 6.27 8,290 6.98 9,950 7.50 11,200 9.75 19,300 2 7.31 10,700 7.21 10,400 6.21 8,060 6.89 9,710 7.63 11,500 9.59 18,500 4 7.21 10,400 7.13 10,200 6.25 8,060 6.85 9,470 7.97 12,700 9.44 17,700 6 7.13 10,200 7.04 9,950 6.40 8,520 6.87 9,710 8.28 13, 600 9.30 17,300 8 7.10 10,200 6.94 9,710 6.60 8,990 6.94 9,710 8.62 14,700 9.12 16,500 10 7.07 10,200 6.87 9,710 6.79 9,470 7.02 9,950 9.12 16,500 8.92 15,800 M 7.06 10,200 6.77 9,470 6.95 9,950 7.09 10,200 9.48 18,100 8.75 15,400 OHIO RIVER BASIN 197

Youghiogheny River at Sutersville, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40o14'25n , long. 79°48 l 20 n , at highway bridge at Sutersville, Westjnore- land County, 2j miles below mouth of Sewickley Creek. Zero of gage is 733.14 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,715 square miles. Gage-height record.- Graph based on two or more chain-gage readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths below and tenths above 4.0 feet. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-27. Defined by current-meter measure- ments to 16,000 second-feet; extended to crest discharge using slope-area determina­ tion of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 100,000 second-feet 10 a.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 30.65 feet, by levels to flood marks). 1915-29, 1931-35: Discharge, 89,300 second-feet (revised) Mar. 30, 1924 (gage height, about 28.3 feet, revised). 1888-1935: That of Mar. 30, 1924.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,400 10,800 4,770 11 1,300 9,690 8,120 21 3,500 14,700 2,080 2 1,350 8,700 4,110 12 1,250 17,400 7,830 22 3,000 12,100 2,080 3 1,300 7,550 4,550 13 1,200 13,300 6,210 23 2,500 13,900 1,930 4 1,650 6,730 3,690 14 1,600 8,180 5,470 24 2,400 14,700 1,790 5 1,900 10,200 3,100 15 4,700 6,940 4,550 25 8,000 22,400 1,660 6 2,100 9,000 12, 500 16 6,200 8,080 3,690 26 30,000 17,000 1,660 7 1,900 6,730 19,200 17 5,800 37,200 3,490 27 35,000 13,300 1,540 8 1,700 5,290 11,100 18 5,400 82,800 2,920 28 25,500 12,500 1,660 9 1,500 4,840 7,270 19 5,000 39,100 2,570 29 14, 500 8,600 1,790 10 1,400 6,510 8,700 20 4,200 17,400 2,240 30 6,340 1,660 31 5,380

Run-off, in inches...... 3.84 9.92 3.12 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 fn 3 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. O M March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 6.23 5,470 5.91 4,770 6.10 5,230 7.25 8,120 9.90 16,400 9.82 16,100 4 6.18 5,470 5.89 4,7VO 6.16 5,470 7.29 8,410 10.20 17,400 9.70 15,800 6 6.15 5,470 5.87 4,770 6.24 5,470 7.30 8,410 10". 40 18,000 9.55 15,400 8 6.10 5,230 5.86 4,770 6.30 5,710 7.30 8,410 10.50 18,300 9.41 14,800 10 6.10 5,230 5.85 4,550 6.41 5,960 7.34 8,410 10.54 18,300 9.20 14,200 N 6.11 5,230 5.88 4,770 6.52 6,210 7.39 8,700 10.54 18,300 8.98 13,600 2 6.12 5,230 5.90 4,770 6.66 6,730 7.48 9,000 10.50 18,300 8.72 12,600 4 6.14 5,230 5.92 4,770 6.85 7,000 7.58 9,300 10.38 18,000 8.45 11,700 6 6.10 5,230 5.94 4,770 7.00 7,550 7.80 9,900 10.29 17,700 8.30 11,400 8 6.06 5,230 5.97 5,000 7.10 7,830 8.30 11,400 10.20 17,400 8.14 10,800 10 6.00 5,000 6.00 5,000 7.18 8,120 8.85 12,900 10.08 17,000 7.96 10,500 M 5.95 5,000 6.06 5,230 7.22 8,120 9.39 14,800 9.95 16,700 7.83 9,900 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 7.70 9,600 6.73 6,730 6.76 7,000 9.05 13,600 26.00 78,800 20.40 54,900 4 7.58 9,300 6.70 6,730 6.70 6,730 9.70 15,800 27.40 85,100 19.20 50,000 6 7.45 8,700 6.70 6,730 §.67 6,730 10.45 18,000 28.80 91,600 18.00 45,300 8 7.33 8,410 6.75 7,000 6.65 6,470 11.35 21,300 30.00 97,200 16.88 41,000 10 7.24 8,120 6.80 7,000 6.70 6,730 13.10 27,100 30.65 100,000 16.00 37,600 N 7.18 8,120 6.83 7,000 6.80 7,000 15.01 33,900 30.40 99,100 15.28 35,000 2 7.10 7,830 6.85 7,000 7.05 7,550 16.80 40,600 29.00 92,500 14.71 32,800 4 7.05 7,550 6.85 7,000 7.22 8,120 18.60 47,600 27.50 85, 600 14.10 30,700 6 6.67 7,550 6.83 7,000 7.50 9,000 20.24 54,000 25.80 77,900 13.48 28,500 8 6.89 7,270 6.82 7,000 7.78 9,900 21.80 60,600 24.30 71,300 12.99 26,800 10 6.84 7,000 6.80 7,000 8.10 10,800 23.20 66,600 22.92 65,300 12.44 24,700 M 6.78 7,000 6.78 7,000 8.52 12,000 24.60 72,600 21.60 59,800 12.00 23,300 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 11.52 21,600 9.30 14,500 8.98 13,600 8.81 12,900 9.00 13,600 10.60 18,700 4 11.12 20,300 9.32 14,500 8.79 18,900 9.00 13,600 9.01 13,600 11.00 20,000 6 10.72 19,000 9.39 14,800 8.60 12,300 9.18 14,200 9.07 13,900 11.50 21,600 8 10.40 18,000 9.43 14,800 8.50 12,000 9.30 14,500 9.15 14,200 12.08 23,700 10 10.15 17,400 9.45 14,800 8.40 11,700 9.39 14,800 9.23 14,200 12.31 24,400 N 9.93- 16,400 9.50 15,100 8.36 11,700 9.40 14,800 9.31 14,500 12.45 24,700 2 9,75 16,100 9.50 15,100 8.27 11,400 9.35 14,800 9.38 14,800 12.45 24,700 4 9.64 15,400 9.47 15,100 8.21 11,100 9.23 14,200 9.42 14,800 12.40 24,700 6 9.52 15,100 9.44 14,800 8.20 11,100 9.10 13,900 9.48 15,100 12.27 24,400 8 9.42 14,800 9.39 14,800 8.24 11,100 9.00 13,600 9.68 15,800 12.08 23,700 10 9.38 14,800 9.31 14,500 8.37 11,700 8.98 13,600 9.90 16,400 11.78 22,600 11 9.31 14,500 9.18 14,200 8.60 12,300 8.99 13,600 10.20 17,400 11.40 21,300 198 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Casselman River at Markleton, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 39°51'35", long. 79°13'40", at highway bridge at Markleton, Somerset County, 2 miles southwest of Casselman and 7 miles below mouth of Coxes Creek. Zero of gage is 1,655.29 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 382 square miles. Gage-height record.- Braph based on two readings daily. Bage heights used to half tenths between 2»5 and 4.5 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Defined to 4,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended to crest stage on basis of slope-area determi­ nation of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 35,800 second-feet 11:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 16.4 feet, from flood mark). 1913-35: Discharge, 21,500 second-feet Mar. 29, 1924 (gage height, 12.17 feet).

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 310 3,280 870 11 245 5,780 1,660 21 480 2,580 422 2 300 2,350 915 12 840 6,330 1,420 22 450 2,130 454 3 300 1,730 915 13 240 3,370 1,260 23 420 2,380 422 4 310 1,870 740 14 250 2,470 1,010 24 410 3,580 365 5 300 3,480 780 15 300 2,470 915 25 700 4,840 315 6 290 2,710 6,060 16 700 2,370 740 26 7,240 2,530 315 7 280 2,020 3,090 17 600 16,500 662 27 7,970 2,900 294 8 870 1,550 1,660 18 650 15,400 625 28 4,510 2,020 315 9 260 1,860 1,370 19 600 5,530 553 29 3,280 1,540 294 10 250 3,320 1,870 20 520 3,240 485 30 1,210 273 31 1,060 1,127 3,671 1,036 3.18 11.08 3.02 Page height, in feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 i, Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o a March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 4.50 1,730 4.38 1,600 5.18 2,900 5.50 3,480 7.50 7,970 5.92 4,300 4 4.48 1,730 4.45 1,660 5.36 3,280 5.60 3,680 7.40 7,720 5.82 4,090 6 4.46 1,660 4.64 1,730 5.50 3,480 5.72 3,880 7.28 7,480 5.71 3,880 8 4,44 1,660 4.60 1,870 5.54 3,480 5.94 4,300 7.14 7,000 5.62 3,680 10 4.40 1,600 4.62 1,870 5.52 3,480 6.15 4,940 7.00 6,760 5.54 3,480 N 4.35 1,540 4.58 1,870 5.48 3,480 6.38 5,380 6.88 6,520 5.45 3,280 2 4.30 1,480 4.54 1,730 5.42 3,280 6.62 5,830 6.75 6,290 5.38 3,280 4 4.25 1,420 4.48 1,730 5.38 3,280 6.90 6,580 6.61 5,830 5.31 3,090 6 4.22 ^,370 4.44 1,660 5.36 3,280 7.20 7,240 6.47 5,600 5.26 3,090 8 4.25 1,420 4.56 1,870 5.38 3,280 7.45 7,720 6.32 5,160 5.18 2,900 10 4.28 1,480 4.77 2,180 5.40 3,280 7.57 8,220 6.18 4,940 5.12 2,710 M 4.32 1,480 4.97 2,530 5.43 3,280 7.57 8,220 6.07 4,720 5.08 2,710 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 5.08 2,530 5.00 2,530 4.89 2,350 5.07 2,710 15.60 33,000 7.34 7,480 4 4.98 2,530 4.99 2,530 4.88 2,350 5.22 2,900 14.25 28,100 7.16 7,240 6 4.94 2,350 4.99 2,630 4.87 2,350 5.48 3,480 12,50 22,400 7.0Q 6,760 8 4.92: 2,350 4.98 2,530 4.86 2,350 5.90 4,300 11.15 18,300 6.81 6,290 10 4.90 2,350 4.98 2,530 4.87 2,350 6.74 6,060 10.00 14,700 6.66 6,060 N 4.92 2,350 4.97 2,530 4.88 2,350 8.00 9,230 9.24 12,400 6.50 5,600 2 4.96 2,530 4.96 2,530 4.89 2,350 10.00 14,700 8.74 11,100 6.32 5,160 4 5.00 2,530 4.95 2,530 4.90 2,350 12.45 22,100 8.40 10,300 6.19 4,940 6 5.02 2,530 4.94 8,350 4.90 8,350 14.40 28,800 8.14 9,490 6.05 4,510 8 5.02 2,530 4.93 2,350 4.91 2,350 15.40 32,300 7.92 8,970 5.92 4,300 10 5.01 2,530 4.92 2,350 4.92 2,350 16.18 35,100 7.70 8,470 5.81 4,090 M 5.00 2,530 4.90 2,350 4.97 2,530 16.38 35,800 7.58 7,970 5.70 3,880 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 5.. 62 3,680 5.21 2,900 4.75 2,180 4.98 2,530 4.85 2,180 6.32 5,160 4 5.53 3,480 5.19 2,900 4.70 2,020 5.00 2,530 4.94 2,350 6.34 5,160 6 5.47 3,480 5.18 2,900 4.67 2,020 5.01 2,530 5.05 2,530 6.28 5,160 8 5.41 3,280 5.14 2,710 4.66 2,020 5.02 2,530 5.18 2,900 6.16 4,940 10 5.39 3,280 5.10 2,710 4.67 8,020 5.00 2,530 5.30 3,090 6.04 4,510 N 5.36 3,280 5.07 2,710 4.70 2,020 4.96 2,530 5.45 3,280 5.90 4,300 2 5.34 3,090 5.02 2,530 4.72 2,020 4.92 2,350 5.60 3,680 5.78 4,090 4 5.31 3,090 4.99 2,530 4.76 2,180 4.88 2,350 5.75 4,090 5.68 3,880 6 5.29 3,090 4.94 2,350 4.80 2,180 4.82 2,180 5.90 4,300 5.58 3,680 8 5.28 3,090 4.90 2,350 4.85 2,180 4.80 2,180 6.04 4,510 5.50 3,480 10 5.26 3,090 4.84 2,180 4.90 2,350 4.80 2,180 6.18 4,940 5.42 3,280 M 5.23 2,900 4.80 2,180 4.94 2,350 4.81 2,180 6.27 5,160 5.35 3,280 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 11:30 p.m., 16.4 ft., 35,800 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 199

Big Piney Run near Salisbury, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 39°43 t 32n , long. 79°2 t 57", an eighth of a mile above little Piney Run, a quarter of a mile north of Maryland-Pennsylvania State line, and 2j miles south­ east of Salisbury, Somerset County. Drainage area.- 24.5 square miles. gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-28. Defined by discharge measure- ments below 321 second-feet; extended to crest stage on basis of slope-area deter­ mination of flood flow; verified by computation of discharge over spillway of water- supply dam of City of Frostburg, 3 miles upstream. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, about 4,100 second-feet 2:30 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 7.5 feet). 1932-35: Discharge, about 1,900 second-feet (revised) Mar. 14, 1933 (gage height, 6.1 feet). Remarks.- Run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 18 206 64 11 10 877 96 P.I 36 179 22 2 18 174 59 12 9 569 83 22 36 162 23 3 17 136 53 13 9 243 72 23 36 155 20 4 17 130 44 14 13 179 59 ?A 35 278 17 5 17 194 42 15 29 164 52 25 65 411 15 6 14 183 254 16 41 183 43 26 380 250 16 7 13 157 219 17 39 2,060 37 27 550 219 15 8 11 131 160 18 38 1,100 32 28 370 185 16 9 11 146 136 19 37 348 28 29 208 155 15 10 10 208 114 20 37 211 25 30 115 14 31 85 73.2 316 61.5 3.22 14.87 2.80 Sage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at Indicated, time, 1956 fj Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 _ _ _ _ . . 3.42 282 . . - . 4 2.74 136 2.72 132 3.07 198 3.50 304 4.62 756 3.47 296 6 ______3.79 397 _ - 8 2.69 127 2.71 131 3.07 198 4.26 582 4.36 627 3.33 258 10 ______4.74 822 _ _ _ _ N 2.67 124 2.70 129 3.06 196 5,20 1,110 4.15 535 3.23 233 2 - - _ 5.50 1,340 - 4 2.68 126 2.80 146 3.13 211 5.59 1,410 3.97 463 3.18 222 6 _ - _ 5.52 1,360 _ 8 2.72 132 2.97 177 3.22 231 5.38 1,240 3.80 400 3.11 206 10 ______5.22 1,120 _ _ M 2.73 134 3.04 191 3.34 260 5.02 988 3.62 340 3.05 194 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 ______3.15 215 6.30 2,140 _ _ 4 3.00 183 2.90 164 2.97 177 3.20 226 5.86 1,660 3.89 432 6 ______3.32 255 5.50 1,340 8 2.97 177 2.87 159 2.97 177 3.60 334 5.21 1,120 3.72 373 10 ______5.18 1,100 4.97 957 - - N 2.95 174 2.84 153 2.97 177 6.60 2,540 4.80 855 3.58 328 2 _ _ _ _ 2.97 177 7.44 3,980 4.60 745 - _ 4 2.97 177 2.86 157 3.00 183 7.42 3,940 4.49 690 3.49 301 6 _ _ _ _ 3.04 191 7.26 3,630 4.42 665 _ _ 8 2.98 179 2.93 170 3.07 198 7.21 3,540 4.36 627 3.40 276 10 _ _ 3.08 200 7.20 3,520 4.24 574 _ _ M 2.94 172 2.96 175 3.11 206 6.90 3,000 4.12 522 3.29 248 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 ______4.14 531 4 3.20 226 3.06 196 2.90 164 2.84 153 2.96 175 4.04 490 6 ______3.95 455 8 3.12 208 2.98 179 2.88 160 2.80 146 2.97 177 3.87 425 10 ______2.98 179 3.80 400 N 3.10 204 2.97 177 2.86 157 2.78 143 3.03 189 3.74 380 2 _ _ _ _ _ 3.28 245 4 3.10 204 2.97 177 2.88 160 2.83 151 3.58 328 3.71 369 P v ______3.74 380 8 3.07 198 2.94 172 2.91 1-66 2.92 168 3.90 436 3.71 369 10 ______4.10 514 M 3.06 196 2.92 168 2.88 160 2.95 174 4.17 543 3.62 340 Supplemental records ,- Mar. 17,1 p.m., 7.13 ft., 3,390 sec.-ft.J 2:30 p.m., 7.50 ft. 4,100 sec.-ft. 200 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, ATO UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Laurel Hill Creek at TTrsina, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 39°48'55lf , long. 79°19'40lt , at highway bridge at Ursina, Somerset County, 2 miles above mouth. Drainage area.- 121 square miles. Gage-height Teoord.- Graph based on two readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.0 and 4.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Defined below 2,500 second- feet by current-meter measurements; extended to crest stage on basis of slope-area determination of flood flow. Maxima.- 1936; Discharge, 10,300 second-feet 7 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 10.28 feet, from flood mark). 1913-35: Discharge, 8,260 second-feet Mar. 29, 1924 (gage height, 9.30 feet).

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 120 975 335 11 88 1,830 675 21 98 943 158 2 115 740 335 12 85 1,960 740 22 97 852 174 3 115 610 320 13 85 1,160 545 23 96 1,000 162 4 120 578 325 14 95 819 439 24 96 1,120 147 5 115 1»120 278 15 120 675 365 25 152 1,380 128 6 110 905 2,060 16 115 1,030 306 26 3,810 1,120 121 7 105 675 1,220 17 110 6,980 292 27 4,330 1,220 121 8 100 543 740 18 115 5,280 230 28 1,460 975 124 9 95 637 838 19 105 2,210 218 29 1,010 708 110 10 92 1,100 740 20 100 1,160 193 30 545 100 31 417 457 1,330 418 Run-off , in Inches ...... 4.08 12.68 3. as Gage height, in feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 SH 3 Feet | Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. s March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 3.14 578 3.10 545 3.60 870 4.10 1,220 5.50 2,470 4.30 1,380 4 3.13 578 3.11 545 3.70 940 4.20 1,300 5.46 2,470 4.24 1,300 6 3.12 545 3.13 578 3.84 1,040 4.32 1,380 5.38 2,370 4.18 1,300 8 3.11 545 3.16 578 3.98 1,150 4.47 1,540 5.26 2,270 4.11 1,220 10 3.10 545 3.18 610 4.08 1,220 4.60 1,620 5.10 2,070 4.08 1,220 N 3.09 545 3.20 610 4.12 1,220 4.75 1,800 5.00 1,980 4.02 1,150 2 3.08 545 3.22 610 4.10 1,220 4.90 1,890 4.87 1,890 3.98 1,150 4 3.06 515 3.24 642 4.00 1,150 5.03 1,980 4.75 1,800 3.92 1,080 6 3.06 515 3.30 675 3.90 1,080 5.17 2,170 4.65 1,620 3.88 1,080 8 3.07 515 3.36 708 3.90 1,080 5.30 2,270 4.55 1,620 3.84 1,040 10 3.08 545 3.42 740 3.94 1,120 5.40 2,370 4.47 1,540 3.80 1,010 M 3.09 545 3.50 805 4.00 1,150 5.48 2,470 4.40 1,460 3.76 975 March 14 March 15 Maroh 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 3.70 940 3.36 708 3.30 675 5.78 2,800 9.26 8,260 6.02 3,030 4 3.67 905 3.34 708 3.34 708 6.32 3,390 8.9O 7,490 5.85 2,800 6 3.64 905 3.33 708 3.40 740 6.88 4,190 8.54 6,750 5.70 2,690 8 3.60 870 3.31 675 3.46 772 7.45 4,920 8.16 6,220 5.56 2,580 10 3.56 838 3.30 675 3.50 805 8.00 5,880 7.88 5,710 5.42 2,370 N 3.51 805 3.30 675 3.57 838 8.58 6,930 7.57 5,230 5.27 2,270 S 3.49 805 3.28 675 3.62 870 9.14 7,870 7.30 4,770 5.12 2,070 4 3.46 772 3.27 643 3.70 940 9.70 9,060 7.02 4,330 5.00 1,980 6 3.43 772 3.27 642 3.84 1,040 10.16 10,100 6.80 4,050 4.87 1,890 8 3.41 740 3.27 642 4.12 1,220 10.25 10,100 6.58 3,780 4.74 1,710 10 3.40 740 3.28 675 4.64 1,620 9.98 9,690 6.39 3,520 4.62 1,620 M 3.38 740 3.29 675 5.20 2,170 9.62 8,860 6;20 3,270 4.50 1,540 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 4.40 1,460 3.79 1,010 3.60 870 3.81 1,010 3.70 940 4.35 1,460 4 4.30 1,380 3.77 975 3.58 870 3.89 1,080 3.74 975 4.44 1,460 6 4.20 1,300 3.75 975 3.55 838 3.95 1,120 3.80 1,010 4.47 1,540 8 4.10 1,220 3.73 975 3.52 805 3.99 1,150 3.83 1,040 4.49 1,540 10 4.02 1,150 3.72 940 3.49 805 3.96 1,120 3.88 1,080 4.45 1,460 N 3.97 1,120 3.72 940 3.48 805 3.89 1,080 3.93 1,120 4.38 1,460 2 3.93 1,120 3.72 940 3.49 805 3.80 1.010 3.97 1,120 4.28 1,380 4 3.90 1,080 3.72 940 3.50 805 3.70 940 4.00 1,150 4.20 1,300 6 3.87 1,040 3.70 940 3.54 838 3.64 905 4.05 1,150 4.15 1,300 8 3.85 1,040 3.67 905 3.61 870 3.62 870 4.11 1,220 4.11 1,220 10 3.83 1,040 3.65 905 3.68 940 3.62 870 4.18 1,300 4.09 1,220 M 3.80 1,010 3.62 870 3.74 975 3.65 905 4.25 1,300 4.07 1,220 Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 7 p.m., 10.28 ft., 10,300 sec.-ft. OHIO RIVER BASIN 201

Turtle Creek at Trafford, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40O23 120", long. 79°45'511 , at highway bridge at Blackburn railroad ata- tion, half a mile northeast of Trafford, Westmoreland County, 1-J milea above mouth of Bruah Creek, and 7 milea above confluence with Monongahela River. Zero of gage ia 780.27 feet above mean 3ea level. Drainage area.- 54.8 aquare milea. Gage-height record.- Graph baaed on two or more chain-gage readinga daily. Gage heights used to half tentha between 1.5 and 3.0 feet; hundredtha below and tenths above theae limits, Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements to 600 aecond-feetj logarithmic extension to crest diacharge. Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Maxima.- 1936: Diacharge, 3,700 aecond-feet 1:15 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 7.65 feet). T914-35: Discharge, 4,420 second-feet Mar. 15, 1933 (gage height, 8.5 feet, from graph based on gage readinga).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 86 98 97 11 89 96 146 21 113 355 46 2 85 89 90 12 86 216 118 2?, 111 384 46 3 100 226 76 13 100 161 108 23 115 450 40 4 120 172 63 14 160 126 92 24 150 473 37 S 110 159 60 15 150 130 85 25 1,000 310 35 6 102 119 573 16 145 655 72 26 811 237 32 7 97 96 224 17 137 2,490 63 27 513 393 32 8 93 76 146 18 128 1,350 55 28 219 213 34 9 93 76 124 19 120 939 48 29 148 161 29 10 91 68 146 20 116 420 46 30 133 27 31 112 ZCA Q«Z Run-off, in inches ...... 3.66 7.45 1.90 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec . ft . Feet rsec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec . ft . 9o w March 8 March 9 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 2 1.18 76 1.21 81 1.15 72 1.12 67 1.72 184 1.68 184 4 1.16 73 1.20 79 1.14 70 1.13 68 1.79 211 1.67 172 6 1.14 70 1.20 79 1.13 68 1.14 70 1.84 226 1.66 172 8 1.12 67 1.19 78 1.12 67 1.15 72 1.89 240 1.63 172 10 1.12 67 1.18 76 1.12 67 1.17 74 1.93 256 1.59 159 N 1.14 70 1.18 76 1.12 67 1.21 81 1.90 240 1.59 159 2 1.16 73 1.17 74 1.12 67 1.25 88 1.88 240 1.59 159 4 1.20 79 1.16 73 1.12 67 1.32 100 1.87 226 1.58 159 6 1.24 86 1.16 73 1.12 67 1.40 115 1.85 226 1.58 159 8 1.24 86 1.16 73 1.12 67 1.47 130 1.82 211 1.55 148 10 1.23 84 1.16 73 1.12 67 1.54 148 1.76 198 1.51 136 M 1.22 82 1.16 73 1.12 67 1.64 172 1.70 184 1.46 128 March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 1.42 119 1.49 134 1.58 159 4.70 1,630 4.15 1,330 4.20 1,330 4 1.40 115 1.47 130 1.64 172 5.00 1,810 3.70 1,030 3.92 1,150 6 1.41 117 1.45 126 1.78 211 5.60 2,230 3.54 916 3.72 1,030 8 1.42 119 1.43 121 1.96 256 6.04 2,510 3.54 916 3.60 972 10 1.42 119 1.41 117 2.16 320 7.00 3,220 3.66 1,030 3.52 916 N 1.43 121 1.40 115 2.55 468 7.60 3,700 3.90 1,150 3.42 862 2 1.45 126 1.43 121 3.00 664 7.60 3,700 4.20 1,330 3.34 810 4 1.47 130 1.46 128 3.48 916 7.08 3,300 4.57 1,570 3.26 810 6 1.49 134 1.50 136 3.80 1,090 6.30 2,720 4.81 1,690 3.18 760 8 1.50 136 1.52 136 4.08 1,270 5.80 2,370 4.86 1,750 3.10 711 10 1.50 136 1.54 148 4.24 1,330 5.30 2,020 4.80 1,690 3.00 664 M 1.50 136 1.56 148 4.46 1,510 4.70 1,630 4.57 1,570 2.90 618 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 2.80 573 2.10 302 1.98 270 2.55 468 2.66 509 2.29 371 4 2.71 530 2.15 319 1.98 270 2.45 428 2.67 509 2.26 354 6 2.62 488 2.25 354 2.02 270 2.40 408 2.66 509 2.22 336 8 2.52 447 2.35 390 2.06 286 2.38 408 2.65 509 2.17 319 10 2.44 428 2.43' 428 2.14 319 2.38 408 2.63 509 2.13 319 N 2.35 390 2.46 428 2.25 354 2.41 408 2.62 488 2.11 302 2 2.30 371 2.42 408 2.40 408 2.45 428 2.58 488 2.08 302 4 2.25 354 2.38 408 2.55 468 2.49 447 2.54 468 2.05 286 6 2.20 336 2.30 371 2.65 509 2.53 468 2.49 447 2.02 270 8 2.15 319 2.20 336 2.70 530 2.57 468 2.44 428 2.00 270 10 2.12 302 2.10 302 2.70 530 2.61 488 2.38 408 1.98 270 M 2.10 302 2.00 270 2.65 509 2.65 509 2.32 371 1.96 254

Supplemental records.- Mar. 17, 1:15 p.m., 7.65 ft., 3,700 seo.-ft. 202 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Beaver River at Wampum, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°53'15", long. 80°20'5", at highway bridge at Wampum, Lawrence County. Zero of gage is 736.24 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area^- 2,255 square miles. Page-height record.- Graph based on two or more readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.5 and 4.0 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 15,000 second-feet by current-meter measure­ ments; extended logarithmically to crest stage. Affected by ice Feb. 1-4. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge. 42,500 second-feet 9:50 a.m. Mar. 25 (gage height, 19.22 feet, from flood marks). 1914. 1932-35: Discharge, 30,800 second-feet Mar. 15, 1933 (gage height, 16.06 feet). Remarks.- Regulation from storage in Milton and Pymatuning Reservoirs.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 440 5,830 4,750 11 435 7,740 5,280 21 900 4,800 1,940 2 425 4,410 4,920 12- 377 8,950 4,750 22 750 4,800 2,450 3 440 3,760 4,750 13 439 8,420 4,750 23 700 8,620 2,450 4 500 3,760 4,080 14 969 5,670 4,080 24 1,460 24,700 2,190 5 785 4,580 3,760 15 1,820 5,780 3,300 25 5,830 40,100 1,760 6 830 3,450 5,460 16 2,320 7,550 3,000 26 13,700 33,200 1,460 7 830 2,580 7,000 17 1,820 8,810 2,580 27 20,200 22,300 1,350 8 740 2,390 5,100 18 1,580 5,350 2,190 28 16,800 12,400 1,240 9 575 3,680 4,410 19 1,400 4,230 2,060 29 13,300 7,860 1,460 10 501 7,390 4,750 20 1,100 4,680 1,940 30 5,960 2,860 31 5,130

Run-off , in Inches ...... 1.53 4.65 1.70

Mean gage height, in feet. 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2.85 6.55 6.00 11 2.58 7.57 6.32 21 3.61 6.02 4.10 2 2.80 5.78 6.12 12 2.50 8.16 6.05 22 3.15 6.01 4.54 3 2.75 5.40 6.00 13 2.60 7.90 5.95 23 3.00 7.99 4.52 4 2.85 5.45 5.62 14 3.24 6.51 5.65 24 3.64 14.12 4.32 5 3.06 5.90 5.40 15 4.02 6.57 5.11 25 6.51 18.63 3.95 6 3.10 5.20 6.38 16 4.38 7.48 4.88 26 10.35 16.80 3.72 7 3.10 4.60 7.18 17 4.05 8.09 4.55 27 12.80 13.47 3.58 8 3.00 4.45 6.15 18 3.80 6.31 4.34 28 11.65 9.78 3.52 9 2.78 5.32 5.78 19 3.95 5.70 4.25 29 10.22 7.64 3.72 10 2.70 7.40 5.95 20 3.78 5.95 4.10 30 6.66 4.75 31 6.21

Page he-lght, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time. 1956 Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. ' w'* Feet See. ft. Feet Sec .ft. w W W i March 15 M 5.86 4,580 March 25 M 6.99 6,600 April 6 2 6.29 5,280 2 18.40 39,200 N 6.00 ^ 750 8 6.46 5,640 Mai ch 20 4 18.65 40,000 Mar ch 30 4 6.801 1^210 N 6.56 5,830 N 5.95 4,750 6 18.90 41,300 N 6.60 5,830 6 7.00 6,600 6 6.68 6,020 M 6.06 4,920 8 19.12 42,100 10 7.20 7,000 M 7.00 6,600 10 19.22 42,500 Mar ch 31 Mai ch 21 N 19.12 42,100 N 6.20 5,100 Apr 117 March 16 N 6.07 4,920 2 18.96 41,700 4 7.21 7.000 4 7.15 7,000 M 5.86 4,580 8 18.35 39,200 April 1 8 7.18 7,000 H 7.50 7,600 N 6.06 4,920 N 7.20 7,000 8 7.76 8,200 March 22 March 26 M 5.82 4,410 6 7.20 7,000 M 8.00 8,600 4 5.80 4,410 2 17.85 36,900 8 7.00 6,600 8 5.78 4,410 6 17.45 35,400 Apr il 2 M 6.70 6,020 Mar oh 17 N 5.87 4,580 10 17.10 34,300 2 5.82 4,410 4 8.20 9,000 8 6.29 5,280 4 16.37 31,800 10 6.02 4,750 April 8 8 8.35 9,420 8 15.96 30,500 6 6.31 5,280 4a 6.45 R-460 10 8.40 9,420 Mai ch 23 M 6.22 5,100 M 5.87 4,580 N 8.35 9,420 2 6.65 5,830 Mar ch 27 2 8.30 9,210 6 6.95 6,600 4 14.80 26,400 April 3 April 9 4 8.20 9,000 10 7.45 7,400 N 13.49 22,300 4 6.18 5,100 N 5.78 4,410 6 8.04 8,600 2 8.10 8,800 10 11.75 17,300 ID 6.08 4,920 M 5.85 4,410 M 7.44 7,400 6 8.80 10,300 M 5.80 4,410 10 9.70 12,200 Mar ch 28 A n in March 18 M 10.25 13,300 6 10.18 13,300 April 4 8 5.90 4.S80 4 6.99 6,600 4 9.25 11,100 2p 5.60 4,080 4 5.97 4,750 10 6.31 5,280 Mar ch 24 8 9.10 10,900 II 5.54 3,920 M 6.15 5,100 6 5.80 4,410 4 11.40 16,200 M 8.85 10,300 M 5.66 4,240 8 12.80 20,200 April 5 N 14.10 24,200 Maroh 29 N 5.33 3,600 March 19 4 15.45 28,400 6 8.20 9,000 M 5.50 3,920 6 5.58 4,080 8 16.80 33,200 10 7.50 7,600 N 5.65 4,080 II 18.00 37,700 6 7.05 6,600 OHIO RIVER BASIN 203

Cormoquenessing Creek at Hazen, Pa.

Location.- lat. 40°49'0", long. 80°14'35", at highway bridge at Hazen, Beaver County, half a mile above mouth of Brush Creek. Zero of gage is 852.31 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 356 square miles. Sage-height "record.- Graph based on two or more readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.5 and 3.5 feet; hundredths "below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 4,000 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended logarithmically to crest stage. Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge. 9,560 second-feet 10-11 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 12.45 feet, from flood marks). 1915-35: Gage height, 16.66 feet June 29, 1924 (discharge not determined).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 290 1,160 880 11 170 996 845 21 240 3,640 287 2 280 950 2,480 12 165 1,650 810 22 230 3,020 311 3 280 1,160 1,730 It 250 1,340 740 23 240 2,930 257 4 320 1,510 1,300 14 350 1,120 600 24 400 4,160 226 5 300 1,580 1,090 15 550 1,290 600 25 1,000 3,920 196 6 280 1,510 1,440 16 450 2,740 530 26 3,000 2,310 181 7 230 1,060 1,230 17 320 7,570 496 27 6,040 2,010 157 8 200 &56 1,090 18 290 8,000 432 2B 2,700 1,900 162 9 180 756 950 19 260 3,860 348 29 1,580 1,680 170 10 170 716 915 20 250 2,780 296 30 1,340 170 31 1,150 2,279 697 2.20 7.38 2.19

Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 4.07 5.65 3.19 11 2.68 5.57 5.16 21 5.26 6.71 2.29 2 3.68 5.52 5.51 12 2.58 4.50 5.12 22 5.16 6.00 2.34 3 5.60 5.65 4.41 13 2.65 3.85 2.98 25 5.08 5.87 2.22 4 5.66 4.10 3.77 14 3.84 5.54 2.82 24 2.97 7.28 2.14 5 5.64 4.19 3.50 15 5.12 5.80 2.81 25 6.5k 7.01 2.05 6 5.34 4.06 4.03 16 5.35 5.62 2.71 26 10.52 5.15 2.00 7 5.05 3.43 3.68 17 4.68 10.59 2,63 27 9.25 4.74 1.91 8 2.85 3.16 3.48 18 5.75 10.98 2.56 28 5.62 4.60 1.95- 9 2.74 3.03 5.28 19 5.50 6.93 2.41 29 4.25 4.55 1.96 10 2.66 2.97 5.24 20 3.54 5.75 2.51 50 5.86 1.96 51 5.59

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 i Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. w w I i a March 15 M 8.44 5,240 March 24 March 50 April 4 2 3.55 1,160 4 6.70 3,640 N 5.82 1,300 4a 3.98 1,440 10 3.82 1,300 March 19 8 7.10 4,000 8 3.76 1,300 6p 5.65 1,160 4 3.84 1,500 4 7.70 4,540 4 7,70 4,540 M 3.51 1,090 8 3.92 1,570 8 6.98 3,910 8 7.78 4,640 March 31 M 4.10 1,510 10 6.82 5,750 10 7.82 4,640 4a 3.68 1,230 April 5 M 6.10 5,100 H 7.86 4,740 M 5.48 1,090 6p 3.52 1,090 March 16 M 3.58 1,160 6 4.70 1,970 March 20 March 26 April 1 N 5.60 2,610 2p 5.45 2,530 2 7.82 4,640 2 5.39 1,020 Api__"11 6_ 6 6.40 3,370 6 5.42 2,650 8 7.20 4,090 10 3.20 880 4 5.63 1.160 M 7.60 4,450 8 5.50 2,610 6 6.66 3,640 8 3.11 810 10 3.80 1,300 M 6.26 3,190 M 6.00 3,010 M 3.22 880 2 4.39 1,730 March 17 6 4.37 1,730 4 8.60 5,440 Mar oh 21 M&rch 26 Apr__11 2 M 3.99 1,440 8 9.80 6,650 4 7.00 3,910 4 5.46 2,530 2 3.67 1.230 H 11.00 7,970 6 7.18 4,090 8 5.12 2,290 6 4.20 1,580 ApaP il 7 2 11.60 8,630 8 7.21 4,090 6 4.86 2,130 8 4.70 1,970 4 5.80 1,300 4 12.00 9,080 10 7.20 4,090 10 5.80 2,850 4 5.65 1,160 6 12.20 9,320 H 7.10 4,000 March 27 N 6.38 3,370 8 12.30 9,440 2 6.85 3,730 N 4.74 1,970 2 6.62 3,550 April 8 10 12.45 9,560 6 6.45 3,370 4 6.58 5,550 4a 5.57 1,160 M 12.40 9,560 M 6.20 3,190 March 28 6 6.23 5,190 6p 5.44 1,060 8 4.67 1,970 10 5.44 2,530 March 18 MarelL 22 8 4.50 1,810 M 5.15 2,370 April 9 2 12.35 9,560 ID 6.06 3,100 8a 5.30 960 4 12.28 9,440 8 5.81 2,850 March 29 April 3 M 3.26 915 6 12.16 9,320 4 4.46 1,910 4 4.76 2,050 8 11.96 9,080 March 23 8 4,43 1,730 6 4.62 1,890 10 11.76 8,850 H 5,80 2,850 N 4.36 1,750 8 4.50 1,810 N 11.48 8,520 8 5.95 3,010 4 4.29 1,650 4 10.62 7,420 204 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Slippery Rock Creek at Wurtemburg, Pa.

Location.- Lat. 40°51 I 40M , long. 80°14 I 35M , at highway bridge at Wurtemburg, Lawrence County, 1 mile upstream from mouth. Zero of gage la 812.48 feet above mean aea level. Drainage area.- 406 square miles. QaKe-helght record.- Graph baaed on two or more readings daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.5 and 4.5 feetj hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined to 3,500 second-feet by current-meter measurements; extended logarithmically to crest stage. Affected by ice Feb. 1-25. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, 7,100 second-feet 4-6 a.m. Mar. 25 (gage height, 9.04 feet, from flood marks). 1912-35: Gage height, 11.8 feet, from graph based on gage readings, Dec. 14, 1927 {discharge not determined).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr, Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 300 1,620 940 11 230 1,390 865 21 280 2,110 377 2 300 1,220 1,350 12 230 2,160 865 22 270 1,870 486 3 290 1,020 1,530 13 270 1,720 755 23 280 2,310 442 4 300 1,100 1,100 14 350 1,280 615 24 400 5,180 355 5 370 1,820 902 15 450 1,500 512 25 1,500 6,690 279 6 330 1,530 1,180 16 400 2,130 512 26 4,240 4,260 257 7 310 1,060 1,260 17 330 3,430 512 27 4,800 2,820 243 8 290 782 902 18 310 3,460 424 28 3,170 2,210 220 9 250 843 790 19 290 3,150 377 29 2,020 1,500 261 10 240 1,150 828 20 280 2,470 344 30 1,250 265 31 1,090 796 2,133 658 2.11 6.05 1.81

Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3.66 4.90 4.10 11 3.44 4.64 3.98 21 3.97 5.38 3.28 2 3.68 4.44 4.62 12 3.43 5.41 3.99 22 3.92 5.15 3.46 3 3.60 4.22 4.76 13 3.46 4.98 3.86 23 3.87 5.57 3.39 4 3.52 4.32 4.31 14 3.67 4.51 3.66 24 3.88 7.77 3.24 5 3.70 5.10 4.06 15 4.12 4.76 3.52 25 5.40 8.76 3.09 6 3.70 4.81 4.42 16 4.12 5.40 3.52 26 7.12 6.97 3.04 7 3.68 4.27 4.52 17 4.10 6.49 3.51 27 7.49 6.00 3.01 8 3.61 3.89 4.04 18 4.08 6.54 3.36 28 6.34 5.47 2.95 9 3.53 3.97 3.89 19 4.06 6.28 3.28 29 5.34 4.76 3.05 10 3.48 4.36 3.94 20 3.96 5.70 3.22 30 4.49 3.06 31 4.29 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time. 1936 h Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 1 w w wg w March 15 March 20 March 25 March 30 April 6 2 4.39 1,180 4 5.85 2,570 4 9.04 7,100 4 4.48 1,260 4 4.17 980 10 4.65 1,350 8 5.75 2,570 6 9.04 7,100 10 4.55 1,350 H 4.39 1,180 2 4.83 1,530 4 5.62 2,350 10 9.00 7,100 10 4.41 1,180 5 4.60 1,350 M 5.16 1,920 4 8.70 6,620 8 4.79 1,530 March 21 10 8.25 5,850 March 31 10 4.85 1,530 March 16 6 5.48 2,240 2p 4.28 1,100 M 4.86 1,620 6 5.20 1,920 4 5.34 2,020 Mar sh 26 6 4.22 1,020 N 5.35 2,130 8 5.27 2,020 2 7.85 5,250 M 4.15 980 April 7 4 5.45 2,130 8 7.36 4,660 2 4.85 1,530 March 22 N 7.05 4,100 April 1 8 4.76 1,530 March 17 2 5.18 1,920 8 4.18 1,020 5 4.28 1,100 4 6.05 2,810 8 5.05 1,720 Mar sh 27 8 4.00 865 10 6.47 3,430 10 5.07 1,820 2 6.30 3,170 April 8 6 6.87 3,960 2 5.12 1,820 8 5.94 2,690 Apr 11 2 4a 4.11 940 8 6.89 3,960 6 5.18 1,920 2 5.90 2,690 4a 4.20 1,020 M 3.95 828 10 6.87 3,960 4 5.95 2,810 5p 4.86 1,620 M 6.85 3,820 March 23 6 5.95 2,810 8 4.95 1,720 April 9 2 5.24 1,920 8 5.91 2,690 M 4.92 1,620 8 3.95 828 Mar sh 18 6 5.38 2,130 5 3.83 755 2 6.79 3,820 6 5.70 2,460 March 28 April 3 8 6.50 3,430 M 6.12 2,930 4 5.70 2,460 4a 4.88 1,620 Api 11 10 N 6.46 3,430 8 5.54 2,240 8a 4.82 1,530 4 3.93 828 4 6.42 3,300 March 24 N 5.42 2,130 M 4.58 1,350 M 3.92 790 4 6.50 3,430 2 5.39 2,130 March 19 8 7.12 4,240 April 4 2 6.44 3,300 N 7.94 5,400 March 29 5p 4.22 1,020 N 6.35 3,300 2 8.25 5,850 2 5.07 1,820 M 4.14 980 4 6.22 3,050 6 8.70 6,620 6 4.85 1,530 M 5.95 2,810 M 9.01 7,100 2 4.63 1,350 April 5 H 4.55 1,350 lp 4.03 902 OHIO RIVER BASIN 205

Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 40°40'32", long. 80°32'23", at Grimms Bridge, 4 miles above mouth of creek and 4 miles northeast of East Liverpool, Columbians County. Zero of gage is 702,77 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 505 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 18-22. Gage heights given to half tenths between 4.2 and 6.5 feet? hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-4, 23. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 2,500 second-feet; extended parallel to previously used curve, which was defined to about 9,000 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 11,600 second-feet 10 p.m. Mar. 24 (gage height, 12.22 feet), 1915-1935: Discharge, 20,000 second-feet Mar- 15, 1933 (gage height, 15.01 feet). Highest known flood reached a gage height of approximately 20 feet.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 110 1,110 925 11 430 925 1,030 21 200 1,890 404 2 110 900 2,130 12 401 1,580 925 22 200 1,850 456 3 110 1,140 1,750 13 390 1,320 800 23 250 3,600 422 4 150 1,280 1,220 14 1,000 925 686 24 727 8,300 372 5 777 1,510 1,000 15 1,340 ooo 686 25 2,360 9,180 323 6 800 1,110 1,720 16 2,120 2,400 620 26 8,920 3,640 294 7 642 800 1,640 17 1,750 2,830 540 27 6,680 2,780 264 8 560 708 1,140 18 700 1,820 502 28 2,860 2,120 261 9 502 708 950 19 350 1,890 464 29 1,720 1,480 288 10 468 777 1,060 20 250 2,040 426 30 1,320 291 31 1,110 1,307 2,077 Run-off, in inches...... 2.79 4.74 1.74 Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 4.5 5.5 5.15 11 4.0 5.15 5.35 21 6.7 3.95 2 4.45 5.1 7.0 12 3.95 6.25 5.15 22 6.6 4.1 3 4.35 5.55 6.5 13 3.9 5.85 4.9 23 4.75 8.5 4.0 4 4.4 5.8 5.7 14 5.25 5.15 4.65 24 4.75 10.9 3.85 5 4.85 6.15 5.3 15 7.3 5.9 4.66 25 7.3 11.3 3.7 6 4.9 5.5 6.45 16 7.0 7.3 4.5 26 11.2 8.5 3.6 7 4.55 4.9 6.35 17 6.5 7.8 4.3 27 10.2 7.8 3.5 8 4.33 4.7 5.55 18 6.6 4.2 28 7.8 7.0 3.5 9 4.2 4.7 5.2 19 6.7 4.1 29 6.45 6.1 3.6 10 4.1 4.85 5.4 20 6.9 4.0 30 5.85 3.6 31 5.5 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 h § Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. § Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. K I K K t§ March 15 March 20 March 25 April 1 8 6.7 1,890 2 5.6 1,160 N 6.8 1,960 6 11.8 10,500 N 5.15 925 12 6.7 1,890 6 5.7 1,220 6 6.7 1,8SO N 11.7 10,200 M 5.15 925 N 5.8 1,280 M 6.9 2,040 6 10.8 7,990 April 7 8 6.3 1,610 M 9.8 5,770 April 2 N 6.3 1,610 M 6.3 1,610 Mar oh 21 2 5.2 950 6 6.2 1,540 6 6.9 2,040 March 26 6 6.5 1,750 March 16 N 6.7 1,890 N 8.5 3,630 10 7.9 2,930 April 8 4 6.4 1,680 M 6.5 1,750 N 7.9 2,930 N 5.45 1,080 10 7.5 2,540 March 27 8 7.2 2,280 12 7.6 2,630 March 22 4 7.4 2,450 M 7.0 2,120 April 9 8 7.9 2,930 N 6.2 1,540 N 8.1 3,150 N 5.15 925 M 7.9 2,930 4 6. ,25 1,580 April 3 6 5.15 925 8 7.3 2,360 Mar ch 28 N 6.45 1,720 March 17 M 8.1 3,150 2 7.6 2,630 April 10 8 8.1 3,150 N 7.0 2,120 April 4 4 5.4 1,060 N 7.9 2,930 liar oh 23 N 5.6 1,160 N 5.45 1,080 M 7.2 2,280 2 8.2 3,270 March 29 M 5.4 1,060 N 8.0 3,030 N 6.1 1,480 April 5 Max ch 18 6 8.8 4,050 8 5.9 1,340 N 5.3 1,000 Apr 11 11 N 6.4E 1,720 10 5.2 950 N 5.35 1,030 6 6.5 1,750 March 24 Mar ch 30 M 6.6 1,820 2 9.9 5,970 4 6.0 1,410 April 6 April 12 6 9.9 5,970 N 5.85 1,320 2 5.35 1,030 N 5.15 925 Mai ch 19 N 10.6 7,510 10 6.7 1,890 N 6.7 1,890 8 12.1 11,300 March 31 H 6.9 2,040 April 13 6 6.7 1,890 M 12.2 11,600 N 5.5 1,110 2 6.9 2,040 N 4.9 800 M 7.0 2,120 206 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Middle Island Creek at Little, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 39°28'30", long. 80°59'50", at highway bridge at Little, Tyler County. Zero of gage is 631.32 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 458 square miles. gape-height record.- Gage read twice daily. 3t'age-dlacharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-2. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 18,200 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936J Discharge, 11,900 second-feet 6 p.m. Mar. 17 (gage height, 16.18 feet). 1915-22, 1928-35: Discharge, 18,200 second-feet Jan. 22, 1917 (gage height, 22.22 feet). Maximum known stage, about 33.5 feet during August 1875. Remarks.- Discharge Mar. 15 to Apr. 5, Apr. 8-13 is average of discharges from morning and afternoon gage readings and discharge. Feb. 4, 15, Apr. 6, 7 Is from graph based on gage readings.

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 180 610 525 11 715 255 1,200 21 785 4,120 190 2 175 510 1,360 12 575 345 1,060 22 645 4,840 220 3 174 2,060 995 13 290 645 802 23 540 6,910 250 4 1,700 1,240 662 14 1,690 510 610 24 390 6,720 240 5 6,600 785 510 15 8,600 510 510 25 3,850 6,060 198 6 3,940 575 8,610 16 6,130 2,550 420 26 6,510 1,620 182 7 1,920 420 5,280 17 1,760 9,800 360 27 3,120 1,500 285 8 1,540 340 1,240 18 1,100 7,600 325 28 1,540 2,000 225 9 960 295 802 19 865 2,300 365 29 865 1,010 186 10 890 265 1,390 20 1,030 2,140 210 30 698 156 31 558

4.80 5.66 2.39 Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3,43 3.91 3.76 11 4.05 3.29 4.76 21 4.13 8.28 3.15 2 3.18 3.76 4.95 12 3.83 3.47 4.55 22 3.95 9.02 3.22 3 3.11 5.88 4.46 13 3.36 3.97 4.19 23 3.81 11.19 3.28 4 5.10 4.75 3.98 14 5.45 3.75 3.92 24 3.53 11.03 3.26 5 10.94 4.13 3.76 15 12.90 3.73 3.73 26 8.01 10.28 3.17 6 8.09 3.83 13.00 16 10.36 6.27 3.59 26 10.80 5.28 3.13 7 5.73 3.59 9.48 17 5.49 14.08 3.51 27 7.19 5.16 3.35 8 5.21 3.46 4.81 18 4.55 11.83 3.43 28 5.23 5.78 3.23 9 4.41 3.37 4.20 19 4.23 6.21 3.31 29 4.25 4.50 3.14 10 4.32 3.31 5.00 20 4.52 6.01 3.20 30 4.04 3.06 31 3.83

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 1 k Feet I Sec. ft. 1 Feet Sac.ft. § Feet Sec. ft. 3o Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. M trt s M X March 16 March 22 March 28 April 3 April 9 8 3.83 575 9 9.18 4,990 7 6.29 2,380 8 4.62 1,100 8 4.22 820 6 8.72 4,520 6 8.86 4,700 6 5.28 1,620 6 4.30 890 6 4.17 785 March 17 March 23 March 29 April 4 April 10 8 11.97 7,700 7 11.69 7,400 8 4.65 1,100 8 4.05 715 8 4.88 1,320 6 16.18 11,900 6 10.68 6,420 6 4.36 925 6 3.92 610 6 5.12 1,460 March 18 March 24 March 30 April 5 April 11 8 14.70 10,400 7 10.45 6,130 8 4.11 750 8 3.77 510 8 4.81 1,240 6 8.95 4,800 6 11.61 7,300 6 3.97 645 6 3.74 510 5 4.71 1,170 March 19 March 25 March 31 April 6 April 12 8 6.40 2,460 7 11.86 7,600 8 3.84 575 7 12.94 8,600 7 4.60 1,100 6 6.02 2,140 6 8.71 4,520 6 3.82 540 6 14.76 10,500 6 4.50 1,030 March 20 March 26 April 1 April 7 April 13 8 6.18 2,300 8 5.61 1,840 8 3.79 540 8 11.43 7,100 7 4.26 855 5 5.83 1,990 6 4.96 1,390 6 3.74 510 6 6.46 2,540 6 4.12 750 March 21 March 27 April 2 April 8 8 7.03 2,950 8 4.72 1,170 8 4.72 1,170 8 5.04 1,390 6 9.54 5,280 6 5.60 1,840 6 5.18 1,540 6 4.58 1,100 OHIO RIVER BASIN 2C

Muskingum River at McConnelaville, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 39°38'40'1 , long. 81°51«0", in SEi sec. 11, T. 10 N., R. 12 W., above Dam. 7, at McConnelsville. Zero of gage is at elevation of crest of dam, 650.31 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 7,411 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for period Apr. 13-30, when once-daily observations on gage at Lock No. 7 were used reduced to datum of record­ ing gage. Gage heights given to half tenths between 1.6 and 3.6 feat; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Pab. 1, 2. Defined by current-meter meaa- urements below 104,000 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge during year, 63,100 second-feet 6 to 7 a.m. Feb. 27 (gage height, 10.70 feet); during March floods, 49,000 second-feet Mar. 27 (gage height, 9.0 feet. 1921-35: Discharge, 104,000 second-faet Aug. 9, 1935 (gaga height, 17.0 feet). Flood of Mar. 27, 1913 reached a stage of 33.5 feet, present gage datum (discharge estimated by Zaneaville office Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, as 270,000 second-feet). Remarks.- Flood run-off not materially affected by artificial storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2,900 51,700 17, 600 11 3,640 13,300 20,600 21 8,260 31,100 6,670 2 3,200 37, 600 18,200 12 3,200 12,800 19,400 22 6,670 33,300 6,670 3 3,220 25,000 20,600 13 3,060 13,300 17,100 23 5,640 31,100 6,240 4 3,640 18,200 18,800 14 6,890 12,800 15,400 24 5,640 32,500 6,240 5 3,980 16,500 16,500 15 18,000 11,000 12,800 25 13,700 41,800 5,830 6 4,510 15,400 25,700 16 18,800 13,800 11,300 26 34,800 44,500 5,060 7 5,440 13,800 31,100 17 18,200 19,400 9,890 27 59,900 47,200 4,690 8 5,830 11,300 27,600 18 15,900 21,200 B,950 28 59,100 45,400 4,330 9 5,250 10,100 23,700 19 13,800 20,600 8,030 29 56,700 35,600 4,330 10 4,160 10,800 22,500 20 10,400 27,000 7,120 30 26,300 4,330 31 21,200

2.03 3.84 2.04 Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1.6 9.3 4.7 11 1.7 3.9 5.2 21 2.85 - 6.8 2 1.56 7.7 4.8 12 1.55 3.8 5.0 22 2.5 7.1 3 1.56 5.9 5.2 13 1.5 3.9 23 2.25 6.8 4 1.7 4.8 4.9 14 2.5 3.8 24 2.25 7.0 56' 1.8 4.5 4.5 15 4.7 3.45 25 3.9 8.2 1.95 4.3 6.0 16 4.9 4.0 26 7.3 8.5 7 2.2 4.0 6.8 17 4.8 5.0 27 10.3 8.8 8 2.3 3.5 6.3 18 4.4 5.3 28 10.2 8.6 9 2.15 3.25 5.7 19 4.0 5.2 29 9.9 7.4 10 1.85 3.4 5.5 20 3.3 6.2 30 6.1 31 5.3 Page height, in feet, and dlacharge, In aeeond-feet, at indicated time, 1936 h fc pi Feet Sec.ft. Feet See.ft. Feet Sec.ft. o Feet Sec.ft. 1 Feet Sec.ft. W M W W W March 16 March 23 March 29 April 5 N 5.2 20,600 2 3.35 10,600 N 6.7 30,300 N 7.4 35,600 N 4.4 15,900 N 4.1 14,300 M 6.7 30,300 M 6.7 30,300 8 4.3 15,400 April 12 M 4.6 17,100 M 4.8 18,200 N 5.0 19,400 Mar oh 24 Mai'Ch 30 March 17 6 6.7 30,300 N 6.1 26,300 April 6 N 5.1 20,000 N 6.6 31,800 M 5.6 23,100 8 5.9 25,000 M 5.3 21,200 M 7.7 37,900 N 6.1 26,300 Mai-ch 31 4 6.2 27,000 Mar ch 18 March 25 N 5.3 21,200 M 6.7 30,300 N 5.3 21,200 8 8.2 41,800 M 5.0 19,400 N 8.3 42,700 April 7 March 19 M 8.5 44,500 April 1 8 7.0 32,500 N 5.1 20,000 N 4.7 17,600 N 7.0 32,500 6 5.2 20,600 Mar ch 26 H 4.4 15,900 H 6.6 29,600 M 5.7 23,700 N 8.5 44,500 M 8.4 43,600 April 2 April 8 Marc h 20 8 4.4 15,900 N 6.3 27,600 N 6.2 27,000 March 27 N 4.7 17,600 M 6.0 25,700 M 6.6 29,600 4 8.4 43,600 6 5.0 19,400 N 8.9 48,100 M 5.2 20,600 April 9 Marc,h 21 6 9.0 49,000 N 5.7 23,700 N 6.7 30,300 M 8.9 48,100 April 3 6 5.6 23,100 4 6.7 30,300 N 5.2 20,600 M 7.1 33,300 March 28 M 5.1 20,000 April 10 N 8.6 45,400 N 5.5 22,500 March 22 M 8.0 40,200 April 4 N 7.0 32,500 N 4.9 18,800 April 11 M 6.9 31,800 M 4.7 17,600 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

little Eanawha River at Grants ville, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°55'2011 , long. Sl^'SO", at Grantsville, Calhoun County. Drainage are a . - 913 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage -discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 18,300 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima . - 1936: Discharge during year, 25,600 second-feet 8 p.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 31.85 feet); during March, 25,600 second-feet midnight Mar. 17-18 (gage height, 31.75 feet). 1928-35J Discharge, 31,900 second-feet Jan. 30, 1932 (gage height, 35.82 feet ) .

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,190 945 1,110 11 918 468 3,050 21 1,700 10,400 480 2 945 862 2,150 12 710 835 2,910 22 1,280 14,200 563 3 786 1,430 2,770 13 612 1,430 2,420 23 918 16,100 612 4 3,740 1,490 1,700 14 7,860 1,250 1,820 24 1,110 18,100 514 5 10,900 1,110 1,580 15 21,400 1,220 1,430 25 2,980 21,400 436 6 5,140 890 17,100 16 11,200 2,120 1,190 26 3,130 8,720 388 7 2,140 710 16,500 17 4,250 16,500 1,030 27 2,210 4,410 376 8 1,370 612 4,330 18 4,330 21,600 785 28 1,670 4,490 373 9 1,250 532 2,490 19 3,210 8,000 660 29 1,190 2,700 338 10 1,140 488 4,010 20 2,140 4,650 568 30 1,880 303 31 1,400 2 A Q-Z 4 k 13 6.96 3.05

lie an gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 9.63 9.22 9.52 11 9.17 8,22 12.46 21 10.48 20.40 8.25 2 9.20 9.03 11.11 12 8.74 9.00 12.32 22 9.78 23.77 8.44 3 8.90 10.05 12.12 13 8.57 10.04 11.64 23 9.17 25.34 8.57 4 12.68 10.17 10.52 14 17.35 9.73 10.73 24 9.49 26.66 8.33 5 20.98 9.50 10.28 15 29.00 9.70 10.07 25 12.45 29.01 8.14 6 15.00 9.09 26.01 16 21.02 10.90 9.65 26 12.59 18.52 8.02 7 11.18 8.77 25.24 17 13.98 25.60 9.35 27 11.26 14.19 7.99 8 9.96 8.53 14.06 18 14.34 29.06 8.90 28 10.43 14.26 7.98 9 9.75 8.37 11.72 19 12.67 18.28 8.65 29 9.64 12.03 7.88 10 9.53 8.27 13.70 20 11.25 14.48 8.43 30 10.82 7.78 31 10.04

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936

Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 1 Feet Sec.ft. w W W W W March 16 March 21 8 27.40 19,100 8 9.84 1,310 M 31.25 24,700 2 9.75 1,250 4 16.30 6,170 M 25.70 16,700 10 9.75 1,250 8 18.70 8,400 April 1 April 7 N 9.85 1,250 H 21.00 10 , 900 March 26 4 9.65 1,190 4 29.90 22,800 4 10.60 1,760 4 22.60 12,700 4 23.40 13,700 H 9.48 1,110 8 28.00 19, 900 8 12.90 3,370 8 24.10 14,500 8 20.60 10,500 8 9.40 1,060 H 25.70 16,700 M 15.40 5,370 H 24.90 15,600 H 17.90 7,610 4 23.00 13,200 4 15.30 5,290 Apr 11 2 8 20.30 10,100 March 17 Marc h 22 8 14.20 4,410 4 9.42 1,060 M 17.80 7,520 4 18.70 8,400 2 25.05 15,700 M 13.75 4,090 8 9.85 1,310 8 23.20 13,400 4 25.05 15,700 H 11.03 2,000 April 8 H 27.20 18,800 8 24.50 15,100 March 27 4 12.10 2,770 4 15.90 5,810 4 29.70 22,400 H 23.30 13,600 4 13.52 3,850 8 12.97 3,450 H 13.60 3,930 8 31.20 24,700 4 22.35 12,500 8 13,65 3,930 ]( 13.18 3,610 8 12.45 2,980 M 31.75 25,600 6 22.40 12,500 H 14.00 4,250 8 22.85 13,000 8 14.95 5,050 April 3 April 9 llfn-p ch 18 M 24.25 14,700 M 15.25 5,210 4 12.97 3,450 4 11.65 2,420 4 31.50 25,200 H 12.08 2,770 H 11.25 2,140 8 30.70 24,000 March 23 March 28 8 11.32 2,210 4 11.45 2,280 H 29.60 22,300 4 25.50 16,400 2 15.27 5,290 8 12.10 2,770 4 28.20 20,200 8 26.13 17,200 4 15.20 5,210 April 4 8 26.40 17,700 10 26.13 17,200 8 14.90 4,970 4 10.85 1,880 April 10 M 24.20 14,700 H 25.96 17,100 H 14.35 4,570 H 10.50 1,700 4 13.60 3,930 4 25.20 16,000 8 13.30 3,690 8 10.20 1,520 H 14.15 4,410 March 19 8 24.75 15,400 8 13.50 3,850 4 21.60 11,600 M 24.75 15,400 March 29 April 5 8 19.30 9,030 4 12.60 3,130 4 10.00 1,400 April 11 H 17.40 7,160 Marc h 24 H 12.00 2,700 H 9.86 1,310 4 12.92 3,370 4 16.20 6,080 8 25.45 16,300 8 11.50 2,350 4 9.88 1,340 H 12.35 2,980 8 15.50 5,450 H 25.85 16,800 8 10.57 1,760 8 12.25 2,840 M 15.10 5,130 8 28.85 21,100 March 30 M 12.80 3,290 M 30.10 23,100 4 11.15 2,140 April 12 March 20 H 10.80 1,880 April 6 4 12.42 2,980 4 14.80 4,890 Marc h 25 8 10.48 1,700 4 18.10 7,800 H 12.35 2,980 H 14.40 4,570 4 30.50 23,600 8 24.50 15,100 8 12.15 2,840 8 14.10 4,330 8 30.15 23,200 March 31 H 28.60 20,800 M 14.50 4,650 H 29.50 22,200 4 10.25 1,550 4 31.00 24,400 April 13 4 28.60 20,800 H 10.02 1,400 8 31.85 25,600 H 11.65 2,420 OHIO RIVER BASIN 209

Hocking River at Athens, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 39°19'45", long. 82°5'1711 , at Mill Street Bridge, three-quarters of a mile east of business section of Athens, Athens County. Zero of gage is 615.59 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 944 square miles. Sage-height rlTcord.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 1-3, 6-8, 18-23. Gage heights given to half tenths between 4.2 and 5.6 feet} hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 9-11, 16, 17. Defined by current-meter measurements below 16,200 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 13,100 second-feet 10-11 a.m. Apr. 7 (gage height, 17.96 feet)j during. March, 7,410 second-feet midnight to 4 p.m. Mar. 22 (gage height, 1915-35: Discharge observed, 25,000 second-feet Apr. 16, 1922 (gage height, 21.8 feet). Maximum known stage, 26.7 feet in January 1907, from high-water mark. Remarks.- Flood run-off not materially modified by artificial storage.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 180 1,970 1,480 11 580 898 2,880 21 560 6,750 800 2 190 1,710 1,970 12 575 898 2,560 22 450 7,410 898 3 550 2,420 2,250 15 575 865 2,250 23 750 5,680 865 4 1,470 1,900 1,520 14 2,040 774 1,710 24 2,500 6,550 780 5 2,250 1,550 1,510 15 7,570 722 1,450 25 4,440 4,540 709 6 1,700 1,520 9,250 16 7,000 2,290 1,290 26 7,010 2,620 664 7 1,500 1,120 12,100 17 5,500 6,740 1,120 P.7 9,820 4,040 624 8 1,000 1,050 6,560 18 1,600 5,650 1,050 28 8,450 5,050 618 9 700 995 2,720 19 700 3,930 930 29 5,280 2,880 618 10 660 962 5,600 20 450 5,940 865 50 1,840 605 51 1,580 2,449 2,986 2.79 3.64 2.59 Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 _ 6.0 5.25 11 4.01 4.35 7.4 21 _ 15.5 4.2 2 - 5.6 6.0 12 5.85 4.35 6.6 22 _ 14.2 4.55 3 - 6.7 6.4 13 5.85 4.5 6.4 25 _ 11.7 4.5 4 5.25 5.9 5.5 14 6.1 4.16 5.6 24 6.5 9.7 4.17 5 6.45 5.55 5.2 15 13.8 4.08 5.2 25 9.8 9.9 4.05 6 - 5.0 15.5 16 16.0 6.5 4.95 26 15.7 7.0 5.99 7 - 4.7 17.5 17 14.2 15.5 4.7 27 16.2 9.2 5.95 8 - 4.55 12.5 18 _ 11.7 4.55 28 15.0 10.7 5.92 9 4.17 4.5 7.2 19 _ 9.0 4.4 29 8.0 7.4 5.92 10 4.20 4.45 8.5 20 - 12.1 4.3 50 5.8 5.90 51 5.4 Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicatedr*n time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W W V§ t§ I March 16- March 22 March 28 6 6.0 1,970 April 8 2 4.1 755 N 14.2 7,410 4 11.7 5,680 M 6.6 2,560 N 13.0 6,520 6 4.25 832 4 14.2 7,410 8 11.5 5,540 6 10.0 4,570 N 5.9 1,900 M 13.6 6,940 N 10.8 5,090 April 5 M 7.9 5,200 M 10.8 5,090 M 9.1 5,980 6 6.9 2,560 March 25 N 6.6 2,360 April 9 Mai'Oh 17 N 11.8 5,740 Mai oh 29 M 5.6 1,710 N 7.1 2,680 N 15.6 6,940 M 9.5 4,240 6 8.2 5,400 2 7.0 2,620 4 15.9 7,160 N 7.2 2,750 Ap fil 4 6 6.8 2,490 M 15.4 6,800 March 24 6 6.6 2,560 N 5.2 1,450 M 8.2 5,400 8 8.9 5,860 M 6.5 2,160 M 5.0 1,320 March 18 N 9.2 4,050 April 10 2 13.2 6,660 M 11.0 5,220 Mai ch 50 Ap ril 5 8 8.7 5,720 N 11.7 5,680 N 5.8 1,840 N 4.9 1,260 N 8.6 3,660 M 9.7 4,580 March 25 M 5.5 1,640 6 5.1 1,580 M 8.1 5,540 4 11.0 5,220 M 8.9 3,860 March 19 N 10.1 4,640 March 51 April 11 N 8.2 5,400 M 8.2 5,400 6 5.4 1,580 Ap ril 6 N 7.4 2,880 M 10.9 5,160 M 5.5 1,520 4 13.2 6,660 M 6.8 2,490 Maroh 26 N 16.5 10,500 March 20 N 6.9 2,560 April 1 M 17.4 11,900 April 12 N 12.1 5,940 10 6.4 2,230 6 5.2 1,450 N 6.5 2,300 6 12.2 6,000 M 6.6 2,360 N 5.1 1,580 April 7 M 6.7 2,420 M 12.5 6,200 6 5.2 1,450 LO 18.0 13,100 March 27 M 5.9 1,900 N 17.9 12,900 Ma fch 21 6 7.6 5,010 6 17.4 11,900 N 13.1 6,590 N 9.2 4,050 April 2 M 16.5 10, 500 M 14.2 7,410 M 11.6 5,610 N 6.0 1,970 210 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Kanawha River at Kanawha Palls, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 380 8'2o", long. 81°12 I 45n , three-quarters of a mile below Kanawha Palls, Fayette County, and. 2 milea below Gauley Bridge. Zero of gage is 622.78 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 8,376 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge reTatlon.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 150,000 second- feet; extended to 160,000 second-feet by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge, 150,000 second-feet 12:45 p.m. Mar. 18 (gage height, 20.52 1877-19358 Discharge, about 270,000second-feet Sept. 14, 1878 (gage height, 37.8 feet, former site and present datum).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 6,860 20,000 24,300 11 11,800 10,200 40,800 21 26,800 57,200 11,000 2 7,180 16,700 21,200 12 9,670 11,000 37,300 P.?. 21,200 58,100 10,600 3 7,520 15,600 27,400 13 9,480 13,600 31,900 23 16,700 56,400 9,860 4 10,800 14,600 30,000 14 33,200 13,600 26,800 24 15,100 75,900 9,860 5 22,400 13,600 24,900 15 126,000 13,600 22,400 25 14,100 78,600 9,480 6 24,900 13 , 600 57,000 16 95,700 15,100 19,500 26 18, 900 60,600 8,920 7 23,000 13,200 89,400 17 58,100 58,000 16,700 27 31,200 53,000 8,560 8 19,500 11,800 65,100 18 52,200 142,000 15,100 28 33 , 800 58,100 8,200 9 15,100 11,000 40,100 19 49,100 86,100 12,700 29 26,100 53,000 7,690 10 14,100 10,100 35,900 20 35,200 53,800 11,800 30 40,100 7,520 31 30,000 28,820 38,010 24,730 Run-off , In inches ...... 3.71 5.23 3.30 Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar, Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2.23 B-.18 5.93 11 3.62 3.18 8.45 21 6.32 10.47 3.41 2 2.34 4.61 5.43 12 3.04 3.39 7.89 22 5.39 10.59 3.27 3 2.44 4.39 6.42 13 3.02 3.98 7.13 23 4.65 10.43 3.11 4 3.34 4.23 6.77 14 6.82 4.05 6.32 24 4.28 12.60 3.12 5 5.64 4.01 6.02 15 18.02 4.04 5.63 25 4.09 12.92 3.01 6 5.98 4.01 10.26 16 14.75 4.26 5.12 26 5.02 10.92 2.86 7 5.74 3.88 14.07 17 10.59 9.74 4.55 27 6.95 10.05 2.75 8 5.07 3.63 11.36 18 9.91 19.55 4.28 28 7.44 10.59 2.63 9 4.32 3.41 8.28 19 9.54 13.65 3.82 29 6.22 9.98 2.51 10 4.14 3.15 7.69 20 7.63 10.07 3.63 30 8.28 2.46 31 6.84

Qage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 fn Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Seo.ft. I ,1 I ! 1 March 16 M 10.70 59,000 6 11.90 69,600 April 1 4 13.30 82,200 4 4.25 14^,600 M 11.50 66,000 4 6.22 26,100 6 13.90 87, 600 N 4.15 14,600 March 20 N 5.93 24,300 8 14.40 92,100 8 4.35 15,600 6 10.40 56,400 March 26 8 5.56 22,400 10 14.60 99,900 N 10.00 53,000 6 11.60 66,900 N 14.68 94,800 March 17 6 9.65 49,800 N 11.10 62,400 April 2 4 14.69 94,800 2 4.45 15,600 M 9.95 53,000 6 10,30 55,600 4 5.48 21,800 6 14.58 93,900 6 4.65 16,700 M 9.90 52,200 N 5.38 21,200 8 14.35 92,100 10 5.50 21,800 March 21 6 5.35 21,200 M 13.69 85,800 N 6.40 27,400 6 10.40 56,400 March 27 2 8.70 43,000 N 10.50 57,200 6 9.85 51,400 April 3 April 8 4 14.30 91,200 6 10.60 58,100 N 10.10 53,800 4 5.92 24,300 4 12.90 78,600 6 16.50 111,000 M 10.80 59,800 6 10.20 54,700 N 6.45 27,400 N 11.25 63,300 8 17.60 122,000 M 10.30 55,600 8 6.91 30,600 8 9.90 52,200 10 18.00 126,000 March 22 M 18.20 128,000 6 10.90 60,600 March 28 April 4 April 9 N 10.50 57,200 6 10.40 56,400 2 7.10 31,900 4 8.89 44,600 March 18 6 10.30 55,600 N 10.70 59,000 N 6.73 29,300 N 8.13 38,700 2 18.50 130,000 M 10.50 57,200 6 10.80 59,800 8 6.52 28,000 8 7.73 35,900 4 18.90 134,000 M 10.60 58,100 6 19.40 140,000 March 23 April 5 April 10 8 19.90 144,000 6 10.30 55,600 March 29 4 6.22 26,100 4 7.54 34,500 10 20.30 148,000 N 10.20 54,700 4 10.40 56,400 N 5.95 24,900 N 7.57 35,200 N 20.50 150,000 6 10.50 57,200 N 10.00 53,000 6 5.88 24,300 8 7.90 37,300 2 20.50 150,000 M 11.30 64,200 8 9.55 49,800 M 5.92 24,300 4 20.20 148,000 April 11 6 19.90 144,000 March 24 MaJt-ch 30 Apr il 6 4 8.39 40,800 8 19.40 140,000 6 11.70 67,800 6 8.70 43,000 4 6.18 26,100 N 8.55 42,300 10 18.90 134,000 B 12,30 73,200 N 8.25 39,400 8 8.45 40,800 8 8.43 40,800 M 18.20 128,000 6 13.60 84,900 8 7.70 35,900 N 10.80 59,800 M 14.20 90,300 4 12.50 75,000 April 12 Mar oh 19 Ma.rch 31 6 13.53 84,000 N 7.89 37,300 4 16.50 111,000 March 25 6 7.13 31,900 8 13.76 86,700 8 14.50 93,000 2 14.30 91,200 N 6w81 30,000 10 13.69 85,800 April 13 N 13.20 81,300 4 14.20 90,300 8 6.45 27,400 H 7.13 31,900 4 12.10 71,400 8 13.70 85,800 April 7 8 11.20 63,300 N 12.90 78,600 2 13.10 80,400 OHIO RIVER BASIN 211

Greenbrier River at Alderson, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°43'50", long. SO^S'SO", 400 feet above highway bridge at Alderson, Monroe County, and half a mile above mouth of Muddy Greek. Zero of gage is 1,528.97 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,357 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 21,500 second- feet; extended to peak stage by Ayd method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 60,500 second-feet 4 a.m. Mar. 18 (j*age height, 18.60 feet). 1895-1906, 1907-35! Discharge, 77,500 second-feet (revised) Mar. 13. 14, 1918 (gage height, 22.0 feet). Remarks.- Hourly discharge averaged Feb. 14,26, Mar. 15-31, Apr. 5,6.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,210 4,620 3,450 11 1,100 1,990 7,380 21 4,140 9,470 1,430 2 940 3,800 3,340 12 1,230 2,520 5,980 ?.?, 3,120 9,280 1,260 3 845 3,450 4,140 13 912 3,010 4,860 23 2,400 9,880 1,130 4 1,120 3,010 3,680 14 14,300 2,660 3,910 24 2,080 11, 400 1', 040 5 2,030 2,730 3,120 15 28,000 2,490 3,230 25 2,120 13,600 953 6 1,830 2,900 12,200 16 17,200 3,110 2,790 2fi 6,050 11,500 872 7 1,600 2,900 22, 300 17 9,740 25,900 2,360 27 13, 600 10,400 833 8 1,240 2,520 8,780 18 12,900 46,700 2,030 28 11,400 11,900 785 9 1,190 2,160 5,600 19 9,740 14,900 1,770 29 6,600 9,040 749 10 1,020 1,950 7,640 20 5,850 9,080 1,580 30 6,110 692 31 4,450 5,707 8,046 3,996 4.54 6.84 3.28 Qage height, In feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 £ Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet See. ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. m March 14 March 15 March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 2 4.05 2,900 3.80 2,380 4.00 2,790 4.45 3,800 18.55 60,500 9.75 20,900 4 4.03 2,900 3.79 2,360 4.04 2,900 5.00 5,100 18.60 60,500 9.30 19,000 6 4.01 2,790 3.79 2,360 4.09 3,010 5.65 6,600 18.50 60,000 8.85 17,200 8 3.98 2,750 3.79 2,360 4.13 3,120 6.25 8,190 18.10 58, 100 8.50 16,100 10 3.96 2,710 3.80 2,380 4.17 3,120 7.10 11,100 17.50 55, 200 8.20 15,000 N 3.94 2,664 3.82 2,420 4.19 3,230 8.90 17,500 16.80 51,700 7.90 13,900 2 3.92 2,620 3.83 2,440 4.20 3,230 11.50 27,600 15.80 46,900 7.65 12,900 4 3.89 2,560 3.87 2,520 4.20 3,230 13.70 37,200 14.60 41,300 7.40 12,200 6 3.87 2,520 3.90 2,580 4.20 3,230 15.60 45>900 13.20 34,900 7.20 11,400 8 3.85 2,480 3.93 2,640 4.20 3,230 17.10 53,200 12.00 29, 600 7.05 10,800 10 3.83 2,440 3.97 2,730 4.20 3,230 18.00 57,600 11.10 25,900 6.90 10,400 M 3.82 2,420 3.98 2,750 4.25 3,340 18.40 59, 600 10.40 23,200 6.75 10,100 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 2 6.65 9,410 6.45 8,780 6.75 10,100 6.65 9,410 7.15 11,400 7.45 12,200 4 6.60 9,410 6.50 9,090 6.75 10,100 6.70 9,740 7.15 11,400 7.45 12,200 6 6.5S 9,410 6.55 9,410 6.70 9,740 6.70 9,740 7. IB 11,400 7.40 12,200 8 6.55 9,410 6.60 9,410 6.65 9,410 6.70 9,740 7.10 11,100 7.40 12,200 10 6.50 9,090 6.65 9,410 6.55 9,410 6.65 9,410 7.05 10,800 7.45 12,200 N 6.45 8,780 6.65 9,410 6.45 8,780 6.60 9,410 7.02 10,800 7.65 12,900 2 6.40 8,780 6.65 9,410 6.40 8,780 6.60 9,410 7.02 10,800 7.90 13,900 4 6.35 8,780 6.65 9,410 6.30 8,480 6.70 9,740 7.10 11,100 8.15 15,000 6 6.30 8,480 6.70 9,740 6.30 8,480 6.80 10,100 7.25 11,400 8.30 15,400 8 6.35 8,780 6.75 10,100 6.35 8,780 6.90 10,400 7.40 12,200 8.35 15,700 10 6.40 8,780 6.75 10,100 6.50 9,090 7.00 10,800 7.45 12,200 8.25 15,000 M 6.45 8,780 6.75 10,100 6.60 9,410 7.10 11,100 7.50 12,500 8.15 15,000 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 2 7.90 13,900 6.70 9,740 7.30 11,800 7.00 10,800 5.75 7,120 4.97 4,980 4 7.65 12,900 6.70 9,740 7.30 11,800 6.90 10,400 5.70 6,860 4.92 4,860 6 7.55 12,900 6.70 9,740 7.35 12,200 6.80 10,100 5.60 6,600 4.86 4,740 8 7.30 11,800 6.70 9,740 7.40 12,200 6.65 9,410 5.50 6,350 4.81 4,620 10 7.15 11,400 6.75 10,100 7.40 12, 200 6.55 9,410 5.45 6,220 4.76 4,500 N 7.00 10,800 6.80 10,100 7.40 12,200 6.45 8,780 5.40 6,100 4.72 4,380 2 6.90 10,400 6.85 10,100 7.40 12,200 6.36 8,780 5.30 5,850 4.69 4,380 4 6.85 10,100 6.95 10,800 7.40 12,200 6.25 8,190 5.25 5,720 4.65 4,260 6 6.80 10, 100 7.05 10,800 7.35 12,200 6.15 8,190 5.20 5,600 4.60 4,140 8 6.80 10,100 7.10 11,100 7.30 J.1,800 6.05 7,640 5.15 5,480 4.57 4,020 10 6.80 10,100 7.20 11,400 7.20 11,400 5.95 7,640 5.10 5,350 4.52 3,910 M 6.75 10, 100 7.25 11,400 7.10 11,100 5.85 7,120 5.00 5,100 4.49 3,910 212 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Eli River at Queen Shoals, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°28'20n , long. 81°17'10" , at highway bridge at Queen Shoals, Kanawha "County. Drainage area.- 1,145 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 9-13. Stage-discharge reTatlon.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 29,000 second- feet 5 extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 49,200 second-feet 10 a.m. Mar. 25 (gage height, 21.25 feet). 1928-35: Discharge, about 91,300 second-feet July 5, 1932 (gage height, 29.2 feet). Remarks.- Gage heights Feb. 9-13 determined by comparison with other streams in the basin.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 706 2,660 2,570 11 1,440 977 5,870 21 3,320 9,560 1,030 2 688 2,190 2,340 12 1,310 1,050 5,870 22 2,570 11,300 934 3 682 2,340 2,420 13 1,250 1,500 5,450 23 1,900 13,700 856 4 4,030 2,260 2,260 14 5,350 1,560 4,650 24 1,630 26,000 772 5 9,000 1,900 2,420 15 19,100 1,560 3,590 25 1,700 43,200 694 6 5,660 1,630 17,000 16 12,200 2,900 2,730 2R 1,760 15,200 640 7 3,590 1,560 16,700 17 6,740 12,900 2,120 27 4,160 8,740 616 8 2,190 1,370 8,220 18 6,080 27,700 1,700 28 5,050 7,960 590 9 1,760 1,170 5,450 19 5,660 11,300 1,440 29 3,590 6,740 565 10 1,500 1,050 5,660 20 4,160 6,980 1,200 30 4,850 540 31 3,410

Run-off, in inches ...... 3.86 7.70 3.47

Mean gage height, in f pet, 1936 Day Feb. Bar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Bar. Apr. 1 5.36 7.00 6.96 11 6.15 5.73 8.72 21 7.42 10.20 5.79 2 5.33 6.70 6.80 12 6.05 5.81 8.71 22 6.93 10.75 5.68 3 5.32 6.79 6.85 13 6.00 6.18 8.54 23 6.48 11.62 5.58 4 7.30 6.74 6.74 14 8.13 6.27 8.11 24 6.31 15.47 5.46 5 10.01 6.50 6.83 15 13.43 6.27 7.54 25 6.37 19.90 5.34 6 8.66 6.32 12.60 16 11.10 7.13 7.07 26 6.42 12.11 5.25 7 7.53 6.23 12.61 17 9.10 11.24 6.67 27 7.86 9.92 5.21 8 6.70 6.09 9.73 18 8.80 15.95 6.36 28 8.33 9.60 5.16 9 6.40 5.93 8.49 19 8.64 10.77 6.13 29 7.57 9.06 5.11 10 6.20 5.81 8.62 20 7.85 9.20 5.96 30 8.16 5.05 31 7.46 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 t-i FH Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W 1 I I March 16 March 21 10 21.25 49,200 8 7.27 3,060 8 14.24 21,600 4 6.63 2,120 4 9.33 7,220 N 21.20 49,200 N 7.20 2,980 10 10.22 9,560 2 20.80 47,300 April 1 April 7 4 7.42 3,320 N 10.38 10,100 4 20.20 44,600 4 7.10 2,810 3 13.15 18,500 10 7.62 3,680 2 10.45 10,100 8 18.30 36,400 N 6.95 2,570 8 13.37 19,100 8 10.92 11,600 M 15.80 27,000 8 6.82 2,340 N 13.05 17,900 Ma]c-ch 17 M 11.11 12,200 8 11.62 13,700 2 8.29 5,050 March 26 April 2 6 9.62 7,700 March 22 4 13.65 19,700 4 6.77 2,260 April 8 N 11.42 13,100 2 11.16 12,500 N 11.48 13,400 N 6.78 2,340 4 10.40 10,100 6 12.92 17,600 4 11.16 12,500 8 10.98 11,900 8 6.85 2,420 N 9.67 8,220 M 14.53 22 , 600 6 11. Q6 12,200 M 10.67 11,000 8 9.10 6,740 N 10.50 10,400 April 3 Ma]rch 18 2 10.35 10,100 Ma]rch 27 4 6.88 2,490 Api il 9 4 16.05 27,700 4 10.33 9,840 4 10.32 9,840 N 6.85 2,420 4 8.66 5,660 6 16.72 30,200 8 10.53 10,400 N 9.80 8,480 8 6.82 2,340 N 8.37 5,260 8 17.25 32,000 M 11.10 12,200 8 9.59 7,960 10 8.45 5,250 10 17.44 32 , 800 Apr12. 4 N 17.37 32,800 March 23 Ma]fch 28 4 6.77 2,260 Api il 10 2 16.97 31,200 4 11.58 13,700 4 9.66 8,220 N 6.74 2,260 2 8.60 5,660 4 16.38 29,100 8 11.62 13,700 N 9.63 7,960 8 6.73 2,260 N 8.60 5,660 8 14.70 23,200 N 11.46 13,400 8 9.53 7,700 6 8.60 5,660 M 13.02 17,900 4 11.42 13,100 April 5 8 11.78 14,300 Ma][ eh 29 4 6.68 2,190 Api il 11 Ma.rch 19 M 12.60 16,700 4 9.38 7,460 N 6.66 2,120 4 8.75 6,080 4 11.78 14,300 N 9.08 6,710 4 6.76 2,260 N 8.70 5,870 8 11.02 11,900 March 24 8 8.72 6,870 8 7.22 2,980 8 8.73 5,870 N 10.50 10,400 4 13.22 18,500 M 7.68 3,680 4 10.14 9,280 N 14.63 22,900 March 30 April 12 8 9.87 8,740 8 18.55 37, 600 4 8.42 5,250 April 6 N 8.71 5,870 M 9.67 8,220 M 19.80 42,800 N 8.15 4,850 4 9.40 7,460 8 7.87 4,160 8 12.00 14,900 Api il 13 Maifch 20 Mar oh 25 N 14.45 22,300 N 8.54 5,450 4 9.47 7,700 4 20.60 44,600 March 31 2 16.05 24,200 N 9.14 6,740 6 20.90 47,800 4 7.65 3,780 3 15.13 24,600 8 8.95 6,600 8 21.15 49,200 N 7.48 3,500 4 15.08 24,600 OHIO RIVER BASIH 213

Coal River at Ashford, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 38°10 F 45n , long. 81°42 F 40n , at highway bridge at Ashford, Boone County. Drainage area.- 393 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage read twice daily. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 9,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by averaging discharges obtained from extensions by logarithmic and Av5 methods; verified by a velocity-area study at gage. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 17,800 second-feet 5 p.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 18.70 feet); during March, 5,810 second-feet 5 p.m. Mar. 24 (gage height, 8.44 feet). 1908-16, 1930-35: Discharge, about 40,700 second-feet Aug. 9, 1916 (gage height, 36.3 feet, former site and datum). Remarks.- Discharge Mar. 16 to Apr. 4, Apr. 8-13 is average of discharges from morning and afternoon gage readings, and discharge Apr. 5-7 is from graph based on gage read­ ings.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 200 420 520 11 362 186 1,330 21 710 4,560 226 2 186 390 485 12 280 186 1,340 22 520 4,240 218 3 208 379 468 13 320 186 1,010 23 390 4,760 194 4 750 340 450 14 840 179 670 24 368 5,240 184 5 4,040 305 590 15 5,810 168 490 25 368 4,300 168 6 1,540 272 11,800 16 2,890 198 400 26 420 2,160 157 7 930 244 5,810 17 1,540 2,270 400 27 555 1,490 157 8 590 216 1,960 18 1,850 3,000 350 28 555 1,380 151 9 485 204 1,200 19 1,540 1,850 272 29 485 1,160 136 10 420 176 1,330 20 1,030 3,200 194 30 818 129 31 630

Run-off , in inches ...... 2.86 4.27 3.10

Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 2.60 3.06 3.18 11 2.95 2.56 4.12 21 3.43 7.21 2.64 2 2.56 3.00 3.14 12 2.79 2.56 4.10 22 3.19 6.90 2.62 3 2.62 2.98 3.13 13 2.87 2.56 3.79 23 3.01 7.37 2.55 4 3.50 2.91 3.11 14 3.62 2.54 3.40 24 2.96 7.89 2.52 5 6.68 2.84 3.30 15 8.36 2.51 3.17 25 2.96 6.97 2.47 6 4.34 2.77 13.70 16 5.60 2.59 3.02 26 3.03 4.91 2.43 7 3.69 2.71 8.40 17 4.34 5.02 3.01 27 3.23 4.27 2.43 8 3.31 2.64 4.66 18 4.57 5.72 2.91 28 3.25 4.15 2.41 9 3.15 2.61 3.99 19 4.28 4.60 2.75 29 3.16 3.93 2.35 10 3.04 2.53 4.08 20 3.82 5.88 2.55 30 3.59 2.32 31 3.34 Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956

o Feet Sec. ft. o Feet See. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. Feet Sec. ft. W H wi W wI March 16 March 22 March 28 April 3 6 4.36 1,650 8 2.52 172 8 7.28 4,660 8 4.18 1,440 7 3.14 485 5 2.66 224 6 6.52 3,830 4 4.12 1,330 5 3.12 450 April 9 8 3.94 1,180 March 17 March 25 March 29 April 4 6 4.04 1,230 8 4.30 1,540 8 7.66 5,080 8 4.00 1,230 8 3.12 450 5 5.74 3,000 5 7.08 4,450 6 3.86 1,080 6 5.10 450 April 10 10 4.06 1,330 March 18 March 24 March 50 April 5 5 4.10 1,330 8 6.04 3,310 8 7.34 4,660 8 3.66 885 8 5.06 420 5.40 2,690 5 8.44 5,810 5 3.52 750 6 3.28 590 April 11 9 4.18 1,330 March 19 March 25 March 31 April 6 6 4.12 1,330 8 4.62 1,850 8 7.52 4,870 8 3.40 670 7 10.93 8,580 5 4.58 1,850 5 6.42 3,730 6 3.28 590 S 16'. 86 15,600 April 12 5 18.69 17,800 8 4.16 1,440 Maroh 20 Mar ch 26 Apr 11 1 5 4.05 1,230 8 5.98 3,510 8 5.18 2,480 8 3.18 520 April 7 5 5.78 3,100 6 4.64 1,850 5 3.18 520 7 9.22 6,670 April 13 5 6.74 4,040 a 3.92 1,130 March 21 Max ch 27 Apr 11 2 5 3.66 885 8 7.14 4,450 8 4.30 1,540 8 3.14 485 April 8 5 7.28 4,-660 5 4.24 1,440 5 5.14 485 8 4.96 2,270 214 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAG, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Little Coal River at Madison, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 58°4'5n , long. 81°49 I 20W , at lower highway bridge at Madison, Boone County. Drainage area.- 267 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage read twice daily with an extra reading on April 6. No rec­ ord Feb. 2-8. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 10,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936! Discharge during year, 20,300 second-feet 12:30 p.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 17.80 feet); during March, 4,470 second-feet 6 p.m. Mar. 24 (gage height, 7.64 feet). 1930-35! Discharge, 17,600 second-feet Mar. 12, 1935 (gage height, 16.10 feet). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 2-8 determined by comparison with flow of Coal River at Ashford. Discharge Mar. 16 to Apr. 4, Apr. 8-13 is average of discharges from morning and afternoon gage readings and discharge Apr. 5-7 is from graph based on gage readings.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 144 355 385 1] 257 212 990 21 415 3,490 153 2 150 330 385 1?. 281 201 852 22 330 2,500 147 3 160 305 385 13 257 194 658 23 305 1,890 138 4 500 305 385 14 655 186 415 24 305 3,640 130 5 2,000 281 655 IS 3,770 172 257 25 281 3,290 122 6 700 257 10,100 16 1,070 188 216 26 248 2,100 116 7 450 252 2,950 17 1,130 528 208 27 305 1,370 112 8 350 244 1,460 18 1,190 1,980 197 28 415 831 109 9 257 234 1,020 19 1,020 1,670 186 29 415 610 105 10 252 226 1,040 20 800 2,100 166 30 468 101 31 415

Run-off, in inches...... 2.57 4.29 3.36 Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3.70 4.20 4.25 11 4.02 3.90 4.94 21 4.28 6.89 3.73 2 - 4.13 4.23 12 4.04 3.87 4.80 22 4.17 6.15 3.71 3 _ 4.11 4.25 13 4.02 3.85 4.60 23 4.12 5.66 3.68 4 _ 4.09 4.23 14 4.59 3.83 4.29 24 4.08 7.04 3.65 5 - 4.06 4.60 15 7.12 3.79 4.02 25 4.03 6.75 3.62 6 _ 4.02 11.36 16 4.98 3.83 3.91 26 3.98 5.84 3.60 7 - 3.99 6.50 17 5.06 4.39 3.89 27 4.10 5.25 3.58 8 3.97 5.35 18 5.09 5.76 3.86 28 4.32 4.77 3.57 9 4.00 3.95 4.94 19 4.97 5.52 3.83 29 4.32 4.54 3.55 10 3.99 3.93 4.96 20 4.73 5.86 3.77 30 4.37 3.58 31 4.29 Gage height in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1936 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. | Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. W I W ! March 16 March 22 March 28 April 3 8 3.76 163 8 6.32 2,690 8 4.90 960 8 4.25 586 6 5.05 1,130 6 3.90 212 6 5.98 2,300 6 4.64 702 6 4.25 586 Apr 11 9 March 17 March 25 March 29 April 4 8 4.97 1,070 8 4.08 305 8 5.46 1,610 8 4.60 655 8 4.23 586 6 4.91 960 6 4.70 750 6 5.86 2,170 6 4.48 565 6 4.25 386 Apr11 10 March 18 March 24 March 50 April 5 8 4.99 1,070 8 5.82 S,040 6 6.44 2,820 8 4.40 485 8 4.55 450 6 4.93 1,020 6 5.70 1,910 6 7.64 4,470 6 4.54 450 6 4.61 655 April 11 Mar ch 19 Mai'Ch 25 March 31 Apr! 1 6 8 4.97 1,020 8 5.52- 1,670 8 7.02 3,630 8 4.50 415 8 12.82 12,300 6 4.91 960 6 5.52 1,670 6 6.48 2,950 6 4.28 415 N 17.80 20,300 6 11.08 9,650 Apr11 12 March 20 March 26 April 1 8 4,83 905 8 5.78 2,040 8 6.00 2,300 8 4.25 386 April 7 6 4.77 800 6 5.94 2,170 6 5.68 1,910 6 4.25 386 8 6.63 5,080 6 5.97 2,500 April 13 Mar eh 21 Mai'Oh 27 Apr 11 2 8 4.69 750 8 6.82 3,350 8 5.36 1,490 8 4.23 385 April 8 6 4.51 565 6 6.96 3,630 6. 5.14 1,250 6 4.23 386 8 5.65 1,790 OHIO RIVER BASIN 215

Guyandot River at Branchland, W. Va.

'gcation.- Lat. 3 8° 13'15", long. 82° 12'10", at highway bridge at Branchland, Lincoln County, just below Fourmile Creek. Zero of gage is 547.91 feet above mean sea level. T'-ainage area.- 1,226 square miles. " ?ge-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 1-3, .23-

Mean gage height, In feet, 1956 ->ay Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 5.40 6.07 7.22 11 5.77 4.70 9.33 21 7.98 19.79 5.04 2 5.32 5.89 6.87 12 5.43 4.65 8.96 22 6.85 20.50 4.90 3 5.26 5.89 6.91 13 5.54 4.64 8.95 23 6.18 18.00 4.77 4 9.74 5.64 8.36 14 6.62 4.64 8.57 24 5.78 17.77 4.65 5 19.08 5.45 8.14 15 14.56 4.60 7.84 26 5.66 20.18 4.56 6 16.65 5.25 20.50 16 17.60 5.18 6.97 26 5.56 17.13 4.46 7 9.50 5.08 30.68 17 12.28 7.98 6.27 27 5.72 12.48 4.42 8 7.23 4.96 17.75 18 10.67 12.61 5.77 28 6.15 10.52 4.58 9 6.32 4.85 11.58 19 11.25 13.93 5.46 29 6.52 10.46 4.52 10 6.09 4.76 10.22 20 9.60 17.14 5.23 30 9.62 4.28 51 8.07

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Seo.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sea.ft. M M W W w March 16 4 21.15 14,200 8 11.45 6,120 4 6.82 2,530 8 28.90 23,700 4 4.96 1,100 N 20.70 15,700 K 7.97 3,470 K 26.63 20,500 N 5.22 1,290 8 19.80 12,800 Max ch 28 4 5.55 1,560 4 10.80 5,650 April 4 April 8 8 5.37 1,400 Max ch 23 N 10.45 5,340 8 8.50 3,860 4 24.05 17,200 4 18.75 11,900 8 10.25 6,190 N 8.54 5,860 N 18.85 11,900 March 17 N 17.85 11,100 4 8.45 5,780 8 14.50 8,540 4 6.70 2,460 6 17.40 10,800 Max ch 29 It 13.13 7,450 N 8.10 3,550 8 17.35 10,800 2 11.25 5,190 April 5 8 8.92 4,170 N 10.50 5,420 4 7.90 5,390 April 9 Max ch 24 6 10.60 5,500 N 7.55 3,160 4 12.08 6,670 March 18 4 17.20 10,600 M 10.40 5,340 6 8.86 4,170 8 11.30 6,040 4 10,80 5,660 8 17.05 10,500 M 8.76 4,090 N 11.00 5,810 N 32.30 6,820 10 17.05 10,500 Mar ch 30 4 11.65 6,280 4 14.20 8,310 N 17.50 10,900 4 10.20 5,190 April 6 8 11.35 6,120 8 14.75 8,770 4 18.10 11,400 N 9.65 4,720 2 9.30 4,480 M 10.97 5,810 H 14.80 8,770 8 18.65 11, 800 8 9.05 4,250 4 13.20 7,530 6 16.50 10,100 Apr11 10 March 19 March 25 March 31 8 17.45 10,800 4" 10.67 5,580 4 14.40 8,460 4 19.90 12,900 4 8.50 3,860 }0 19.05 12,100 N 10.15 5,190 N 13.20 7,530 8 20.35 13,400 N 8.05 3,470 N 21.00 14,000 8 9.78 4,870 4 12.90 7,290 N 20.45 15,400 8 7.60 3,160 2 22.90 16,000 8 14.00 8,150 4 20.40 13,400 4 24.73 18,000 April 11 8 20.25 13,200 April 1 6 26.50 20,400 4 9.67 4,720 liarch 20 U 19.80 12,800 4 7.38 3,000 8 27.98 22,400 H 9.33 4,480 4 15.85 9,560 , N 7.21 2,850 10 29.10 24,000 8 9.09 4,330 N 17.40 10,800 Max ch 26 8 7.06 2,770 M 30.10 25,500 8 18.30 11,500 4 19.15 12,300 April 12 8 18.S5 11,400 April 2 April 7 4 8.95 4,250 March 21 N 17.20 10,600 4 7.00 2,690 2 30.90 26,700 H 8.95 4,250 4 19.00 12,100 4 16.10 9,790 N 6. a? 2,610 4 31.62 27,900 8 8.99 4,250 N 19.50 12,600 8 15.05 8,930 8 6.73 2,460 6 32.10 28,700 8 20.90 13,900 8 32.37 29,200 April 13 March 27 April 3 10 33.35 30,900 4 8.99 4,250 March 22 4 13.60 7,840 4 6.68 2,460 N 32.06 28,700 5 8.98 4,250 2 21.15 14,200 N 12.40 6,900 H 6.71 2,460 4 30.76 26,600 8 8.88 4,170

208 0 37 15 216 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Leviaa Pork at Paintsville, Ky.

Location.- Lat. 37°48'55", long. 82°47'30n , at highway bridge at Paintsville, Johnson County. Drainage area.- 2,150 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage read twice daily with extra readings at high stages. Stage-dlscharge reTation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-4. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 34,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge during year, 45,600 second-feet 11 a.m. Apr. 7 (gage height, 33.46 feet)j during March, 36,400 second-feet 1 a.m. Mar. 26 (gage height, 29.20 feet). 1915-20, 1929-351 Discharge, about 69,000 second-feet Jan. 29, 1918 (gage height, 40.7 feet at site at Thelma, 2 miles downstream; equivalent to about 43.9 feet at present site). Remarks.- Discharge Feb. 1-4 determined by comparison with flow of Tug Fork near Kennit Mean gage height and discharge Apr. 6-8 from graph based on gage readings and shape of graph for Tug Fork near Kermit.

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,500 3,840 4,200 11 3,660 2,220 6,290 21 4,680 25,400 1,740 2 1,500 3,750 3,840 12 2,940 2,060 6,000 22 3,750 22,700 1,580 3 1,500 3,750 11,400 13 2,490 1,980 5,200 23 3,030 18,200 1,440 4 3,570 3,660 10,600 14 2,850 1,900 6,200 24 2,580 17 > 600 1,370 5 18,000 3,300 6,670 IS 5,910 1,900 5,150 25 2,400 28,400 1,160 6 15,400 2,940 25,300 16 9,870 2,060 4,110 26 2,220 29,200 1,040 7 6,860 2,750 43,200 17 7,450 7,650 3,300 27 2,670 13,600 920 8 4,390 2,670 25,200 in 6,100 15,200 2,580 28 4,110 10,100 860 9 3,660 2,400 9,510 19 5,620 15,300 2,310 29 4,300 10,600 860 10 3,750 2,310 7,950 20 5,340 19,600 1,980 30 7,550 860 31 5,340

Run-off, in inches ...... 2.46 5.02 3.53 Mean gage height, in feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. I 1 6.27 7.64 7.95 11 7.35 5.75 10.24 21 8.51 23.70 5.22 2 6.27 7.52 7.60 12 6.56 5.63 9.92 22 7.48 22.16 4.98 3 6.27 7.54 14.75 13 5.13 5.52 10.12 23 6.67 19.50 4.77 4 7.97 7.36 14.22 14 6.51 5.41 10.06 24 6.15 19.10 4.66 5 19.37 6.97 10.55 15 9.85 5.36 9.02 25 6.00 25.30 4.45 6 17.68 6.62 23.12 16 13.59 5.55 7.85 26 5.79 25.70 4.17 7 10.76 6.38 32.40 17 11.43 11.55 6.97 27 6.34 16.40 4.00 8 8.25 6.28 23.30 18 10.04 17.50 6.25 28 7.86 13.83 3.92 9 7.39 6.04 13.34 19 9.46 17.55 5.88 29 8.08 14.17 3.91 10 7.52 5.86 11.90 20 9.23 20.35 5.48 30 11.52 3.90 31 9.22 Gage height, in feet , and discharge, in second- feet, at indicated time, 1936

Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 1 Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. 1 Feet Sec.ft. w w w W H March 16 H 24.05 26,000 10 2T.15 32,200 April 2 April 8 8 5.26 1,820 4 23.97 26, 060 4 24.32 26,500 8 7.35 3,660 8 26.03 29,800 4 5.45 1,900 4 7.84 4,020 4 20.72 20,100 Mai-ch 22 Mar sh 27 March 17 8 22.55 23,400 8 17.00 14,400 .April 3 April 9 8 10.30 6,380 4 21.78 22,000 4 15.32 12,000 8 13.00 9,150 8 13.32 9,510 H 22.48 8,600 4 16.50 13,700 4 12.90 9,040 4 13.55 9,870 March 23 March 28 8 20.03 19,000 8 13.89 10,200 April 4 Ap pil 10 March 18 4 18.98 17,400 4 13.77 10,100 8 15.29 12,000 8 12.29 8,380 8 16.95 14,400 4 13.15 9,390 4 11.52 7,550 H 17.97 15,900 March 24 March 29 4 18.50 16,600 8 18.70 17,000 8 14.37 10,900 April 5 April 11 4 19.32 17,900 4 13.97 10,400 8 10.45 6,480 8 10.40 6,480 March 19 4 10.10 6,200 4 10.07 6,200 8 17.77 15,600 March 25 March 30 ' 4 16.88 14,300 8 23.44 24,800 8 11.98 8,050 April 6 Ap:-11 12 H 25.85 29,800 4 11.05 7,050 8 20.53 19,800 8 10.02 6,100 March 20 2 26.95 31,800 H 25.56 29,000 4 9.82 5,910 8 19.60 18,400 4 27.55 33,100 March 31 4 27.24 32,200 H 20.31 18,500 8 28.68 35,400 8 9.46 5,620 April 13 4 21.20 20,900 4 8.97 5,150 April 7 8 9.98 6,100 6 21.58 21,600 March 26 8 32.93 44,300 4 10.26 6,380 1 29.20 36,400 Apr 11 1 11 33.46 45,600 March 21 7 28.30 34,500 8 8.03 4,200 4 33.32 45,200 8 23.97 26,000 8 27.86 33,500 4 7.87 4,110 OHIO RIVER BASIN

Tug Pork near Kermit, W. Va.

Location.- Lat. 37°49'5", long. 82° 23 '20" , 2 miles above Wolf Creek and 3 miles above Kermit, Mingo County. Zero of gage is 580.36 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,185 square miles. Gage-height Tecord.- Water-stage recorder graph. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 20,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area method. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 31,200 second-feet 12:30 a.m. Apr. 7 (gage height, 28.28 feet); during March, 15,500 second-feet 8 a.m. to noon Mar. 25 (gage height, 19.05 feet). 1934-35: Discharge, 45,300 second-feet Mar. 26, 1935 (gage height, 35.75 feet), Maximum known stage, 46.7 feet, at site at Kermit, 4 miles downstream; equiva­ lent to about 43.3 feet at present site (discharge not determined).

Mean discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 642 1,580 2,390 11 2,030 755 3,800 21 2,920 13,300 1,060 2 620 1,440 2,520 12 1,580 732 3,720 22 2,270 12,300 980 3 665 1,360 6,480 13 1,500 732 3,500 23 1,860 9,640 880 4 3,210 1,260 5,080 14 1,690 732 3,060 24 1,550 9,640 830 5 11,700 1,130 3,650 15 6,390 665 2,640 25 1,420 14,500 732 6 6,450 1,030 21,100 16 8,040 665 2,210 26 1,300 8,810 688 7 3,720 955 23,100 17 4,920 2,570 1,800 27 1,440 5,760 665 8 2,520 880 8,060 18 4,200 6,640 1,550 28 1,740 5,000 642 9 2,030 830 5,000 19 4,280 6,550 1,330 29 1,740 5,330 598 10 2,030 780 4,360 20 3,800 12,200 1,180 30 4,040 552 31 3,060 3,040 4,351 3,805 RuiL-of f , in Inches ...... 2.77 4.23 3.58

Mean gage height, in feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 3.13 5.00 6.42 11 5.80 3.40 8.37 21 7.18 17.37 4.02 2 3.09 4.73 6.57 12 4.99 3.36 8.27 22 6.22 16.71 3.83 3 3.22 4.58 11.53 13 4.83 3.37 7.96 23 5.47 14.63 3.63 4 6.89 4.38 9.96 14 5.21 3.34 7.42 24 4.94 14.62 3.55 5 16.24 4.14 8.20 15 11.22 3.21 6.75 25 '4.70 18.28 3.37 6 11.41 3.96 21.63 16 13.25 3.19 6.09 26 4.52 13.93 3.26 7 8.31 3.78 23.64 17 9.75 6.40 5.44 27 4.75 10.84 3.20 8 6.55 3.67 13.07 18 8.88 11.85 4.93 28 5.31 9.94 3.14 9 5.84 3.56 9.91 19 9.01 11.69 4.57 29 5.32 10.28 3.04 10 5.85 3.47 9.09 20 8.35 16.64 4.26 30 8.72 2.95 31 7.37

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, at indicated time, 1956 !-, !-, Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. § Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. § Feet Sec.ft. I W W "3. sn March 16 March 21 March 27 8 7.00 2,780 M 16.60 12,200 4 3.13 642 4 17.32 13,100 4 11.45 6,280 N 3.14 642 8 17.43 13,300 tf 10.75 5,766 April 3 April 8 8 3.28 710 N 17.30 13,100 8 10.30 5,330 4 9.75 4,920 4 15.00 10,100 8 17.37 13,300 8 12.10 6,920 N 12.75 7,620 March 17 M 17.60 13,500 March 28 N 12.82 7,620 8 11.35 6,280 4 3.67 880 4 9.90 5,000 4 12.78 7,620 8 4.32 1,200 March 22 N 9.75 4,920 8 12.20 7,020 April 9 N 6.40 2,390 4 17.55 13,500 8 10.10 5,160 M 11.50 6,370 4 10.35 5,420 4 8.15 3,650 8 17.25 13,000 M 10.50 5,500 8 9.90 5,000 8 9.05 4,280 N 16.72 12,300 April 4 N 9.72 4,840 M 10.25 5,240 8 15.88 11,300 March 29 4 10.95 5,920 8 9.65 4,760 4 10.65 5,580 N 9.85 4,920 March 18 March 23 N 10.40 5,420 8 9.10 4,360 April 10 4 10.98 5,920 4 15.00 10,100 8 9.90 5,000 4 9.37 4,600 8 11.48 6,370 N 14.40 9,400 April 5 N 9.10 4,360 N 12.27 7,120 8 14.40 9,400 March 30 4 8.35 3,800 8 8.80 4,120 4 12.65 7,420 4 9.22 4,440 N 8.05 3,500 8 12.52 7,320 March 24 N 8.70 4,040 8 8.12 3,580 April 11 H 12.17 7,020 4 13.90 8,810 8 8.22 3,650 M 8.36 3,800 4 8.60 3,960 10 13.65 8,480 N 8.28 3,720 March 19 N 13.52 8,370 March 31 April 6 8 8.23 3,650 4 11.72 6,550 8 16.15 11,700 4 7.75 3,350 4 10.50 5,500 N 10 ..90 5,840 N 7.37 3,060 8 19.50 16,200 April 12 3 10.75 5,760 Mar ch 25 8 7.00 2,780 N 26.00 27,100 4 8.28 3,720 8 12.18 7,020 4 18.45 14,700 4 27.40 29,600 N 8.30 3,720 M 14.23 9,160 8 19.05 15,500 April 1 8 28.05 30,700 8 8.21 3,650 N 19.05 15,500 4 6.65 2,520 M 28.28 31,200 March 20 4 18.60 14,900 N 6.40 2,390 April 13 4 15.55 10,900 8 17.80 13,800 8 6.22 2,270 April 7 N 7.96 3,500 8 16.50 12,000 M 6.15 2,270 4 28.00 30,700 N 17.10 12,800 Mar>ch 26 8 26.60 28,200 4 17.47 13,400 4 15.70 11,000 April 2 N 24.00 23,600 8 17.45 13,300 N 13.75 8,700 4 6.15 2,270 4 21,40 19,200 H 17.32 13,100 8 12.40 7,220 N 6.45 2,390 8 18.80 15,200 218 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND tJPPER OHIO RIVERS

Scloto River at Hlgby, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 39 012'44n , long. 82°51'551t , In sec. 6, T. 7 N., R. 20 W., at highway bridge 1-j- miles north of Higby, Ross County, and three-quarters of a mile below mouth of Walnut Creek. Zero of gage Is 567.635 feat above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 5,129 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 1,2,18-22, when the record was faulty. Gage heights given to half tenths between 2.5 and 5.3 feet} hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by Ice Fab. 8-15. Defined by current-meter meas- urements below 88,300 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936i Discharge during year, 52,400 second-feet 1 to 2 a.IT. Feb. 29 (gage height, 17.69 feet); during March floods, 26,300 second-feet 8 a.m. Mar. 27 (gage height, 13.3 feet). 1930-35: Discharge, 94,100 second-feet May 16, 1933 (gage height, 22.20 feat). Maximum known stage, 31.6 feet Mar. 26, 1913. Remarks.- Flood run-Off not materially modified by artificial storage.

Mean discharge, In second-feet, 1936 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1,150 29,200 6,580 11 1,400 5,280 9,740 21 5,200 12,200 2,970 2 1,300 15,000 8,020 12 1,400 5,440 8,660 22 2,700 10,400 2,970 3 1,560 10,300 10,000 13 1,740 4,620 8,930 25 2,620 7,620 2,880 4 2,100 8,400 7,100 14 8,260 3,970 7,880 24 5,160 9,980 2,620 5 4,510 7,360 6,380 15 17,000 3,460 6,520 2ft 15,500 19,200 2,540 6 3,760 6,580 29,200 16 20,900 5,160 5,440 26 28, 400 25,500 2,380 7 3,160 5,560 29,900 17 16,500 12, 400 4,620 27 41,400 24,600 2,240 8 2,200 4,620 22,200 18 9,000 10,300 5,970 28 49,200 18,900 2,240 9 1,800 4,080 12, 600 19 7,000 8,050 5,560 29 49,500 17,200 2,240 10 1,600 3,860 11,400 20 4,000 9,400 5,260 30 11,500 2,700 51 8,140 10,610 10,580 7,718 ftun-of f , In Inches ...... 2.25 2.37 1.67 Mean gage height, In feet, 1956 Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. Day Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 _ 15.8 5.5 11 5.25 5.0 6.7 21 _ 7.6 5.9 2 _ 9.0 6.0 12 5.0 5.05 6.5 22 _ 7.0 5.9 3 2.9 6.9 6.8 13 3.05 4.7 6.4 23 3.7 5.9 3.85 4 3.25 6.2 5.7 14 6.1 4.4 6.0 24 4.85 6.9 3.7 5 4.65 5.8 5.8 15 10.1 4.15 5.4 25 9.3 10.9 3.65 6 4.5 5.5 13.8 16 11.6 4.9 5.05 26 15.8 13.1 3.55 7 4.0 5.1 14.2 17 9.7 7.7 4.7 27 16.2 12.7 3.45 8 5.7 4.7 12.0 18 _ 6.9 4.4 28 17.5 10.8 3.45 9 3.6 4.45 7.8 19 _ 6.0 4.2 29 17.5 10.1 3.45 10 5.25 4.35 7.3 20 _ 6.6 4.05 30 7.3 3.75 51 6.1 Page height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, at Indicated time, 1956

Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. § Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. Feet Sec.ft. tH1 I w I M March 16 March 21 March 27 April 2 10 14.1 29,400 4 4.05 5,260 6 7.6 12,100 z 13.1 25,600 N 5.7 7,100 N 13.8 28,200 8 4.5 4,180 N 7.8 12,600 8 13.5 26,300 2 5.9 7,620 6 13.5 27,000 N 4.9 5,080 M 7.7 12,400 N 13.0 25,300 6 6.6 9,470 11 13.4 26,700 6 5.1 5,560 M 11.6 20,900 M 6.9 10,300 M 6.7 9,740 March 22 April 8 N 6.9 10,500 Mar ch 28 Apjril 3 6 13.1 25,600 March 17 M 6.5 8,660 6 10.9 19,000 N 6.9 10,300 H 12.3 23,100 6 7.7 12,400 10 10.7 18,500 2 6.9 10,300 M 9.2 15,300 N 8.0 13,000 Mai ch 23 N 10.7 18,500 M 6.3 8,660 6 7.8 12, 600 N 5.9 7,620 M 10.7 18,500 April 9 M 7.4 11,600 M 5.6 6,840 April 4 H 7.5 11,900 Mar oh 29 N 5.7 7,100 4 7.4 11,600 March 18 Mar ch 24 6 10.6 18,300 M 5.3 6,060 M 7.6 12,100 6 7.5 11,400 6 5.7 7,100 N 10.4 17,800 N 7.1 10,800 N 6.5 8,660 H 8.7 14,400 April 5 April 10 M 6.3 8,660 M 9.5 15,800 N 5.1 5,560 6 7.6 12,100 Mar ch 30 8 5.1 5,560 H 7.4 11,600 Maroh 19 Mar ch 25 6 7.7 12,400 M 9.1 15,100 N 5.8 7,360 6 10.2 17,300 N 7.2 11,100 Apr 11 11 4 5.7 7,100 N 10.8 18,800 M 6.6 9,200 April 6 H 6.7 9,740 M 6.6 9,470 M 12.3 23,100 4 12.0 22,100 H 6.4 8,930 March 31 8 13.7 27,800 March 20 Mar«h 26 H 6.1 8,140 N 14.3 30,400 Api 11 12 6 6.7 9,740 N 13.2 26, 000 M 15.5 36,800 N 6.2 8,400 N 6.5 9,200 M 13.2 26,000 April 1 8 6.4 8,930 6 6.3 8,660 H 5.5 6,580 Ap:'11 7 11 6.4 8,930 M 7.1 10,800 M 5.5 6,580 2 15.4 36,200 OHIO RIVER BASIN 219

Little Miami River at Milford, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 39°10'17 n , long. 84°17'53n , 500 feet below highway bridge in Milford, Clermont County, and 1-f miles above mouth of East Fork. Zero of gage is 499.35 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 1,195 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. No record Feb. 1-12. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.5 and 6.2 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 18-22. Defined by current-meter measurements below 32,900 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 19,400 second-feet 4 p.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 9747 feet); mean daily discharge during March, 5,290 second-feet Mar. 27 (case height, 5.8 feet). 1925-35: Discharge, about 82,900 second-feet Mar. 19, 1933 (gage height, 19.72 feet). Remarks.- Flood run-off not materially modified by artificial storage. Discharge es- tlmated Feb. 1-12. '

Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 February March April Day Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 _ 160 3.75 1,720 3.41 1,290 2 _ 160 3.6 1,520 4.3 2,430 3 _ 160 3.65 1,580 3.85 1,840 4 _ 1,520 3.49 1,390 3.46 1,350 5 - 2,700 3.33 1,200 3.80 1,850 6 M 2,170 3.14 1,000 8.6 14,800 7 _ 1,780 2.99 851 5.85 5,100 8 _ 1,400 2.93 797 4.5 2,700 9 _ 1,060 2.97 833 4.2 2,300 10 - 770 2.95 815 4.4 2,560 11 610 2.87 746 4.05 2,100 12 _ 650 2.83 714 3.85 1,840 13 4.3 3,130 2.78 674 3.7 1,650 14 6.8 7,750 2.69 60S 3.43 1,320 15 6.1 5,880 2.63 561 3.25 1,120 16 4.65 2,930 2.77 668 3.10 960 17 3.7 1,650 4.1 2,190 2.96 824 18 3.14 770 3.95 1,980 2.86 738 19 8.80 480 3.42 1,300 2.78 674 20 8.76 350 3.27 1,140 2.71 618 21 8.78 320 3.6 1,520 2.68 596 22 8.69 350 3.37 1,250 2.77 666 23 8.85 756 3.30 1,180 2.71 618 24 4.7 3,030 5.3 4,040 2.60 &40 25 5.7 4,750 4.6 2,840 2.53 499 26 6.9 8,240 3.85 1,840 2.48 470 27 7.3 9,540 5.8 5,290 2.44 448 28 5.2 3,910 4.9 3,350 2.55 510 29 4.1 2,170 4.05 2,100 2.56 516 30 3.6 1,520 2.55 510 31 3.48 1,380 February March April

Run-off, in inches...... 2.15 1.51 1.66 220 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

East Forte of Little Miami River at Perintown, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 39°8'13tl , long. 84°14 I lVtl , on highway bridge at Perintown, Clermont County, 5 miles above junction with Little Miami River. Zero of gage is 507.27 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 477 square miles. Gage-height record.- Two readings daily. Gage heights given to half tenths between 1.7 and 2.6 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-26. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 13,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage. Maxima.- 1936s Discharge observed during year, 17,400 second-feet 8:10 a.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 16.51 feet); gage height observed during year, 16.86 feet Feb. 14 (ice gorge); mean daily discharge during March, 4,520 second-feet Mar. 27 (gage height, 8.3 feet). 1915-20, 1925-35: Discharge, about 32,400 second-feet Mar. 19, 1933 (gage height, 22.68 feet from flood marks). Remarks.- Flood run-off not materially affected by artificial storage.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936 February March April Day Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 1.25 30 2.7 473 1.95 226 2 1.24 30 2.7 473 4.2 1,190 3 1.26 35 3.3 720 3.4 765 4 5.5 400 2.7 473 2.5 403 5 7.8 1,500 2.3 334 3.0 590 6 5.5 420 2.0 240 14.3 13, 200 7 4.7 350 1.8 186 5.4 1,980 8 4.0 270 1.68 157 3.3 V20 9 4.2 220 1.64 148 3.6 865 10 3.0 160 1.62 143 5.2 1,840 11 2.7 120 1.62 143 3.9 1,020 12 3.1 130 1.58 133 3.3 720 13 8.3 600 1.55 126 2.7 473 14 16.8 4,500 1.47 109 2.35 351 15 11.9 1,100 1.43 100 2.1 270 16 8.6 560 3.4 765 1.95 226 17 7.2 290 V.6 3,800 1.8 186 18 6.1 150 4.8 1,560 1.75 174 19 5.9 100 3.2 675 1.63 145 20 5.5 70 3.2 675 1.56 129 21 6.1 65 5.3 1,900 1.55 126 22 5.5 70 3.5 815 1.69 160 23 5.4 150 2.7 473 1.67 155 a4 ' 9.2 600 4.6 1,430 1.67 155 25 12.0 1,300 4.0 1,080 1.55 126 26 9.5 3,000 2.8 510 1.47 109 27 8.4 4,630 8.3 4,520 1.41 96 28 3.9 1,020 4.4 1,310 1.43 100 29 3.0 590 2.9 550 1.42 98 30 2.3 334 1.39 92 31 2.05 255 February March April

Run-off, in inches...... 1.75 1.91 2.09 OHIO RIVER BASIN 221

Licking River at Catawba, Ky.

Location.- Lat. 38°43', long. 84°19', three-quarters of a mile east of Catawba, Pendle- ton County, and three-quarters of a mile above mouth of Kincaid Creek. Zero of gage is 498.37 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 3,300 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph except for periods Feb. 1,2,7,8,11-15, Feb. 25 to Mar. 21, when discharge was determined from hydrographs for nearby sta­ tions and from occasional readings of staff gage. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 40,000 second- feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area study. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 40,600 second-feet 2 p.m. Apr. 7 (gage height, 28.48 feet) ; mean daily discharge during March, 25,000 second-feet Mar. 18. 1916-20, 1929-35: Discharge observed, 65,000 second-feet Apr. 21, 1920 (gage height, 36.9 feet, former site). Remarks.- Flood run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936 February March April Day Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 _ 3,000 _ 5,000 10.12 5,680 2 _ 3,750 _ 4,500 11.50 7,840 3 8.45 3,360 _ 4,750 10.94 6,880 4 13.28 11,100 _ 4,500 10.63 6,430 5 14.46 12,800 - 4,250 - 21,900 6 15.92 15,300 _ 3,750 26.96 37,300 7 12,500 _ 3,250 28.21 40,000 8 _ 7,500 _ 3,000 24.82 32,600 9 10.35 6,130 _ 2,750 21.82 26,500 10 9.86 5,380 - 2,500 24.79 32,600 11 _ 4,500 _ 2,250 24.29 31, 500 12 _ 4,250 _ 2,000 21.30 25,500 13 _ 4,000 _ 1,800 17.91 18,900 14 _ 4,500 _ 1,650 14.34 12, 600 15 - 5,500 - 1,500 11.74 8,160 16 11.72 8,160 _ 5,500 10.40 6,130 17 11.44 7,680 _ 15,000 9.41 4,680 18 10.76 6,730 _ 25,000 8.70 3,750 19 10.03 5,530 _ 22,500 8.19 3,110 20 9.01 4,140 - 20,000 7.80 2,630 21 8.20 3,110 _ 20,000 7.52 2,270 22 7.95 2,810 18.07 19,300 7.59 2,390 23 8.04 2,930 15.83 15,100 7.40 2,150 24 8.85 3,880 14.65 13,000 7.20 1,920 25 - 5,500 13.62 11,300 7.00 1,700 26 _ 6,500 12.76 9,960 6.80 1,500 27 _ 7,000 15.63 14, 800 6.66 1,360 28 _ 6,500 17.48 18, 200 6.54 1,280 29 _ 6,000 16.52 16,400 6.48 1,230 30 13.40 11,000 6.47 1,180 31 10.83 6,730 February March April Mean monthly discharge, in second-feet...... 6,207 9,395 11,720 Run-off, in inches...... 2.03 3.29 3..96 222 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Miami River at Hamilton, Ohio

Location.- Lat. 39o23'28n , long. 84o34 I 20 n , In HEi sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 3 E., 1,000 feet below Columbia Bridge, at Hamilton. Zero of gage la 499.98 feet (revised) above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 3,639 square miles. Gage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights used to half tenths be­ tween 58.4 and 61.2 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Defined by current-meter measurements below 59,400 seoond- feet. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge during year, 34,700 second-feet 4 to 6 a.m. Feb. 27 (gage height, 70.50 feet)j mean daily discharge during March, 17,500 second-feet Mar. 27 (gage height, 66.4 feet). 1927-351 Discharge, 70,300 second-feet Feb. 26, 1929 (gage height, 76.5 feet). Maximum known stage, 599.2 feet (mean sea level datum) Mar. 26, 1913, at for­ mer gage site. Remarks.- Flood flow automatically regulated by five retarding basins above station. Gage-height record and some discharge measurements furnished by Miami Conservancy District.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936 Day February March April Feet Second- feet Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet 1 58.75 1,150 64.8 12,000 62.2 5,580 2 58.65 1,080 63.0 7,300 62.1 5,380 3 58.6 1,040 62.2 5,580 61.8 4,810 4 59.2 1,540 61.8 4,810 61.4 4,140 5 59.6 1,900 61.5 4,300 61.4 4,120 6 59.4 1,720 61.2 3,840 67.9 22,900 7 59.35 1,680 60.9 3,410 66.4 17,100 8 59.25 1,580 60.6 3,010 64.3 11,000 9 59.05 1,400 60.5 2,880 63.0 7,430 10 58.8 1,190 60.75 3,200 62.7 6,640 11 58.8 1,190 61.1 3,690 62.4 6,000 12 58.75 1,150 60.9 3,410 62.1 5,380 13 60.75 4,170 60.7 3,140 62.3 5,900 14 66.5 17,500 60.45 2,820 61.9 4,990 15 64.9 12,400 60.2 2,520 61.4 4,140 16 63.3 8,030 60.15 2,460 61.1 3,690 17 62.2 5,580 60.5 2,880 60.75 3,200 18 61.4 4,150 60.7 3,140 60.6 3,010 19 60.6 3,010 60.85 3,340 60.35 2,700 20 60.0 2,300 60.75 3,200 60.2 2,520 21 59.9 2,200 60.6 3,010 60.15 2,460 22 59.7 2,000 60.4 2,760 60.15 2,460 23 59.55 1,860 60.55 2,940 60.05 2,360 24 62.2 5,580 63.6 8,990 59.9 2,200 25 65.1 12,900 66.2 16,600 59.85 2,150 26 69.1 27,900 65.2 13,300 59.65 1,950 27 70.2 33, 100 66.4 17,500 59.6 1,900 28 69.4 29,200 65.8 14,900 60.15 2,480 29 66.6 17,800 64.4 10,900 60.75 3,200 30 63.0 7,210 61.0 3,550 31 62.4 5,950 February March April Mean monthly discharge, in second- feet...... ,114 5,967 5,178 2.10 1.89 1.58 OHIO RIVER BASIN 223

White-water River at Brookvllle, Ind.

Location.- Lat. 39°25', long. 85°!', In gee. 32, T. 9 N., R. 2 W., three-eighths of a mile below junction of East and West Forks and three-quarters of a mile south of Brookvllle, Franklin County. Zero of gage Is 595.22 feet above mean sea level. 1'ralnage area.- 1,180 square miles. (iage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. .'' age-discharge relation.- Affected by Ice Feb. 1-8, 18-21. Defined by current-meter measurements below 25,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by velocity-area s'tudy. Faxlma.- 1936: Discharge February to April, 16,400 second-feet 2 a.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 11,34 feet); mean dally discharge during March, 6,060 second-feet Mar. 24 (gage height, 6.93 feet). 1915-20, 1923-35: Discharge, 69,200 second-feet Feb. 26, 1929 (gage height, 25.56 feet). Remarks.- Flood run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Gage height, In feet, and discharge, In second-feet, 1936 February March April , Peet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 1.32 280 3.77 1,860 3.39 1,570 2 1.30 275 3.42 1,570 3.38 1,570 3 1.32 285 3.25 1,450 3.19 1,410 4 1.82 375 3.10 1,330 2.97 1,220 5 2.25 475 2.92 1,190 3.62 2,030 6 1.89 450 2.72 1,060 9.88 12, 500 7 1.77 425 2.59 1,000 6.44 5,190 8 1.62 450 2.50 940 4.88 3,000 9 1.63 463 2.51 940 4.33 2,420 10 1.58 444 2.80 1,120 4.45 2,520 11 1.39 364 2.68 1,060 4.19 2,270 12 1.36 352 2.55 970 3.84 1,960 13 4.85 4,740 2.47 910 3.52 1,650 14 8.88 10,200 2.34 852 3.2V 1,450 15 4.99 3,170 2.30 825 3.08 1,330 16 3.53 1,780 2.39 880 2.88 1,190 17 2.96 1,220 2.78 1,120 2.71 1,060 18 2.33 725 2.87 1,160 2.58 1,000 19 2.08 600 2.66 1,030 2.43 910 20 2.00 560 2.98 1,280 2.45 910 21 2.02 570 3.50 1,650 2.37 852 22 1.92 594 3.28 1,490 2.42 880 23 2.78 1,280 3.70 1,880 2.30 825 24 6.13 4,630 6.93 6,060 2.20 770 25 7.54 7,010 5.89 4,410 2.12 715 26 9.59 11,700 4.48 2,570 2.05 688 27 9.57 11,800 6.88 6,020 2.32 855 28 5.27 3,420 5.88 4,340 3.37 1,530 29 4.23 2,320 4.50 2,570 3.20 1,410 30 3.87 1,960 3.12 1,330 31 3.58 1,730 February March April

"N"i-off, In Inches...... 2.23 1.80 1.80 224 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Kentucky River at Lock 2, at Lockport, Ky,

Location.- Lat. 38°26 t 20 n , long. 84°57 t 45tl , at Lock 2, at Lockport, Henry County, just below mouth of Sixmile Creek. Drainage area.- 6,310 square miles. 395 square miles affected by 140,000 acre-feet of storage capacity on Dix River. Gage-height record.- Three readings daily. Stage-discharge reTatlon.- Affected by backwater from Ohio River Mar. 20 to Apr. 6 (discharge determined from records at Locks 4 and 6). Defined by current-meter measurements below 25,000 second-feet; extended to peak stage by comparison with measurements at Lock 4. Maxima.- 1936: Observed discharge during year, 76,700 second-feet 6 p.m. Apr. 10 (gage height, 36.60 feet); mean daily discharge during March, 62,000 second-feet Mar. 28 (gage height, 33.53 feet). 1925-35: Observed discharge, 84,400 second-feet Jan. 23, 1927 (gage height, 41.7 feet). Remarks.- Gage-height record furnished by Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Flood run- off not materially affected by storage on Dix River.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936 February March April Day Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 9.00 3,640 11.10 11,400 24.07 22,500 2 8.93 3,500 10.77 10,200 21.67 17,500 3 8.80 3,110 10.80 10,200 19.57 17,500 4 10.73 9,750 10.97 11,000 17.00 20,000 5 12.97 20,100 10.70 9,750 16.13 25,000 6 12.43 17,300 10.40 8,540 26.57 55,000 7 13.67 23,500 10.10 7,380 31.37 68,300 8 12.87 19,600 9.87 6,630 31.40 68,300 9 11.27 12,300 9.67 5,910 33.17 71,200 10 10.50 8,940 9.47 5,210 36.27 76,200 11 10.10 7,380 9.30 4,540 34.43 73,100 12 10.00 7,000 9.17 4,230 28.40 63,300 13 10.17 7,760 9.10 3,930 22.77 52,100 14 10.40 8,540 8.97 3,500 18.67 41,600 15 10.50 8,940 8.80 3,110 15.73 32,100 16 10.60 9,340 10.33 8,150 12.50 17,800 17 10.90 10,600 15.33 30,600 11.37 12,700 18 10.90 10, 600 20.57 46,800 10.80 10,200 19 10.50 8,940 21.80 49,800 10.33 8,150 20 10.30 8,150 24.10 50, 000 9.90 6,630 21 10.27 8,150 24.07 45,000 9.70 5,910 22 10.10 7,380 24.43 42,500 9.73 5,910 23 10.00 7,000 25.07 40,000 9.57 5,560 24 9.00 7,000 25.20 37,500 9.37 4,870 25 10.20 7,760 25.50 37,500 9.27 4,540 26 10.23 7,760 26.63 42,500 9.07 3,930 27 11.17 11,800 30.50 55,000 8.77 2,980 28 11.30 12,300 33.53 62,000 8.77 2,980 29 11.30 12,300 31.20 56,000 8.80 3,110 30 27.63 45, 000 8.77 2,980 31 25.13 32,500 February March April

Run-off, in inches...... 1.72 4.64 4.73 OHIO RIVER BASIN 22

Blue River near White Cloud, Ind.

Location.- Lat. 38°14', long. 86°14', in sec. 19, T. 5 S., R. 3 E., three-quarters of a mile north of White Cloud, Harrison County, and 400 feet below Spring Creek. Drainage area.- 467 square miles. Gage-height record.- Two readings daily. Stage-discharge reTatlon.- Defined by current-meter measurements. Maxima.- 1956:Observed discharge during year, 8,540 second-feet 4i50 p.m. Apr. 6 (gage height, 11.22 feet); mean daily discharge during March. 3.810 second-feet Mar. 27 (gage height, 7.12 feet). 1931-35: Discharge, 17,700 second-feet Mar. 12, 1935 (gage height, 17.91 feet, from flood marks). Remarka.- Flood run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day February March April Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 1.77 62 5.02 507 5.42 715 2 1.93 100 2.88 461 5.75 950 3 1.95 100 2.80 417 5.51 770 4 2.22 195 2.72 575 5.24 652 5 2.24 200 2.61 355 5.54 770 6 2.28 214 2.53 516 9.95 7,100 7 2.22 195 2.47 277 7.89 4,690 8 2.10 152 2.42 258 5.50 2,080 9 2.05 156 2.42 258 4.68 1,600 10 2.00 120 2.40 258 5.54 2,080 11 1.99 117 2.59 254 4.88 1,760 12 1.94 105 2.57 247 4.54 1,470 15 4.54 1,440 2.35 232 4.18 1,230 14 6.75 5,400 2.50 221 5.85 950 15 5.96 1,090 2.25 204 3.60 850 16 5.15 580 2.30 221 5.40 715 17 2.91 461 2.64 555 5.25 652 18 2.64 555 2.99 507 5.07 551 19 2.46 277 2.42 258 2.96 484 20 2.44 277 2.85 459 2.87 459 21 2.58 251 2.97 484 2.80 417 22 2.55 240 5.42 715 2.75 596 25 2.40 258 5.22 605 2.72 575 24 2.60 555 5.52 770 2.65 555 25 5.06 551 4.46 1,440 2.60 555 26 5.29 660 5.97 1,090 2.54 516 27 4.15 1,160 7.12 3,810 2.51 296 28 3.82 950 6.28 3,000 2.48 296 29 5.26 652 4.76 1,680 2.46 277 50 4.10 1,160 2.45 277 51 5.64 850 February March April 226 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Green River at Mvermore, Ky.

Location.- Lat. 37°S9'10n , long. 87O8'5n , at Louisville & Nashville Railroad bridge at LTvermore, McLean County, 650 feet below Rough River. Zero of gage is 360.65 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 7,800 square miles. Gage-height record.- Two readings daily; gage 8 miles downstream at Lock 2 read twice daily for determination of slope. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by backwater from ice jam on Ohio River Feb. 20-26. Rating curve used for low stages and rating diagram used for medium and high stages with slope as a factor, defined by current-meter measurements. Maxima.- 1936: Observed discharge, 53,000 second-feet 7 a.m. Apr. 15 {gage height, 1930-35: Observed discharge, 80,000 second-feet Feb. 6, 193S (gage height, 28.43 feet). Maximum known stage, 32.95 feet during March 1913. Remarks^- Flood run-off not affected by artificial storage.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 February March April Dav*--c».j Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 4.40 2,710 7.59 15,200 24.06 46,300 2 4.44 2,860 6.99 12,600 24.50 45, 900 3 4.48 3,020 6.54 10,400 24.50 45,200 4 4.64 3,490 6.29 9,580 24.29 42, 500 5 6.30 9,580 6.20 9,170 23.87 38,500 6 7.98 17,000 6.19 9,170 23.94 37,200 7 8.47 19,100 6.05 8,360 23.88 38,600 8 7.72 15, 600 6.56 10, 800 23.88 40, 100 9 6.57 10,800 5.46 6,420 24.07 42,400 10 6.04 8,360 5.32 5,690 24.35 44, 300 11 5.58 6,800 5.19 5,330 24.62 46,000 12 5.28 5,690 5.08 4,980 24.93 48,700 13 5.44 6,050 5.01 4,640 25.24 50,700 14 5.74 7,180 4.89 4,300 25.51 52,200 15 6.10 8,760 5.32 5,690 25.66 52,700 16 6.36 10,000 5.17 5,330 25.62 52,200 17 6.31 9,580 7.35 14,300 25.28 48,500 18 6.18 9,170 10.27 26,500 24.50 42, 600 19 5.82 7,570 12.14 34,300 23.22 35,500 20 7.17 6,500 14.28 37,100 21.34 30,100 21 7.78 6,000 16.07 38, 100 18.29 22,800 22 10.86 5,750 16.54 34,900 13.92 18,700 23 12.63 5,500 15.43 27,000 8.78 14,500 24 12.45 5,750 13.95 20,900 5.96 8,360 25 10.74 6,500 13.95 20, 400 5.55 3,800 26 7.29 9,000 15.92 25,300 5.33 5,690 27 7.00 12,600 19.50 33,800 5.18 5,330 28 7.60 15,200 21.07 38,400 5.08 4,980 29 7.75 16,100 22.04 40,500 4.97 4,640 30 22.80 42,000 4.96 4,640 31 23.42 44, 000 February March April

Run-off, in inches...... 1.20 2.88 4.65 OHIO RIVER BASIN 227

Wabaah River at Mount Caimel, 111.

Location.- Lat. 38°21'58n , long. 87°47'21B , above Cleveland, , Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway bridge, 3 miles below Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and 3 1/3 miles be­ low Potaka River. Zero of gage is 371.58 feet above mean sea level, 1929 general adjustment. Drainage area.- 28,600 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights used to half tenths be­ tween 0.8 and 2.2 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-24. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 300,000 second-feet. Maxima.- 1936J Discharge, 123,000 second-feet Mar. 6 (gage height, 20.00 feet). 1908-13, 1927-35: Discharge, 428,000 second-feet Mar. 30, 1913 (gage height, 27.65, present site and datum). Remarks.- Discharge not appreciably affected by storage or .diversions.

Gage height, in feet, and diaoharge, In second-feet, 1956 February March April Day Feet Second- feet Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet 1 2.43 7,000 14.53 64,900 13.73 59,800 2 2.S6 6,900 15.33 71,200 13.11 56,600 3 2.29 6,700 16.53 81,700 12.01 51,400 4 2.28 6,800 18.10 97,300 10.44 44,800 5 2.38 7,100 19.30 112,000 8.84 37,100 6 2.S8 7,200 19.90 122,000 8.64 36,200 7 2.27 7,000 19.78 120,000 10.30 43,800 8 2.25 7,100 18.94 107,000 11.04 46,900 9 2.43 7,200 17.80 94,200 11.10 47, 400 10 2.47 7,300 16.54 81,700 11.03 46,900 11 2.36 7,200 14.94 67,900 11.28 48, 300 12 2.31 7,000 12.39 53,300 11.47 49,200 13 2.56 7,500 9.37 39,800 11.20 47,800 14 5.85 10,500 7.51 31,300 10.63 45,200 15 5.65 15,000 6.48 27,000 9.81 41, 600 16 6.94 18,300 5.93 24, 400 8.78 37,100 17 7.69 20,700 5.79 24,000 7.68 32,200 18 7.77 21,200 5.72 23, 600 6.65 27,400 19 7.59 20,500 5.62 23,200 5.82 24,000 20 6.88 18, 500 5.82 24,000 5.10 21,100 21 6.20 16,500 6.80 28,200 4.46 18,600 22 5.55 15,000 8.03 33,6(fo 3.98 16,600 23 4.88 14, 600 8.52 35,800 3.69 15,400 24 4.52 14,600 8.98 38,000 3.47 14,600 25 4.37 18, 200 9.59 40,700 3.31 13,800 26 6.68 27,800 10.89 46,500 3.14 13,100 27 10.33 43,800 12.23 52, 300 2.99 12,700 28 12.66 54,700 13.23 57,100 3.02 12,700 29 13; 84 60,400 13.86 60,900 3.63 15,000 30 14.14 62,200 4.60 19,100 31 14.08 62,200 Februai>y March April Mean monthly discharge, in second-feet...... 16,630 58,320 33,200 Run-off, in inches...... 0.63 2.35 1.29 228 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Little Wabash River at Wileox; 111.

Location.- Lat. 38°38'10", long. SS0!?'^", In SE^ sec. 3, T. 2 N., R. 8 E., at highway bridge at Wileox, Clay County, a quarter of a mile below mouth of Big Muddy Creek. Drainage area.- 1,130 square miles. Sage-height "record.- Gage on downstream side of bridge, read twice daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 3.0 and 3.8 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-24. Defined by current-meter measure- ments below 10,000 second-feet. Corrected for variation in slope from normal by the Wiggins method Feb. 25, 26, Mar. 2-5, 21, 22, 29, 30, Apr. 6, 7, 13, 14, 30. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge observed, 4,630 second-feet 4 p.m. Feb. 28 (gage height, 19.10 1914-35: Discharge (estimated), 16,300 second-feet Aug. 22, 1915 (gage inac­ cessible) . Remarks.- Discharge not affected by storage or diversions.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 February March April Day Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 3.08 26 18.55 4,160 5.64 311 2 3.10 26 17.87 3,480 5.29 270 3 3.13 26 15.97 2,290 5.07 244 4 3.25 31 11.54 1,170 4.73 195 5 3.26 33 8.46 710 5.57 311 6 3.31 35 6.87 495 10.63 1,310 7 3.45 42 6.03 367 12.81 1,720 8 3.76 59 5.47 297 13.86 1,850 9 3.79 66 5.25 257 11.99 1,430 10 3.91 70 5.36 283 11.30 1,280 11 3.79 66 5.54 297 13.19 1,690 12 3.55 52 5.29 270 13.57 1,780 13 5.63 219 4.87 219 11.33 1,100 14 15.64 1,240 4.55 183 8.14 650 15 18.12 1,920 4.36 161 6.47 437 16 18.24 1,970 4.71 195 5.70 325 17 17.45 1,700 7.23 540 5.20 257 18 17.74 1,610 7.71 615 4.85 207 19 17.71 1,520 5.89 353 4.52 172 20 16. 4B 1,420 6.65 451 4.32 151 21 11.19 970 14.99 3,050 4.23 141 22 7.63 450. 17.82 3,710 4.08 131 23 7.40 465 17.65 3,440 3.98 121 24 9.21 790 17.52 3,380 3.94 112 25 15.57 2,900 17.64 3,440 3.90 112 26 17.46 3,560 16.21 2,670 3.88 112 27 18.57 4,160 15.61 2,410 3.73 100 28 19.09 4,630 15.63 2,410 3.82 104 29 18.85 4,320 13.18 1,480 6.62 451 30 8.85 751 10.20 1,140 31 7.45 570 February March April OHIO RIVER BASIH 229

Skillet Fork at Wayne City, 111.

Location.- Lat. 58°21'45 n , long. SS^e'Se", In SW^ sec. 7, T. 2 S., R. 6 E., at highway bridge 1 mile north of Wayne City, Wayne County, and 2 miles below Brush Creek. Zero of gage is 381.28 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 475 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage on downstream side of bridge read twice daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 4.1 and 5.2 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. Stage-discharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-23. Defined by current-meter measure­ ments below 7,000 second-feet. Corrected for variation in slope from normal by the Wlggins method Feb. 28, 29, Mar. 1, 23, 24, 26, Apr. 7, 8, 11, 12. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge observed, 2,640 second-feet 6 p.m. Feb. 27 (gage height, !L9.o6 feet) . 1908-12, 1914-21, 1928-35: Discharge observed, 15,800 second-feet Aug. 22, Remarks.- Discharge not affected by storage or diversions.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936

Day February March April Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 3.70 7.0 9.94 482 4.92 78 2 3.72 8,0 8.46 435 4.90 78 3 3.74 8.0 8.36 423 4.87 74 4 3.83 11 7.95 378 4.73 66 5 3.85 11 7.07 280 5.47 126 6 3.89 13 6.24 190 12.88 987 7 3.90 13 5.74 142 11.11 638 8 3.93 14 5.26 110 8.37 371 9 3.92 14 5.21 102 7.01 270 10 3.90 13 5.16 98 12.08 883 11 3.84 12 5.28 110 11.90 786 12 3.75 9.0 5.18 102 9.80 509 13 4.57 36 4.80 70 7.53 323 14 15.94 280 4.61 55 6.30 200 15 17.10 300 4.44 44 5.66 142 16 15.94 280 4.34 38 5.16 98 17 12.60 150 4.26 32 4.81 70 18 7.70 50 4.13 28 4.57 52 19 6.22 35 4.04 24 4.39 41 20 5.61 20 5.97 170 4.25 32 21 5.18 20 16.42 1,590 4.18 30 22 4.85 25 17.59 1,940 4.16 28 23 4.74 50 16.31 1,250 4.14 28 24 5.33 98 10.83 576 4.09 26 25 8.33 408 10.52 675 4.06 24 26 13.87 1,130 8.77 448 3.97 21 27 19.19 2,540 8.59 447 3.91 18 28 18. S4 1,790 8.73 459 3.88 17 29 15.14 985 6.50 220 3.89 18 30 5.74 142 3.94 20 31 5.17 98 February March April 230 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 -POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Cumberland River at Clarksville, Term.

Location.- Lat. 36O31'20 n , long. 87°22'40 n , at Louisville & Nashville Railroad bridge at Clarksville, Montgomery County, li miles above mouth of Red River. Zero of gage is 330.84 feet above mean sea level (1929 general adjustment). Drainage area.- 16,000 square miles, including Red River. Gage-height record.- Gage read once daily at 7 a.m. Daily reading is used as mean for the day. Stage-discharge relation.- Base rating curve is fairly well defined by 13 current-meter measurements, covering a range in stage from 12.4 to 48.7 feet (discharge, 906 to 134,000 second-feet). Maxima.- 1936: Discharge observed, 134,000 second-feet 7 a.m. Apr. 13 (gage height, 1924-35: Discharge observed, about 216,000 second-feet Jan. 2, 1927 (gage height, 60.0 feet). Remarks.- The effect of storage during periods of high water is negligible. At low stages a regulation effect is created by manipulation of the wickets on a series of navigation dams above and below the station. The U. S. Weather Bureau and the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, cooperate in obtaining records at this station.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936 April Day February March Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 16.2 10,200 19.6 22,300 48.1 129,000 2 16.0 9,480 19.5 21,900 48.2 130,000 3 15.8 8,800 19.7 22, 600 47.9 128,000 4 16.5 11, 200 19.4 21, 500 46.5 122,000 S 20.1 24, 100 19.2 20,800 43.0 109,000 6 21.5 29,100 19.7 22,600 39.5 95,600 7 22.0 30,900 19.7 22, 600 40.7 100,000 8 23.8 37,500 19.4 21, 500 41.8 104, 000 9 24.5 40, 000 18.9 19,700 43.5 111,000 10 24.1 38, 600 18.5 18,300 46.5 122,000 11 22.8 33,800 18.0 16, 500 48.2 130,000 12 20.9 26, 900 17.8 15, 800 48.7 132,000 13 19.9 23, 300 17.5 14,700 49.2 134, 000 14 19.4 21, 500 17.1 13,300 48.5 131,000 15 19.2 20,800 16.9 12,600 47.8 128,000 16 19.1 20,500 18.3 17, 600 45.9 120,000 17 19.1 20,500 23.0 34,500 39.5 95,600 18 19.2 20,800 34.0 75,200 31.4 65,600 19 19.5 21,900 34.5 77,000 25.1 42,300 20 19.8 23, 000 34.0 75,200 21.0 27,300 21 19.9 23, 300 34.8 78,200 19.8 23,000 22 19.6 22,300 35.0 78, 910 18.8 19, 400 23 19.4 21, 500 34.0 75, 200 18.2 17, 200 24 19.4 21, 500 31.8 67, 100 17.8 15,800 25 19.2 20,800 36.1 83, 000 17.4 14, 400 26 18.8 19, 400 39.1 94,100 17.2 13,600 27 18.7 19,000 43.8 112, 000 16.8 12,200 28 19.0 20,100 46.8 123,000 16.5 11,200 29 19.4 21,500 47.5 126, 000 16.2 10,200 30 47.8 128, 000 15.8 8,800 31 47.9 128,000 February March April Run-off, in inches...... 1.54 3.86 5.36 OHIO RIVER BASIN 231

Tennessee River near Johnsonville, Term.

Location.- Lat. 36°1'2", long. 88oO'On , at bridge on TJ. S. Highway 70, 6 miles up­ stream from Johnsonville, Humphreys County, 6 miles east of Camden, and 10 miles below mouth of Duck River. Zero of gage is 319.82 feet above mean sea level (Ten­ nessee River Survey datum) and approximately 319.V feet (general adjustment of Drainage area.- 38,500 square miles. Sage-height record.- Water-stage recorder graph. Gage heights used to tenths through­ out. Stage-discharge relation.- Current-meter measurements define the entire range of stage. Five measurements were made during the period of this record, three of which were used to define the upper 10 feet of the curve. Maxima.- 1936: Discharge, 341,000 second-feet during several hours Apr. 11-12 (gage height, 41.60 feet, present site and datum). 1910-35: Discharge, 342,000 second-feet Jan. 2-4, 192V (gage height, 40.5 feet, former aite and datum). 1889-1935* Stage observed, 48.0 feet, former site and datum, Mar. 24, 189V (discharge, about 410,000 second-feet). Remarks.- The gates at Horris Dam on Clinch River were closed at 1 p.m. Mar. 4. Be­ tween that time and May 31, 1,414,000 acre-feet of water was stored, or an average of about V,960 second-feet for the period. The Tennessee Valley Authority cooper­ ates in obtaining records at this station. Sage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 Day February March April Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 13.09 76,700 12.02 69,000 31.36 227,000 2 11.51 69,500 11.64 66,200 31.88 232,000 3 10. V9 60,600 11.30 64,100 32.5V 238,000 4 11.68 66,900 11.02 62,000 33.46 248,000 5 16.3V 100,000 10.98 62,000 34.3V 258, 000 6 21.88 143,000 11.00 62,000 35.50 2VO,000 7 25.13 169,000 10. VV 60,600 36.98 286,000 8 26.58 182,000 10.81 60,600 38.54 304,000 9 27.33 189,000 10. V4 59,900 39.94 321,000 10 2V. 91 194,000 10.43 5V, 800 40.98 334, 000 11 28.21 197,000 10.00 55,000 41.52 340,000 12 28.29 198,000 9.45 51,100 41.51 340,000 13 27.79 193,000 8.80 4V, 300 41.11 335,000 14 85.98 177,000 8.29 44,300 40.60 329,000 15 22.72 14$, 000 8.02 42,500 40.04 322, 000 16 19.15 122, 000 9.22 49,800 39.40 315,000 17 16.54 101,000 12.04 69,000 38.59 305,000 18 14.84 88, 600 13.88 82,300 3V. 46 292,000 19 14.01 83,000 15.60 94, 500 36.02 2V6,000 20 14.43 85,800 15.96 97,500 33.79 251,000 21 15.44 93,000 15.44 93,000 30.08 214, 000 22 16.19 99,000 14.88 89,300 24.86 168,000 23 16.50 101,000 14.95 90,000 19.48 124, 000 24 16.30 99,800 16.11 98,200 15.30 92, 200 25 15.72 95,200 20.10 128,000 12.60 V3, 200 26 14.96 90,000 23.68 157,000 11.10 62,700 27 14.11 83,700 26.99 186,000 10.33 57,100 28 13.23 77,400 28.84 202,000 9.73 53,000 29 12.48 V2,500 29.82 212,000 9.33 50, 400 30 30.56 219,000 9.10 49,200 31 30.99 223, 000 February March April 232 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Big Sandy River at Bruceton, Tenn.

Location.- Lat. 36°3', long. 88°14', at highway bridge two-thirds of a mile above mouth of Cherry Creek and three-quarters of a mile northeast of Bruceton, Carroll County. Zero of gage is 380.72 feet above mean sea level. Drainage area.- 171 square miles. Gage-height record.- Gage read once daily between 6 and 9 a.m. with occasional extra readings during high stages. Daily reading is used as mean for the day. Stage-discharge relation.- Fairly well defined by current-meter measurements covering entire range in stage recorded during the period of this record. Maxima.- 19361 Discharge observed, 2,500 second-feet 6 a.m. Mar. 27 (gage height, 1929-35: Discharge observed, 6,770 second-feet Jan. 21, 1935 (gage height, 16.16 feet). Remarks.- Station is maintained in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1956 February March April Day Feet Second-feet Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet 1 S.75 83 2.98 126 3.20 141 2 3.02 112 2.96 119 3.24 150 3 3.16 134 3.00 126 3.02 112 4 6.99 878 2.90 106 2.90 99 5 3.66 229 3.68 251 2.90 99 6 3.18 141 3.28 168 3.24 150 7 3.14 134 3.08 134 3.14 134 8 3.16 134 2.98 112 2.96 106 9 3.60 218 2.96 106 3.42 177 10 3.10 126 2.92 99 3.84 273 11 2.84 94 2.90 99 3.16 134 12 2.88 99 2.88 99 3.44 187 13 5.27 570 2.82 88 3.28 158 14 4.34 430 2.82 88 3.08 126 15 3.66 284 3.30 158 2.94 106 16 3.66 218 8.70 1,190 2.90 99 17 3.27 197 8.86 1,230 2.82 88 18 3.02 150 4.54 410 2.80 88 19 2.86 126 3.52 197 2.76 83 20 2.96 141 3.94 284 2.72 78 21 3.04 150 4.12 327 2.70 78 22 3.22 177 3.64 229 2.80 88 23 3.38 218 3.26 150 2.82 88 24 3.50 240 3.36 168 2.78 88 25 3.46 218 8.55 1,170 2.74 83 26 3.26 177 11.13 2,180 2.72 78 27 3.46 218 11.27 2,340 2.76 83 28 3.14 158 9.52 1,370 2.70 78 29 3.02 126 4.74 450 2.72 78 30 3.72 240 2.98 112 31 3.38 177 February March April

Run-off, in inches...... 1.35 3.04 0.75 OHIO RIVER BASIN 233

Cache River at Forman, 111.

'ocatlon.- Lat. 3Y°20'56", long. 88°54'50", in NEi sec. 31, T. 13 S., R. 3 E., at Chi­ cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad bridge at Forman, 1 mile below Dutchman Creek. OralnaKe area.- 240 square miles. '/age-height record.- Gage on downstream aide of bridge read twice daily. Gage heights used to half tenths between 2.5 and 3.1 feet; hundredths below and tenths above these limits. i3tage-dlscharge relation.- Affected by ice Feb. 1-24. Defined by ourrent-meter measure- ments below 4,000 second-feet; extension above is based upon meager data. laxima.- 1936: Discharge observed, 2,690 second-feet 7:10 a.m. Apr. 7 (gage height, I37T2 feet). 1922-35: Discharge observed, 11,100 second-feet Mar. 13, 1935 (gage height, 17.69 feet). Remarks.- No storage or diversions.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, 1936 February March April Day Feet Second- feet Feet Second-feet Feet Second-feet 1 1.52 3.7 6.29 505 4.67 272 2 1.61 4.7 5.12 316 6.08 471 3 1.58 4.0 4.38 240 6.05 454 4 1.56 3.7 4.01 200 5.30 341 5 1.55 3.7 3.55 163 4.01 200 6 1.54 3.5 3.28 136 9.96 1,190 7 1.52 3.4 2.98 109 13.00 2,600 8 1.51 3.3 2.76 86 11.69 1,720 9 1.50 3.3 3.95 200 10.09 1,210 10 2.53 38 5.92 437 10,59 1,320 11 4.24 163 5.25 328 9.92 1,170 12 6.61 386 4.65 261 9.40 1,070 13 7.28 471 3.56 163 8.60 918 14 6.97 420 3.23 127 7.44 702 15 6.47 355 3.02 109 6.43 522 16 5.32 250 2.56 68 5.74 403 17 5.05 230 2.55 68 5.25 328 18 4.45 181 2.21 39 4.71 272 19 4.00 145 1.85 17 4.31 230 20 3.48 109 4.74 272 4.14 210 21 2.89 64 6.74 576 3.80 181 22 2.46 32 6.20 488 3.50 154 23 1.93 11 5.21 328 3.30 136 24 2.54 55 6.62 558 3.12 118 25 2.98 109 8.38 522 2.95 104 26 3.83 181 7.04 630 2.63 78 27 5.28 341 7.85 774 2.21 39 28 7.71 756 8.24 846 2.83 96 29 6.93 612 6.28 505 2.61 73 30 5.58 386 2.42 57 31 5.28 341 February March April

lun-off, in inches...... 0.76 1.52 2.58 234 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Stages at river-measurement stations on the Ohio River

Records of stage are maintained by the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, at locks and navigation dams on the Ohio River. The follow­ ing tables present such records at these places and at river-measurement stations of the United States Weather Bureau and the United States Geo­ logical Survey, which it is conceived may be useful in analyses of the passage of flood waves down the Ohio River. Table 8 shows the gage height in feet generally at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time, or 7:00 a.m. Central Standard Time, for each day through February, March, and April 1956, at 66 river-measurement stations on the Ohio River from Pittsburgh, Pa., to Cairo, 111., including stations for which records of discharge have been previously given in this section. The table also shows the altitudes of the zeroes of the respective gages in feet above mean sea level. The level datum of altitudes of zeroes of lock gages and United States Weather Bureau gages on the Ohio River, as given herein, is mean sea level, 19O7 adjustment. Table 9 shows the gage height in feet at indicated times at stations for which such data are available, to enable the delineation of the stage hydrograph in greater detail than is possible with one gage-height read­ ing a day as given in table 8. This information is confined to those portions of the respective records for which the changes in stage were sufficiently great to warrant its presentation. The time of day for which the records are given and the frequency of the readings have been determined in general by the form and availability of the base data. In table 10 are shown the altitudes above mean sea level of the ze­ roes of gages at locks on the Ohio River for which records of stage are given herein. Important applications of these records should be made in the light of the latest adjustments or revisions of altitudes of the ze­ roes of these gages. Information respecting such changes may be obtained by application to the appropriate field offices of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Figure 47 shows graphically the representative stage records pre­ sented in table 9 and is of interest in portraying the flattening of the major flood as it progressed downstream below Pittsburgh and the merging of this flood with the waters received by the Ohio River from its other tributaries. Table 8.- Gage height, In feet, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio Elver L_1936 . H 3 m # M* M *" 00 o> o iH M to ^ in u> p. a CD £3 . I 1 3 M 4* «H Station 0 0 0 !J- 0 > Ii"o! Ig M te !g 3o Ig 1J \* JJ !* 3 £ 3£ !=; 2$ si

Gftfie a b a 0 b d d d d d d d d d d d d d d a d a Time Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST 8am EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST 8am EST Sam EST 8am EST 8am EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST * Zero of gage 694.0 690.0 683.4 690.00 678.6 667.8 661.3 655.3 647.2 640.3 633.9 625.5 618.1 610.8 602.8 594.1 586.8 579.0 571.2 567.12 563.4 561.87 Feb. 1 11.7 15.5 10.6 e3.99 15.3 6.8 10.6 13.04 7.5 8.2 7.0 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.9 6.9 9.5 12.4 7.6 9.3 8.1 8.9 2 11.4 15.3 10.4 e3.84 15.2 6.3 9.5 12.24 7.7 8.3 6.8 9.6 7.2 7.6 8.8 10.0 10.8 11.0 6.5 7.4 8.3 9.9 3 11.1 15.0 10.1 e3.73 15.1 5.5 8.9 11.34 7.2 7.2 6.5 11.6 7.3 7.6 10.1 11.7 11.7 12.2 6.7 7.0 8.3 9.9 4 11.4 15.3 10.3 e3.89 15.0 5.1 8.3 11.24 6.8 6.9 6.1 10.7 7.0 7.3 10.5 12.0 12.1 12.5 8.0 7.8 9.0 10.7 5 11.9 15.7 10.6 84.18 15.4 6.5 9.9 13.24 8.2 7.8 6.0 9.2 7.2 7.7 10.6 13.0 13.9 14.1 10.0 11.2 12.7 14.7

6 12.8 16.4 11.3 e4.82 16.0 7.7 11.2 14.34 9.2 8.9 7.7 11.7 7.9 8.5 12.9 12.3 12.9 13.8 10.3 11.0 11.6 11.2 7 13.7 17.3 11.9 86.08 16.5 11.2 13.4 15.84 11.2 11.1 10.6 15.4 9.9 10.5 14.9 13.7 13.3 13.1 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.0 8 13.0 16.4 11.8 e4.86 16.2 12.4 12.0 14.64 10.3 10.8 10.8 16.3 10.7 12.3 17.8 16.0 15.4 15.0 10.0 10.0 9.6 8.0 9 12.0 15.7 11.0 e4.32 15.7 10.2 11.0 13.64 9.1 9.3 9.8 15.4 9.6 11.2 17.1 15.2 15.6 16.1 10,9 11.0 10.7 8.8 10 11.6 15.3 10.8 B4.14 15.3 9.3 11.7 16.74 7.8 7.6 7.3 12.3 7.0 10.5 16.2 14.3 14.7 15.2 10.5 11.0 10.6 8.5

11 11.7 15.3 10.7 e4.06 15.3 9.0 11.7 16.64 7.8 7.8 9.0 11.9 7.0 9.2 15.4 12.1 12.8 14.1 9.8 10.0 9.8 8.0 12 11.4 15.2 10.5 e3.92 15.2 8.4 11.3 16.34 7.5 7.8 10.5 11.4 7.4 10.4 14.5 11.3 12.2 12.4 8.9 8.7 9.0 6.6 13 11.2 15.1 10.3 e3.88 15.1 7.9 10.9 16.14 6.8 7.4 10.0 11.2 7.0 10.4 14.7 11.6 12.1 11.6 8.1 8.0 8.1 6.0 14 11.7 15.6 10.6 e4.45 15.3 8.2 11.5 16.24 7.0 8.5 10.0 13.1 6.5 9.3 14.6 11.6 12.3 12.0 8.3 7.4 7.8 6.0 15 13.3 17.1 11.9 e5.58 16.2 12.3 14.5 18.84 10.0 10.4 11.7 12.0 8.3 10.5 16.1 14.2 14.5 13.4 10.3 11.3 11.8 10.6

16 18.3 21.4 14.8 e7.52 18.6 20.0 25.4 23.64 15.4 15.3 15.2 19.3 12.1 13.8 19.0 16.4 15.9 15.5 12.8 14.8 15.7 16.0 17 17.8 20.7 14.3 86.99 18.4 22.7 28.6 24.74 18.4 18.0 17.2 17.1 18.0 20.4 25.9 29.6 23.4 19.1 14.3 15.6 15.8 15.3 18 IB. 7 18.8 13.2 eS.05 17.4 20.0 25.7 22.54 15.5 15.4 15.0 15.1 15.9 17.3 19.6 19.3 19.6 20.4 19.8 21.6 21.6 20.8 19 15.2 18.2 12.5 e5.78 17.0 19.6 23.3 21.54 14.0 13.8 12.7 12.0 13.2 13.8 16.0 15.7 15.9 16.4 15.6 17.3 17.3 16.4 20 14.7 17.9 12.2 95.43 16.7 18.9 22.7 20.74 13.9 13.6 12.4 12.0 12.8 13.4 14.4 13.8 13.6 13.8 13.5 13.0 14.5 13.5

21 13.7 17.1 11.7 e5.02 16.3 16.5 20.6 19.24 12.0 12.2 11.0 10.4 11.6 12.4 13.9 13.0 13.2 13.0 12.6 13.3 13.5 12.0 22 13.0 16.6 11.3 84.66 16.0 15.0 19.9 18.34 11.0 10.9 9.8 9.0 10.1 11.0 12.5 11'. 7 11.9 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.3 10.9 23 12.4 16.2 11.1 e4.36 15.7 13.3 18.0 17.04 9.6 9.6 8.7 8.4 9.1 10.0 11.1 10.1 10.6 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.1 9.7 24 11.9 15.6 10.5 94.09 IB. 3 12.1 17.3 16.34 8.4 8.5 7.9 7.2 8.2 9.1 10.0 8.8 9.6 9.6 10.2 10..2 10.2 8.7 25 12.5 16.4 11.1 84.90 15.8 12.5 16.4 16.84 7.8 8.1 7.4 6.8 7.8 8.7 9.7 9.1 9.7 9.4 10.2 10.8 10.6 9.0

26 18.4 21.8 14.9 e9.29 18.6 22.1 27.0 24.44 18.3 17.0 15.4 14.9 14.5 14.2 15.8 15.5 15.2 14.6 15.5 17.8 17.3 15.8 27 26.0 27.4 20.9 e!3.03 23.5 26.2 29.6 31.44 30.7 29.0 28.7 29.5 29.5 29.8 32.0 29.2 26.4 24.8 22.8 25.2 24.3 22.9 28 27.7 29.0 22.3 814.37 24.4 26.9 30.0 31.54 30.8 29.5 29.3 30.7 31.5 32.8 35.8 34.5 32.9 32.3 30.5 32.8 32.6 31.4 29 23.4 24.8 17.9 elO.06 20.7 23.0 26.7 28.74 28.2 27.3 28.0 29.8 31.4 33.1 36.6 35.5 34.4 34.2 32.5 34.8 34.4 33.8

* Altitude, In feet, above mean sea level, b Upper gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. d Pass sill gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Array. a U.S. Weather Bureau gage. o U.S. Geological Surrey water-stage recorder. e Mean dally gage height. Table 8. -Gage height, in feet, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio River. 1936 Continued

rt 60 fb £ FH (D X "* c- *" o W "A 0 " c- a 0 b fr £ 0 fH r-l id w§ . id * s W S * In W 3 ft » fi 0 0 Station gj o a °l 0 o 0 Q g o 3 cj £4 1 S 3 & S K 3 K SS 3 §, ^i *3 3 i ^s *a *£ *3 Sfi HO 3 o JU 5 " "* & 1 1 Gage a b a 0 b d d d d d d d d d d d d d d a d a Time Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST 8am EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST * Zero of gage 694.0 690.07 683.4 690.00 678.61 667.8 661.3 655.3 647.2 640.3 633.9 625.5 618.1 610.8 602.8 594.1 586.8 579.0 571.2 567.12 563.4 561.87 Mar. 1 20.4 22.4 15.7 e8.29 19.3 18.4 22.1 24.54 22.3 21.0 21.2 22.9 24.5 25.9 29.5 29.7 29.9 31.1 31.0 33.4 33.8 33.3 2 19.0 21.2 14.7 87.53 18.6 16.3 19.6 22.64 19.6 18.7 18.1 19.2 19.8 21.3 24.1 24.0 24.3 25.3 25.9 28.5 28.7 28. 5 3 17.9 20.5 14.1 67.12 18.2 14.8 18.5 21.54 17.9 16.9 16.2 17.0 17.6 18.7 21.2 21.0 21.1 22.0 21.4 23.8 24.1 23.8 4 17.4 20.1 13.8 80.81 18.0 14.2 18.0 21.14 17.2 16.3 15.6 16.2 16.7 17.6 19.9 19.5 19.3 19.4 18.7 20.7 20.8 20.1 5 16.9 19.8 13.6 eo.95 17.8 13.6 17.2 20.64 16.4 15.5 14.8 15.4 15.8 16.7 18.9 18.3 18.1 18.1 17.1 18.6 18.7 17.7

6 18.5 21.1 14.7 e7.47 18.5 15.9 19.2 22.34 18.6 17.4 16.4 16.9 17.0 17.5 19.3 18.1 17.6 17.3 16.1 17.6 17.4 16.2 7 18.0 20.7 14.3 07.14 18.3 15.1 18.6 21.64 17.9 16.9 16.2 16.9 17.3 18.3 20.4 19.6 19.0 18.6 16.9 18.3 17.9 16.5 8 17.1 19.8 13.7 96.63 17.9 13.6 17.4 20.64 16.4 15.7 15.0 15.5 16.1 17.0 19.1 18.6 18.2 18.1 16.6 17.9 17.7 16.5 9 16.1 18.9 12.9 66.13 17.4 12.1 15.9 19.54 14.9 14.4 13.8 14.1 14.7 15.5 17.4 16.9 16.8 16.7 15.5 16.7 16.5 15.2 10 16.7 19.7 13.4 66.77 17.6 12.7 16.5 20.04 15.1 14.1 13.1 13.0 13.5 14.0 15.8 15.2 15.2 15.2 14.3 15.3 15.2 13.9

11 18.8 21.4 14.8 e7.78 18.7 16.5 20.1 23.34 18.9 17.6 16.4 16.8 16.6 16.9 18.4 16.7 15.8 15.2 13.8 14.8 14.5 13.0 12 22.0 24.0 16.7 e9.94 19.9 19.4 22.5 24.94 21.7 20.1 18.8 19.3 19.2 19.8 21.8 20.5 19.5 18.8 16.5 17.5 17.2 15.3 13 25.7 27.0 20.3 ell .75 22.9 24.9 27.8 29.54 28.3 26.4 25.8 26.6 26.5 26.8 28.8 26.6 24.8 23.2 19.7 20.8 20.3 18.4 14 22. S 24.6 17.6 e9.64 20.6 21.6 25.0 27.04 25.8 24.6 24.4 25.9 27.0 28.1 31.0 30.0 28.7 28.0 24.5 25.8 25.3 24.0 15 20.8 22.9 16.0 68.56 19.5 18.9 22.3 24.74 22.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 23.2 24.2 27.1 26.7 26.3 26.4 24.0 25.3 25.5 25.1 16 19.8 22.1 15.6 88.39 19.1 18.0 21.5 24.14 21.5 20.0 19.5 20.7 21.3 22.2 24.9 24.1 23.7 23.5 21.6 22.9 22.7 22.3 17 24.7 26.2 18.7 914.06 21.3 22.7 25.7 27.74 25.7 23.4 22.4 23.7 24.6 25.4 28.2 27.9 27.2 26.6 24.9 27.1 26.9 26.3 18 42.0 38.2 _ 630.02 37.9 42.2 43.8 44.94 44.0 40.6 39.5 39.5 38.5 38.6 40.7 37.3 34.8 33.8 31.3 33.2 33.5 33.1 19 41.4 38.8 _ e28.75 42.1 48.1 49.4 - 52.9 50.8 51.3 52.1 52.7 54.0 55.5 51.0 47.3 44.6 38.7 40.2 40.0 39.6 20 27.4 28.6 - e!4.83 26.4 30.5 34.2 36.14 38.7 39.4 41.6 44.8 47.4 51.3 54.7 53.5 52.1 50.6 45.6 47.3 47.1 46.3

21 24.0 25.4 _ elO.64 21.0 22.5 25.9 28.14 27.8 27.0 28.2 31.6 34.5 37.7 42.4 43.6 44.7 45.9 44.9 47.2 48.1 47.7 22 23.7 25.2 _ elO.25 21.0 22.0 25.8 27.74 26.4 25.3 25.0 26.8 28.4 30.4 34.5 35.4 36.7 39.1 40.4 43.1 44.7 44.9 23 22.4 24.2 _ e9.76 20.3 20.5 24.2 26.54 24.9 23.8 23.5 25.0 26.6 28.3 32.1 32.4 33.1 34.9 36.1 38.7 40.1 40.6 24 22.6 24.3 17.0 elO.14 20.4 21.1 25.4 27.64 26.3 24.9 24.4 25.6 26.5 27.9 31.0 30.7 30.9 32.0 32.5 35.1 36.2 36.3 25 27.5 28.5 21.8 e!4.79 24.4 26.7 31.5 32.24 31.4 29.6 29.0 29.8 30.1 31.1 33.9 32.5 31.9 32.4 32.0 34.6 35.2 35.1

26 30.3 30.2 25.6 e!7.07 27.7 31.9 35.7 37.24 37.5 35.9 35.8 37.1 37.4 38.6 41.4 39.1 37.0 36.4 34.4 36.7 36.9 36.6 27 28.3 28.8 23.3 614.96 26.0 29.1 32.7 34.54 35.0 33.9 34.4 36.2 37.3 39.3 42.7 41.4 39.9 39.4 37.1 39.4 39.5 39.0 28 27.2 28.0 21.7 e!3.97 24.2 26.4 29.5 31.54 31.2 30.3 30.6 32.4 34.3 36.0 39.8 39.4 38.8 39.3 37.9 40.3 40.7 40.3 29 26.9 27.7 21.5 613.96 24.2 26.2 29.3 31.24 30.9 29.7 29.6 31.2 32.3 33.9 37.4 36.5 36.1 36.7 35.9 38.2 38.9 38.8 30 23.9 25.3 18.1 elO.18 21.1 22.2 25.7 27.94 27.1 25.9 26.0 27.7 29.1 30.8 34.4 34.0 33.7 34.1 33.2 35.6 36.0 35.8 31 21.7 23.4 16.5 e8.89 19.9 19.4 23.0 25.44 23.5 22.0 21.8 23.5 24.8 26.1 29.5 29.2 29.3 29.8 29.1 31.1 31.8 31.6 * Altitude, in feet, above mean sea level, b Upper gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. d Pass sill gage, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. a U.S. Weatbar Bureau gage. o U.S. Geologioal Survey water-stage recorder. e Mean daily gage height. Table 8.- Gaf»e height, in feet, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio Elver, 19 36 --Continued

H 3 x "| «" o c5 a « S >4 rH 0 ^ ** 4* *H 1« o * 0 Station 2 *>« 0 O 0 q ^ 1- M ^ 3 !§ 3 o H § !* o li !* ^5 K IH ^* ^ ^ J^ ^ & ^ 8 2 ^ id 0 mi&> " £ 1

Gage a b a 0 b d d d d d d d d d d d d d d a d a Time 8am EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sara EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST 8am EST 8am EST 8am E£1T 8am EST Sam EST 8am EST * Zero of gage 694.0 690.07 683.4 690.00 678.61 667.8 661.3 655.3 647.2 640.3 633.9 625.5 618.1 610.8 602.8 594.1 586.8 579.0 571.2 567.12 563.4 561.87 Apr. 1 20.2 22.4 15.6 e8.20 19.3 17.4 21.2 23.84 21.0 20.0 19.3 20.2 21.2 22.8 25.6 25.0 25.0 25.6 24.4 26.5 26.8 26.4 2 19.0 21.4 14.8 e7.80 18.7 16.1 19.7 22.84 19.5 18.5 17.7 13.8 19.2 20.6 23.1 22.5 22.4 22.6 21.3 23.0 23.0 22.3 3 18.7 21.2 14.8 e7.60 18.6 15.7 19.5 22.64 19.3 18.2 17.5 18.5 18.9 20.0 22.4 21.6 21.3 21.8 19.7 21.6 21.4 20.6 4 18.0 20.6 14.2 e7.20 18.3 14.7 18.6 21.74 18.1 17.1 16.4 17.3 17.8 18.9 21.4 20.7 20.5 20.6 19.0 20.9 20.8 19.8 5 17.0 19.8 13.6 e6.70 17.9 13.5 17.4 20.74 16.8 15.9 15.2 15.9 16.4 17.5 19.8 19.0 19.0 18.9 17.7 19.4 19.5 18.2

6 16.3 19.3 13.2 e7.15 17.6 12.3 16.1 19.94 15.3 14.7 14.0 14.7 15.7 17.0 20.1 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.3 24.2 23.7 23.0 7 24.8 26.3 18.7 elO.80 21.4 21.8 25.1 27.14 24.0 21.4 19.6 19.6 18.7 18.9 20.8 19.9 20.1 22.1 23.9 26.8 27.8 27.9 8 23.7 25,3 18.1 elO.OO 21.2 22.3 25.8 27.84 26.9 25.6 25.1 ' 26.4 27.0 27.9 30.5 28.6 27.2 26.4 24.6 26.5 27.0 26.6 9 20.3 22.4 15.6 e8.25 19.3 17.9 21.6 24.24 22.0 20.9 20.6 22.3 23.6 24.9 28.1 27.6 27.2 27.5 25.9 28.0 28.1 27.6 10 18.5 21.0 14.6 e7.52 18.5 15.3 19.0 22.14 13.7 17.7 17.1 18.3 19.1 20.6 23.5 23.3 23.4 24.1 23.4 25.5 25.8 25.4

11 18.5 21.0 14.5 e7.45 18.6 15.3 19.0 22.24 18.6 17.3 16.6 17.3 17.7 18.8 21.2 20.6 20.5 21.4 20.2 22.4 22.7 22.1 12 18.1 20.8 14.3 e7.28 18.4 14.9 18.6 21.84 18.0 17.0 16.3 17.1 17.5 18.4 20.9 20.1 19.9 20.0 18.7 20.6 20.7 19.8 13 17.4 20.2 13.9 e6.97 18.1 14.0 17.7 21.14 17.2 16.5 15.7 16.4 16.8 18.0 20.2 19.4 19.2 19.1 17.9 19.6 19.7 18.5 14 17.3 20.1 13.8 e6.88 18.0 13.6 17.5 20.94 16.7 15.7 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.8 19.0 18.1 18.2 18.1 16.9 18.6 18.6 17.5 15 16.8 19.7 13.4 e6.57 17.8 12.9 16.7 20.34 15.9 15.3 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.5 18.6 17.7 17.5 17.3 16.0 17.3 17.4 16.3

16 16.1 19.1 13.1 66.19 17.5 11.9 15.8 19.44 14.9 14.2 13.4 13.9 14.5 15.4 17.5 16.7 16.6 16.6 15.3 16.7 16.6 15.6 17 15.4 18.6 12.7 65.88 17.2 11.0 14.9 18.94 13.9 13.3 12.6 12.8 13.5 14.2 16.1 15.2 15.4 15.3 14.3 15.6 15.5 14.3 18 14.9 18.1 12.3 e5.59 17.0 10.1 14.4 18.24 12.9 12.4 11.8 11.8 12.6 13.3 15.1 14.1 14.2 14.2 13.4 14.4 14.4 13.0 19 14.3 17.6 12.0 65.30 16.6 9.1 13.4 17.44 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.5 11.9 12.3 13.8 13.0 13.2 13.3 12.6 13.4 13.3 11.9 20 13.7 17.1 11.6 e4.97 16.3 8.4 12.3 17.14 14.9 14.7 15.1 15,5 14.8 15.1 13.4 K9.6 £10.4 klO.l £10.2 12.2 klO.7 11.0

21 13.4 16.9 11.5 64.91 16.2 8.9 13.8 16.64 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.8 15.3 15.4 14.7 £10.8 £10.9 klO.4 klO.4 12.2 kll.O 11.1 22 13.4 16.9 11.5 64.91 16.2 9.2 13.2 17.04 14.8 15.4 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.3 14.9 £10.9 kll.2 £10.2 £10.1 11.9 £11.0 11.2 23 13.4 16.9 11.5 65.01 16.2 9.3 14.3 16.74 15.0 15.5 15.2 16.1 15.2 15.0 14.8 £11.2 £11.4 £11.3 klO.S 12.6 £11.7 12.0 24 13.7 17.3 11.7 65.09 16.4 9.5 14.4 17.14 15.0 15.1 15.3 15.8 15.3 15.2 14.6 kll.3 kll.5 £11.6 £11.0 12.8 £12.1 12.5 25 13.4 16.9 11.5 64.67 16.2 8.8 13.8 16.54 14.2 15.1 15.1 16.0 15.2 15.2 14.3 £11.5 £11.8 £11.8 kll.2 12.8 kll.7 12.1

26 13.1 16.6 11.3 e4.69 16.0 8.4 13.4 15.94 14.9 15.3 15.2 16.0 15.2 15.3 14.9 £10.3 KlO.S £9.8 £10.7 12.2 £11.6 11.3 27 12.7 16.3 11.0 e4.37 15.8 7.9 13.1 15.34 15.6 15.4 15.7 16.3 15.4 15.4 14.5 £10.3 £10.1 £9.4 £10.1 12.2 £11.0 11.6 28 12.4 16.2 10.9 e4.37 15.7 9.5 15.0 14.84 15.5 15.8 15.7 16.5 15.5 15.3 14.8 k8.1 kg. 6 £9.8 £9.5 12.0 fclO.3 11.3 29 12.4 16.2 10.9 64.36 15.7 8.9 14.6 14.74 15.6 15.7 15-.4 16.7 15.4 15.5 15.0 £10.4 £10.4 xio.o Ir9.8 12.2 klO.9 11.7 30 12.5 16.3 10.9 e4.51 15.7 8.9 14.7 15.34 15.7 16.0 15.8 16.5 15.6 15.6 14.8 klO.l k9.9 k9.6 £9.7 12.2 fclO.6 11.6 * Altitude, in feet, above mean sea leve1. b Upper gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army d Pass all1 gage. Jorps of Engineers, U.S. Army* 1C Dam r lised. Jeight 0 f lower pool a. U.S. Weather Bureau gage. o U.S. Geological Survey water-stage recorder. e Mean daily gage height. above pass sill. 238 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

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»g. 0 iH to o> fl to 14 2 » CM Si "*S*c3 So AJ c§ *S5 *8 a o 8 »$ *8 *8 S3 Q) «H *a L *s 0 o Station i-t 3.0 S S lo S S $1 3% 3 S *i h jfrf *£ h s s £ 04 h * 4* 04 3& pi Gage d d d d d d f f d a d d a d d a d d d d d d Time Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8ara EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST 7ara EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST * Zero of gage 555.3 549.1 541.6 536.0 528.2 520.1 - - 512.1 514.1 502.6 496.6 492.0 483.1 475.1 470.9 467.6 460.1 452.6 445.6 440.0 433.6 Mar. 1 36.0 36.2 37.2 39.3 40.0 42.6 _ _ 41.7 37.8 44.5 38.1 38.5 43.9 43.9 42.3 44.0 41.9 41.1 37.2 36.2 39.2 2 31.2 31.9 33.4 55.5 37.0 40.0 - _ 40.3 36.6 43.6 38.2 38.7 44.6 45.0 43.6 45.6 43.9 43.5 39.9 39.2 42.4 3 26.3 26.7 28.2 30.2 31.8 35.3 - _ 35.7 33.1 40.1 36.0 36.8 42.9 43.5 42.0 44.2 43.2 43.3 40.5 40.2 43.5 4 22.4 22.7 23.8 25.4 27.3 30.4 _ _ 32.0 27.4 35.7 31.9 32.9 39.0 40.2 39.0 41.3 40.8 41.3 39.0 39.1 42.4 5 19.9 19.8 20.6 21.7 23.4 26.2 - - 27.9 24.5 31.5 27.7 28.6 34.7 35.7 34.7 37.0 37.0 37.9 36.3 36.5 40.1

6 18.3 18.1 18.7 19.8 20.7 23.4 _ _ 24.8 21.3 28.2 24.3 24.8 30.5 31.4 30.2 32.6 32.6 33.9 32.6 33.0 36.4 7 18.6 18.2 18.5 19.4 20.1 22.3 _ _ 23.3 19.8 26.4 22.2 22.3 27.6 28.1 26.8 29.0 28.6 30.1 28.9 29.2 32.7 8 18.6 18.3 18.7 19.7 20.5 22.6 _ _ 23.2 19.6 25.9 21.5 21.4 26.4 26.5 24.8 26.8 26.3 27.2 25.9 26.1 29.3 9 17.3 17.2 17.7 18.6 19.5 21.6 _ _ 22.6 18.9 25.4 21.1 20.8 25.8 25.8 23.8 25.8 25.3 25.7 24.1 24.2 27.0 10 16.0 15.7 16.2 17.0 17.8 19.9 - - 20.9 17.4 23.9 19.9 19.6 24.9 24.9 22.5 24.8 24.4 24.8 23.1 23.2 25.8

11 15.0 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.2 18.2 _ _ 19.3 15.8 22.0 18.6 18.3 23.4 23.7 21.5 23.4 23.2 23.6 22.0 22.0 24.7 12 17.3 16.6 16.7 17.2 17.4 18.9 - _ 19.2 15.5 21.5 17.7 17.1 22.1 22.3 20.3 22.2 21.9 22.3 20.8 20.7 23.5 13 20.4 19.7 19.7 20.5 20.7 22.4 - _ 22.2 18.2 24.0 19.3 18.4 23.0 22.6 20.4 22.0 21.2 21.5 19.6 19.7 22.3 14 26.0 25.2 25.2 26.1 27.0 28.1 - _ 26.9 22.7 28.7 22.9 22.0 26.4 25.4 22.7 24.1 22.8 22.4 20.2 19.7 22.0 15 26.8 26.6 27.2 28.6 29.5 31.5 - - 30.9 26.8 32.9 26.8 26.2 30.9 29.9 27.4 28.6 26.5 25.7 22.5 21.6 23.8

16 24.3 24.3 25.2 26.6 28.1 30.4 _ _ 30.7 26.9 33.4 28.0 27.9 33.2 32.4 29.8 31.7 30.1 29.8 26.4 25.3 27.6 17 28.4 28.4 28.8 30.2 31.3 33.4 - _ 33.5 30.0 36.4 31.2 31.7 36.9 36.6 34.9 36.4 34.9 34.6 31.3 30.2 33.3 18 35.3 35.0 35.5 37.2 38.5 40.8 - _ 41.7 38.3 44.6 37.9 38.1 42.1 42.2 39.9 41.7 39.7 39.0 35.2 34.9 38.1 19 4J.5 40.9 41.7 43.7 45.3 48.4 564.0 563.8 49.3 46.3 52.3 45.1 45.3 50.2 49.0 45.9 47.5 45.0 44.0 39.9 39.2 42.4 20 48.4 47.6 48.5 50.5 51.7 54.3 568.4 568.3 53.3 49.8 56.3 49.6 50.0 55.2 54.0 51.0 52.9 50.2 49.1 44.8 43.9 47.0

21 50.5 50.6 52.1 54.3 55.8 57.8 571.6 571.4 56.0 52.1 58.9 52.7 53.3 58.7 57.7 54.9 56.8 54.3 53.2 49.1 48.5 51.8 22 48.0 49.0 51.1 53.6 55.9 58.5 572.9 572.7 57.8 54.2 61.2 55.3 56.0 61.5 60.4 57.6 59.8 57.1 56.1 52.3 51.7 55.1 23 43.9 44.9 47.4 50.2 53.1 56.5 571.8 571.7 57.2 53.9 61.2 55.9 56.8 62.6 61.7 59.2 61.5 58.8 58.1 54.5 53.9 57.5 24 39.7 40.8 43.2 46.2 49.3 53.3 569.8 569.2 55.1 52.0 59.5 54.7 55.8 61.8 61.6 59.2 61.7 59.4 58.8 55.7 55.3 59.0 2.5 38.2 38.9 41.2 44.0 47.1 51.3 567.9 567.7 53.8 50.9 58.0 53.6 54.9 60.9 60.8 58.8 61.2 59.2 58.9 56.1 55.9 59.75

26 39.4 39.7 41.5 44.2 47.0 51.1 567.4 567.3 53.4 50.5 57.6 53.3 54.7 60.7 60.6 58.6 61.0 59.0 58.8 56.0 55.9 59.65 27 41.6 41.8 43.5 46.0 48.3 51.8 567.4 567.2 52.9 49.6 56.8 52.6 53.9 60.1 60.3 58.6 61.0 59.1 59.0 56.2 56.1 59.9 28 43.1 43.2 44.8 47.2 49.3 52.4 567.5 567.3 52.5 49.1 56.2 51.6 52.8 59.0 59.6 58.1 60.5 58.9 59.0 56.5 56.5 60.45 29 41.6 42.2 44.0 46.4 48.8 52.0 567.2 567.0 52.3 48.8 56.0 50.9 52.1 58.1 58.6 56.9 59.4 57.9 58.1 55.8 56.0 59.9 30 38.8 39.5 41.4 44.0 46.6 50.0 565.6 565.4 50.8 47.2 54.6 49.9 51.1 57.1 57.6 55.9 58-4 57.0 57.1 54.8 55.0 58.9 31 34.7 35.5 37.5 40.2 42.8 46.4 562.3 562.2 47.7 44.3 51.7 47.6 48.8 55.0 55.7 54.2 56.6 55.6 55.8 53.5 53.7 57.5 * Altitude, in feet, above mean sea level. & Pass sill gage', Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. a U.S. Weather Bureau gage. * CorPs of Engineers, U.S. Army, gage Table S.- Sage height, in feat, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio Elver, 1936 Continued

P § 0. o |H n £ m i>- o * o N M CM .« CM *S I"' P. 0 a a MS M CM M « M to M n ft MS * *3 It -H io o o o o Station Jg- io- lo­ 3g* 0 0 ^ 3g 3g i 1 s * 3g *y. 3 (§ $a tW -P ^ 3g .p 5 CM P CM 3 w £ Gaga d a d d d ft f f d a d d a d d a d d d d d d Time Sam EST 8am ESI Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST Sam EST 8am EST Sam EST Sam EST Sara EST Sam EST 8am EST 8am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST * Zero of gaga 555.3 549.1 541.6 536.0 528.2 520.1 - - 512.1 514.1 502.6 496.6 492.0 483.1 475.1 470.9 467.6 460.1 453.6 445.6 440.0 433.6 Apr. 1 29.3 30.0 31.9 34.4 37.3 40.8 557.4 557.2 43.0 39.8 47.4 43.7 45.2 51.5 52.5 51.3 53.9 53.2 53.6 51.6 51.9 55.7 2 25.0 25.3 26.8 28.8 31.4 35.0 551.9 551.7 37.3 34.1 41.7 38.8 40.2 46.8 48.3 47.4 50.0 49.8 50.8 49.2 49.6 53.5 3 22.9 22.9 23.7 25.3 27.7 30.6 _ _ 32.5 29.3 36.5 33.7 34.8 41.3 42.3 42.9 45.3 45.6 46.7 45.3 46.2 50.2 4 22.0 22.0 22.6 24.0 26.1 28.6 - _ 30.3 27.0 34.0 30.5 31.6 37.8 38.9 38.0 40.8 40.6 42.1 41.2 42.1 45.9 5 20.4 20.5 21.2 22.3 24.5 27.0 - - 28.9 26.2 32.5 28.8 29.6 35.6 36.2 34.9 37.2 37.1 38.3 37.2 37.8 41.5

6 25.5 25.0 25.1 26.2 27.8 30.0 _ _ 32.1 29.0 35.6 31.7 32.5 38.3 38.2 37.3 38.9 38.2 38.9 37.5 38.4 42.6 7 30.7 31.1 32.2 34.3 36.4 39.7 _ _ 42.3 39.5 46.0 41.4 42.4 47.7 46.9 44.8 47.0 44.1 43.7 41.1 41.7 45.6 8 29.4 30.0 31.5 33.9 36.8 41.1 - - 44.9 42.2 49.6 46.2 47.6 53.5 53.1 50.8 52.7 50.2 49.4 45.8 45.5 49.0 9 30.3 30.7 32.2 34.6 37.2 41.0 557.8 557.6 43.8 40.8 48.3 45.0 46.5 52.6 53.1 51.5 53.9 52.2 52.0 48.9 48.7 52.2 10 28.1 28.6 30.3 32.5 35.2 39.0 555.8 555.6 41.5 38.5 45.9 42.7 44.1 50.4 51.5 50.2 52.7 51.7 52.0 49.7 49.9 53.6

11 24.8 25.2 26.7 28.7 31.4 35.2 552.3 552.1 38.1 35.0 43.0 39.5 41.0 47.4 48.7 47.7 50.2 49.6 50.3 48.5 49.1 53.0 12 22.2 22.3 23.4 25.3 28.0 31.5 - _ 34.6 31.4 39.0 35.9 37.2 43.6 44.8 44.3 46.7 46.5 47.7 46.4 47.2 51.3 13 20.9 21.0 21.9 22.9 25.7 28.7 _ _ 31.6 28.3 35.6 32.4 33.6 39.7 41.0 40.3 42.7 43.7 44.1 43.2 44.1 48.3 14 19.7 19.6 20.3 21.5 23.8 26.5 _ _ 29.2 26.0 33.0 29.6 30.5 36.7 37.5 36.6 38.8 39.0 40.4 39.5 40.5 44.5 15 18.4 18.3 18.7 20.0 21.9 24.4 - - 26.8 23.6 30.6 27.0 27.6 33.6 34.3 33.2 35.5 35.4 36.7 35.8 36.6 40.4

16 17.5 17.3 17.8 18.9 20.0 22.7 _ _ 24.8 21.5 28.4 24.7 25.1 30.7 31.4 30.1 32.4 32.2 33.4 32.3 33.0 36.6 17 16.3 16.2 16.7 17.6 18.5 21.1 _ _ 23.0 19.5 26.5 22.7 23.0 28.4 28.9 27.4 29.6 29.2 30.4 29.2 29.6 33.2 18 15.0 14.9 15.3 16.1 16.8 19.2 _ _ 20.8 17.7 24.1 20.6 20.8 26.2 26.7 25.1 27.2 27.1 27.9 26.5 26.8 30.1 19 13.9 13.6 14.2 14.8 15.3 17.4 _ _ 19.1 16.1 22.2 19.0 18.8 24.0 24.5 22.6 24.8 24.7 25.5 24.1 24.4 27.4 20 kll.4 kll.3 k!2.0 klO.8 kll.O 13.3 - - 16.0 13.2 19.5 17.1 16.9 22.2 22.7 20.9 22.9 22.6 23.4 22.1 22.2 25.2

21 kll.3 kll.2 kll.5 klO.7 klO.5 klO.7 _ _ k!2.1 9.4 k!4.4 13.7 13.5 18.5 19.8 18.2 20.4 20.5 21.2 19.8 20.4 23.1 22 kll.7 k!2.3 KL2.3 k!2.3 k!2.3 k!3.3 _ _ KL3.9 11.0 k!5.9 k!2.8 klO.8 15.4 16.1 14.9 16.8 17.4 18.3 17.6 18.0 20.7 23 k!2.3 k!2.1 k!2.6 k!2.1 k!2.0 k!3.0 530.6 530.4 KL3.5 10.3 15.6 k!3.0 k!2.0 16.8 17.2 15.3 16.9 16.4 16.3 15.1 15.4 17.6 24 kll.9 kll.5 k!2.2 kll.8 kll.8 k!2.2 529.7 529.5 k!3.3 X>.3 16.1 k!3.4 k!2.1 16.8 16.8 15.0 16.7 16.4 16.4 14.9 14.7 16.4 25 k!2.0 kll.6 k!2.4 kll.7 kll.5 k!2.2 529.8 529.5 kis.e 10.8 16.4 k!3.4 12.4 16.7 17.0 15.0 16.8 16.5 16.3 14.8 14.6 16.1

26 k!2.2 kll.5 M.2.3 kll.8 kll.8 k!2.7 _ _ k!3.5 10.4 16.3 k!3.2 12.3 16.7 17.0 15.0 16.7 16.4 16.2 14.6 14.5 16.1 27 kll.5 klO.6 kll.5 klO.6 klO.5 kll.O _ _ kll.8 8.9 k!3.7 k!2.2 11.7 16.3 16.8 14.8 16.6 16.4 16.2 14.6 14.5 16.0 28 klO.6 k9.4 klO.8 k9.1 k9.8 klO.6 _ _ kll.3 8.6 k!3.9 kll.O 9.9 13.9 14.5 12.9 14.7 15.1 15.5 14.4 14.3 15.7 29 klO.8 k9.9 kll.2 k9.5 k9.7 klO.5 _ _ klO.7 8.2 k!3.8 kll.8 k9.3 kll.5 kl2.2 10.5 k!3.2 klS.O k!3.6 13.0 13.1 14.7 30 klO.8 k9.9 kll.l k9.9 k9.9 klO.7 - - kll.5 8.8 klS.S kll.5 k9.3 k!3.3 k!3.9 13.0 k!4.0 k!2.7 kll.8 kll.2 kll.2 k!2.2 * Altitude, in feet, above mean sea level. d Pass sill gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. f Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, gage. a U.S. Weather Bureau gage. k Dam raised. Height of lower pool above pase sill. lable 8.- Sage height, in feet, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio River, 1936 Continued «: a 0 c- S n m o 3 a o M n o * M 10 (TJ «« I" grn- u rrf 3* o Station «H O 9 * 9 ' y. Ig II- H rH $ 8 I ' *% Jo II Jo aj M fe fe la fe ^ & & IB & P & & & fc & !§ O 3 jjj

Gage a d d d f b e h. h h f h h f h h h h 0 h h af Time 8am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CdT 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST ' Zero of gage 428.8 425.3 417.9 410.6 403.20 403.0 372.06 368.4 360.0 352.0 - 341.1 333.2 329.2 325.1 314.0 303.2 297.0 286.23 285.1 276.6 270.9 Feb. 1 15.2 15.6 14.9 14.7 17.0 13.2 17.6 13.5 14.4 13.7 _ 12.8 14.4 14.7 14.0 14.6 15.5 14.9 16.9 17.2 19.7 20.5 2 14.5 15.2 14.6 14.1 16.4 12.9 17.2 13.5 16.1 12.8 _ 11.4 12.8 13.5 13.0 14.0 14.8 14.0 15.2 15.2 17.6 18.7 3 13.8 14.3 13.8 13.3 16.0 12.7 16.5 12.0 12.7 12.7 _ 11.6 12.3 12.8 11.8 12.9 13.9 13.0 13.8 14.0 15.9 17.2 4 13.3 13.9 13.2 12.8 15.8 12.0 16.4 11.6 11.9 11.6 _ 10.9 11.7 12.0 11.4 12.7 13.4 12.4 13.0 13.1 14.5 15.7 5 15.4 15.4 14.3 14.0 17.9 11.4 14.6 10.6 11.6 11.5 - 10.3 11.1 11.7 10.6 11.9 12.7 12.0 12.8 12.8 14.1 15.2

6 16.6 16.6 16.6 18.0 23.1 11.2 15.5 11.2 11.2 11.0 _ 10.0 11.1 12.0 10.6 11.9 12.0 11.3 14.1 13.9 14.8 15.7 7 22.0 20.8 21.6 24.2 26.9 11.6 16.6 12.2 12.2 11.4 - 9.9 11.5 12.4 10.8 11.8 12.8 10.6 16.2 16.1 17.0 17.6 8 27.5 27.1 28.8 31.8 32.1 12.5 19.5 14.8 13.9 12.3 _ 10.4 11.9 12.8 11.6 12.5 17.0 10.5 17.3 17.3 18.5 19.3 9 26.6 26.7 27.1 26.2 28.0 15.7 33.6 28.2 24.3 18.8 _ 11.9 12.8 13.6 12.1 13.7 19.9 11.7 18.6 18.5 19.8 20.4 10 23.7 23.8 24.1 23.1 20.0 14.5 29.8 27.1 28.6 23.9 - 18.4 18.8 19.1 16.5 16.8 20.4 12.3 19.4 19.2 20.7 21.4

11 20.8 20.6 21.2 20.0 19.0 13.6 26.3 23.6 25.5 23.4 _ 20.0 22.0 22.5 20.6 20.7 26.0 16.2 21.1 20.6 21.9 22.3 12 19.0 19.1 19.3 18.0 19.5 12.7 23.6 21.0 22.2 21.1 - 19.1 22.2 22.6 21.0 25.9 28.4 16.1 21.7 21.6 23.4 23.8 13 18.2 18.2 18.3 16.4 20.0 12.2 21.8 18.2 19.7 19.0 _ 17.9 22.2 24.6 26.2 29.8 27.8 15.8 21.7 21.7 23.6 24.3 14 22.2 22.7 22.8 22.0 21.0 12.7 23.1 18.9 20.2 18.5 _ 19.0 24.1 26.9 29.7 22.0 25.3 21.8 24.5 24.5 25.4 25.4 15 21.6 22.5 23.2 21.7 21.5 13.5 25.8 21.8 21.3 19.5 - 19.6 25.1 28.0 30.4 20.0 20.2 19.6 24.0 24.3 26.3 26.5

16 21.0 20.8 21.2 19.9 22.0 13.2 25.5 22.3 21.9 21.1 _ 21.6 27.3 30.5 30.8 19.6 18.7 17.8 21.9 22.1 24.7 25.6 17 28.6 27.2 25.2 21.7 23.0 12.8 24.2 20.7 21.8 21.3 _ 23.6 30.0 33.4 30.4 19.5 18.5 17.0 20.0 20.0 22.9 24.1 18 35.2 34.0 33.2 29.0 26.0 13.4 29wt 24.0 23.2 22.0 _ 25.5 32.0 32.9 30.0 19.5 18.7 16.9 18.8 18.4 20.8 22.7 19 36.6 35.8 35.3 31.6 31.0 15.0 35.3 30.7 29.6 27.3 _ 30.8 32.9 33.5 30.2 19.5 18.7 17.0 17.9 17.9 20.4 21.7 20 35.7 35.1 34.8 31.6 32.0 15.3 37.6 33.7 33.6 31.9 - 34.3 36.7 35.5 32.2 20.2 19.0 17.1 17.5 17.5 19.8 21.3

21 34.1 33.6 33.7 30.7 31.0 15.3 37.5 34.2 35.0 35.6 _ 37.4 37.6 36.3 33.0 21.5 20.0 17.7 17.9 17.7 19.8 21.1 22 31.5 31.2 31.3 28.8 29.5 14.8 36.4 33.5 35.1 34.9 _ 38.6 41.4 37.4 34.9 22.6 21.0 18.4 18.8 18.4 20.4 21.4 23 28.3 28.3 28.4 26.3 28.0 14.0 34.0 31.4 32.4 34.4 _ 39.9 42.4 38.4 35.5 22.9 22.0 19.2 19.6 19.3 21.3 22.2 24 25.9 26.0 26.0 24.0 25.0 13.2 31.4 28.7 31.0 32.8 _ 38.7 41.8 39.7 42.0 24.8 24.3 20.8 20.4 20.1 22.2 23.0 25 24.8 25.1 25.4 22.8 24.0 12.9 29.5 26.4 28.4 28.8 - 31.3 36.4 37.3 35.8 32.8 32.6 27.7 24.4 24.2 25.0 25.3

26 24.6 25.1 25.3 22.8 25.0 13.1 28.5 24.8 25.7 24.9 _ 25.9 30.9" 31.9 31.0 31.5 33.2 30.0 28.2 27.8 30.2 30.6 27 27.8 28.4 28.8 25.9 26.0 14.9 29.4 24.9 25.0 23.4 - 22.7 25.9 27.8 25.8 28.9 31.3 28.8 28.8 28.7 31.7 32.8 28 30.0 30.4 30.7 27.8 28.0 16.1 32.8 28.6 27.6 24.5 _ 21.4 24.9 25.5 24.3 26.6 28.9 26.8 27.5 27.6 31.1 32.5 29 34.4 34.0 33.5 29.5 28.7 16.6 34.2 30.1 29.6 26.3 - 22.3 25.1 25.5 23.8 25.6 27.2 25.4 26.1 26.2 30.3 32.5

* Altitude, in feet, above mean sea level, b Upper gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S.Army, d Pass sill gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S.Army, g Lower gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S.Army, a U.S.Weather Bureau gaga. o U.S.Geological Surrey water stage recorder. f Corps of Engineers, U.S.Army, gage. h Low water gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S.Army Table 8.-Gage hei^it, in feet, at river-measurement stations On the Ohio Hiver, 1936 Continued s a e- »H t- 3 to n . H . o "° .w in o . w *d o > -g i . Station H n D . %i H rH If 3fi Jg Jo |^ 3g 1,0 Ig jjj Jo Cfl M fes 3 &a fi !j I PH s I fi

Gage a d d d f b g h h Il f h h f Ii Ii h h 0 h h af Dime 8am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am EST 7am CST 7am OST 7am CST 7am OST 7am OST 7am OST 7am CST 7am OST 7am OST 7am OST 7am CST 7am OST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am OST 7am OST * Zero of gage 428.8 425.3 417.9 410.6 403.20 403.0 372.06 368.4 360.0 352.0 - 341.1 333.2 329.2 325.1 314.0 303.2 297.0 286.23 285.1 276.6 270.9 liar. 1 39.1 38.4 37.4 33.0 32.0 16.6 37.3 32.8 31.7 28.0 _ 23.5 26.1 26.2 24.5 25.9 27.0 24.9 25.7 25.9 30.9 34.3 2 42.2 41.5 40.5 35.6 33.9 16.2 41.6 36.2 35.4 30.9 - 25.3 27.7 27.6 25.7 26.7 27.6 25.3 26.1 26.4 31.9 35.6 3 43.5 42.7 41.9 37.0 34.3 16.9 43.9 40.1 38.8 34.0 _ 27.8 29.9 29.6 27.4 28.0 28.7 26.1 26.7 27.1 32.6 36.1 42.7 42.2 41.5 37.1 35.6 17.9 _ 27.2 45' 45.3 41.7 40.7 36.0 29.9 31.7 31.6 29.7 29.6 30.2 27.4 27.7 33.0 36.3 40.5 40.1 39.9 35.9 34.7 17.7 45.0 41.8 41.3 37.0 - 31.1 33.2 33.1 31.2 30.9 31.5 28.3 28.1 28.4 33.3 36.3

6 37.0 36.9 36.9 33.6 32.8 17.1 43.0 40.1 40.2 36.5 _ 31.5 33.9 33.9 32.1 32.0 32.8 29.3 28.8 28.8 33.6 36.2 7 33.7 33.3 33.4 30.8 30.4 17.6 39.1 36.7 37.5 34.7 _ 30.8 33.7 33.8 32.3 32.7 33.6 30.1 29.4 29.4 33.9 36.4 8 30.2 30.1 30.2 27.9 27.8 16.9 35.7 32.8 34.0 31.8 - 29.0 32.3 32.8 31.6 32.9 34.0 30.6 29.8 29.9 34.3 36.7 9 27.8 27.8 27.7 25.5 24.5 16.9 32.4 29.2 30.2 28.5 _ 26.7 30.2 30.9 30.2 32.6 34.0 30.7 30.0 30.0 34.5 36.9 10 26.5 26.4 26.2 24.0 23.8 17.4 29.4 26.0 26.9 25.5 - 24.0 27.1 28.3 27.7 31.7 33.4 30.3 29.9 30.1 34.6 37.0

11 25.4 25.4 25.2 23.1 23.0 17.3 28.1 24.1 24.6 23.0 _ 21.3 24.7 25.7 25.0 29.9 31.8 29.2 29.4 29.6 34.6 37.0 12 24.4 24.4 24.2 22.2 - 17.3 26.8 22.6 23.1 21.6 _ 19.5 22.3 23.5 23.2 27.8 29.8 27.6 28.3 28.7 33.7 36.6 13 23.3 23.3 23.1 21.2 22.1 17.1 25.9 21.6 21.7 20.3 - 18.4 21.1 21.9 21.1 25.6 27.5 25.7 26.8 27.3 32.7 35.9 14 22.8 22.7 22.3 20.2 21.7 17.0 24.6 20.3 20.5 19.3 _ 17.3 19.7 20.5 19.8 23.5 25.5 23.8 25.2 25.8 31.6 34.9 15 24.4 23.8 23.1 20.6 21.5 16.8 24.1 19.6 19.3 18.2 - 16.5 18.5 19.3 17.9 21.2 23.1 21.9 23.5 24.4 30.1 33.8

16 28.0 27.0 26.0 22.8 22.9 16.9 25.5 20.5 19.2 17.7 _ 15.9 17.6 18.2 16.9 19.3 21.1 20.1 21.7 22.7 28.5 32.4 17 33.8 32.3 31.3 27.6 26.9 17.2 29.6 24.8 22.5 19.7 _ 16.1 17.6 18.2 16.4 18.2 19.6 18.8 21.0 21.5 27.4 31.3 18 38.6 37.3 36,6 33.0 32.2 16.3 37.2 32.6 29.9 25.2 _ 19.1 20.4 20.7 18.3 18.3 19.3 18.7 21.9 22.5 27.8 31.6 19 42.7 41.4 40.5 36.4 35.1 16.3 42.7 38.4 36.2 31.1 _ 24.4 25.6 25.7 22.7 21.6 21.4 20.1 23.3 23.8 28.8 32.4 20 47.0 45.4 44.4 39.5 37.8 18.8 46.3 42.3 40.6 35.3 - 28.5 31.0 30.0 27.4 25.4 25.2 23.1 25.8 26.0 30.4 33.7

21 51.7 50.0 48.7 43.3 41.4 22.8 50.7 46.3 44.5 38.5 _ 31.5 33.6 33.4 30.8 28.3 28.7 26.4 28.3 28.4 32.7 35.5 22 54.8 53.2 51.8 45.9 43.9 26.0 54.3 50.0 48.6 41.8 385.75 34.2 36.0 35.7 33.4 30.6 30.0 28.6 30.1 30.1 34.6 37.1 23 57.0 55.6 54.2 48.0 46.0 28.6 57.1 52.8 51.5 44.5 388.13 36.4 37.9 37.7 35.4 32.3 33.0 30.2 31.4 31.4 35.8 38.3 24 58.7 57.3 56.0 49.7 47.8 30.7 59.4 55.2 53.9 46.4 389.73 37.8 39.3 39.2 37.2 34.0 34.9 31.8 32.7 32.7 37.0 39.3 25 59.5 58.5 57.5 51.0 48.9 32.4 61.2 57.0 55.8 48.0 391.07 39.2 40.0 40.5 38.8 35.4 36.3 33.2 34.0 34.0 38.0 40.0

26 59.5 58.6 57.7 51.6 49.8 33.6 62.4 58.4 57.2 49.1 392.05 40.3 41.3 41.6 39.9 36.7 37.7 34.5 35.7 35.5 39.3 41.0 27 59.8 58.9 58.2 52.4 50.7 34.7 63.6 59.7 58.5 50.4 393.10 41.3 42.3 42.7 41.4 38.4 39.8 36.8 38.2 37.8 41.3 42.4 28 60.6 59.6 59.1 53.3 51.8 35.8 64.8 61.0 59.8 51.5 393.75 42.1 43.1 43.4 42.4 39.8 41.1 38.1 39.8 39.7 42.8 43.8 29 59.8 59.3 58.8 53.5 52.0 36.5 65.5 62.0 60.5 52.1 394.25 42.6 43.5 43.9 43.2 41.0 42.6 39.4 41.2 41.0 44.2 44.8 30 58.8 58.4 58.0 52.9 51.6 36.4 65.5 62.0 60.7 52.5 394.58 43.0 44.0 44.2 43.7 42.2 43.9 40.7 42.4 42.1 45.2 45.9 31 57.6 57.1 56.7 51.8 50.5 35.7 64.8 61.4 60.3 52.4 394.60 43.1 44.1 44.4 44.0 43.1 45.2 41.8 43.6 43.3 46.1 47.0 * Altitude, in feet, above mean sea level, b Upper gage. Corps of Engineers', U.S.Army. d Pass sill gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, g Lower gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. a U.S.Weather Bureau gage. o U.S. Geological Survey water stage recorder, f Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, gage. h Low water gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. Table 8.-Page height, in feet, at river-measurement stations on the Ohio Hirer, 1936 Continued .? . S , H g" 1-1 a p . g^ 3$ g 5 g" 3 S 1° g£ -g S 3" § a £* .«3 *3 o o 1 ' 8J 3g' rt iH Station Ig* !! 3 g ^ HI §1 ( * g Sg Sg Ig Ig Sg 3 it §" 3 lt 3 £ g^ 3 § & I O o oi £

Gage a g h h h f h h f h h h h c h h af Tim* Sam EST 7am BST 7am EST 7am EST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST 7am CST * Zero of gage 428.8 425.3 417.9 410.6 403.20 403.0 372.06 368.4 360.0 352.0 - 341.1 333.2 329.2 325.1 314.0 303.2 297.0 286.23 285.1 276.6 270.9 Apr. 1 56.0 55.5 55.2 50.4 49.2 34.4 63.5 60.2 59.5 51.9 394.37 42.9 44.1 44.4 44.2 43.7 46.2 42.8 44.6 44.4 47.2 48.0 2 54.0 53.5 53.3 49.0 47.7 32.9 62.1 59.0 58.4 51.1 393.86 42.7 44.0 44.3 44.2 44.2 47.0 43.7 45.6 45.3 48.2 49.0 3 50.6 50.7 50.8 46.8 45.8 31.1 60.3 57.3 57.1 50.0 393.30 42.3 43.7 44.1 44.0 44.4 47.4 44.2 46.2 46.1 46.8 49.8 4 46.6 46.8 47.0 43.7 43.0 28.5 57.7 55.1 55.1 46.9 392.40 41.9 43.4 43.9 43.8 44.5 47.5 44.5 46.7 46.7 49.4 50.2 5 42.5 42.5 42.8 40.0 39.7 25.0 54.1 51.8 52.4 47.0 391.10 40.9 42.9 43.5 43.4 44.3 47.6 44.7 47.1 47.1 49.8 50.8

6 43.9 43.5 43.6 40.4 40.0 23.8 52.7 50.2 50.6 46.1 390.30 40.2 42.5 43.0 43.0 44.2 48.0 45.4 48.1 47.9 50.6 51.5 7 46.7 46.3 46.1 42.7 41.7 24.9 53.8 51.1 51.1 45.5 389.80 39.6 42.0 42.7 42.6 43.9 47.6 45.1 46.3 46.2 51.0 52.0 8 49.6 48.5 47.7 43.9 42.8 26.2 55.1 52.3 51.8 45.8 389.75 39.3 41.7 42.4 42.1 43.4 47.2 44.9 46.3 48.3 51.1 52.2 9 52.5 51.4 50.4 46.0 44.6 27.5 56.5 53.2 52.5 46.1 390.00 39.3 41.6 42.2 41.8 43.1 46.8 44.6 46.3 48.3 51.1 52.2 10 54.0 53.0 52.3 47.9 46.6 29.8 58.6 55.0 54.0 47.2 390.70 39.7 41.8 42.3 41.9 42.9 46.5 44.5 46.4 46.4 51.2 52.3

11 53.6 53.0 52.7 48.6 47.7 31.2 60.2 56.6 55.8 46.3 391.50 40.2 42.0 42.5 42.0 42.7 46.3 44.4 48.5 48.5 51.3 52.4 12 52.0 51.7 51.7 48.0 46.8 31.6 60.7 57.2 56.5 49.1 392.13 40.8 42.4 42.8 42.3 42.7 46.3 44.4 48.7 48.7 51.4 52.5 13 49.1 49.1 49.3 46.0 45.2 30.4 59.5 56.5 56.1 49.1 392.35 41.2 42.7 43.1 42.7 42.9 46.3 44.5 46.8 46.8 51.5 52.6 14 45.6 45.5 45.9 43.0 42.3 27.8 57.0 54.4 54.4 46.3 391.87 41.1 42.8 43.2 42.8 43.1 46.4 44.7 49.0 48.9 51.6 52.6 15 41.6 41.6 41.9 39.4 39.0 24.4 53.5 51.1 51.7 46.5 390.67 40.4 42.5 43.0 42.7 43.2 46.6 44.8 49.1 49.1 51.7 52.7

16 37.5 37.7 37.9 35.7 35.2 20.3 49.1 47.1 48.2 44.0 388.85 39.3 41.8 42.4 42.2 43.1 46.7 44.9 49.1 49.1 51.8 52.8 17 34.1 34.1 34.3 32.1 31.7 17.0 43.9 42.1 43.3 40.9 386.50 37.7 40.9 41.7 41.4 42.7 46.5 44.7 49.0 49.0 51.7 52.7 18 31.1 31.1 31.1 29.1 28.9 17.4 38.1 36.3 38.0 36.7 383.33 35.4 39.5 40.5 40.3 41.9 45.8 44.3 48.7 48.7 51.5 52.5 19 28.7 28.6 28.6 26.7 26.8 17.4 34.1 31.5 33.0 32.3 _ 32.5 37.4 39.2 38.7 40.7 44.7 43.5 46.0 48.1 51.1 52.2 20 26.3 26.4 26.2 24.5 24.9 17.5 30.8 27.8 29.2 28.4 - 29.4 34.8 36.3 36.4 39.0 43.3 42.2 47.0 47.1 50.4 51.5

21 24.2 24.5 24.6 22.6 23.6 17.4 27.9 24.7 26.0 25.2 _ 26.3 31.7 33.4 33.5 36.8 41.2 40.3 45.3 45.6 49.2 50.5 22 21.9 22.3 22.3 20.8 22.2 17.3 25.8 22.5 23.3 22.7 _ 23.4 28.5 30.0 30.2 34.0 38.7 38.1 43.3 43.6 47.5 49.1 23 19.2 19.5 19.9 18.8 20.9 17.6 22.8 19.8 21.2 20.4 _ 20.6 25.3 26.6 26.3 30.5 35.0 34.9 40.2 40.8 45.3 47.2 24 17.7 18.1 18.1 16.9 19.9 17.3 20.8 17.5 18.3 17.9 _ 18.1 22.2 23.3 22. S 26.3 30.5 30.6 36.1 36.8 42.2 44.5 25 17..5 17.8 17.6 16.2 19.4 17.2 19.3 15.5 16.1 15.8 - 15.7 18.9 20.0 19.3 22.5 25.7 25.9 31.4 32.2 38.0 40.9

26 17.4 17.6 17.5 16.1 19.3 17.3 18.6 14.5 14.7 14.4 _ 13.9 16.4 17.4 16.5 19.1 21.7 21.7 26.6 27.4 33.3 36.4 27 17.2 17.5 17.3 16.0 19.2 17.2 18.5 14.2 14.2 13.5 _ 12.9 14.8 15.6 14.4 16.9 18.6 18.6 22.2 23.2 28.6 31.9 28 17.2 17.5 17.2 15.8 19.1 17.0 18.4 14.0 13.8 13.2 _ 12.2 13.8 14.6 13.4 15.6 16.7 16.7 18.9 19.4 24.8 28.2 29 16.2 17.1 16.8 15.6 19.0 16.9 18.4 13.9 13.6 15.0 _ 11.8 13.3 14.1 12.8 14.8 15.6 15.4 16.7 17.1 22.5 26.2 30 13.8 k!4.1 14.7 14.4 18.4 16.6 18.2 13.6 13.5 12.9 _ 11.8 j 13.0 13.8 12.3 14.4 15.0 14.7 15.3 15.9 21.3 25.1 " AltitucLe, in feet, above mean sea level. c U.S. Geological Survey water stage reoorcler. g Lower gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. a U.S. Weather Bureau gage. d Fags Bill gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. h Low water gage. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. b Upper gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. f Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, gage. k Dam raised. Height of lower pool above pass sill. FLOODS OP MAHCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936 Upper gage at Emsworth Dam Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam 22.3 23.9 35.4 42.2 30.6 25.6 25.5 24.2 3 22.5 24.4 35.9 41.1 29.9 25.4 25.4 24.2 5 22.2 25.0 36.9 40.5 29.4 25.4 25.4 24.2 7 22.1 25.7 37.7 39.2 28.8 25.4 25.2 24.2 9 22.1 26.7 38.6 38.2 28.3 25.4 25.2 24.2 11 22.2 27.6 39.3 37.0 27.8 25.3 25.1 24.2 1pm 22.4 28.6 39.9 35.9 27.4 25.3 24.9 24.2 3 22.5 29.7 40.6 34.8 27.0 25.4 24.7 24.2 5 22.6 31.0 41.2 33.8 26.6 25,4 24.5 24.3 7 22.8 32.0 41.7 32.8 26.3 25.4 24.3 24.3 9 23.2 33.0 42.2 31.9 26.0 25.5 24.2 24.3 11 23.5 34.1 42.3 31.0 25.8 25.5 24.2 24.4 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 24.3 26.2 30.5 29.3 27.8 28.3 26.0 23.9 3 24.3 26.8 30.5 29.2 27.8 28.2 25.8 23.8 5 24.3 27.4 30.4 29.1 27.8 28.0 25.6 23.7 7 24.3 28.1 50.3 28.8 27.9 27.8 25.4 23.5 9 24.5 28.8 30.3 28.7 28.0 27.6 25.2 23.4 11 24.4 29.2 30.3 28.5 28.1 27.4 25.0 23.2 1pm 24.6 29.6 30.1 28.3 28.2 27.2 24.8 23.1 5 24.8 29.9 30.0 28.1 28.2 27.0 24.7 23.0 5 24.9 30.2 29.9 28.0 28.3 26.8 24.5 22.8 7 25.1 30.4 29.8 27.9 28.4 26.5 24.3 22.7 9 25.4 30.4 29.7 27.8 28.4 26.3 24.2 22.6 11 25.8 50.5 29.5 27.8 28.4 26.1 24.0 22 .«

Upper gage at Baahleld's Dam Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ 19.9 32.7 44.05 29.75 21.4 21.2 20.3 3 _ 20.2 34.3 43.85 28.7 21.2 21.2 20.3 5 _ 20.55 35.75 43.35 27.65 21.1 21.1 20.3 7 - 21.6 37.2 42.6 26.75 21.05 21.05 20.3 9 _ 21.6 38.55 41.5 26.1 21.05 20.95 20.25 11 _ 22.4 39.8 40.0 25.1 21.05 20.85 20.3 1pm _ 23.4 40.95 38.6 24.4 21.05 20.75 20.35 3 - 24.8 42.0 37.1 23.9 21.05 20.65 20.35 5 - 26.2 42.85 35.5 23.3 21.1 20.5 20.3 7 - 27.8 43.5 34.0 22.6 21.1 20.4 20.3 9 - 29.4 43.9 32.45 22.0 21.15 £0.4 20.4 11 - 31.0 44.05 31.0 21.7 21.2 20.3 20.4 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 20.4 21.6 28.0 26.6 24.3 24.7 21.6 20.15 3 20.4 22.1 28.0 26.5 24.2 24.6 21.45 20.05 5 20.4 23.1 27.9 26.2 24.2 24.5 21.3 20.0 7 20.4 24.0 27.8 26.1 24.2 24.4 21.15 19.9 9 20.4 24.8 27.6 25.8 24.3 24.0 21.0 19.8 11 20.45 25.5 27.6 25.4 _ _ 20.9 19.75 1pm 20.5 26.3 27.45 25.2 24.55 23.45 20.75 19.7 3 20.6 26.8 27.4 24.9 24.6 23.1 20.6 19.6 5 20.7 27.2 27.25 24.7 24.7 22.7 20.5 19.55 7 20.8 27.45 27.15 24.6 24.75 22.3 20.4 19.5 9 21.1 27.7 26.9 24.5 24.8 22.0 20.3 19.4 11 21.3 27.9 26.7 24.35 24.8 21.8 20.2 19.4

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 4 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam - _ 36.4 49.8 35.3 23.2 22.3 _ 3 _ 20.7 38.4 49.5 33.7 22.8 22.3 _ 5 _ 21.3 40.1 49.1 32.4 22.6 22.2 _ 7 _ 22.4 41.5 48.7 31.0 22.5 22.1 _ 9 _ 23.5 42.8 47.5 29.7 22.5 21.9 _ 11 _ 24.6 44.1 46.2 28.1 22.4 21.7 _ 1pm _ 25.6 45.4 44.7 27.5 22.2 21.5 _ 3 - 27.3 46.4 43.3 26.5 22.2 21.3 _ 5 - 28.9 47.7 41.9 25.7 22.2 21.1 _ 7 _ 30.9 48.9 40.4 25.0 22.2 20.9 _ 9 _ 33.0 49.5 38.5 24 .-3 22.2 20.7 _ 11 - 35.0 49.8 36.6 23.6 22.2 20.5 - Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 21.05 24.0 32.0 30.2 26.6 26.65 23.25 _ 3 21.1 24.8 32.1 29.8 26.4 26.6 22.6 _ 5 21.15 25.5 32.0 29.4 26.4 26.5 22.6 _ 7 21.15 26.4 32.0 29.2 26.4 26.3 22.3 . 9 21.2 27.2 31.8 28.8 26.5 26.0 22.1 _ 11 21.4 28.2 31.6 28.5 26.5 25.6 21.8 . 1pm 21.6 29.1 31.5 28.2 26.5 25.4 21.5 _ 3 21.8 29.9 31.3 27.8 26.6 25.2 21.2 5 22.1 30.5 31.1 27.5 26.65 24.8 21.0 _ 7 22.5 31.1 30.9 27.2 26.8 24.4 20.8 _ 9 23.0 31.5 30.7 27.0 26.8 24.0 20.6 _ 11 23.4 31.9 30.4 26.8 26.7 23.6 20.35 - OHIO RIVER BASIN

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936 Continued Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. E Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ 23.4 38.5 51.7 42.3 26.9 25.8 24.3 3 _ 24.0 40.2 51.7 38.2 26.5 25.8 24.3 5 - 24.7 41.4 50.9 37.2 26.1 25.8 24.3 7 - 25.4 42.8 49.6 35.5 26.0 25.8 24.3 9 _ 26.2 44.5 49.0 33.7 25.9 25.4 24.2 11 _ 27.5 45.8 48.4 32.3 25.9 25.2 24.2 1pm - 28.4 47.7 46.9 31.1 25.9 25.0 24.2 3 _ 29.6 48.7 46.6 30.6 25.8 24.8 24.2 5 - 30.9 49.9 46.3 29.2 25.8 24.7 24.2 7 - 32.8 50.9 45.9 28.6 25.8 24.5 24.2 9 - 34.8 51.3 45.3 28.0 25.8 24.4 24.4 11 - 36.7 51.6 45.0 27.4 25.8 24.2 24.6 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 24.8 28.1 35.5 33.6 30.0 29.9 26.7 _ 3 24.9 28.7 35.6 33.3 29.8 29.9 26.4 _ 5 25.1 29.3 35.6 33.1 29.6 29.6 26.1 _ 7 25.3 31.0 35.6 32.8 29.5 29.4 25.8 _ 9 25.4 31.7 35.4 32.4 29.5 29.2 25.5 _ 11 25.5 32.4 35.3 32.1 29.7 28.9 25.3 _ 1pm 25.7 32.7 35.1 31.7 29.7 28.5 25.1 _ 3 26.1 33.5 35.0 31.4 29.7 28.3 24.7 _ 5 26.5 34.2 34.8 31.2 29.8 28.0 24.5 _ 7 26.9 34.7 34.5 30.8 29.9 27.5 24.4 _ 9 27.4 35.1 34.3 30.4 29.9 27.2 24.1 _ 11 27.6 35.4 34.0 30.2 29.9 26.8 23.7 -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 6 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ 25.64 39.44 _ 41.34 29.04 27.94 26.54 3 _ 26.04 41.24 _ 39.84 28.74 27.94 26.54 5 _ 26.74 42.84 54.9 38.44 28.44 27.84 26.54 7 - 27.44 44.34 _ 37.24 28.34 27.74 26.54 9 _ 28.24 45.54 _ 35.54 28.14 27.64 26.54 11 _ 29.34 47.04 - 34.54 28.04 27.44 26.54 1pm - 30.04 48.24 50.04 33.34 27.94 27.34 26.54 3 - 31.24 49.74 48.94 32.44 27.94 27.14 26.54 5 - 32.64 50.74 47.64 31.44 27.94 27.04 26.54 7 - 34.24 51.54 46.34 30.64 27.94 26.94 26.64 9 - 35.94 _ 44.54 30.04 27.94 26.74 26.74 11 - 37.64 - 42.74 29.54 27.94 26.64 26.94 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 27.14 30.14 37.24 35.54 31.94 31.74 28.74 26.04 3 27.24 30.64 37.34 35.24 31.74 31.64 28.54 25.84 5 27.44 31.34 37.34 34.94 31.64 31.44 28.24 25.64 7 27.54 31.94 37.24 34.64 31.54 31.34 28.04 25.54 9 27.64 33.14 37.14 34.34 31.54 31.14 27.74 25.34 11 27.74 33.54 36.94 34.04 31.44 30.84 27.54 25.14 1pm 27.94 34.34 36.84 33.64 31.44 30.54 27.24 25.04 3 28.24 35.14 36.64 33.34 31.64 30.24 27.14 24.94 5 28.44 35.64 36.54 33.04 31.74 30.04 26.94 24.84 7 28.84 36.24 36.24 32.74 31.74 29.74 26.74 24.64 9 29.34 36.64 35.94 32.44 31.74 29.44 26.54 24.44 11 29.64 36.94 35.74 32.24 31.74 29.14 26.24 24.24

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 7 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam - _ 38.0 53.1 43.5 29.4 26.7 25.0 3 - - 39.8 53.5 42.1 28.7 26.7 25.0 5 - 24.3 41.6 53.5 40.7 28.3 26.6 24.9 7 - 25.1 43.7 53.3 39.3 28.0 26.5 24.9 9 - 26.2 44.6 52.7 38.0 27.6 26.3 24.9 11 - 27.5 46.2 51.8 37.0 27.0 26.2 24.9 1pm - 28.4 47.4 51.0 35.5 26.6 26.0 24.9 3 - 29.5 49.0 49.9 34.3 26.8 25.8 24.9 5 - 30.9 50.3 49.0 33.0 26.8 25.6 24.9 7 - 32.4 51.3 47.5 31.7 26.8 25.4 24.9 9 34.4 51.9 46.2 30.8 26.8 25.2 25.1 11 - 36.2 52.7 44.9 30.1 26.7 25.1 25.3 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 25.5 29.2 37 .2 35.9 31.9 31.2 28.1 _ 3 25.8 29.6 37.4 35.6 31.7 31.2 27.7 _ 5 26.0 30.4 37.4 35.4 31.4 31.0 27.4 _ 7 26.2 31.1 37.5 35.1 31.3 31.0 27.1 _ 9 26.4 31.8 37.4 34.8 31.1 30.9 27.0 - 11 26.6 33.0 37.4 34.4 31.1 30.7 26.5 _ 1pm 26.9 33.8 37.2 34.2 31.1 30.4 26.2 _ 3 27.1 34.7 37.1 34.0 31.2 30.1 25.9 _ 5 27.4 35.4 36.8 33.3 31.2 29.6 25.6 _ 7 27.9 36.0 36.6 33.0 31.2 29.2 25.2 _ 9 28.3 36.5 36.4 32.6 31.2 28.9 25.0 - 11 28.8 37.0 36.1 32.2 31.2 28.6 24.6 - FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AMD UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936 Continued

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 8 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ _ 34.8 50.0 43.8 29.5 25.4 24.0 3 _ _ 36.6 50.7 42.8 28.7 25.4 24.0 5 _ . 38.4 51.0 41.4 28.1 25.3 _ 7 - _ 39.8 51.0 39.9 27.5 25.3 _ 9 - 24.0 41.3 50.6 38.8 26.8 25.2 _ 11 _ 25.1 42.8 50.3 37.5 26.5 25.2 _ 1pm - 26.1 44.2 50.0 35.9 26.3 25.0 _ 3 - 27.0 45.4 49.1 34.9 26.1 24.8 _ 5 - 28.4 46.6 48.3 33.8 25.9 24.6 _ 7 _ 29.9 47.6 47.3 32.7 25.7 24.4 _ 9 - 31.4 48.6 46.2 31.6 25.6 24.2 _ 11 - 33.1 49.4 44.8 30.5 25.5 24.0 24.0 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 24.2 27.9 35.5 34.8 31.1 30.0 27.2 _ 3 24.4 28.4 35.7 34.6 30.8 30.0 26.8 - 5 24.6 28.8 35.9 34.4 30.6 29.9 26.4 - 7 24.8 29.3 35.9 34.1 30.4 29.7 26.1 _ 9 25.0 30.0 35.9 33.7 30.2 29.5 25.8 - 11 25.2 30.9 35.8 33.5 30.0 29.4 25.6 - 1pm 25.4 31.7 35.8 33.1 30.0 29.2 25.4 - 3 25 .6 32.5 35.7 32.8 29.9 28.9 25.0 - 5 26.1 33.2 35.5 32.6 29.9 28.6 24.5 - 7 26.5 34.0 35.4 32.1 30.0 28.3 24.2 - 9 26.9 34.6 35.3 31.7 30.0 28.0 23.9 11 27.3 35.0 35.1 31.4 30.0 27.6 23.6 -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 9 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ _ 33.6 49.8 45.7 31.2 25.3 23.8 3 _ _ 35.5 50.3 44.3 30.4 25.1 23.6 5 _ _ 37.1 50.9 43.1 29.4 25.1 23.5 7 _ _ 38.7 51.2 42.1 28.6 25.1 23.5 9 _ _ 40.4 51.3 40.7 28.0 24.9 23.4 11 _ 24.0 41.9 51.1 39.3 27.4 24.8 23.4 1pm _ 25.0 43.2 50.6 38.1 27.1 24.7 23.3 3 - 26.2 44.5 50.4 36.9 26.5 24.5 23.3 5 _ 27.3 45.6 50.0 35.5 26.2 24.2 23.2 7 - 28.6 46.8 49.2 34.3 25.9 24.1 23.2 9 30.2 47.9 48.3 33.2 25.7 24.0 23.3 11 - 31.8 49.0 47.3 32.2 25.6 23.9 23.5 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 23.6 27.1 35.0 35.1 31.6 29.9 27.2 _ 3 23.8 27.6 35.4 34.9 31.2 29.8 26.7 - 5 24.0 28.2 35.6 34.7 30.9 29.7 26.4 - 7 24.2 28.6 35.8 34.5 30.6 29.6 26.2 - 9 24.5 29.4 35.9 34.2 30.4 29.5 25.8 - 11 24.7 30.1 35.9 34.0 30.2 29.4 25.4 - 1pm 24.8 30.8 35.9 33.6 30.0 29.1 25.1 - 3 25.1 31.7 35.9 33.4 30.0 28.9 84.7 - 5 25.3 32.6 35.7 32.9 30.0 28.6 24.4 _ 7 25.9 33.2 35.6 32.7 30.0 28.2 24.1 _ 9 26.3 33.9 35.4 32.2 30.0 27.9 _ _ 11 26.7 34.5 35.3 31.9 30.0 27.6 - -

Paas sill gage at Lock Ho. 10 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ _ 33.6 50.0 48.7 34.8 27.5 25.6 3 - - 35.3 51.0 47.7 33.8 27.2 25.4 5 _ _ 37.0 51.6 46.6 32.9 27.0 25.3 7 - - 38.6 52.1 45.4 32.0 26.9 25.1 9 _ _ 40.2 52.4 44.3 31.2 26.7 _ 11 _ _ 41.6 52.5 43.1 30.5 26.4 _ 1pm - 25.9 43.2 52.4 41.9 29.8 26.3 _ 3 - 26.9 44.4 52.2 40.5 29.2 26.1 _ 5 _ 27.7 45.6 51.8 39.5 28.8 25.9 ,. 7 - 29.3 46.9 51.2 38.1 28.4 25.7 _ 9 30.4 48.0 50.4 37.0 28.0 25.6 - 11 - 31.8 49.2 49.6 35.8 27.7 25.6 - Hour .March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam . 28.1 35.8 36.9 33.6 31.4 29.0 .. 5 25.1 28.7 36.3 36.7 33.3 31.3 28.8 _ 5 25.3 29.1 36.7 36.5 32.9 31.2 28*4 _ 7 25.5 29.5 36.9 36.3 32.6 31.2 27.9 ,. 9 25.7 30.2 37.1 36.1 32.3 31.2 27.5 _ 11 25.8 30.9 37.2 35.9 32.0 30.9 27.1 _ 1pm 26.0 31.5 37.2 35.7 31.7 30.7 26.7 _ 3 26.4 32.4 37.3 35.4 31.7 30.5 26.4 _ 5 26.7 33.1 37.3 35.0 31.6 30.3 26.0 _ 7 26.9 33.8 37.3 34.7 31.6 30.1 25.8 ,. 9 27.2 34.7 37.1 34.4 31.5 29.8 25.5 _ 11 27.6 35.3 36.9 34.0 31.4 29.5 25.1 - OHIO RIVER BASIN 247

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936 Continued Pass sill ge at Lock No. 11 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ 22.8 33.0 49.5 50.9 38.0 29.3 27.1 3 _ 23.1 34.6 50.3 50.1 36.9 29.0 27.0 5 _ 23.5 36.3 51.1 49.1 35.9 28.7 26.8 7 _ 24.1 37.7 52.0 48.1 35.0 28.5 26.6 9 _ 24.9 39.3 53.0 46.8 34.1 28.3 26.5 11 _ 25.8 40.7 53.3 45.6 33.4 28.0 26.3 1pm _ 26.6 42.0 53.4 44.6 32.8 27.8 26.2 3 _ 27.5 43.6 53.4 43.8 32.0 27.6 26.1 5 _ 28.3 44.8 53.0 42.6 31.2 27.4 26.0 7 - 29.2 46.0 52.6 41.2 30.6 27.3 26.0 9 _ 30.3 47.3 52.2 40.2 30.2 27.3 25.9 11 - 31.7 48.6 51.7 39.1 29.6 27.2 26.0 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 26.0 28.6 35.9 37.9 35.2 32.6 30.4 25.9 3 26.1 29.0 36.5 37.8 34.8 32.5 30.0 25.6 5 26.2 29.4 36.9 37.6 34.5 32.4 29.6 25.3 7 26.4 29.9 37.3 37.4 34.1 32.3 29.2 24.9 9 26.6 30.4 37.5 37.3 33.8 32.3 28.8 24.6 11 26.8 31.0 37.7 37.2 33.6 32.1 28.4 24.3 1pm 27.0 31.7 37.9 37.0 33.1 31.9 28.0 24.0 3 27.1 32.4 38.0 36.8 32.9 31.7 27.6 23.7 5 27.3 33.1 38.0 36.5 32.9 31.5 27.3 23.4 7 27.6 33.9 38.0 36.2 32.8 31.3 27.0 23.2 9 27.9 34.6 38.0 35.9 32.7 31.0 26.7 22.9 11 28.2 35.3 38.0 35.5 32.6 30.7 26.3 22.7

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho, 12 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ 23.7 33.1 50.5 54.0 41.3 31.8 29.0 3 _ 23.9 34.4 51.6 53.3 40.2 31.4 28.8 5 _ 24.5 36.3 52.7 52.6 39.2 31.0 28.6 7 _ 25.1 37.9 53.6 51.9 38.2 30.6 28.4 9 _ 25.9 39.3 54.4 50.8 37.3 30.3 28.3 11 _ 26.7 40.9 55.0 49.7 36.6 30.1 28.0 1pm - 27.6 42.3 55.4 48.2 35.6 29.8 27.8 3 - 28.3 43.8 55.5 47.0 35.0 29.5 27.7 5 _ 29.3 45.1 55.5 45.9 34.2 29.3 27.6 7 - 30.3 46.4 55.4 44.7 33.5 29.2 27.5 9 - 31.1 47.8 55.1 43.6 32.9 29.2 27.5 11 - 32.0 49.2 54.6 42.5 32.3 29.1 27.5 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 lam 27.4 29.6 36.8 39.6 37.3 34.2 32.1 27.5 3 27.4 30.0 37.4 39.6 36.9 34.1 31.8 27.1 5 27.6 30.4 37.9 39.4 36.6 34.1 31.4 26.7 7 27.8 30.9 38.4 39.3 36.2 34.0 31.0 26.3 9 27.9 31.3 38.7 39.2 35.9 33.9 30.6 26.0 11 28.0 31.9 39.0 39.1 35.5 33.7 30.2 25.6 1pm 28.2 32.5 39.2 39.0 35.2 33.6 29.8 25.3 3 28.3 33.2 39.4 38.9 35.0 33.4 29.4 24.9 5 28.5 33.9 39.6 38.7 34.8 33.3 29.0 24.6 7 28.8 34.7 39.6 38.4 34.6 33.1 28.6 24.3 9 29.0 35.4 39.6 38.0 34.5 32.8 28.2 24.1 11 29.3 36.2 39.6 37.7 34.3 32.4 27.9 23.8

Pasrs sill gage at Lock Ho. 13 Hour March 16 March 17 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 lam _ 26.3 35.8 52.2 56.9 46.2 36.1 32.8 3 _ 26.7 37.2 53.4 56.4 45.0 35.7 32.6 5 - 27.2 38,5 54.4 55.8 44.0 35.2 32.4 7 - 27.9 40.1 55.2 55.1 43.0 34.8 32.2 9 _ 28.7 41.5 56.1 54.3 42.0 34.3 31.9 11 _ 29.7 42.9 56.7 53.2 41.1 34.0 31.6 1pm _ 30.5 44.2 57.3 52.3 40.4 33.6 31.4 3 _ 31.3 45.7 57.5 51.2 39.5 33.3 31.3 5 - 32.0 47.1 57.7 50.3 38.6 33.2 31.1 7 - 32.8 48.4 57.8 49.0 37.9 33.1 31.1 9 - 33.6 49.6 57.7 47.9 37.2 33.0 31.0 11 - 34.4 50.8 57.4 47.0 36.7 32.9 31.0 Hour March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March .30 March 31 lam 31.0 32.7 39.5 42.9 41.0 37.7 35.7 30.9 3 31.0 33.1 40.1 42.8 40.7 37.5 35.3 30.5 6 31.0 33.5 40.7 42.8 40.3 37.5 35.0 30.1 7 31.0 33.7 41.2 42.8 39.9 37.4 34.6 29.7 9 31.1 34.2 41.6 42.7 39.6 37.3 34.2 29.3 11 31.2 34.8 42.0 42.6 39.2 37.2 33.7 28.9 1pm 31.4 35.3 42.3 42.6 38.9 37.1 33.3 28.6 3 31.5 35.9 42.5 42.4 38.7 36.9 32.9 28.2 5 31.7 36.5 42.7 42.2 38.5 36.7 32.5 27.8 7 31.9 37.1 42.7 42.0 38.3 36.5 32.1 27.5 9 32.1 38.1 42.8 41.7 38.1 36.3 31.8 27.2 11 32.3 38.9 42.9 41.4 37.9 36.1 31.4 26.9

208 O 37 17 248 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936 Continued Pass sill gage at Lock No. 14 Hour March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 26 March 27 March 28 lam 33.6 47.8 54.6 46.8 37.4 37.1 41.2 40.4 3 34.7 48.8 54.4 46.1 36.8 37.7 41.3 40.1 5 35.7 49.7 54.1 45.3 36.2 38.3 41.4 39.8 7 36.8 50.6 53.7 44.3 35.6 38.9 41.4 39.6 9 38.3 51.4 53.1 43.2' 35.3 39.3 41.4 39.1 11 39.2 52.3 52.6 42.6 34.8 39.7 41.4 38.9 1pm 40.4 52.9 51.9 41.9 34.4 40.1 41.4 38.6 3 41.8 53.6 51.2 41.0 33.9 40.4 41.4 38.3 5 43.0 54.0 50.5 40.3 33.7 40.7 4J. 2 38.0 7 44.1 54.5 49.6 39.4 33.5 40.9 41.1 37.8 9 45.4 54.6 48.4 38.8 33.4 41.0 40.9 37.5 11 46.6 54.6 47.5 37.9 33.4 41.1 40.7 37.3

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 15 Hour March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 26 March 27 March 28 lam 31.9 43.7 52.5 47.1 38.6 35.2 39.6 39.7 3 32.5 44.8 52.6 46.5 38.1 35.7 39.7 39.4 5 33.4 45.8 52.5 45.7 37.5 36.3 39.8 39.2 7 34.3 46.8 52.3 45.0 36.9 36.9 39.9 39.0 9 35.3 47.8 51.9 44.2 36.5 37.3 40.0 38.7 11 36.3 48.7 51.5 43.4 35.9 37.7 40.0 38.4 1pm 37.4 49.8 51.3 42.9 35.5 38.1 40.1 38.2 3 38.4 50.4 50.9 42.2 35.1 38.5 40.1 37.9 5 39.6 51.0 50.5 41.2 34.8 38.8 40.1 37.7 7 40.6 51.6 50.0 40.7 34.4 39.0 40.0 37.4 9 41.8 52.0 49.0 40.1 34.2 39.2 39.9 37.2 11 42.9 52.3 48.0 39.2 34.1 39.4 39.8 36.8

Pass a ill gage at Lock Ho. 16 Hour March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 26 March 27 March 28 lam 31.5 41.5 50.2 47.7 40.9 _ _ _ 3 32.0 42.4 50.4 47.2 40.3 35.2 39.1 39.6 5 32.7 43.3 50.5 46.6 39.8 _ _ _ 7 33.3 44.2 50.6 46.2 39.3 _ _ _ 9 34.2 45.0 50.6 45.6 38.8 36.6 39.5 39.2 11 35.0 46.0 50.4 45.0 38.3 _ _ _ 1pm 36.0 46.7 50.2 44.4 37.8 - _ _ 3 36.8 47.4 50.0 43.8 37.4 37.7 39.7 38.4 5 37.8 48.2 49.6 43.2 36.8 _ _ _ 7 38.7 48.8 49.2 42.6 36.4 _ _ _ 9 39.6 49.4 48.8 42.1 36.0 38.5 39.8 37.8 11 40.6 49.8 48.3 41.6 35.7 - - -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 17 Hour March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 29.7 36.5 44.1 45.7 41.8 _ _ _ 3 30.1 37.1 44.7 45.55 41.4 36.7 38.1 36.4 5 30.5 37.7 45.1 45.3 41.0 _ _ _ 7 31.0 38.4 45.5 45.0 40.7 - - _ 9 31.6 39.1 45.7 44.7 40.2 37.2 37.9 35.8 11 32.2 39.8 45.95 44.3 39.9 - - _ 1pm 32.7 40.4 46.15 44.0 39.5 - - - 3 33.3 41.0 46.2 43.6 39.0 37.6 37.5 35.2 5 33.9 41.7 46.2 43.3 38.6 - _ _ 7 34.6 42.4 46.2 43.0 38.2 _ _ _ 9 35.2 43.0 46.15 42.7 37.8 38.0 37.0 34.6 11 35.8 4'3.6 46.0 42.3 37.4

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 18 Hour March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 31.7 38.1 45.4 48.6 46.0 _ _ _ 3 32.2 38.6 46.0 48.5 45.6 39.1 40.8 39.4 5 32.7 39.3 46.5 48.4 45.3 _ _ _ 7 33.2 39.8 46.9 48.2 44.9 _ _ _ 9 33.8 40.3 47.3 48.0 44.6 39.6 40.7 38.8 11 34.2 41.0 47.6 47.8 £4.2 _ _ _ 1pm 34.8 41.7 47.9 47.6 43.8 _ _ _ 3 35.3 42.3 48.1 47.3 43.4 40.1 40.4 38.0 5 35.8 43.0 48.3 47.1 43.0 _ _ _ 7 36.4 43.7 48.4 46.8 42.7 _ _ _ 9 36.9 44.2 48.6 46.6 42.3 40.5 39.9 37.3 11 37.5 44.8 48.6 46.3 41.9 - - - OHIO RIVER BASIN 249

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at Indicated time, 1936 Continued

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 19 Hour March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 33.6 39.6 46.5 50.5 49.0 _ _ _ 3 34.1 40.2 47.1 50.5 48.7 41.2 43.0 42.1 5 34.6 40.8 47.6 50.5 48.4 _ _ _ 7 35.0 41.3 48.2 50.5 48.1 _ _ _ 9 35.6 41.8 48.6 50.4 47.8 41.8 43.1 41.5 11 36.1 42.4 49.0 50.3 47.5 _ _ 1pm 36.6 43.0 49.4 50.1 47.2 _ _ _ 3 37.1 43.6 49.7 50.0 46.9 42.3 43.0 40.8 5 37.6 44.1 49.9 49.8 46.5 _ _ _ 7 38.0 44.7 50.1 49.7 46.1 _ _ _ 9 38.6 45.4 50.3 49.5 45.7 42.7 42.7 40.1 11 39.1 46.0 50.4 49.3 45.3 - - -

Pass sill gage ,at Lock Ho. 20 Hour March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 39.1 45.8 50.4 49.8 46.1 _ _ _ 3 39.7 46.4 50.5 49.6 45.8 41.4 43.2 42.6 5 40.2 46.9 50.6 49.4 45.4 _ _ _ 7 40.7 47.4 50.6 49.2 45.1 _ _ _ 9 41.2 47.8 50.6 48.8 44.7 41.9 43.3 42.1 11 41.7 48.2 50.6 48.5 44.5 _ _ _ 1pm 42.2 48.8 50.4 48.2 44.1 _ _ _ 3 42.8 49.1 50.4 47.8 43.7 42.4 43.3 41.5 5 43.4 49.5 50.3 47.6 43.5 _ _ _ 7 44.1 49.8 50.2 47.3 43.1 _ _ _ 9 44.7 50.0 50.1 46.8 42.7 42.8 43.0 40.9 11 45.2 50.2 50.0 46.5 42.4 - - -

Pass 3111 gage at Lock Ho. 21 Hour March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 39.8 46.6 51.6 51.8 48.5 _ _ _ 3 40.3 47.1 51.8 51.6 48.2 43.0 44.7 44.3 5 40.9 47.7 51.9 51.4 47.9 _ - _ 7 41.4 48.2 52.1 51.2 47.6 _ _ _ 9 42.0 48. V 52.2 51.0 47.2 43.6 44.8 43.9 11 42.5 49.2 52.2 50.7 46.8 _ _ _ 1pm 43.0 49.6 52.2 50.4 46.5 _ _ _ 3 43.6 50.0 52.1 50.1 46.2 44.0 44.8 43.3 5 44.1 50.4 52.1 49.9 45.8 _ _ _ 7 44.8 50.7 52.1 49.5 45.4 - _ 9 45.4 51.0 52.0 49.2 45.0 44.4 44.6 42.6 11 46.0 51.3 51.9 48.8 44.8 - - -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 82 Hour March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 41.8 48.4 53.7 54.3 51.4 _ _ _ 3 42.3 48.7 54.0 54.1 51.1 45.5 47.1 46.9 5 42.9 49.7 54.2 53.9 50.7 _ _ _ 7 43.4 50.3 54.3 53.7 50.3 _ _ _ 9 44.0 50.7 54.3 53.5 50.0 46.0 47.3 46.4 11 44.5 51.2 54.4 53.3 49.8 - _ _ 1pm 45.0 51.6 54.4 53.1 49.4 - _ - 3 45.6 52.0 54.4 52.8 49.2 46.5 47.3 45.8 5 46.2 52.4 64.5 52.5 48.7 _ _ - 7 46.9 52.7 54.5 52.3 48.4 - _ 9 47.5 53.0 54.3 52.0 48.1 46.8 47.1 45.2 11 48.0 53.4 54.3 51.8 47.8 - - -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 25 Hour March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 43.4 50.0 55.1 56.2 54.1 _ _ _ 3 44.0 50.6 55.3 56.1 53.8 48.0 49.3 49.0 5 44.5 51.1 55.6 56.0 53.5 _ _ _ 7 45.1 51.6 55.8 55.9 53.2 _ _ _ 9 45.5 52.0 55.9 55.8 53.0 48.4 49.3 48.7 11 46.1 52.4 56.0 55.6 52.6 _ _ _ 1pm 46.7 52.9 56.1 55.4 52.4 _ _ _ 3 47.2 53.3 56.2 55.3 52.0 48.8 49.4 48.2 5 47.7 53.7 56.2 55.1 51.7 _ _ _ 7 48.3 54.1 56.3 54.9 51.4 _ _ 9 48.9 54.4 56.3 54.6 51.1 49.0 49.3 47.7 11 49.4 54.8 56.2 54.3 50.7 - - - FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936--Continued Pass sill gage at Lock No. 24 Hour March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 27 March 28 March 29 lam 46.5 52.6 57.1 58.6 57.3 _ _ - 3 47.1 53.1 57.3 58.6 57.1 51.6 52.3 52.3 5 47.7 53.5 57.5 58.6 56.9 _ _ _ 7 48.1 54.0 57.7 58.6 56.6 _ _ - 9 48.7 54.5 57.9 58.4 56.4 51.9 52.4 52.0 11 49.1 54.8 58.1 58.3 56.2 - _ - 1pm 49.7 55.1 58.2 58.2 56.0 - - - 3 50.1 55.5 58.3 58.1 55.8 52.0 52.5 51.6 5 50.7 55.8 58.4 58.1 55.5 - - _ 7 51.2 56.1 58.5 57.9 55.1 _ _ _ 9 51.7 56.4 58.6 S?!? 54.8 52.2 52.4 51.1 11 52.2 56.9 58.6 57.5 54.6 - - -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 25 Hour March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 lam 52.5 55.1 57.5 57.7 55.8 _ _ _ 3 52.7 55.3 57.6 57.5 55.6 53.8 53.4 53.0 5 53.0 55.5 57.7 57.4 55.4 - - - 7 53.2 55.9 57.8 57.3 55.2 - - 9 53.4 56.1 57.8 57.2 55.0 53.7 53.4 52.9 11 53.7 56.2 57.9 57.0 54.8 - - - 1pm 53.9 56.4 57.9 56.9 54.5 - - - 3 54.1 56.6 57.9 56.8 54.3 53.6 53.2 52.7 5 54.3 56.8 57.9 56.6 54.3 - - - 7 54.5 57.0 57.9 56.4 54.2 - - - 9 54.8 57.2 57is 56.2 54.1 53.5 53.1 52.6 11 54.9 57.4 57.8 56.0 54.0 - - - Hour March 28 March 29 3am 52.6 52.4 9 52.5 52.3 3pm 52.5 52.1 9 52.5 51.7

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 26 Hour March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 lam 55.4 58.1 60.7 61.5 60.1 _ _ _ 3 55.7 58.3 60.9 61.5 60.0 58.2 57.9 57.0 5 55.9 58.5 61.1 61.3 59.8 _ _ _ 7 56.2 58.7 61.2 61.2 59.6 _ _ _ 9 56.4 59.0 61.3 61.1 59.4 58.0 57.6 56.8 11 56.6 59.2 61.4 61.0 59.2 _ _ _ 1pm 56.8 59.4 61.6 61.0 59.0 - - - 3 57.0 59.6 61.6 60.9 58.9 58.0 57.4 56.6 5 57.2 59.8 61.6 60.6 58.8 _ _ _ 7 57.4 60.1 61.6 60.5 58.7 - - - 9 57.4 60.4 61.6 60.4 58.6 57.9 57.2 56.4 11 57.8 60.6 61.6 60.2 58.4 - - - Hour March 28 March 29 Sam 56.3 56.1 9 56.2 55.9 3pm 56.2 55.7 9 56.1 55.4

Paaa aill gage at Lock Ho. 27 Hour March 20J March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 lam 48.6 51.8 54.6 56.0 55.2 _ _ _ 3 48.9 52.1 54.8 56.0 55.1 53.8 53.4 52.8 5 49.2 52.4 55.0 56.0 55.0 _ _ _ 7 49.5 52.6 55.2 56.0 54.8 - _ - 9 49.7 52.8 55.4 55.9 54.6 53.6 53.3 52.5 11 49.9 53.1 55.5 55.9 54.5 _ _ _ 1pm 50.2 53.3 55.6 55.8 54.4 _ _ _ 3 50.5 53.5 55.7 55.8 54.3 53.5 53.2 52.3 5 50.8 53.8 55.8 55.7 54.3 _ _ _ 7 51.0 54.0 55.9 55.6 54.2 _ _ _ 9 51.2 54.2 56.0 55.5 54.1 52.5 53.0 52.0 11 51.5 54.4 56.0 55.4 54.0 - - - Hour March 28 March 29 2am 51.8 51.1 9 51.6 50.9 2pm 51.4 50.7 9 51.2 50.5 OHIO RIVER BASIN 251

Table 9.- Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936--Continued Pass sill gage at Lock No. 28 Hour March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 lam 54.2 57.1 58.6 58.0 57.0 _ _ _ 3 54.5 57.3 58.6 57.9 56.9 56.5 56.0 54.8 5 54.6 57.5 58.6 57.8 56.8 _ _ _ 7 55.0 57.7 58.6 57.7 56.8 - _ _ 9 55.2 57.9 58.6 57.6 56.7 56.5 55.7 54.6 11 55.5 58.1 58.6 57.5 56.7 _ _ _ 1pm 55.7 58.2 58.6 57.4 56.6 - _ - 3 56.0 58.3 58.5 57.3 56.6 56.4 55.4 54.4 5 56.2 58.4 58.4 57.3 56.5 _ _ _ 7 56.5 58.5 58.3 57.2 56.5 _ _ _ 9 56.7 58.5 58.2 57.1 56.5 56.2 55.1 54.2 11 56.9 58.6 58.1 57.0 56.5 - - - Hour March 29 March 30 3am 54.0 53.2 9 53.8 52.8 3pm 53.6 52.4 9 53.4 51.8

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 29 Hour March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 lam 54.2 57.8 60.9 62.5 62.1 61.1 60.7 _ 3 54.5 58.1 61.1 62.6 62.1 61.1 60.7 60.2 5 54.9 58.4 61.3 62.6 62.0 61.0 60.7 _ 7 55.2 58.7 61.5 62.6 61.8 60.9 60.7 _ 9 55.5 59.0 61.7 62.7 61.7 60.9 60.7 60.0 u 55.8 59.2 61.9 62.7 61.6 60.8 60.7 _ 1pm 56.1 59.5 62.0 62.7 61.6 60.8 60.7 _ 3 56.4 59.8 62.2 62.6 61.5 60.7 60.6 59.7 5 56.7 60.0 62.3 62.6 61.4 60.7 60.5 _ 7 57.0 60.2 62.4 62.5 61.3 60.7 60.5 _ 9 57.3 60.4 62.4 62.3 61.3 60.7 60.4 59.4 11 57.5 60.7 62.5 62.2 61.2 60.7 60.3 -

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 30 Hour March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 lam 52.9 56.9 59.8 61.6 61.7 61.0 60.6 _ 3 53.2 57.1 60.1 61.7 61.7 60.9 60.6 60.3 5 53.6 57.4 60.2 61.7 61.6 60.9 60.6 _ 7 54.0 57.7 60.4 61.7 61.6 60.8 60.6 _ 9 54.4 58.0 60.6 61.8 61.5 60.8 60.6 60.3 11 54.7 58.2 60.8 61.8 61.4 60.8 60.5 _ 1pm 55.0 58.5 61.0 61.85 61.4 60.7 60.5 _ 3 55.3 58.7 61.2 61.9 61.3 60.7 60.5 60.2 5 55.6 58.9 61.3 61.9 61.3 60.7 60.5 _ 7 56.0 59.2 61.4 61.9 61.2 60.7 60.5 _ 9 56.3 59.4 61.4 61.9 61.1 60.7 60.5 60.0 11 56.6 59.6 61.5 61.8 61.0 60.6 60.4 -

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 31 Hour March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 3am 56.3 59.3 61.3 61.7 61.3 61.1 61.0 6 61.3 61.0 61.0 60.6 9 57.1 59.9 61.5 61.6 61.2 61.0 61.0 3pm 57.9 60.5 61.7 61.5 61.2 61.0 61.0 6 61.1 61.0 61.0 60.1 9 58.6 60.9 61*7 61.4 61.1 61.0 60.9

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 32 Hour March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 3am 53.8 56.6 58.6 59.4 59.3 59.0 59.0 6 59.3 59.0 59.1 59.0 9 54.6 57.3 59.0 59.4 59.2 59.0 59.2 3pm 55.4 57.9 59.15 59.35 59.1 59.0 59.2 6 59.1 59.0 59.2 "58.5 9 56.2 58.3 59.3 59.3 59.05 59.0 59.2

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 33 Hour March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 3am 52.6 55.7 57.8 58.8 58.9 58.8 58.8 6 58.9 58.9 59.0 9 53.5 56.3 58.2 58.9 58.9 58.8 59.0 3pm 54.3 56.9 58.4 58.9 58.85 58.75 59.1 6 58.75 59.1 58.6 9 55.0 57.4 58.6 58.9 58.8 58.75 59.1 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1956 Continued

Pass sill gage at Lock No. 54 Hour March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 Sam 51.8 54.1 55.5 56.06 56.25 56.0 56.5 _ 6 - _ 56.0 56.1 56.5 55.8 9 52.5 54.6 55.8 56.1 56.0 56.2 56.4 - 3pm 53.2 54.9 55.9 56.05 55.9 56.4 56.3 _ 6 - - - - 55.9 56.4 56.2 55.3 9 53.7 55.3 56.0 56.05 55.9 56.45 56.1 -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 55 Hour March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 Sam 51.3 53.7 55.2 55.95 55.95 55.95 56.5 _ 6 _ _ _ _ 55.9 56.1 56.5 56.0 9 51.9 54.1 55.5 55.95 55.85 56.2 56.5 _ 3pm 52.5 54.5 55.7 56.0 55.8 56.4 56.4 - 6 - - - 55.8 56.45 56.35 55.6 9 53.1 54.9 55.8 56.0 55.8 56.5 56.25 -

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 36 Hour March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 Sam 54.7 57.2 58.7 59.7 59.7 59.7 60.45 6 59.7 59.8 60.45 59.9 9 55.4 57.6 59.1 59.75 59.65 60.0 60.4 Spm 55.9 58.0 59.3 59.75 59.6 60.2 60.3 6 59.6 60.3 60.3 59.5 9 56.6 58.4 59.6 59.7 59.6 60.4 60.2

Pass sill gage at Look Ho. 57 Hour March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 3am 52.7 55.2 57.0 58.4 58.6 58.7 59.6 59.4 6 58.6 58.9 59.6 59.3 9 53.4 55.7 57.5 58.5 58.6 59,0 59.6 59.2 3pm 54.1 56.2 57.8 58.6 58.6 59.3 59.6 59.0 6 58.6 59.4 59.6 58.9 9 54.6 56.7 58.1 58.6 58.6 59.5 59.5 58.8

Pass sill gage at Lock Ho. 58 Hour March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 3am 51.4 53.8 55.8 57.3 57.7 58.0 58.9 58.8 6 57.7 58.1 59.0 58.8 9 52.1 54.4 56.1 57.5 57.7 58.2 59.1 58.7 3pm 52.7 54.8 56.6 57.6 57.7 58.5 59.1 58.6 6 57.7 58.6 59.0 58,5 9 53.3 55.4 57.0 57.7 57.7 58.8 59.0 58.4

Pass sill gage at Lock So. 59 Hour March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 6am 47.9 49.7 51.0 51.6 52.3 53.3 53.5 6pm 48.8 50.4 51.4 51.8 52.8 53.5 53.3

Madison, Ind. Hour March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 7am 50.7 51.8 52.0 51.6 50.5 4pm 51.0 51.9 51.9 51.1 49.9

Upper gage at Look No. 41 Hour March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 7am 34.7 35.8 36.5 36.4 35.7 4pm 35.2 36.3 36.6 36.1 35.1

Lower gage at Lock No. 41 Hour March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 7am 63.6 64.8 65.5 65.5 64:8 4pm 64.2 65.2 66.6 65.2 64.2

Low-water gage at_Lock Ho. 43 Hour March 28 March 29 March oO March 31 April 1 7am 61.0 61.9 62.0 61.4 60.2 7pm 61.5 62.0 61.7 60. & 59.6

Low-water gage at Lock No. 44 Hour March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 April 1 7am 59.8 60.5 60.7 60.3 59.5 7pm 60.2 60.7 60.6 59.9 59.0 OHIO RIVER BASIN 253

Table 9.-Gage height, in feet, on the Ohio River, at indicated time, 1936 Continued Low-water gage at Lock No. 45 Hour March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 April 1 7am 51.5 52.1 52.5 52.4 51.9 7pm 51.9 52.2 52.5 52.1 51.6

Low-water gage at Lock No. 46 Hour March 29 March 30 March 31 April 1 April 2 7am 42.6 43.0 43.1 42.9 42.7 7pm 42.8 43.0 43.1 42.9 42.5

Low-water gage at Lock No. 47 Hour March 29 March 30 March 31 April 1 April 2 7am 43.5 44.0 44.1 44.1 44.0 7pm 43.8 44.0 44.1 44.1 43.9

U. S. Weather Bureau gage at Evansville, Ind. Hour March 21 March 26 March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 March 31 April 1 7am 33.4 41.6 42.7 43.4 43.9 44.2 44.4 44.4 6pm 34.5 42.2 43.1 43.7 44.3 44.4

Low-water gage at Lock No. 48 Hour March 30 March 31 April 1 April 2 April 3 7am 43.7 44.0 44.2 44.2 44.0 7pm 43.8 44.1 44.2 44.1 43.9

Low-water gage at Lock No. 49 Hour April 2 April 3 April 4 April 5 April 6 7am 44.2 44.4 44.5 44.3 44.2 7pm 44.3 44.5 44.4 44.2 44.1

Low-water gage at Lock No. 50 Hour April 4 April 5 April 6 April 7 April 8 7am 47.5 47.6 48.0 47.6 47.2 7pm 47.5 47.8 47.8 47.4 47.0

Low-water gage at Lock Ho. 51 Hour April 4 April 5 April 6 April 7 April 8 7am 44.5 44.6 45.4 45.1 44.9 7pm 44.6 45.0 45.3 45.0 44.8

Low-water gage at Lock No. 52 Hour April 13 April 15 7am 48.8 48.9 49.1 49.1 49.0 7pm 48.8 49.0 49.1 49.1 48.9

Low-water gage at Lock No. 53 Hour April 14 April 15 April 16 April 17 7am 51.6 51.7 51.8 51.7 51.5 7pm 51.6 51.7 51.7 51.6 51.3 254 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 10.- Altitude, in feet above mean sea level (1907 adjustment), of zeroes of gages at locks and dams on the Ohio River

Pass sill Upper Lower Low-water Location gage gage gage (middle) gage Emsworth Dam _ 690.0 679.1 688.0 Da shields Dam - 678.6 664.7 - Lock 4 667.8 667.8 667.8 - Lock 5 661.3 662.1 662.1 - Lock 6 655.3 654.9 654.9 - Lock 7 647.2 647.2 644.7 _ Lock 8 640.3 640.3 637.3 _ Lock 9 633.9 633.9 630.9 _ Lock 10 625.5 625.5 622.5 - Lock 11 618.1 618.1 615.1 - Lock 12 610.8 610.8 606.8 614.0 Lock 13 602.8 604.0 601.0 605.0 Lock 14 594.1 594.1 591.2 595.4 Lock 15 586.8 586.8 583.4 588.3 Lock 16 579.0 579.0 575.4 580.6 Lock 17 571.2 571.2 567.4 573.5 Lock 18 563.4 564.2 561.2 565.0 Lock 19 555.3 555.3 553.5 557.3 Lock 20 549.1 549.1 546.0 550.7 Lock 21 541.6 541.6 540.4 543.6 Lock 22 536.0 536.0 532.4 538.4 Lock 23 528.2 528.2 524.5 529.5 Lock 24 520.1 520.1 517.5 521.6 Lock 25 512.1 513.1 508.5 514.8 Lock 26 502.6 502.6 501.0 505.3 Gallipolis _ 520.0 500.0 _ Lock 27 496.6 496.6 494.5 498.9 Lock 28 490.2 490.2 487.5 492.0 Lock 29 483.1 483.1 479.5 484.8 Lock 30 475.1 475.1 472.0 477.7 Lock 31 467.6 467.6 464.5 470.0 Lock 32 460.1 460.1 457.0 463.1 Lock 33 452.6 452.6 450.0 455.0 Lock 34 445.6 445.6 444.4 448.0 Lock 35 440.0 440.0 438.0 442.8 Lock 36 433.6 433.6 430.0 435.3 Lock 37 425.3 428.8 428.8 _ Lock 38 417.9 417.9 415.0 421.7 Lock 39 410.6 410.6 407.0 413.0 Lock 41 406.0 403.0 372.1 - Lock 43 366.1 367.6 363.0 368.4 Lock 44 357.1 358.6 354.0 360.0 Lock 45 349.6 349.6 345.0 352.0 Lock 46 339.1 340.6 336.0 341.1 Lock 47 330.6 331.6 327.0 333.2 Lock 48 322.6 322.6 318.0 325.1 Lock 49 312.1 313.6 307.0 314.0 Lock 50 301.1 302.6 299.0 303.2 Lock 51 294.6 294.6 291.0 297.0 Lock 52 283.3 286.6 279.0 285.1 Lock 53 273.2 274.6 267.0 276.6 Note.- Upper gage is on inside face of river wall, above upper lock ate. Lower gage is on inside face of river wall, below lower lock gate, fass sill gage is on river face of river wall, below dam, with zero at elevation of sill of navigable pass. Low-water or middle gage is on in­ side face of river wall, in middle of lock, with zero at approximate elevation of natural low water. When lock wall is submerged, or when a dam is down,the stage is read on an extension of one of the above gages, opposite the middle of the lock. OHIO RIVER BASIN

750

700

650

600

550

=1 500

450

350

7 11 15 19 23 March Figure 47.--Graphs of stage at various river-stage stations on the Ohio River, March 8 to April 28, 1936. 256 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

SUMMARY OF FLOOD DISCHARGES

Each volume of this report includes a table, "Summary of flood dis­ charges", in which are assembled the results of the determinations of maximum flood flows at existing river-measurement stations and other places on streams in the basins covered in that volume. Table 11, follow­ ing, presents this information for the Potomac and James River Basins and the Ohio River Basin above Pittsburgh and for tributaries below Pitts­ burgh. Similar information for the main stem of the Ohio River is given in table 12. For general information, some discharges are presented for streams in basins adjoining or near those most affected by the floods. Table 11 gives the following information! 1. Map reference number, applicable to figures 48 to 51, to aid in the location of the place where the discharge was determined. 2. Name of stream and place of determination of discharge. 3. Drainage area, in square miles, tributary to the stream at the place of determination of discharge. 4. Period of record. This information is generally given only for the existing stations for measuring discharge and conforms to the period of their operation. 5. The date of the maximum discharge previously known and its mag­ nitude in second-feet. Some of these floods antedate the period of rec­ ord given in the preceding column. 6. The day and time of day and the rate in second-feet, total and per square mile, of the maximum discharge during or concurrent with the floods of March 1936. A brief notation as to the method of determina­ tion is also included. The discharges for the existing river-measurement stations were de­ termined by methods generally described in greater detail in the presen­ tation of the records for the respective stations in the preceding sec­ tion of this report. For existing river-measurement stations the method of determination is designated "Stage-discharge relation", because the determination is based on the comprehensive studies of that subject that are conducted at such stations. Where the recorded discharge was not measured at a regular station a brief reference is made to the method of determination and, where prac­ ticable, coefficients of discharge used in the application of the method are given. A description of the methods of determination with respect Numerals are reference numbers in table 11

Figure 48. Map showing location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the Potomac River and adjacent coastal streams in Maryland, March 1936. 70 Numerals are reference numbers in table 11

'»- - J rg" ^07° -.,-.. Figure 49. Map showing location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke Rivers and adjacent streams in Virginia, March 1936. SUMMARY OP FLOOD DISCHARGES 259

" Numerals are reference numbers in table 11

0 10 20 30 40 MILES

Figure 50. Map shoving location of flood determinations in the drainage basins of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, March 1936. Figure 51. Map showing location of flood determinations In the drainage basins cf the rivers In the region adjacent to the Ohio River between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cairo, 111., March 1936. 1,000

Drainage area In square miles Figure 52. Chart showing the maximum discharges, In second-feet per square mile, determined for various areas In or adjacent to the drainage basins of the Potomac, James, and Ohio Rivers, March 1936, as given In tables 11 and 12. FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

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Table 12,.- Summary of flood stages and discharges for the Ohio River Miles Maximum stage Place of below Drainage previously known Maxima during flood of March 1936 determination Pitts­ area burgh (sq.mi.) Date Feet Date and time Stage Discharge a (feet)b (sec. -ft.) Pittsburgh 0 19,110 Mar. 9,1763 41.1 Mar. 18, 8 -10pm 46.0 _ Emsworth Dam 6.2 - Mar. 15, 19 07 C44.2 Mar. 18, 10pm to C53.2 - midnight Coraopolis 9.2 _ Mar. 15,1907 36.5 Mar. 18, 10pm 43.6 _ Sewickley 11.8 19,500 Mar. 15, 1907 d28.0 Mar. 18, 10pm to 34.8 574,000 midnight Dashields Dam 13.3 - 1907 C51.6 Mar. 18, midnight C58.0 _ Lock 4 18.6 - 1907 43.5 Mar. 18, midnight 50.0 _ Lock 5 24.1 - 1907 46.6 Mar. 19, midnight 51.7 - to Sam Lock 6 29.3 _ 1884 47.9 Mar. 19, 2am 54.9 _ Lock 7 36.5 _ 1884 50.1 Mar.l9,3-6am 53.5 _ Lock 8 46.4 _ 1884 47.8 Mar. 19, 6am 51.0 _ Look 9 56.1 _ 1884 47.6 Mar.l9,8-9am 51.3 _ Lock 10 66.2 - 1884 49.9 Mar. 19, 10am to 52.5 - noon Lock 11 76.9 _ 1884 50.3 Mar. 19, noon to 53.4 _ 3pm Wheeling 87.4 24,800 Feb. 7, 1884 e53.7 Mar.l9,2-6pm 55.5 466,000 (Lock 12) Lock 13 96.1 - 1884 55.7 Mar.l9,6-8pm 57.8 _ Lock 14 114.0 - 1913 54.3 Mar. 19, 8pm to 54.6 - Mar. 20, lam Lock 15 129.1 _ 1913 54.2 Mar.20,2-4am 52.6 _ Parker sburg 184.6 37,900 Mar. 29, 1913 58.9 Mar. 20, midnight 48.0 _ Pomeroy 251.3 40,200 _ _ Mar. 21, 4am f571.2 463,000 Huntlngton 311.6 55,200 Mar. 30, 1913 g64.5 Mar. 22, Sam to h57.1 536, 000 (Lock 28) 4pm Ashland (Lock 319.9 60,800 Mar. 30, 1913 70.0 Mar. 22, 9am to 62.6 559,000 29) 1pm Portsmouth 356.0 62,500 Mar. 30, 1913 67.9 Mar. 23, lam to 59.2 _ Mar. 24, noon Cincinnati 470.2 76, 580 Feb. 14, 1884 71.1 Mar. 28, Sam 60.6 524,000 Louisville 607.0 91,200 Feb. 16, 1884 146.7 Mar. 28 J36.0 620,000 Cannelton 724.0 96,600 _ Mar. 30 f394.6 647, 000 Evansville 792.3 107,000 Apr. 5, 1913 48.4 .liar. 31, Apr. 1, k44.4 7am Golconda 903.1 143,700 1913 56.8 Apr. 6, 7am k47.8 750,000 (Lock 51) Paducah 934.5 202,700 Apr. 7, 1913 54.3 Apr. 15, 10: 40pm 49.2 _ Metropolis 944.1 203, 000 _ _ Apr. 15 _ 1,100,000 Cairo 979.5 203,900 Apr. 20, 1927 56.4 Apr. 16, 7am m52.8 - a Pass sill gage unless otherwise noted. b Pass sill gage unless otherwise noted. Stages are crest values excepting those asso­ ciated with discharge figures, which may not be actual crest stages but correspond to the time of crest discharge. c Lower gage. d Discharge, 413,000 second-feet. e Approximate; computed from reading at Wheeling wharf using 1936 river slope. f Altitude above mean sea level, g Computed for present water-stage recorder at Lock 28. h Maximum stage, 4 a.m. Mar. 23, at present water-stage recorder; stages of 56.2 to 56.8 feet prevailed during the time cf crest discharge. i Upper gage; lower gage, 76.3 feet. j Upper gage (only 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. readings available); lower gage, 65.0 feet. k Only 7 a.m. readings available. m Only 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. readings available. STORAGE 275 to the significance of coefficients of discharge and other details is given in the section entitled "Determination of flood discharges." At some places on streams only Information of maximum stages is available, and that information is presented with an appropriate foot­ note. For other places, pertinent information regarding stages ante­ dating the period of record of discharge Is shown by a footnote. Al­ though the tabulation is Intended to be reasonably complete, the reader should consult the section "Records of previous floods" for possible additional references to notable floods not Included in the summary ta­ ble. Numerous explanatory footnotes on other features of the table are also included. The basic data and computations for the determinations of discharge are filed in the district offices of the Geological Survey in the sever­ al districts where the floods occurred. The data for any drainage basin may be examined in the district office having supervision of the inves­ tigation in that area. Figure 52 shows the flood discharges of 1936 in second-feet per square mile, as given in tables 11 and 12, plotted against the corres­ ponding drainage areas.

STORAGE

In contrast with the considerable effect of storage on flood stages and discharges in New England and New York as discussed in the companion volumes of this flood report, Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799, treating the New England rivers and the region from the Hudson River to the Sus- quehanna River respectively, such effect on the floods of March 1936 in the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio River Basins was essentially negligi­ ble. Storage of any consequence in the Potomac and James River Basins is wholly lacking at present. Some records of the operation of storage reservoirs in the upper Ohio River Basin are presented in the section "Stages and discharges at river-measurement stations during the flood period" and hereafter in this section. In the section "Rainfall and run-off studies" appropriate consider­ ation is given to the effects of storage on flood run-off. The -detention or retardation of flood waters by means of some kind of storage, thereby reducing the peak stages of rivers at critical times, is usually a most attractive and effective method of reducing 276 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS flood damages. The facilities for storage on some of the tributaries of the Ohio River have been developed to a considerable extent - for exam­ ple, in the Pymatuning Reservoir, constructed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on the Shenango River in western Pennsylvania, the reser­ voirs of the Miami Conservancy District in the Miami River Basin in Ohio, and the reservoirs constructed by the Tennessee Valley Authority in the Tennessee River Basin in Tennessee. Extensive study of storage reservoirs for flood control on the up­ per Ohio has been made, largely by the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Attractive storage possibilities for this purpose exist, and some are under development at the present time, as in the Muskingum River Basin in Ohio and on the Tygart River in West Virginia. The Pymatuning Reservoir is on the Shenango River in the Beaver River Basin, tributary to the Ohio River 25 miles below Pittsburgh. The Beaver River Basin was outside the main flood area in March 1936. The area tributary to the reservoir is 158 square miles. The storage in the Pymatuning Reservoir on March 1 was 6,964,000,000 cubic feet with a gage height of 1,006.00 feet, but the storage increased to 8,702,000,000 cubic feet on March 31 with a gage height of 1,008.78 feet. The effect of the storage was to withhold an equivalent mean discharge of 649 second-feet from passing down the river during the month of March. This is also equivalent to a mean depth of about 4.7 inches over the drainage area above the dam. The computed natural run-off during March at the She­ nango River station below the Pymatuning Dam, drainage area 167 square miles, was 5.37 inches. In the retarding basins of the Miami Conservancy District there was no storage during the greater part of the period February 1 to April 30, 1936. Table 13 shows mean daily stages and corresponding contents as supplied by the Miami Conservancy District for the days during which storage or depletion of consequence occurred. Storage in the Piney Reservoir of the Clarion River Power Co. on the Clarion River near Piney, Pa., and in the Lake Lynn Reservoir of the West Penn Power Co. on the Cheat River near Cheathaven, Pa., was in the nature of pondage used in power-plant operation and apparently had ex­ tremely little if any effect on downstream peak flood stages and dis­ charges. RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 277

Table 13.-Mean daily reservoir height, in feet above mean sea level, and corresponding contents, in millions of cubic feet, in retarding reser­ voirs of the Miami Conservancy District, February 1 to April 30, 1936 Germantown Englewood Lockington Taylorsville Huffman (*724.0) (*772.0) (*876.0) (*760.0) (*777.0) Day Reser­ Con­ Reser­ Con­ Reser­ Con­ Reser­ Con­ Reser­ Con­ voir tents voir tents voir tents voir tents voir tents height height height height height ~nFeb. 738.7 12 _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 25 736.0 5 788.5 62 _ - - - 787.9 10 26 744.0 32 798.2 275 892.5 30 774.2 70 788.0 11 27 741.5 21 806,8 649 894.5 47 778.2 146 789.3 22 28 _ - 806.0 609 887.3 7 775.3 87 787.7 9 29 - - 797.4 250 ------Mar. r - - 786.3 44 _ - 23 - - - - 887.2 6 24 - - 785.5 37 888.7 10 25 - - 789.0 67 26 - - 783.5 24 27 738.5 10 - _ 28 - - 784.0 29 29 - - 780.0 12 Ap.. 744.3 34 785.0 34 7 - - 787.4 53 8 - - 782.3 20 * Altitude, in feet, of conduit floor at upstream entrance.

RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES

Method of analysis

One of the principal objectives in the detailed analyses of the rainfall and run-off records of the floods of March 1936 presented here­ in was to develop some of the significant features of the relation be­ tween rainfall and run-off in these major floods. A second objective, probably of equal importance, was to utilize the results of the analyses so far as practicable in checking the accuracy or reasonableness of the basic data published in this report. Incidentally the results of these analyses have furnished a background of information that is useful in consideration of the deficiencies in the basic data. From the viewpoint of a student of relations between rainfall and run-off, the timing of the meteorologic events causing the floods was extremely complex. From Maine to the headwaters of the Potomac River in West Virginia the ground just prior to the storm of March 11 and 12 was covered with snow, ranging in depth from a few inches to 60 inches and having an equivalent water content of 20 to 30 percent or more. Although it is known that melting snow furnished a large part of the flood run­ off, exact information in regard to the water content of the snow prior to the floods is not available in many areas, even though special efforts 278 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS were made to collect all the available information pertaining to the sub­ ject. There was frost in the ground throughout much of the Hudson, Dela­ ware, Susqueharma, Potomac, James, Monongahela, and Allegheny River Ba­ sins and in other areas where depths of snow were not great. In some areas where snow cover was deep and the snow fell early in the winter there may have been little or no frost. Before the run-off resulting from the first rain storm and the associated melting snow had passed out of the basins a second storm occurred, accompanied by warm weather and rapid melting of the snow. Except in some areas along the coast and in parts of New England and the lower Potomac River Basin, the precipitation of the second storm was in general greater than that of the first one. In many areas before the run-off resulting from the second storm had passed out of the basins a storm on March 20-21 resulted in the broaden­ ing of the base of the flood-flow hydrograph without affecting the peak, thus introducing difficulty in analyzing the individual contribution of the different storms which caused the flood run-off. An accurate quan­ titative study is complicated by the fact that in some areas snow sti!3 remained on the ground at the end of the first and second storm periods, and little definite information is available showing the depletion in the water content of the snow throughout the total period. Studies in the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins are further complicated by the fact that in parts of these basins much of the precipitation during the storm of March 17 and 18 occurred as snow, the run-off from which was delayed until after the second flood and appeared in a third flood that was larger in some parts of these basins than that which occurred during the earlier and generally the major flood period. The method used in arriving at an estimate of the water content of the snow and the classification of precipitation by storms and by drain­ age basins has been described under "Meteorologic and hydrologic condi­ tions." (See columns 4 to 8, table 14,for results of determinations). The records of mean daily discharge as published in the section entitled "Stages and discharges at river-measurement stations during the flood period" have been used as a basis for the determination of the direct run-off resulting from the rain and melting snow. A discharge hydrograph was constructed for each gaging station covering the period from the first of February to the end of April. The hydrograph for the Blackwater River at Davis, W. Va., in the Monongahela River Basin (figure 53), is an example of the hydrographs which have been analyzed in this volume of RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 279 the flood report and Is presented here for the purpose of explaining the method of analysis. During February there were three minor flood peaks on most streams In the southern part of the area covered by this report, Including streams in the Monongahela, Shenandoah, Rappahannock, James, and Roanoke 2,500

15 29 15 February March Figure 53. Method of analysis used In determining direct run-off associated with each -storm and total storm period, March 1936. River Basins, and two flood peaks in the Allegheny and Potomac River Bas­ ins. During February there was very considerable snow depletion over much of the area, and most of the channel ice had been broken up and car­ ried out of the basins prior to the March floods. On or about March 9 (point A, figure 53) river stages were falling after the rise that oc­ curred In the later part of February. On March 10 there was a rise in stage and discharge culminating In a peak (B), the magnitude of which was determined by both the precipitation and the temperature In the dif­ ferent basins. This peak was followed by a decline in stage, which was interrupted at (C) by the oncoming flood waters of the second storm, which caused a second peak (D) generally between March 18 and 20. The 280 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS flow then generally decreased to a point (E) where in some areas, espe­ cially in the northern part of the Allegheny River Basin and the southern part of the Monongahela River Basin, melting snows associated with rains caused another major rise in the rivers, culminating in a peak (P) be­ tween March 24 and 26, after which there was a pronounced decline in dis­ charge. Most of the streams outside of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins did not have any considerable rise after March 22. The total area under the hydrograph represents the total direct run-off resulting from rains and melting snow plus the stream flow that would have been maintained from antecedent sources. The run-off directly attributable to the melting snow and rain has been estimated by making an approximation (LH) of the position of the graph of flow that would have been maintained throughout this period had there been no additional surface run-off after March 9, on the assumption that the area above that line within the observed hydrograph of total stream flow represents the increment in stream flow or direct run-off resulting from meteorologic events after March 9. This increment has been further analyzed to show, first, the run-off directly attributable to the precipitation and melting snow associated with the first storm; second, the run-off directly at­ tributable to the precipitation and the melting snow during the second storm; and third, the run-off directly attributable to the precipitation and melting snow during the total storm period, March 9-22. In the Mo­ nongahela and Allegheny River Basins an additional analysis has been made of the run-off during the period March 20-31 attributable to the precipi­ tation during this period and to the melting of snow which fell in the second storm. These analyses have involved the estimation of recession curves A-L, C-K, E-J, and G-H for each individual decline of the hydro- graph on the assumption of no subsequent rise. It follows that area ABCKL represents the direct run-off resulting from the first storm, area CDEJK represents the direct run-off resulting from the second storm, and area EFGHJ represents the direct run-off after March 20. The results of these analyses, expressed as depth in inches over the drainage basins involved in this volume, are presented in columns 9, 10, lOa, and 11, table 14. It is evident that these estimates of direct run-off are less than the total natural stream flow by reason of the exclusion of the flow that RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 281 would have been maintained from antecedent sources.* Other investigators might, of course, estimate such maintained flow differently or construct somewhat different recession curves. In general, such differences in judgment would produce differences in the results that would be relative­ ly small in relation to the magnitude of the run-off as a whole. More­ over, any change in an area under one portion of the hydrograph must be accompanied by a similar change of opposite sign in the adjacent area, because the total area underneath the hydrograph must check the figure for run-off in inches actually measured. It is believed that this divi­ sion makes possible a better understanding of the flood characteristics than can otherwise be obtained. At some stations the amount of run-off attributable to each storm may be slightly underestimated, by reason of the fact that the time available did not permit a more refined determina­ tion of the shape of the lower ends of the recession curves applicable to the drainage basins above the gaging stations. Errors resulting from these determinations are, however, believed to be small and probably within the limits of error of the basic run-off records. For river basins where there was artificial storage and where rec­ ords of the operation of reservoirs were available, the run-off records used in the rainfall and run-off studies were corrected for the effect of storage in the reservoirs. For a few stations which were immediately below the storage reservoirs and above which daily records of change in storage were available, the run-off following each storm was corrected, as well as the run-off for the entire period (cols. 9, 10, and 11, ta­ ble 14). For other stations above which daily records of storage were not available or which were situated some distance downstream from the reservoirs, the total run-off only (col. 11) for the period was correct­ ed.

Discussion of results*^

The data relative to rainfall and run-off have been largely summar­ ized in table 14 for the Potomac, Rappahannock, James, Roanoke, Alle­ gheny, and Monongahela River Basins. It is believed that engineers and

* For a discussion of principles underlying stream-flow separation see Hoyt, W. G., and others, Studies*of relations of rainfall and run­ off in the United States; U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 772, pp. 111-118, and Horton, R. E., Surface run-off phenomena, pt. 1, Analy­ sis of the hydrograph: Horton Hydrol. Lab. Pub. 101, Feb. 1, 1935. *» The reader is referred to Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799 for discussions of rainfall and run-off studies relating to other areas which were affected by the floods but which are not considered in this volume. lfc.t-11 CDH- 0 Kl co OJGOCDCOffl CDCOCD-5-5 -3-3-5-5-5 -5 -5 -5 Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Ol O1O1O1 O1O1O1O1O1 il» il» il» il» iP> (l» (l» i^. (l» il» O) O)01O) tOtOtOtOH HHHH « OT B p <^O) tO 1 H O CO CO -5 Ol il» O) 1 toH O 1 CO -3C1O1 (>WtOHO COO3-3C1CJ1 rf^OltOHO CO-:CltOH OtOlOltOCD Clrf*O)HO3 CO* td co a sa sa PO fd O Co 53 tr1 o a T) a sa Co w a coCQCoa!> o OCQCO MStPKUrf T) "r( "r( BS as o O O P P> P OH>cii oh*aop OOOOH- EroooB o poo i)saB ocqBtdtri ota o o o o td td TI O cl-cl-cl- 0 CD hi H>H-ct- hi hi p hi OH^H-H-H-H-H-H-H- C-l j0c!!0 ohihi^^H-phihl") 0 tdpphj0oH>sasasasapprt- X X X H-Sd 0 0 CD hi hloo00 0*000 ?t>?0O (&^ H*33 00hl^H* H*H*H*P3 Q &g WSdsaSS" Whiles apftf^K m hi hi hi hi hi hi hi hi ^ H> H» H w <» K hi K hi hi hi hi o td sa O CBhl "(STOO OO CO 0 0 «) H> h» K ff cow 0 coco ta i-ei-e H H ^ ct- H. 4 hi hi o h( <1 hi hi 0 B oj pp to p oo oora £ » p & & p-& tdtdB H- sasa satd H-H- I--H- B H-H- H-H- «)«)

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0.75 4.2 6.3 7.7 1.80 4.18 6.25 -0.05 1.45 8 .95 4.95 6.95 8.45 2.20 4.99 7.54 .6 .9 11 1.05 5.25 7.3 8.0 1.06 4.95 6.43 -.85 1.55 13 1.3 4.75 7.05 7.6 1.28 4.35 6.11 -.95 1.55 14 1.5 4.7 7.0 7.5 1.26 4.17 5.84 -1.15 1.65 16 1.6 4.2 6.65 6.95 1.28 3.80 5.29 -1.35 1.65 18 .95 5.0 7.4 9.4 2.50 5.40 8.20 .8 1.2 22 1.0 5.2 7.0 8.4 2.13 4.19 6.82 -.2 1.6 23 1.15 5.5 7.6 9.4 2.15 5.55 8.35 .75 1.05 25 1.2 5.7 7.6 9.5 2.41 4.68 7.57 -.05 1.95 26 .8 4.65 6.4 7.4 .45 4.72 5.48 -.9 1.9 31 .8 5.0 6.8 7.5 .55 5.03 6.00 -.8 1.5 32 1.35 5.9 8.7 8.9 1.19 5.58 7.69 -1.0 1.2 36 1.65 4.95 7.25 9.15 2.57 4.84 7.89 .65 1.25 37 2.1 3.4 5.8 6.9 2.39 2.39 5.16 -.65 1.75 39 2.15 1.95 5.1 5.1 1.46 1.35 3.13 -1.95 1.95 40 1.0 4.25 5.8 6.2 .51 3.40 4.38 -1.4 1.8 41 1.2 4.7 6.4 6.5 .61 3.86 4.97 -1.45 1.55 42 1.75 5.25 7.5 7.8 .84 4.80 5.90 -1.6 1.9 43 1.7 5.1 7.35 7.45 .89 3.69 4.89 -2.45 2.55 44 1.0 4.8 6.3 6.3 .45 3.90 4.81 -1.5 1.5 45 1.2 4.85 6.6 6.6 1.13 3.53 5.08 -1.5 1.5 46 1.4 5.1 7.0 7.0 1.27 4.12 5.78 -1.2 1.2 47 1.0 5.6 7.3 7.9 1.02 3.92 5.35 -1.95 2.55 48 1.3 5.55 7.55 7.75 .83 4.10 5.24 -2.3 2.5 49 2.0 5.4 8.0 8.0 1.10 4.08 5.18 -2.8 2.8 50 2.45 1.75 5.05 5.45 2.20 .83 3.52 -1.55 1.95 51 3.4 1.95 6.0 6.0 3.90 2.03 6.57 .55 -.55 52 2.5 1.45 4.5 4.5 1.18 .56 2.04 -2.45 2.45 53 2.4 2.4 5.5 5.5 1.24 1.20 3.07 -2.45 2.45 54 1.9 1.2 3.5 3.5 .65 .36 1.21 -2.3 2.3 55 2.4 1.05 4.05 4.05 .83 .46 1.46 -2.6 2.6 56 1.95 1.25 3.V 3.2 .84 .54 1.59 -2.1 2.1 57

2.45 4.35 7.1 7.1 1.11 2.14 3.47 -3.65 3.65 59 2.15 2.6 5.0 5.0 _ _ - _ _ _ 2.60 4.9 7.65 7.65 .98 1.62 2.87 -4.8 4.8 60

1.55 1.55 3.5 3.5 .77 .87 1.82 -1.7 1.7 61 1.5 1.5 3.45 3.45 .73 1.08 1.81 -1.65 1.65 62 1.75 1.1 3.35 3.35 ------

.7 4.25 5.25 5.25 .23 2.86 3.39 -1.85 1.85 63 .6 4.3 5.3 5.3 .27 3.26 3.92 -1.4 1.4 64 .65 4.3 5.5 5.5 .21 3.09 4.02 -1.5 1.5 65 .6 4.4 5.7 5.7 .27 2.74 3.67 -2.05 2.05 67 .65 4.45 5.75 5.75 .24 2.97 3.81 -1.95 1.95 68 .75 4.45 5.9 5.9 .26 3.25 3.79 -2.1 2.1 69 1.0 4.4 6.0 6.0 .30 2.87 3.56 -2.45 2.45 70 1.0 4.2 5.8 5.8 .39 3.03 3.62 -2.2 2.2 71 1.25 3.25 5.0 5.0 - _ - _ _ - .45 3.25 4.5 4.5 .18 2.70 3.71 -.8 .8 72 .4 3.5 4.5 4.5 .20 3.11 4.11 -.4 .4 73 .65 4.95 5.95 5.95 .25 3.07 3.61 -2.35 2.35 74 .55 3.6 4.9 4.9 .14 3.27 4.20 -.7 .7 75 .4 3.2 4.1 4.1 .09 2.55 3.57 -.55 .55 76 .75 4.2 5.7 5.7 .08 1.68 2.39 -3.3 3.3 77 .55 4.75 6.0 6.0 .40 4.06 4.86 -1.15 1.15 78 .5 4.65 5.95 5.95 .37 3.85 4.69 -1.25 1.25 79 .5 4.6 5.85 5.85 .31 3.70 4.34 -1.5 1.5 80 .4 4.5 5.5 5.5 .08 5.92 6.38 .9 -.9 81 1.05 4.6 6.7 6.7 1.21 5.07 6.61 -.1 .1 82 1.4 4.45 6.5 6.5 .49 2.33 2.82 -3.7 3.7 83 2.0 4.8 7.5 7.5 .63 2.77 3.59 -3.9 3.9 85 1.25 3.6 5.1 5.1 .30 1.20 1.60 -3.5 3.5 87 1.25 3.0 4.5 4.5 .39 1.55 1.94 -2.55 2.55 88 1.35 2.4 4.0 4.0 .36 1.26 1.62 -2.4 2.4 89

1.0 3.4 5.1 5.1 .18 1.87 2.05 -3.05 3.05 97 284 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 14.- Rainfall and run-off of (Mean depth, in inches, Precip- Drainage Water No. area content on Stream Point of measurement (square of snow First Second fig. miles) Mar. 9 storm storm 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 Upper Ohio River Basin Allegheny River Basin 105 Allegheny River Larabee, Pa. 541 3.6 1.2 4.6 107 Allegheny River Red House, N. Y. 1,690 2.6 1.4 4.15 108 Allegheny River Franklin, Pa. 5,982 1.8 1.15 3.35 109 Allegheny River Parkers Landing, Pa. 7,671 1.8 1.2 3.6 110 Allegheny River Pittsburgh, Pa. 11,705 1.8 1.1 4.15 111 Chadakoin River Falconer, N. Y. 194 1.2 .5 2.7 112 Brokenstraw Creek a Youngs vi lie, Pa. 304 1.5 .95 4.4 113 Tionesta Creek a Nebraska, Pa. 481 2.2 1.4 3.55 114 Oil Creek a Rouseville, Pa. 300 1.6 1.1 3.0 115 French Creek a Carters Corners, Pa. 208 1.5 .3 3.75 116 French Creek a Saegerstown, Pa. 629 1.4 .7 3.65 117 French Creek a Utica, Pa. 1,028 1.3 .85 3.0 118 Cussewago Creek a Meadville, Pa. 90.2 1.9 .7 1.7 119 Sugar Creek a Sugar Creek, Pa. 166 1.0 1.2 2.1 120 Clarion River Piney, Pa. 951 3.3 1.35 4.95 123 Redbank Creek St. Charles, Pa. 528 1.8 1.3 5.75 124 Mahoning Creek Dayton, Pa. 321 2.8 1.25 6.05 125 Crooked Creek Ford City, Pa. 280 .9 1.0 4.95 127 Stony Creek Johnstown, Pa. 467 4.4 1.05 6.0 129 Kiskiminetas River Avonmore, Pa. 1,723 2.8 1.05 5.55 139 Blacklick Creek Blacklick, Pa. 390 2.7 1.2 5.1 143 Loyalhanna Creek New Alexandria, Pa. 265 1.9 1.05 5.2 Monongahela River Basin 145 Tygart River Dailey, W. Va. 194 0 .5 3.35 146 Tygart River Belington, W. Va. 390 0 .6 3.5 147 Tygart River Fetterman, W. Va. 1,340 0 .65 3.35 148 Monongahela River Morgantoini, W. Va. 2,670 0 .7 3.3 149 Monongahela River Charleroi, Pa. 5,213 .2 .75 3.5 _ Monongahela River Pittsburgh, Pa. 7,340 .8 .8 3.75 150 Buckhannon River Hall, W. Va. 277 0 .6 3.5 151 West Fork River Biitcherville, W. Va. 181 0 .75 3.5 152 West Fork River Clarksburg, W. Va. 384 0 .75 3.5 153 West Fork River Enterprise, W. Va. 750 0 .7 3.4 154 Buffalo Creek Barrackville, W. Va. 115 0 .7 3.3 155 Cheat River Parsons, W. Va. 719 .8 .8 3.9 156 Cheat River Rowlesburg, W. Va. 972 .8 .8 3.8 157 Cheat River Pisgah, W. Va. 1,360 .7 .9 3.8 158 Blackwater River Davis, W. Va. 86.2 1.8 .65 4.7 159 Big Sandy Creek Roekville, W. Va. 200 .7 1.1 4.0 160 South Fork of Tenmile Jefferson, Pa. 180 0 .5 3.3 Creek 162 Youghlogheny River Connellsville, Pa. 1,326 3.5 .85 4.65 163 Youghiogheny River Siitersville, Pa. 1,715 3.1 .85 4.55 - Deep Creek Reservoir Oakland, Md. 68.5 3.2 .85 4.0 165 Casselman River Markleton, Pa. 382 4.6 .85 5.0 166 Big Piney Run Salisbury, Pa. 24.5 4.0 1.1 5.2 167 Laurel Hill Creek Ursina, Pa. 121 4.3 .85 5.0 169 Turtle Creek Trafford, Pa. 54.8 0 .75 4.35 a Run-off records not included in this report but may be found in Water-Supply Paper 803. J RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 285 floods of March 1936 Continued over drainage basins) itation Direct run-off associated with, Column each storm and total storm period Column Column No. 4 11 8 on Period Total plus Period Total minus minus Mar. period First Second period fig. column storm storm Mar. column column 20-31 Mar. 7 Mar. 7 11 50 11-31 20-31 11-31 6a 7 8 9 10 lOa 11 12 13

0.95 7.3 10.9 3.08 2.35 2.32 7.75 0.4 3.2 105 1.25 7.4 10.0 3.83 1.98 3.98 9.79 2.4 .2 107 1.65 6.8 8.6 2.94 .65 5.51 9.10 2.3 -.5 108 1.65 7.1 8.9 2.82 1.62 4.10 8.54 1.4 .4 109 1.55 7.4 9.2 ------110 1.85 5.4 6.6 1.83 .75 5.74 8.32 2.9 -1.7 111 2.4 7.9 9.4 2.56 .83 5.15 8.54 .65 .9 112 2.2 7.2 9.4 3.22 2.37 3.22 8.81 1.6 .6 113 1.75 6.6 8.2 2.90 .78 4.53 8.21 1.6 0 114 1.75 6.4 7.9 2.39 .66 5.61 8.66 2.25 -.8 115 1.85 6.3 7.7 2.04 .76 4.40 7.20 .9 .5 116 1.7 5.7 7.0 1.74 .56 3.95 6.25 .55 .8 117 1.35 4.5 6.4 .88 .46 3.50 4.84 .35 1.6 118 1.3 5.5 6.5 .62 .46 3.94 5.02 -.5 1.5 119 1.65 8.1 11.4 b2.62 b4.04 bl.51 08.27 .2 3.1 120 1.3 8.6 10.4 2.08 5.79 .79 8.66 .1 1.7 123 1.1 8.4 11.2 1.46 5.20 .58 7.24 -1.2 4.0 124 1.25 7.8 8.7 .77 4.47 .43 5.67 -2.1 3.0 125 1.2 8.8 13.2 1.93 6.93 .98 9.84 1.0 3.4 127 1.3 8.2 11.0 1.45 5.73 .97 8.15 0 2.8 129 1.25 8.0 10.7 1.43 6.81 .97 9.21 1.2 1.5 139 1.3 8.1 10.0 .74 6.92 .59 8.25 .1 1.8 143

3.0 7.2 7.2 .06 2.08 3.58 5.72 -1.5 1.5 145 3.15 7.5 7.5 .05 2.95 4.23 7.23 ' -.3 .3 146 2.7 6.8 6.8 .07 2.35 4.30 6.72 " 1 .1 147 2.3 6.4 6.4 .08 2.53 3.40 6.01 -U .4 148 2.35 6.65 6.85 .31 2.62 3.48 6.41 -.2 .4 149 2.25 6.85 7.65 ______2.75 7.1 7.1 .11 2.56 4.32 6.99 -.1 .1 150 2.3 6.7 6.7 .22 2.28 3.42 5.92 -.8 .8 151 2.15 6.5 6.5 .15 2.15 3.27 5.67 -.8 .8 152 1.85 6.0 6.0 .10 2.34 3.25 5.69 -.3 .3 153 1.75 5.8 5.8 .10 2.13 3.10 5.33 -.5 .5 154 3.25 8.2 9.0 .80 2.60 4.48 7.88 -.3 1.1 155 3.05 7.75 8.55 .52 3.00 4.67 8.19 + .4 .4 156 2.85 7.6 8.3 .70 2.94 4.30 7.94 + .3 .4 157 3.5 8.95 10.75 .88 2.22 4,10 7.52 -1.4 3.2 158 2.2 7.4 8.1 .82 3.00 3.55 7.37 0 .7 159 1.7 5.6 5.6 .13 2.50 1.96 4.59 -1.0 1.0 160 2.3 7.9 11.4 1.39 4.08 2.25 7.72 -.2 3.7 162 2.15 7.65 10.75 1.33 4.40 1.87 7.60 -.1 3.2 163 2.25 7.55 10.75 ------2.4 8.45 13.05 2.42 4.43 1.52 8.37 -.1 4.7 165 2.5 8.9 12.9 3.38 6.44 2.14 11.96 3.1 .9 166 2.0 8.0 12.3 2.32 5.49 1.77 9.58 +1.6 2.7 167 1.6 6.9 6.9 .50 4.50 1.39 6.39 -.5 .5 169 b Not corrected for storage. c Corrected for storage at hydroelectric plant at Piney; equivalent to 0.10 inch over basin above Piney. 286 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS hydrologists will readily appreciate the approximations that may have been necessary with respect to individual items. Users are cautioned to apply the data only after a thorough understanding of the explanatory text and footnotes accompanying the tables. The river-measurement stations affected by the floods for which daily run-off records are available during the entire flood period are listed in columns 1 and 2. Column 3 gives the drainage area in square miles above each river-measurement station. In column 4 is given an es­ timate of the average water content of the snow, in inches over the drainage area, on March 9. The probable accuracy of the estimates of water content of the antecedent snow and of the estimates of the water content of the snow remaining in the drainage basins after March 22 is discussed by drainage basins. Columns 5, 6, and 7 show the precipitation in inches over the drainage basin for each storm and for the total storm period as determined from a study of all available precipitation records. As explained in the section headed "Meteorologic and hydrologic condi­ tions", the precipitation for the first storm includes that for the pe­ riod March 9-13, and the precipitation for the second storm includes that for the period March 16-19. Column 8 is the sum of columns 4 and 7 and represents estimates of the total amount of water in inches over the drainage basins available as potential run-off. Additional columns 6a and lOa were added for the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins to show the precipitation and run-off for the period March 20-31. Column 9 is the direct run-off, in inches over the drainage basin, which occur­ red in the first flood. The direct run-off is derived from rainfall and melted snow and can never exceed its supply but must be less by reason of loss by evapora­ tion or basin detention in the form of infiltration and surface storage. This fact may be used to test the accuracy of the data, and where it can­ not be met the discrepancy must be explained by inaccuracies in the basic data or inadequacy of the methods of analysis. As the run-off for the flood period is generally believed to be accurate within about 10 per­ cent, inconsistencies greater than that amount may be indicative of de­ ficiencies in other basic data or limitations in the methods of analysis of the data. On the assumption that all the data are correct, run-off from 'melt­ ing snow is indicated if the run-off shown in column 9 is greater than the storm precipitation shown in column 5. RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 287

In most of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins and in the headwaters of the Potomac River Basin, snow run-off is indicated during the first flood. In the lower Potomac, lower Rappahannock, and James River Basins there was apparently little if any run-off from snow during either flood. In the Allegheny River Basin, especially in the northern part, temperatures were high and, although the precipitation was light, about 2 inches of run-off came from melting snow. In the Potomac and Rappahannock River Basins practically all of the snow disappeared during the first flood. Column 10 gives the direct run-off that occurred in the second flood. If the data are correct, run-off from melting snow evidently oc­ curred during the second flood at stations where the run-off as shown in column 10 was greater than the storm precipitation shown in column 6. Run-off from melting snow played an important part in the second flood in those portions of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins that drain the western slopes of the Allegheny Mountains. In these areas temperatures were high, most of the precipitation during the second storm was in the form of heavy rains, and there were large contributions of run-off from melting snow that remained after the first flood. In the northern part of the Allegheny River Basin and the southern part of the Monongahela River Basin temperatures were lower, and part of the precipi­ tation during the second storm was in the form of snow. In these areas the snow remaining on the ground after the first storm combined with the snow that fell during the second storm and ran off during a third flood period, which was peculiar to these particular areas. These third-flood peaks during the period March 22-26 were larger than any of those pre­ ceding during the flood period. Differences between column lOa, which shows the direct run-off during the period March 20-31, and column 6a, which shows the total precipitation for the period, indicate the extent to which accumulated snow contributed to the run-off during this third flood period. Column 11 shows the total direct run-off associated with the total storm precipitation and the melting snow. For the Allegheny and Mononga­ hela River Basins the total storm period is that from March 9 to 31, but in all other basins it is that from March 9 to 22. If all the data are correct, a measure of the extent to which melting snow contributed to the run-off is indicated by the excess of the run-off shown in column 11 over the total storm precipitation shown in column 7. This difference 288 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

is shown in column 12. In much of the Potomac, Rappahannock, and James River Basins there was little contribution from snow associated with the flood run-off, and negative figures are shown in column 12. In most of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins definite contributions are in­ dicated by positive figures. In general the snow contributions tended to increase in a downstream direction until the snow run-off became equal to the water content available on the ground. Prom this point the direct run-off decreased in a downstream direction as the amount of snow on the ground became less. When there was snow available for run-off the amount that was con­ tributed to the floods varied with the temperature. Figure 54 shows isothermal lines for mean temperature for the period March 9-22 over the flooded area and affords an indication of the possible influence of vari­ ations in temperature upon the melting of snow. The committee on floods of the Society of Civil Engineers, in its report*, discusses run­ off from melting snow for relatively short periods and small rains and shows that for each degree-day above 27.1° F. there is an increase of 0.0126 inch in run-off from snow. A brief study of the relations between run-off from melting snow and the mean temperature for the 14-day flood period March 9 to 22, 1936, in areas in New England and New York (see Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799) indicates that run-off from snow was negligible at a mean temperature of about 31° F. and that for each de­ gree-day above this temperature the run-off from melting snow increased between 0,03 and 0.05 inch. Column 13 represents the difference between the direct run-off shown in column 11 and the combined water content of the snow and storm precipitation as shown in column 8. The positive figures in this column represent, within the limits of accuracy of the basic data, the total amount of water not accounted for by the direct run-off. This residual may have consisted of some or all of the following parts: (a) Water content of the snow that did not appear as run-off during the period analyzed; (b) total natural surface storage; (c) infiltration that did not appear as stream flow in the period analyzed; and (d) evaporation and other losses. In most of the basins affected by the floods the rainfall and run­ off studies were complicated by the influence of snow and by deficiencies

* Boston Soc. Civil Eng. Jour., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 354-365, Sep­ tember 1930. RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 289 in basic data. However, in the Potomac and James River Basins the stud­ ies were complicated but little by the effects of snow or artificial storage, and as a result the differences between rainfall and run-off shoim in column 12 for these basins largely represent infiltration. These differences for each flood and the total flood period are shown on

Figure 54. Map of northeastern United States, showing isothermal lines of mean temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, March 9-22, 1936. figure 55 for the Potomac River Basin, and figure 56 for the James River Basin. These residuals show a generally consistent tendency to increase in downstream order. Surface infiltration probably is the major com­ ponent of this residual, and its magnitude is believed to have been de­ pendent upon the infiltration capacity of the soil, which may have been appreciably affected by frozen ground. The residual averages about 2 290 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS inches in the Potomac and James River Basins and is in agreement with averages shoim for other basins, the results of which are presented in Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799. In arriving at the estimates shown in column 13, table 14, the rec­ ords of about 240 precipitation stations and about 125 snow observations were compiled and analyzed, and hydrographs of mean daily discharge for 115 river-measurement stations for the months of February, March, and April were plotted and analyzed. The estimates may therefore be used with confidence as being reasonably representative of the amount of sur­ face storage, evaporation, and infiltration that occurred in these areas during the flood period of March 1936. The general uniformity of the results over the entire flood area of the Northeastern States suggests that the direct run-off was a function of the amount of water in the form of rain and melted snow and that variations in cover, topography, channel conditions, and related features, with the possible exception of frost, as displayed in drainage-basin units, had little influence. These factors, however, may have influenced the concentration of run-off with respect to time, as measured by the ratio of the direct run-off dur­ ing the maximum day of each flood to the total run-off during each flood. Brief analyses of the hydrographs for the gaging stations indicate that in the smaller headwater basins with steep slopes and small amounts of channel storage, 30 to 40 percent and in some basins nearly 50 percent of the direct run-off occurred during the calendar day of maximum run­ off. In the larger basins or in downstream basins with flatter slopes 20 percent or less of the total run-off occurred during the day of maxi­ mum run-off. These ratios are believed to be indicative of the effect of basin characteristics, particularly size, slope, shape, and channel storage. The ratios vary directly with the slope and inversely with the volume of channel storage. It appears from a brief study that there is close agreement between ratios computed for the Potomac and James Rivers during the floods of March 1936 and the ratios computed for previous floods when there was no run-off from snow. In the Allegheny River Basin, however, ratios during the flood of March 1936 which were lower than in previous floods were disclosed - a condition similar to that experienced on the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers and discussed in Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799. It appears probable that in all areas where water from RAINFALL AND RON-OFF STUDIES 291 melting snow contributed to the run-off the ratios were lower than they would have been if all the run-off had resulted from rain. Deficiencies or errors in basic data are suggested wherever minus quantities are shown in column 13, or in other words where the run-off is shown as exceeding the indicated water available for run-off. This situation pertains to only a few of the basins discussed in this report. As discussed by basins, there are deficiencies in snow data throughout the area, for no observations that would indicate the water content of the snow were available. In Pennsylvania observations of snow depth at many Civilian Conservation Corps camps were translated into water equiva­ lent, by using an assumed coefficient of 25 to 30 percent. In the up­ per Allegheny, Monongahela, Potomac, and James River Basins there is no information available regarding the water content of the snow on the ground on March 9 and only fragmentary observations with respect to the depth of snow. So far as the rainfall characteristics of the storm dur­ ing the period March 9-22 are concerned, the analyses which have been made indicate deficiencies in basic precipitation records in areas where there were major storm centers. In general, the distribution of precipi­ tation stations is such that isohyetals that appear reasonably accurate could be constructed in most of the area. Individual items presented in the table summarizing the results of the study of rainfall and run-off data may be subject to error. However, when the mass of data that entered into the compilation of these tables is taken into account, it seems that the composite results shown for ma­ jor basins or for groups of minor basins may be significant and close to the truth and as such may be of substantial value in the study of flood control and especially of those problems relating to headwater areas.

Potomac River Basin

The winter of 1935-36 in the Potomac River Basin was unusually cold and the snowfall was about twice the normal. On -15 and again on there were rises in temperature above the freezing point, with little precipitation, which caused two moderate increases in stream flow, the second one culminating in a minor peak about . The temperature during the period was -sufficiently high to deplete the snow cover greatly and, with the help of increased stages in the rivers, was instrumental in causing the ice cover in the rivers to break up and move out of the basin. At the beginning of the storm period, March 9, the 292 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

snow remaining on the ground (see fig. 34 and column 4, table 14) was confined largely to headwater areas along the northern and western basin divide and to the high, narrow ridges in Virginia. The snow on these areas was equivalent to about 0.3 inch over the basin above Washington, D. C. The general features of the storm precipitation are shown in figs. 24, 27, and 30 and columns 5, 6, and 7, table 14. In the higher areas, principally above an altitude of 1,000 feet, part of the precipi­ tation of the second storm fell as snow, some of which melted and ran off with the rainfall of that storm. In these areas the precipitation on March 21-22 also fell as snow, which ran off between March 22 and 31, at a time when there were moderate rainfalls and a rise in temper­ ature. The rainfall was generally greater during the second storm pe­ riod except in the lower part of the basin, where the precipitation dur­ ing the first storm was the greater. An analysis of \J.i. run-off during the first flood and the precipitation during the first storm Indicates that most of the snow on the ground on March 9 melted and ran off during the first flood except in the headwater areas, where some of the earlier snow contributed to the run-off during the second flood. The excesses of the water content of the snow on March 9 plus the precipitation during the first storm over the direct run-off during the first flood (graph A, fig. 55) Increase from an average of half an inch in the upper part of the basin to about 1 inch in the lower part of the basin. Differences between the water content of the snow on March 9 plus the precipitation during the first and second storms and the direct run-off during the two storms are shown by graph B, figure 55. Differ­ ences between the total water available for run-off and total direct run-off are shown in graph C, figure 55. These last-named differences or residuals, also shown in column 13, table 14, averaged 1.75 inches over the basin and varied from an average of 1.25 inches in the upstream areas to an average of about 2.25 inches in the downstream areas. These residuals, which represent largely infiltration and surface storage, show a tendency to increase with a decrease in the altitude of the basins, a condition which may be due, in part at least, to increased infiltration with decrease in frozen ground at lower altitudes. In only one basin, Owens Creek above Lantz, Md., is the run-off in excess of the indicated water available and this apparent discrepancy probably results from inadequate snow data. There is virtually no artificial storage in the Potomac River Basin sufficient to affect direct run-off. RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 293

Graph A. Water content of snow on March 9 plus precipitation in first storm minus direct run-off in first flood

. ' -I ._«-_, . ---- ^ ' ' * - " < *

Graph B. --Water content of snow on March 9 plus precipitation in first and second storms minus direct run-off in first and second floods

t , . 1 "~ ' L__- --- ~~ * '-- - - __?_- - ' '" «

Graph C. Water content of snow on March 9 plus total storm precipitation minus total direct run-off * ' - * __ _, 4 - ' , -- i ' . <

1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 32 8 23 25 11 26 31 46 47 45 41 42 32 36 37 39 13 48 43 49 14 50 40 44 16 52 53 51 18 54 55 57 56 Drainage basin designations corresponding to the reference numbers in table 11 and in figure 48. Reading from left to right the basins are arranged approximately in downstream order.

Figure 55. Comparison of differences between precipitation plus water content of antecedent snow cover and run-off, in depth in inches, during flood periods of March 1936, for tributary basins of the Potomac River Basin. 294 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Isopleths of water content of the snow on the ground March 9 have been based upon data obtained by the Weather Bureau, supplemented by in­ formation obtained by the Geological Survey through questionnaires. As in other basins, these data were meager and of small value. In some areas, particularly in parts of Maryland, there were no observations of snow on the ground March 9. Studies of the gage-height records for the period March 8-10 at a few river-measurement stations, notably on the Monocacy River at Jug Bridge, near Frederick, Md., and on Owens Creek at Lantz, Md., disclose diurnal fluctuations that are characteristic of run-off from melting snow. It appears, therefore, that there was more snow cover in the headwater regions of some of the sub-basins than is shown in column 4, table 14. The rainfall during the storm period was computed from isohyetals drawn to conform to observations made at Weather Bureau stations and at other places. Here as in other basins the Weather Bureau observations are made at the homes of resident observers, who generally live in the valleys. The rainfall catches at these sites are not necessarily repre­ sentative of the average rainfall on the basins. In drawing the isohy- etal lines some weight was given to the effect of altitude upon the rain­ fall. The total storm precipitation as obtained from an arithmetical average of that recorded at all the Weather Bureau stations within the basin above Washington, D. C., was 6.00 inchesj that obtained by the isohyetal method was 6.65 inches. Complete information relating to the nature of the storm precipi­ tation is also lacking - that is, as to whether it fell as snow, aleet, or rain, and if as snow, the data are further deficient as to its ac­ cumulation on the ground or the depletion during the storm period. These deficiencies have made exact analysis of the rainfall and run-off rela­ tions impossible. The concentration of flood run-off with respect to time was rapid throughout the basin, as indicated by a comparison of the ratio between the run-off for the calendar day of maximum run-off and the total run­ off during each flood rise. In more than half of the basin the flow past the river-measurement stations during the day of maximum run-off aver­ aged 40 percent or more of the total run-off during the flood rise. A brief study of the direct run-off at the station at Point of Rocks, Md., for several floods resulting from outstanding storms and from typical isolated rainstorms indicates that the ratio between the run-off during RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 295 the day of maximum run-off and the total run-off during the rise ranged between 30 and 44 percent and averaged about 36 percent. On March 19 the run-off past the Point of Rocks station was equivalent to 1.59 inches over the drainage area, or 38.2 percent of the total direct run-off (4.17 inches) during the second flood, indicating that the degree of concentration of the flood water with respect to time corresponded close­ ly to the average of previous floods. This condition apparently did not exist in the Connecticut, Delaware, and Susquehanna River Basins (see Water-Supply Papers 798 and 799) or in the Allegheny River Basin, where comparisons showed that the ratios for the floods of March 1936 were lower than those for the previous floods studied. There was much less snow In the Potomac River Basin on March 9 than In the other basins cov­ ered by this report, and probably less precipitation fell as snow during the storm period. These conditions approach those of the previous floods In the basin referred to above, and consequently the resulting hydro- graphs of run-off are comparable.

Rappahannock, York, James, and Roanoke River Basins

The following discussion relates principally to the James River Ba­ sin, but unless otherwise excepted it applies also to the Rappahannock, York, and Roanoke River Basins. According to the data available there was no snow cover In these basins March 9 with the possible exception of that which lay In drifts and depressions In the high mountainous areas along the western divide and in the Shenandoah National Park. The first storm centered In the Shenandoah National Park, where a total precipitation of nearly 4 Inches was recorded. The area covered by the heavy precipitation was not large and included principally the headwater areas of the Rappahannock River. The second storm had two centers, one In the Shenandoah National Park, where a total of 8 Inches was recorded, and the other In the upper James River Basin at Buchanan, Va., where over 6 Inches was recorded. The precipitation in the York River Basin was materially less than that in the basins of either the James or the Rappahannock. The average depth of the rainfall by basins for each storm and the total storm period is given In columns 5, 6, and 7, table 14 and the distribution Is indicated by isohyetal lines on figures 25, 28,and 31. 296 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Sane snow was reported by the Weather Bureau to have fallen during the storm period In the headwater areas along the western divide. A study of precipitation and temperature records of the station at Hot Springs, Va., located at an altitude of 2,200 feet, shows that the pre­ cipitation of about 0.8 Inch recorded for March 18 fell as snow. The study further Indicates that It is more than probable that this snow melted and ran off during the later part of the storm period, when high­ er temperatures prevailed. This conclusion Is confirmed by a study of the hydrograph of the Jackson River at Palling Spring, Va. Rainfall exceeded the direct run-off during the first storm by an average of 0.4 inch and ranged from an average of 0.25 Inch over the up­ per basins to 0.8 inch over the lower basins (graph A, fig. 56). In one basin, that -of the Tye River above Roseland, Va., the direct run-off ex­ ceeded the indicated precipitation by a small amount. During the second storm the rainfall exceeded the direct run-off by an average of 1.4 Inches, varying between an average of 0.9 Inch over the upper basin to 1.75 Inches over the lower basin (graph B, fig. 56). Dur­ ing the second flood on the Tye River the run-off again exceeded the in­ dicated precipitation, and the same condition prevailed on Kerrs Creek. The quantities tabulated In column 13, table 14, represent the excess of precipitation over total direct run-off. The excess averaged 2.1 Inches in the James River Basin and varied from an average of 1.2 Inches over the upper basin to an average of 3.0 inches over the lower basin (graph C, fig. 56). The rainfall excess averaged about 4 inches over the Rappa- hannock River Basin, about 1.6 Inches over the York River Basin, and about 3.0 Inches over the Roanoke River Basin. In one small area, that of Kerrs Creek above Lexlngton, Va., there is an indicated discrepancy In the basic data, as the direct run-off exceeded the rainfall. The large residual shown for the Rappahannock River Basin probably results from overestimation of the areal extent of the high precipitation in the vicinity of the Shenandoah National Park. These residuals, shown in column 13, which represent principally infiltration, evaporation, and surface detention, tend to increase In a downstream direction in a man­ ner similar to that shown for the Potomac River Basin and for the Sus- quehanna and Delaware River Basins. (See Water-Supply Paper 799.) It will be observed from graphs A and B, figure 56, that the same tendency to increase in a downstream direction is shown in both storms. It Is significant that the tendency for any particular basin to show a larger RAINFALL AND RTrti-OFF STUDIES 297

3raph A. Precipitation in first storm minus direct run­ off in first flood

< "' ' "-"1 : ^ _»------< "i ' "t * ^ ~* I M Graph B. Precipitation in second storm minus direct run­ off in second flood i

t -~ ~~ '_- - _ ' ~~ " ' V ' . I 1 i 1 Graph C. Total storm precipitation minus total direct run-off 1

_ - -~~ _^ ___.__-- < ' . i ' " _ _ - --"' < i

4 i 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 5372 73 64 76 75 74 65 77 78 67 68 79 81 80 69 82 83 70 71 85 87 88 89 Drainage basin designations corresponding to the reference numbers in table 11 and In figure 49. Reading from left to right the basins are arranged approximately in downstream order.

Figure 56. Comparison of differences between precipitation and run-off, In depth in inches, during flood periods of March 1936, for tributary basins of the James River Basin. 298 FLOODS OF MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AHD UPPER OHIO RIVERS or smaller residual than the average is generally consistent for both storm periods and for the total storm period. Surface infiltration is probably the major element represented in this residual, and its magni­ tude is believed to be determined by the infiltration capacity, which may have been affected by frozen ground. Frost was generally present throughout the basin, but to That extent is not definitely known. How­ ever, it might be expected that less frost prevailed in the lower ba­ sins than in the upper basins, by reason of the effect of altitude upon temperature, and, other factors being equal, there would be greater in­ filtration capacities and hence greater residuals in the lower basins. The results of this study are in conformity with this reasoning. It should be further noted that the downstream increase of basin detention may reflect the effect of topography as it relates to surface slope. Other conditions being the same, there would be less opportunity for infiltration and for surface storage in the upper basins, where the surface slopes are in general steep, than in the lower basins, where the surface slopes are flatter. Because of the uncertainties introduced into the study by reason of insufficient snow and frost data, definite conclu­ sions relative to the effect, if any, of slope on infiltration cannot be reached for most of the area affected by the floods. The ratio of the maximum run-off for a calendar day to the total run-off of an accompanying flood rise is a measure of the degree to which the run-off was concentrated with respect to time and as such is indica­ tive of basin characteristics, particularly slope, shape, size, and chan­ nel storage. The effect of these characteristics upon this ratio is ex­ emplified by two adjoining subbasins in the headwater areas of the James River which have similar cover characteristics - namely, the Jackson River Basin above Falling Spring, Va., and the Dunlap Creek Basin above Covington, Va. The former, with a ratio of 24 percent, is an elongated basin in which the length is five times the average width and the aver­ age slope of the main stream is 40 feet to the mile; the latter, with a ratio of 49 percent, has a length of three times the average width and an average slope on the main stream of 70 feet to the mile. For the James River Basin the ratio described above varied between extreme limits of 20 and 50 percent, but at most of the stations it fell between the limits of 30 and 40 percent. From a comparison'of previous floods in the James River Basin during the summer and fall seasons it appears that the ratios computed for the floods of March 1936 are RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 299 about the same as were obtained in floods that did not occur in the win­ ter. This agreement indicates that melting snow, which in more northern basins sustained the flood run-off to the extent that it lowered these ratios, was not present in the James River Basin to a corresponding de­ gree during the floods of March 1936. Rainfall was computed from isohyetal lines drawn to conform to data mainly collected by the United States Weather Bureau and by the United States Geological Survey at three stations at the top of the Blue Ridge, in Shenandoah National Park, established by the United States National Park Service. The mean total storm rainfall over the James River Basin above its mouth was 5.0 inches as computed by the isohyetal method, which compares with the average of 5.0 inches for the total storm catch at all Weather Bureau stations within the basin. Computed rainfall should be reliable in the lower areas, where rainfall was generally uniform, but in the upper part of the basin, particularly in the vicinity of storm centers, where the"precipitation gradients are relatively great, the rainfall computations are less reliable. Very little definite information is available in regard to the snow­ fall during the storm, particularly as to its areal extent, water equiva­ lent, and accumulation or depletion. In general, it is known that snow with a water equivalent between 0.5 and 1.0 inch fell over the subbasins adjacent to the western divide on March 17 and 18, following rain on March 16 and 17, and that this snow ran off within the storm period, so that only a trace remained along the western divide on March 23. The effect of the snowfall would be to delay moderately the run-off from those areas and possibly to increase the infiltration. This effect was limited by the relatively small area covered by the snow and the small depth involved. Little is known of the depth to which frost penetrated. In the Shenandoah National Park observations on March 13 showed 2 to 3 feet of frost penetration. In Charlottesville, Va., in the central part of the James River Basin, many house-service water connections were frozen dur­ ing the winter - an indication that frost had penetrated deeper than is normal. In the lower James River Basin at Lick-Run, Va., a hole dug dur­ ing the flood period by a resident observer of the United States Geolog­ ical Survey disclosed a frozen layer of ground beneath the saturated top soil. (See "Meteorologic and hydrologic conditions.") 300 .FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Upper Ohio River Basin

Allegheny River Basin

The winter of 1935-36 was unusually severe in the Allegheny River Basin. Temperatures were below normal, and the precipitation, especially in the form of snow, was greater than normal. The first break in the temperature occurred , when there began a general thaw that continued to the end of the month and was accompanied by light rains. During this period there was considerable depletion of snow cover, es­ pecially at the lower altitudes and in the valleys. The resultant rise in the river which reached a peak about February 28, broke up most of the channel ice, which had been unusually thick. The subsequent extreme flood conditions were measurably ameliorated as a result of this initial thaw. It is roughly Estimated that over the basin as a whole there was an average depletion in snow cover equivalent to 1 inch or more of water, prior to the storm of March 11-12. There was, however, on March 9 a considerable amount of snow in all of the upland area, especially on the western slopes of the Allegheny Mountains, where observations Indicate that there was from 3 to 5 inches of water in the form of snow (fig. 36). As discussed below, there was apparently between 1 and 2 inches more snow water in the basin above Parkers Landing, Pa., than is indicated by the isopleths on figure 36. In most of the area in the Northeastern States affected by the floods, the meteorologic and run-off conditions were more or less simi­ lar, so that a uniform procedure could be followed in a study of the factors involved. In the Allegheny River Basin conditions were not simi­ lar throughout the basin, necessitating a somewhat different method of analysis. The precipitation during the first storm, on March 11-12, was light over most of the basin and averaged only between 1 and 2 inches. Temperatures, however, were high, averaging about 50° on the 10th, llth and 12th in the northern part of the basin. After the first light pre­ cipitation large flows occurred on the main stream from the mouth of the Clarion River northward. The peak on Tionesta Creek was larger than oc­ curred during either of the two subsequent flood periods. From a study of the differences between the direct run-off during the first flood (column 9, table 14) and the precipitation during the first storm (col­ umn 5, table 14) it is estimated that in these areas the minimum contri­ bution of water from melting snow was about 2 inches during the first RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 301

flood, which greatly reduced the supply of snow in the basins of these northern tributaries. There were, however, no appreciable floods after the first storm in the basins south of the Clarion River that drain the western slopes of the Allegheny Mountains. In these basins temperatures were lower and apparently snow depletion averaged less than 1 inch during the first storm, and there was still between 3 and 4 inches of snow water when the storm of March 17-18 occurred. This second storm was heavy over the en­ tire basin, and fortunately part of the precipitation in the northern part of the basin came in the form of snow, as the temperatures were comparatively low, averaging only about 32° on March 16, 17, 18, and 19. The precipitation In the form of rain, however, was especially heavy over the Allegheny Mountains, where in some areas the average rainfall exceed­ ed 6 inches (column 6, table 14). As a result of this rather unusual meteorologic phenomenon, no large flood peaks followed the storm of March 17-18 in the tributaries to the Allegheny River north of the Clarion River, whereas in all tributaries to the Allegheny River from the Clarion River southward the run-off following this storm, augmented by run-off from melting snow, caused major flood peaks. The direct run-off from these tributary basins during the second flood equaled or exceeded the precipitation during the second storm, clearly indicating contribution from melting snow. In the northern part of the basin the smaller run-off after the second storm indicates that a considerable part of the precipi­ tation in this area was in the form of snow, which did not contribute materially to the run-off during the second flood. A study of the pre­ cipitation and the run-off (columns 6 and 10, table 14) indicates that in these northern basins probably more than 2 inches of precipitation came in the form of snow. This snow, combined with the additional heavy snowfall that occurred on March 20, melted and ran off during the third flood period In the Allegheny River Basin, on March 24-26, the peak flows of which were larger on some streams than those that occurred in the major flood rise of March 17-18. The following lists show the period when the major peaks occurred at the various river-measurement stations In the Allegheny River Basini March 17-18 March 24-26 Allegheny River at Larabee, Pa. Allegheny River at Red House, N. Y. Clarion River at Piney, Pa. Allegheny River at Franklin, Pa. Red Bank River at St. Charles, Pa. Allegheny River at Parkers Landing, Mahoning Creek at Dayton, Pa. Pa. Crooked Creek at Ford City, Pa. Chadakoin River at Falconer, N. Y. 302 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOM/VC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

March 17-18 Continued March 24-26 Continued Stony Creek at Johnstown, Pa. French Creek at Carters Cornera, Kiskiminetas River at Avonmore, Pa. Pa. Blacklick Creek at Blacklick, Pa. French River at Saegertown, Pa. French River at Utica, Pa. Oil Creek at Rouseville, Pa. Brokenstraw Creek at Youngsville, Pa. Sugar Creek at Sugar Creek, Pa. Cussewago River at Meadville, Pa. A study of the direct run-off at the stations on the upper Allegheny River during the period March 20-31 (column lOa, table 14) indicates that the run-off for the area above Parkers Landing during the third flood period, most of which occurred March 24-26, exceeded the indicated pre­ cipitation by an average of about 3 inches, an amount which would have materially increased the flood stage and discharge of the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa., had it run off during the second flood. The run-off during the period March 20-31 for all tributary streams draining the western slopes of the Allegheny Mountains was less than the precipita­ tion during the same period, indicating that in these areas most of the water in the form of snow had passed off with the flood that followed the second storm. The average residual (column 13, table 14) between the total direct run-off during the entire flood period and the storm precipitation plus the water equivalent of the antecedent snow is somewhat,over 2 inches for the basins draining the western slopes of the Allegheny Mountains between the Clarion River and the mouth. The residual corresponds rea­ sonably closely with the average residual for the Susquehanna River Basin (see Water-Supply Paper 799), when it is considered that the flood period used in analyzing the Allegheny River records is somewhat longer than the period used in other basins. It would appear that the negative residuals shown for some of the northern drainage basins result either from an un­ derestimation of the water in the form of snow on March 9 or from an un­ derestimation of the water equivalent of that part of the precipitation which fell in the form of snow during the storm period. The estimates of the water content of the snow on March 9 in the Allegheny Mountain region have been based largely on records obtained at Civilian Conserva­ tion Corps camps. The studies indicate that Estimates based on these data are consistent. In the upper Allegheny River Basin it has been necessary to base estimates of the water content of the snow on fragmen­ tary Weather Bureau records, and it would appear that the figures given in column 4, table 14, are underestimates rather than overestimates of RAINFALL AND RDN-OPP STUDIES 303 the water content of the snow on the ground. A very considerable part of the precipitation during the second storm fell as heavy, wet snow, and there are Indications that It may have had a water content higher than that used by observers In reducing the snowfall to Inches of water. During the major flood of March 17-18 all the tributaries of the Allegheny River from the east from the Clarion River to the mouth were discharging water during the day of maximum run-off equivalent to an amount between 35 and 40 percent of the total direct run-off during the flood period, Indicating an exceptionally high rate of concentration of flood water with respect to time. In the main Allegheny River at and above Barkers Landing ratios of less than 20 percent are noted between the run-off during the maximum day and the total flood run-off. A com­ parison of other floods on the Allegheny River when there was no snow Involved Indicates that ratios of about 30 percent are to be expected. In these areas the flood run-off was apparently sustained by run-off from melting snow. No studies have been made, however, for the tribu­ tary streams to Indicate what ratios might be expected during floods when no run-off from snow Is Involved.

Monongahela River Basin

The general meteorollglc conditions during the winter of 1935-36 In the Monongahela River Basin were similar to those described for the Al­ legheny River Basin, being characterized by subnormal temperatures and abnormally high snowfall. Over much of the basin, except that drained by the Youghlogheny River, the two general thaws near the first and mid­ dle parts of February, together with the thaw during the later part of the month, which was also prevalent over the Allegheny River Basin, did much to deplete snow cover and to break up and carry away the channel Ice In rivers. The run-off for the month of February exceeded 4 Inches and the precipitation was less than 3 Inches, Indicating that the deple­ tion In the water content of the snow during these three thaws may have averaged about 2 or 3 Inches over the basins. From a study of Weather Bureau records and records collected at Civilian Conservation Corps camps, It appears that most of the snow on the ground March 9 was con­ fined to the Youghlogheny River drainage basin, where, as shown on fig­ ure 36, there was between 3 and 4 Inches of water In the form of snow. The precipitation during the storm of March 11-12 averaged less than 1 Inch over the basin. The run-off that followed the first storm (column 304 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

9, table 14) was in general negligible, being less than the recorded pre­ cipitation in the basins inhere there was no snow. In the Youghiogheny River Basin, however, the direct run-off following the first storm ex­ ceeded the precipitation by an amount between 1 and 2 inches, indicating clearly the presence of snow and contribution of run-off from it. The precipitation during the second storm was heavy over the entire basin (fig. 29), especially over the Youghiogheny River Basin, where there was still snow remaining after the first flood. Fortunately a very considerable part of the precipitation during the second storm fell as snow, the run-off from which did not contribute materially to the major flood at Pittsburgh, as indicated by the fact that in most of the area above Morgantown, W. Va., the peak run-off and the total run-off during the second flood were less than those during a third flood rise March 24-26, when all of the accumulated snow contributed to the discharge. Immediately after the second storm the streams rose to flood stages, with major peaks on all streams in the Youghiogheny River Basin, where run-off from large amounts of snow augmented the flood flows. The following lists show the periods when the maximum peaks occurred at the various river-measurement stations in the Monongahela River Basin: March 17-18 March 24-26 Monongahela River at Charleroi, Pa. Tygart River at Dailey, W. Va. West Fork River at Clarksburg, Tygart River at Belington, W. Va. W. Va. Tygart River at Fetterman, W. Va. West Fork River at Enterprise, Monongahela River at Morgantown, W. Va. W. Va. Buffalo Creek at Barrackville, Buchannon River at Hall, W. Va. W. Va. West Fork River at Butcherville, South Fork of Tenmile Creek at Jef- "w. Va. ferson, Pa. Cheat River at Parsons, W. Va. Big Sandy Creek at Rockville, Cheat River at Rowlesburg, W. Va. W. Va. Cheat River at Pisgah, W. Va. Youghiogheny River at Connells- Blackwater River at Davis, W. Va. ville, Pa. Youghiogheny River at Sutersville, Pa. Casselman River at Markleton, Pa. Big Piney Run at Salisbury, Pa. Laurel Hill Creek at Ursina, Pa. Turtle Creek at Trafford, Pa. In most of the area where the flood of March 17-18 was the largest of the three floods, the direct run-off exceeded the precipitation (col­ umn 6, table 14), indicating contribution from snow remaining after the rise of March 11-12. In moat of the area where the third flood was the largest, the run-off during the second flood was less than the precipi­ tation. Although the discharge of the Monongahela River at its mouth was the largest, during the second flood most of the drainage basin above Morgantown, W. Va., or roughly 35 percent of the area, was not contribut- RAINFALL AND RUN-OFF STUDIES 305 ing as much as it did a few days later,-during the third flood period, March 24-26. In a similar manner in much of the upper Allegheny River Basin the flood run-off was greatest during the third flood period, after the maximum peak had passed Pittsburgh. The catastrophe at Pittsburgh seems to have resulted largely from the rapid concentration of flood wa­ ters from the lower parts of the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins at a time when the upper portions were discharging large volumes of wat­ er though not as large as were flowing shortly afterward. Apparently, in much of the Monongahela River Basin, as in the Al­ legheny River Basin, a considerable part of the precipitation during the second storm fell as snow, the run-off of which fortunately was delayed until after the maximum peak had passed Pittsburgh. An examination of the differences between the run-off during the period March 20-31 and the precipitation for the same period (columns 6a and lOa, table 14) in­ dicates that over much of the Monongahela River Basin above Morgantown, W. Va., the direct run-off exceeded the precipitation by an amount be­ tween 1 and 2 inches, indicating the presence of snow that fell during the second storm but did not enter the streams until the third flood. If all of the precipitation in the Monongahela River Basin had occurred as rain, it is entirely probable that the run-off during the second flood would have been increased by as much as 2 inches. The residuals shown in column 13, table 14, indicate that the dif­ ferences between the total direct run-off and the total precipitation during the flood period plus the water in the antecedent snow averaged between 1 and 2 inches less than the residuals in many other basins. The comparison between the run-off that followed the first storm and the pre­ cipitation during the first storm, as already discussed, indicates that in all probability there was no snow contribution to the run-off during the period March 11-12 in those areas where no snow is indicated in col­ umn 4, table 14. The low residual in these areas may have resulted not so much, therefore, from an underestimation of the snow on March 9 as from the underestimation of the precipitation during the storm period, especially that portion which fell during the storm of March 17-18 in the form of heavy, wet snow, having a higher than normal water content. Throughout the Monongahela River Basin there was a comparatively rapid concentration of flood waters, as shown by the fact that during the day of maximum discharge an average of 40 percent or more of the total direct run-off in the accompanying rise occurred. 306 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

FLOOD CRESTS

During or immediately after the floods of March 1936 various agen­ cies of the Federal and State governments, together with public-service companies and individuals, began the work of identifying and marking crest stages reached by the rivers in the flood areas. Field parties examined important streams to obtain comprehensive and systematic in­ formation from existing flood marks. The Corps of Engineers, United States Army, contributed in a notable way in these activities, especially in the James and Ohio River Basins. Except as otherwise noted, the flood marks were referred to the mean sea level datum of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Their relative positions were identified by distances along the rivers. Table 15 presents records of flood-crest stages for the Potomac and James River Basins and for the Ohio River Basin above Pittsburgh. Table 16 presents similar data at locks and other points on the Ohio River from Pittsburgh, Pa., to Cairo, 111. The data are presented graphically in figure 57. These records are of special interest in presenting a limit­ ing factor with respect to future developments along the rivers and in furnishing basic information as to velocity of transmission of flood crests, valley or flood-channel storage, the effects of channel constric­ tions, natural or artificial, and other aspects of river behavior. The table shows the observation points by reference to local features and river distances, date and time of crest (where known), and altitude of crest at available places of observation, generally sufficient in num­ ber for satisfactory definition of the profile of the flood crest along the river. Where observations were more plentiful than needed for ade­ quate definition of a flood profile, selection for publication has been limited to those that are essential for that purpose. Some of the ob­ servations that were close together have been combined and the mean re­ corded as at one point. Certain observations that were obviously un­ reliable or that were impracticable of reference to mean sea level are not included. On most rivers the flood crests occurred on or soon after March 17 and 18, but in the upper reaches of the Allegheny River a flood crest on March 28, resulting from melting snow, exceeded the crest of March 17 and 18 at and above Franklin, Pa., and for an indefinite distance down­ stream. Therefore the altitudes of flood crests given in the table ap- FLOOD CHESTS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Miles- Date Altitude Stream and location* above and in mouth time feet Potomac River Basin North. Branch, of Potomac River: Blaine, W. Va., 300 feet above Western Maryland Ry. sta­ 69.71 Mar. 17 al,602.2 tion, right bank 3pm Blaine, W. Va., 700 feet below Western Maryland Ry. sta­ 69.52 al,596.3 tion, right bank Shaw, W. Va., Western Maryland Ry. bridge over Deep Run, 61.7 - al,294.5 right bank Hampshire, W. Va., mouth of Piney Swamp Run, right bank 54.43 al,000.4 Bloomington, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge a53.41 -- Bloomington, Md., highway bridge, left bank, upstream 53.36 b970.5 Bloomington, Md., highway bridge, left bank, downstream 53.36 b967.3 Bloomington, Md., U. S. Geological Survey gage, right 53.36 Mar. 17 b965.2 bank 9 : 30pm Savage River, mouth of, left bank 53.25 b969.2 Luke, Md., West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. dam, left 52.5 C951.0 bank, upstream Luke, Md., West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. dam, right 52.5 -- 0952.0 bank, upstream Luke, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, up­ 52.45 -- C950.2 stream Luke, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge 052. 4 ~ Luke, Md., West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. plant, left 52.25 -- 0941.6 bank Luke, Md., West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. plant, left 52.0 0930.8 bank Luke, Md., highway bridge 051.7 Westernport, Md., Cumberland & Pennsylvania R.R. bridge 051.45 -- Westernport, Md., highway bridge, Georges Creek 51.4 C918.D Piedmont, W. Va., right bank 51.25 C909.4 Westernport, Md., Third St. and Maryland Ave., left bank 51.05 C903.6 Keyser, W. Va., 100 feet above highway bridge, left bank 46.1 a808.2 New Creek, mouth of a45.75 -- -- Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge a44.3 Dawson, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, up­ 41.7 a752.0 stream Dawson, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, 41.7 a750.0 downstream Western Maryland Ry. bridge a40.7 Pinto, Md., highway bridge, left bank 32.5 -- a670.2 Western Maryland Ry. bridge a31.8 -- Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge 30.9 -- a667.7 Riverside, W. Va., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left 30.0 Mar. 17 a667.2 bank 9pm Brady, Md., left bank 29.0 -- a654.5 Amcelle station, Md., left bank 27.2 Mar. 17 d646.2 9: 30pm Cedar Cliff, Md., left bank 26.8 a645.0 Cumberland, Md., fairgrounds, clubhouse, left bank 26.3 -- 641.2 Roberts, Md., left bank 24.7 a637.2 Cumberland, Md., left bank 23.85 e633.2 Cumberland, Md., left bank 23.25 6631.1 Cumberland, Md., Kelly-Springfield Tire Co., left bank 22.8 e629.7 Cumberland, Md., Potomac Edison Co., left bank 22.5 Mar. 17 6628.9 11 ! 45pm Ridgley, W. Va., right bank 22.05 9628.6 Cumberland, Md., Johnson St. Bridge, left bank, upstream 21.85 -- e627.6 Cumberland, Md., Johnson St. Bridge, right bank, upstream 21.85 6626.4 Cumberland, Md., Johnson St. Bridge, right bank, down­ 21.8 e626.3 stream Cumberland, Md., mouth of Wills Creek, left bank 21.75 e627.6 Cumberland, Md., Chesapeake & Ohio Canal head gates, left 21.75 6627.5 bank Cumberland, Md., Chesapeake & Ohio Canal dam, left bank, 21.7 e625.9 upstream Ridgley, W. Va., Mulligan St. underpass, right bank 21.65 -- e625.0 Cumberland, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, 21.65 -- 6625.5 upstream Ridgley, W. Va., Potomac St., right bank 21.55 -- 6623. 3 Cumberland, Md., N. & G. Taylor Co. tin mill, left bank 20.65 6620.8 Cumberland, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, 20.25 e618.2 upstream Cumberland, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, 20.25 -- 6616.9 downstream Cumberland, Md., Wiley Ford Bridge, U. S. Geological 19.5 Mar. 17 614.4 Survey gage, left bank 11: 30pm Cumberland, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, 19.0 6612.7 upstream * "Upstream signifies upstream side as applied to a location of a bridge or other structure. Likewise "downstream" signifies downstream side, a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, TJ. S. Army. b Datum of Corps of Engineers, TJ. S. Army. c Furnished by West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. d Furnished by Celanese Corporation of America, e Furnished by city engineer, Cumberland, Md. FLOODS OP MABCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet Potomac River Basin Continued North Branch of Potomac River Continued. Cumberland, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, 18.98 6608.9 downstream Cumberland, Md., left bank 18.2 __ 6607.0 Evitts Creek, mouth of, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal bridge, 17.5 6603.8 left bank Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank, upstream 15.0 Mar. 18 a596.3 lam North Branch, Md., lock above bridge, left bank 10.85 Mar. 18 a589.5 2am North Branch, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge, left 10.75 a588 . 4 bank Patterson station, W. Va., post office, right bank 9.1 Mar. 18 a582.0 2am Round Bottom, W. Va., R.R. tool house, right bank 5.8 f 568.0 Green Spring, W. Va., right bank 3.75 -- f564.6 Green Spring, W, Va., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. station, 2.2 -- a563.8 right bank Mouth, confluence with South Branch of Potcmac River, 0 -- a559.7 right bank Potomac River: South Branch, W. Va., confluence of North and South Branches, right bank 286.5 __ a559.7 French station, W. Va., right bank 285.2 a558.8 Town Creek, mouth of a283.9 -- -_ Okonoko, W. Va., station, right bank 282.9 Mar. 18 a553.3 9am Okonoko, W. Va., signal tower, right bank 282.4 552.7 Little Cacapon River, mouth of 281.1 __ f548.7 Paw Paw, W. Va., highway bridge, right bank 277.9 Mar. 18 a542.0 noon Western Maryland Ry. bridge 276.8 a537.2 Western Maryland Ry. bridge 275.85 -- a529.2 Baltimore & Ohio R.R., right bank 274.8 f530.4 Baltimore & Ohic R.R., right bank 274.25 __ f525.6 Baltimore & Ohio R.R., right bank 273.0 f 519.1 Magnolia, W. Va., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge a271.05 -- -- Western Maryland Ry. bridge, downstream 270.8 -- a513.2 Western Maryland Ry. bridge 267.0 -- a503.0 Western Maryland Ry. bridge 262.7 -- a490.1 Western Maryland Ry. bridge, right bank 259.5 _- a482.0 Little Orleans, Md., bridge over creek, left bank 257.5 a477.1 Baltimore & Ohio R.R., right bank 254.9 f470.7 Lineburg, W. Va., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. tool house, 253.0 Mar. 18 f 458.1 right bank 4pm Great Cacapon, W. Va., above dam, right bank 250.15 -- a459.7 Great Cacapon, W. Va., Dam No. 6, right bank 249.9 Mar. 18 a459.3 2pm Cacapon River, mouth of, R.R. bridge over Cacapon River, 249.3 Mar. 18 a458.6 right bank 2pm Sir Johns Run, mouth of, school, right bank 245.8 Mar. 18 a446.4 5pm Roundtop, W. Va., right bank 243.3 -- f438.7 Hancock, Md., upstream, left bank 241.51 « 432.9 Hancock, W. Va., upstream, Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corp., 241.39 432.8 right bank Hancock, Md., upstream, church, left banlc 240.61 -- 431.8 Hancock, W. Va., right bank, upstream 240.58 -- 431.2 Hancock, Md., highway bridge, U. S. Geological Survey and 240.0 Mar. 18 431.3 U. S. Weather Bureau gage, left bank 6pm Hancock, W. Va., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. station, right 239.88 430.0 bank Great Tonoloway Creek, mouth of, left bank 238.9 a429.5 Sleepy Creek, W. Va., 240 feet west of station, right 234.4 f419.5 bank Parkhead, Md., left bank 233.0 __ a418.6 Licking Creek, mouth of, R.R. bridge, left bank 232.25 a417.5 Cherry Run, W.Va., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. signal tower, 231.3 -- f413.8 right bank Big Pool, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank 230.15 Mar. 18 a410 . 4 7pm Big Pool, Md,, opposite lower lock, left bank 228.23 -- a409.2 Back Creek, mouth of a227.3 __ -- MoCoy's Ferry, Md., left bank 226.0 a401.9 Two Locks, Md., opposite Lock 46, left bank 219.5 -- a392.9 Dam No. 5, upstream, left bank 218.89 -- a390.9 Dam No. 5, left bank 218.8 Mar. 18 a390.0 10pm Dam No. 5, downstream, left bank 218.72 a389.8 a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, TJ. S. Army. e Furnished by city engineer, Cumberland, Md. f Furnished by Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. FLOOD CRESTS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet Potomac River Basin Continued Potomac River Continued. Western Maryland Ry. bridge, left bank 217.09 -- a386.5 Williamsport, Md., filtration plant, left bank 213.4 g378.6 Conococheague Creek, mouth of a212.2 -- Williamsport, Md., highway bridge, left bank 212.15 Mar. 18 a377.5 llpm Williamsport, Md., Potomac Edison Co. dam, left bank 211.96 Mar. 18 a377.0 10pm Williamsport, Md., lock below dam, left bank 211.76 -- a376.8 Pennsylvania R.R. bridge, left bank 209.85 a376.7 Falling Waters, W. Va., right bank 206.8 a367.8 Opequon Creek, mouth of, right bank 203.35 Mar. 18 a363.2 llpm Dellinger Widewater, lock, left bank 201.2 Mar. 18-19 a360.1 midnight Downsville, Md., Eiser's Mill, left bank 200.4 -- a357.6 Dam No. 4, upstream, left bank 196.7 a351.5 Dam No. 4, downstream, left bank 196.35 Mar. 19 a350.8 lam Mercersville, Md., Lock No. 40, left bank 191.7 a339.4 Sharpsburg, Md., Snider 's Landing, left bank 188.9 Mar. 19 a336.4 2am Shepherds town, W. Va., lock house above bridge, left bank 185.05 321.9 Shepherds town, W. Va., highway bridge, 0. S. Geological 185.0 Mar. 19 323,1 Survey gage, right bank 6am Shepherdstown, W. Va., Norfolk & Western Ry. bridge, left 184.7 320.1 bank Shepherdstown, W. Va., Antietam Furnace, left bank 183.9 318.3 Shepherdstown, W. Va., right bank 183.8 -- 318.2 Shepherdstown, W. Va., left bank 182.95 -- 316.8 Shepherdstown, W. Va., right bank 182.85 316.0 Blackfords Ford, left bank 182.8 -- 316.6 Antietam Creek, mouth of, aqueduct, left bank 181.6 a314.8 Harper's Perry, W. Va., Dam No. 3, upstream, left bank 174.8 a295.2 Harper's Ferry, W. Va., Dam No. 3, lock, left bank 174.45 -- a290.2 Harper's Ferry, W. Va., Potomac Edison Co. plant, right 173.2 -- a285.1 bank Harper's Ferry, W. Va., U. S. Weather Bureau gage, right 172.9 Mar. 19 h282.1 bank 5am Shenandoah River, mouth of, right bank 172.9 a282.0 Sandy Hook, Md., Lock No. 32, left bank 172.35 a268.5 Sandy Hook, Md., left bank 171.7 -- f 267.1 Weverton, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. signal tower, left 170.25 f 262.1 bank Weverton, Md., opposite Baltimore & Ohio R.R. station 170.1 -- a260.9 Brunswick, Md. , highway bridge, left bank 167.2 a254.6 Brunswick, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. station, left bank 167.05 f253.7 Catoctin Creek, mouth of 163.75 f 250.0 Catoctin, Md., Catoctin Tunnel, left bank 162.7 f244.8 Point of Rocks, Md., highway bridge, left bank 160.9 -- 241.8 Point of Rocks, Md., highway bridge, TJ. S. Geological 160.9 Mar. 19 241.6 Survey gage, left bank 9s30am Point of Rocks, Md., highway bridge, right bank 160.9 242.2 Point of Rocks, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. station, left 160.5 f241.8 bank Tuscarora, Md., left bank 156.4 -- f 232.0 Monocacy River, mouth of, left bank 154.85 a235.0 Whites Ferry, Md., aqueduct, left bank 148.5 a222.9 Edwards Ferry, Md., store, left bank 143.5 Mar. 19 a215.I noon Seneca Creek, mouth of, aqueduct, left bank 135.3 Mar. 19 a201.2 noon Right bank 128.75 1174.2 Right bank 128.6 -- 1172.9 Right bank 128.25 -- 1172.4 Great Falls, Md., opposite Aqueduct Dam, right bank 127.85 1164.5 Great Falls, Md., Aqueduct Dam, Corps of Engineers, 127.7 Mar. 19 a!61.7 TJ. S. Army, gage, left bank l-2pm Lock No. 19, left bank 127.57 -- a!56.0 Right bank 127.45 -- 1163.1 Lock No. 17, left bank 127.35 -- a!52.5 Right bank 127.3 1159.7 Right bank 127.1 1155.8 Right bank 126.85 -- 1155.6 Right bank 126.45 -- 141.7 Right bank 126.1 1138.0 Right bank 125.95 -- 1133.1 Difficult Run, mouth of, right bank 125.5 1120.9 a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. f Furnished by Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. g Furnished by Hagerstown, Md. Water Commission. h Furnished by U.S. Weather Bureau. i Furnished by Bureau of Public Roads. Datum of Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet Potomac River Basin Continued Potomac River Continued. Cropley, Md., left bank 125.2 allO.O Madeira, Va., right bank 125.05 _- 1108.1 Right bank 124.6 i!08.3 Bullneck Run, mouth of, right bank 124.05 -_ 1103.7 Herzog Island, head of, left bank 123.9 __ a99.6 Scott Run, mouth of, right bank 123.4 197.8 Herzog Island, 1,100 feet below 123.34 a89.0 Right bank 123.15 -- 197.9 Stubblefield Falls, right bank 123.00 194.5 Cranes Camp, left bank 122.75 94.8 Right bank 122.7 195.4 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, gate above Lock 14, left bank 122.4 90.0 Right bank 122.3 -_ 187.6 Lock 14, lock house, left bank 122.2 88.3 Dead Run, mouth of, right bank 121.8 181.3 Right bank 121.6 178.1 Lock 10, left bank 121.55 -- aSl.l Right bank 121.3 175.9 Lock 8, left bank 121.15 76.4 Left bank 121.12 __ 75.0 Turkey Run, mouth of, right bank 121.0 __ 175.0 Glen Echo, Md., Chesapeake & Ohio Canal at Minnehaha 120.18 -- J67.0 Creek, left bank Right bank 120.05 171.2 Lock 7, lock house, left bank 120 . 00 -- 68.1 Glen Echo, Md., extension of Mohican Drive, left bank 119.95 J65.7 Leiter estate, U. S. Geological Survey gage, right bank 119.9 Mar. 19 66.3 4: 45pm Right bank 119.8 165.9 Sycamore Island, TJ. S. Weather Bureau gage, left bank 119.5 __ 65.1 Right bank 119.35 . 163.9 Right bank 119.0 - 162.4 Right bank 118.9 161.9 Left bank, opposite feeder dam 118.9 62.5 Right bank 118.65 -- 160.8 Lock 6, lock house, left bank 118.5 - 59.0 Lock 5, lock house, left bank 118.1 51.5 _ - - 117.81 J51.3 Chain Bridge, left bank, upstream 117.3 Mar. 19 44.1 5pm Chain Bridge, right bank, downstream 117.3 44.0 Right bank 117.25 ~- 144.8 Mouth of creek, right bank 116.9 - 140.8 Right bank 116.55 ~- 134.5 Washington, D. C., Fletcher's Boathouse, left bank 116.3 - a33.9 Washington, D. C., Fletcher's Boathouse, right bank 116.3 133.3 Columbia Stone & Gravel Co., right bank 115.95 - 133.0 Right bank 115.6 ~- 127.6 Right bank 115.4 -- 126.2 Windy Run, mouth of, left bank 115.2 a22.6 Windy Run, mouth of, right bank 115.2 125.0 Right bank 115.1 123.7 Spout Run, mouth of, right bank 114.65 121.4 Right bank 114.5 -- 119.7 Aqueduct Bridge, upstream 114.05 a!9.0 Key Bridge, left bank, downstream, Corps of Engineers, 114.0 Mar. 19 a!7.2 TJ. S. Army gage 6pm Washington, D. C., Ave., U. S. Weather Bureau. 113.6 Mar . 19 15.9 gage, left bank 7pm Rock Creek, mouth of 113.3 a!5.9 Washington, D. C., Memorial Bridge, downstream 112.55 a!2.2 Washington, D. C., Highway Bridge, left bank, downstream 111.5 11.6 Washington, D. C., railroad bridge 111.3 all.O Washington, D. C., light-house wharf, TJ. S. Coast & 110.8 Mar. 19 klO.l Geodetic Survey gage, left bank 7-9pm Washington, D. C., Hains Point, left bank 110.1 alO.2

Savage River: Bloomington Md., right bank .50 b996.1 Bloomington Md., TJ. S. Geological Survey gage, left bank .42 Mar. 17 b989.6 9pm Bloomington Md., "Deep Hole", left bank .23 b979.8 Bloomington Md., "Deep Hole", right bank .23 b974.3 Bloomington Md., highway bridge, downstream, right bank .06 b971.6 Mouth, right bank 0 """ b969.2 a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, TJ. S. Army. b Datum of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. 1 Furnished by Bureau of Public Roads. Datum of Corps of Engineers, TJ. S. Army. J Furnished by Washington Suburban Sanitary District. k Furnished by TJ. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey. FLOOD CRESTS 311

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued tiles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet Potomae River Basin Continued

Georges Creek: Franklin, Md., right bank 0.92 m977.0 Franklin, Md., U. S. Geological Survey gage, right bank .83 Mar. 17 m968.6 6pm Westernport, Md., highway bridge .47 -- e949.0 Westernport, Md., railroad bridge .19 C924.6 Westernport, Md., highway bridge .08 C920.0 Westernport, Md., Cumberland & Pennsylvania R.R. bridge .03 C919.0 Mouth, Westernport, Md., Western Maryland Ry. bridge 0 C918.0 Wills Creek: Hyndman, Pa., right bank 14.8 Mar. 17 a926.6 2:30pm Cooks Mills, Pa., railroad bridge, downstream 9.6 a774.4 Fords Mill, Pa., half a mile above Pennsylvania-Maryland 7.3 a742.8 State line Ellerslie, Md., right bank 6.1 Mar. 17 a725.7 9-llpm Mt. Savage Junction, Md., 0.4 mile downstream, right bank 3.6 a687.4 Western Maryland Ry., right bank 2.5 a665.9 Pennsylvania R.R. bridge, TJ. S. Geological Survey gage, 2.08 Mar . 17 b663.1 left bank llpm Western Maryland Ry., right bank 1.8 a657.0 Western Maryland Ry., right bank 1.51 a654.4 U. S. Highway 40 bridge, left bank, upstream 1.38 -- e654.4 Railroad bridge, left bank, upstream 1.05 e643. 2 Cumberland, Md., Valley St. Bridge, upstream, left bank .64 -_ 6635.1 Cumberland, Md., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge, left bank, .50 e633. 8 upstream Cumberland, Md., Market St. Bridge, upstream, right bank .38 -- e633.0 Cumberland, Md., Baltimore St. Bridge .15 e629.7 Cumberland, Md., mouth, left bank 0 e627. 6

Evitts Creek: Bedford Valley, Pa., U. S. Geological Survey gage near 15.3 Mar. 17 n7.1 9:30pm Thomas W. Koon Dam, upstream 13.3 -- el, 020. 5 Gordon Dam, upstream 11.75 e975.8 Pennsylvania-Maryland State line e9.9 -- Cumberland, Md., Country Club, TJ.'S. Geological Survey 3.3 Mar . 17 nlO.6 gage llpm Cumberland, Md., right bank .8 e606.1 Aqueduct, upstream, right bank .06 -- 6605.5 Mouth, aqueduct, downstream, right bank .03 e603.8 South Branch of Potomae Rivers McCoy'a Mill, W. Va., highway bridge, right bank, down­ 110.84 Mar . 17 al, 760.0 stream 10: 30am Franklin, W. Va., dam, left bank, downstream 108.12 Mar. 17 al, 698.1 llam Franklin, W. Va., right bank 106.17 al,644.8 Hammer School, W. Va., mill, left bank 104.23 Mar. 17 al,598.8 noon Ruddle, ff. Va., left bank 101.02 Mar. 17 al,532.4 8pm Upper Tract, W. Va., highway bridge, left bank 95.21 Mar. 17 al,432.6 1pm Upper Tract, W. Va., new highway bridge, left bank, 93.63 al,413.2 downstream Upper Tract, W. Va., highway bridge, right bank 93.43 Mar . IV al,410.7 1pm Mouth of North Fork of South Branch of Potomae River, 72.83 Mar. 17 a991.7 left bank 6pm Royal Glen School, ff. Va., U. S. Geological Survey gage, 71.88 Mar. 17 982.3 right bank 4:30pm Petersburg, W. "Va., highway bridge, right bank 68.60 Mar. 17 a935.3 3pm Welton, W. Va., bridge, downstream 65.79 Mar. 17 a898.4 7pm Welton, W. Va., bridge 64.84 a888.2 Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge, right bank, downstream 62.04 a853.6 Moorefield, W. Va., mouth of South Fork of South Branch 56.88 Mar. 17 a807.6 of Potomae River, right bank 7:30pm Cunninghaia, ff. Va., highway bridge, left bank, down­ 53.55 Mar. 17 a786.7 stream llpm Mapleton, ff. Va., Poland's farm, right bank 50.80 Mar. 17 a775.7 11: 45pm a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, IF. S. Army, b Datum of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. o Furnished toy West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. e Furnished by eity engineer, Cumberland, Md. m Datum of West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. n Gage height in feet. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Potomac River Basin Continued

South Branch of Potomac River Continued. McNeill, W. Va., station, right bank 49.77 Mar. 17 a776.4 ll:30pm Sycamore, W. Va., railroad bridge, left bank 48.59 - a772.4 Sector, W. Va., Glebe Station, bridge, right bank, up­ 42.39 Mar. 17 a724.6 stream ll:30pm Johnson, W. Va., left bank 38.58 a705.7 Hampshire Club, W. Va., left bank 35.11 a693.5 West Romney Station, W. Va., left bank 34.04 a678.4 Romney, W. Va., highway bridge, downstream, left bank 32.46 Mar. 18 a671.4 12:30am Buffalo Creek 28.94 Mar. 18 a661.8 2am Hitters, W. Va., railroad bridge 23.45 a642.3 Millesons Mill, W. Va., left bank 15.55 Mar. 18 601.7 5: 30am Springfield, W. Va., B. S. Geological Survey gage 13.16 Mar. 18 596.2 5:30am Mouth, confluence with North Branch of Potomac River, 0 a559.7 right bank North Pork of South Branch of Potomac River! Mouth of Seneca, W. Va., 3.62 miles below 16.09 al, 432.1 New Hopeville, W. Va., 3.07 miles above, left bank and 9.53 al, 274.0 right bank New Hopeville, W. Va., left bank 6.50 Mar. 17 al,151.7 1pm Mouth, left bank 0 Mar. 17 a991.7" 6pm South Fork of South Branch of Potomac River: Brandywine, W. Va., right bank 46.00 Mar. 17 al,572.5 8: 30pm Fort Seybert, W. Va., bridge, left bank, downstream 37.31 Mar. 17 al,440.9 10pm Moorefield-Fort Seybert road, ford on 27.85 Mar. 17 al,216.5 9pm Wine Spring School, W. Va., left bank 25.53 Mar. 17 al,182.2 10pm Blue Rock School, W. Va., left bank 18.22 al,061.8 Bass, W. Va., 2 miles above, left bank 14.25 Mar. 17 a998.4 4pm Bass, W. Va., 1 mile below, left bank 10.85 Mar. 17 a943.6 8pm Highway bridge, D. S. Geological Survey gage, left bank 7.75 Mar. 17 a907.5 7pm Suspension bridge, upstream, right bank 4.79 Mar. 17 a859.3 7pm Mouth, right bank 0 Mar. 17 a807.6 7: 30pm Lost River and Cacapon River (continuation of Lost River): Culler Run, mouth of, highway bridge, left bank, 108.7 al,595.4 upstream Mathias, W. Va., post office, right bank 106.4 Mar. 17 al, 528.1 6pm Lost City, W. Va., right bank 101.7 Mar. 17 al,416.4 7pm Lost River, W. Va., left bank 99.4 Mar. 17 al,383.2 8: 30pm Lost River, W. Va., highway bridge, left bank, upstream 98.8 al,374.6 Heisman Church, W. Va., left bank 95.81 Mar. 17 al,327.4 9pm Baker, W. Va., left bank 92.77 Mar. 17 al,293.8 9pm Heltzel Run, mouth of, left bank 89.53 al,273.7 McCauley, W. Va., store, left bank 88.52 Mar. 17 al,259.9 10pm Lost River sinks, highway bridge 82.99 al,153.7 Cacapon River emerges, right bank 79.62 -- al,040.2 Wardensville, W. Va., right bank 78.32 a990.3 Wardensville, W. Va., mouth of Trout Run, right bank 77.62 Mar. 17 a980.3 8: 30pm Wardensville, W. Va., highway bridge, right bank 75.61 a961.1 Wardensville, W. Va. , railroad bridge, right bank 75.48 -- S959.4 Crest Hill Church, W. Va., left bank 71.35 Mar. 17 a922.8 10pm Intennont, W. Va., left bank 68.71 Mar. 17 a906.7 9:30pm Yellow Spring, W. Va., foot bridge, left bank 64.16 Mar. 17 a885.4 8pm Yellow Spring, W. Va., highway bridge 63.04 Mar. 17 a872.7 10pm Riverdale School, W. Va., left bank 60.2 Mar. 17 a861.3 llpm a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. FLOOD CRESTS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Potomac River Basin Continued

T-ost River and Cacapon River (continuation of Lost River) Continued! Hooks Mills, W. Va., 57.49 Mar. 17 a843.5 ll:30pm Kale Hollow, mouth or, left bank 55.4 a829 . 6 Capon Chapel, W. Va., left bank 54.49 Mar . 17 8S6.3 llpm Capon Bridge, W. Va., highway bridge, left bank, down­ 51.49 Mar . 17-18 a814.1 stream midnight Hook Haven, W. Va. 46.49 Mar. 17-18 a780.4 midnight Castle Rock, W. Va. 41.73 i a704.4 Porks of Cacapon, W. Va., highway bridge, left bank, 38.63 Mar. 17-18 a685.3 downstream midnight Bowers Run, mouth of, left bank 31.5 Mar. 18 a631.9 3: 30am Largent, W. Va., highway bridge, right bank \ 21.63 Mar. 18 a579.8 6am Fisher Ford, W. Va., highway bridge, left bank, down­ 12.28 a534.5 stream Harlan Ford, W. Va., left bank 10.18 a518.9 Rock Ford, W. Va., highway bridge, left bank, downstream 6.62 488.8 Rock Ford, W. Va., TJ. S. Geological Survey gage, left 6.3 Mar. 18 486.9 bank 8am Edes Fort, W. Va., left bank 6.0 __ a485.0 Mouth 0 a458.6 ~> orth River: Rio, W. Va., right bank 35.7 Mar. 17 al,126.4 5pm Sedan, W. Va., right bank 26.45 Mar. 17 a926.4 7pm Hanging Rock, W. Va., U. S. Highway 50, upstream, right 22.05 Mar. 17 a879.7 bank 7pm Mouth 0 Mar. 17-18 a685.3 midnight Licking Creek: Sylvan, Pa., highway bridge at Maryland-Pennsylvania 9.5 Mar. 18 451.6 State line, TJ. S. Geological Survey gage lam Mouth 0 a417.5 " jnococheague Creeks Fairview, Md., TJ. S. Geological Survey gage, right bank 18.6 Mar. 18 40.5.0 5am Mouth, left bank 0 a377.5 I'-itietam Creek: Sharpsburg, Md., Burnside Bridge, gage, left bank 4.0 Mar. 18 319.9 Spm Mouth 0 a314.8 South Fork of Shenandoah River I Confluence of North and South Rivers al01.4 __ -- Lynnwood, Va., C. M. Knight's store, right bank 99.4 1,045.3 Lynnwood, Va., li miles below, TJ. S. Geological Survey 98.0 Mar. 18 1,039.7 gage, left bank 3:30am Grove Hill Dam, left end, left bank 69.0 Mar. 18 a859.3 llam-lpm Fultz Run, Norfolk & Western Ry. embankment, right bank 67,9 a852.S Newport, Va., Page Power Co., 100 feet above dam, right 63.6 a8S8.7 bank Newport, Va., Page Power Co., 100 feet below dam, right 62.5 a821.7 bank Newport, Va., J mile below, Folz mill, right bank 62.7 __ a815.9 Alma, Va., highway bridge, right bank 59.7 786.8 Massanutten, Va., highway bridge, TJ. S. Highway 211, 53.7 749.7 former gage site, right bank Massanutten, Va., 1 mile below, Kaufman's mill, right 52.6 __ a745.S bank Luray plant, Page Power Co., 100 feet above dam,, left 48.6 Mar. 18 a731.4 bank 1pm Luray plant, Page Power Co., 100 feet below dam, left 48.5 a7S3.0 bank Bixlers Ferry, left bank 46.0 a709.6 Baumgardners Ferry, left bank 40.0 Mar. 18 a688.S S-3pm Oak Hill Ferry, left bank 37.6 a668.6 Rileyville, Va., right bank 33. S Mar. 18 a645.0 3-4pm Compton, Va., right bank S8.8 a619.6 Overall, Va., right bank 24.7 a593.0 Bentonville, Va., Indian Hollow Bridge, left bank 18.8 a560.6 Karo, Va., i mile below, railway embankment, right bank 9.7 Mar. 18 a518.S 6:30- 7:30pm a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, TJ. S. Army. 514 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Potomac River Basin Continued South Fork of Shenandoah River Continued. Front Royal, Va., block signal, transformer house, right 3.6 a497.1 bank Front Royal, Va., highway bridge, TJ. S. Geological Survey 3.2 Mar. 18 495.4 gage, left bank 6: 30pm Riverton, Va., near highway bridge, right bank .3 __ 494.3 Rlverton, Va., junction with North Fork of Shenandoah 0 _- __ River Shenandoah River: Rlverton, Va., confluence of North and South Forks of 50.8 __ __ Shenandoah River Rlverton, Va., TJ. S. Weather Bureau gage, Norfolk & 50.7 __ 493.1 Western Ry. bridge abutment, right bank Rlverton Lime Co. railroad embankment, left bank 49.7 __ 490.8 Warren Power Co., 1,000 feet above dam, left bank 47.6 _ a477.2 Warren Power Co., 1,000 feet below dam, left bank 47.2 ,_ a475.2 Morgan Ford, 3/4 mile below, right bank 43.3 __ a466.8 Morgan Ford, 2 3/4 miles below, right bank 41.2 __ a459.8 Chapman's Farm, right bank 35.9 Mar. 18 a447.7 Berrys Ferry, highway bridge, left bank 32.7 Mar. 18 440.2 Castlemans Ferry 20.9 Mar. 18 397.5 5-8pm Millville, W. Va., TJ. S. Geological Survey gage, left 4.7 Mar. 18 319.4 bank 8: 30pm Millville, W. Va., Pittsburgh Limestone Corp. office, 4.2 318.0 left bank Millville, W. Va., old gage site, left bank 4.1 __ 317.1 Harpers Ferry, W. Va., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge, left 1.46 -- a293.5 bank Harpers Ferry, W. Va., above mill, left bank .77 _ a284.5 Harpers Ferry, W. Va., 3,000 feet above bridge .6 __ 285.3 Harpers Ferry, W. Va., jail, left bank .23 __ a282.5 Harpers Ferry, W. Va., junction with Potomac River 0 North Fork of Shenandoah River: Cootes Store, Va., highway bridge, TJ. S. Geological 89.6 Mar. 17 1,075.0 Survey gage 8pm Sew Market, Va., old dam, power pole 77.5 Mar. 17 a940.1 8:30- 9: 30pm Quicksburg, Va., highway bridge, wing-wall, left bank 73.5 899.5 Mt. Jackson, Va., highway bridge, approach fill 69.9 -- a868.8 Mt. Jackson, Va., mill 68.2 Mar. 17 a860.9 10-11: 30pm Fred Bowman's house, lower step 64.0 , 838.4 Edinburg, Va., highway bridge, 200 feet below dam, right 56.5 Mar. 17-18 a771.2 bank llpm-lam Chapmans Bridge, approach fill, right 'bank 50.9 a736.7 Woodstock Dam, Va., Public Service Co., 40 feet above 49.4 __ a727.4 plant, rock cliff, right bank Woodstock, Va., 1 3/4 miles south of concrete bridge, 44.7 Mar. 18 a705.5 cellar of dwelling 12:30- l:30am Woodstock Power Co., 200 feet above dam, building 41.0 __ a686.2 Woodstook Power Co., 1,000 feet below dam 40.8 __ a683.2 Woodstock, Va,, 3 miles below 38.1 __ a668.9 Maurertown, Va., Helsey Bridge, right bank 30.5 __ 625.6 Maurertown, Va., Boyers Bridge, cabin 26.8 __ a613.2 Toms Brook, Rhodes estate, old slave oabin 23.8 Mar .18 a595.4 4am Strasburg, Va., 6 miles above Rameys Farm 19.1 __ a565.9 Strasburg, Va., 0.7 mile below Tumbling Run 13.1 Mar. 18 a535.0 5:30- 7: 30am Strasburg, Ya., 2 miles east of highway bridge, D. S. 9 .9 Mar. 18 524.1 Geological Survey gage, right bank 8am Cedar Creek, Cherokee 'Lodge 7.8 __ a515.5 Passage Creek, mouth of a5.5 __ Buckton, Va., Southern Ry. fill, right bank 5.1 __ a504.4 Rivertcn, Va., power plant and dam .5 Mar. 18 a495.3 10am- 12: 30pm Rlverton, Va., junction with South Pork of Shenandoah 0 River Monocacy River: Frederick, Kd. , above Jug Bridge, U. S. Geological Survey 16.4 Mar. 18 241.9 gage, right bank noon Mouth 0 ~ a235.0 a Furnished by Corps of Engineers, D. S. Army. FLOOD CRESTS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Potomae River Basin Continued tneca Creek: Dairsonvllle, lid., U.S. Geological Survey gage 5.8 Mar. 18 217.9 2am Mouth 0 a201.2 James River Basin "ickson Rivers Falling Spring, Va., 1 mile below highway bridge, 89.3 Mar. 17 1,348.2 U.S. Geological Survey gage, right bank 8pm "-mes River: Confluence of Jackson and Cowpasture rivers 339.7 Lick Run, Va., 1,000 feet above gage, highway bridge, 339.1 1,008.0 right bank Lick Run, Va., old highway bridge, U. S. Geological 338.9 Mar. 18 1,004.0 Survey gage, right bank 2: 30am Glen Wilton, Va., highway bridge, west abutment, 335.5 - 989.7 right bank Baldwin, Va., bridge, west upstream side, right bank 332.4 -- 979.3 Gala, Va., Sinking Creek, Chesapeake ft Ohio Ry. bridge, 327.9 956.8 left bank Chesapeake ft Ohio Ry. mile post 215, left bank 325.9 944.9 Cralg Creek, mouth of 323.7 - Eagle Rock, Va., 1,000 feet below old highway bridge, 323.0 -- 933.4 garage, left bank Chesapeake 5; Ohio Ry. bridge No. 210-4, southeast 320.9 -- 925.2 abutment, left bank j Salisbury, Va., Chesapeake 5c Ohio Ry. station and 318.7 ~ ; 911.1 bridge No. 208-1, left bank Catawba Creek, mouth of 318.7 __ Saltpetre, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station and 315.2 895.8 bridge No. 205-2, left bank Near Saltpetre, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. bridge 311.7 876.1 No. 201-9, left bank Horseshoe Bend, Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. James River 308.6 861.2 bridge No. 201-7, right bank Sprlngwood, Va., west end bridge, store house, right 305.9 -- 851.7 bank Buchanan, Va., highway bridge, Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. 301.2 830.8 station, southeast corner, left bank Buchanan, Va., Chesapeake 3c Ohio Ry. station, U.S. 301.2 Mar. 18 829.4 Geological Sutvey gage, left bank ll:30am Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. bridge No. 192-3, left bank 298.5 815.0 Indian Rock, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. bridge over 294.3 -- 793.47 Whistle Creek, left bank Rocky Point, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. bridge over 291.1 ~ 775.66 Roaring Run, left bank Gllmore Mills, Va., Gilmore Mill, west side, door, 286.3 750.83 left bank Hatural Bridge, Va., Horfolk & Western Ry. bridge 283.8 738.4 over James River, left bank Balcony Falls, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, 280.8 724.56 left bank Horth River, mouth of 279.9 __ __ Balcony Falls Dam, 25 feet above, right bank 279.8 __ 722.94 Balcony Falls Dam, 100 feet below, left bank 279.8 __ 712.31 Snowden, Va. , Chesapeake £ Ohio Ry. bridge No. 170-0, 275.5 664.17 right bank Cushaw Dam, 40 feet above, left bank 275.2 __ 662.34 Cuahaw Dam, 150 feet below, highway bridge, right bank 274.6 647.69 Bedford Dam, 60 feet above, left bank 273.5 635.86 Bedford Dam, 100 feet below, left bank 273.5 _- 632.30 Major, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. mile post 167, 271.9 627.38 right bank Big Island Dam, 640 feet above, right bank 269.7 _- 619.36 Big Island Dam, 300 feet below, warehouse, right bank 269.5 616.03 Waugh, Va., Chesapeake ft Ohio Ry. station, 200 feet 267.8 611.32 east of, right bank Coleman Falls Dam, 150 feet above, fire-hose house, 264.2 __ 606.01 right bank Coleman Falls Dam, 800 feet below, garage, right bank 264.0 598.18 Holcombs Rock, Va., 100 feet above dam, right bank 261.8 __ 589.32 Holcombs Rock, Va., below dam, Blectro Metallurgical 261.7 . 580.90 Co. foundry, right bank Holcombs Rock, Va., U.S. Geological Survey gage, 261.6 Mar. 18 579.31 right bank 2s30pm Abert, Va. , old Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, right 259.4 562.56 bank Reusens, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. bridge, 750 feet 255.8 553.98 above dam, right bank Furnished by Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages^ Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

James River Basin Continued James River Continued: Reusens, Va., Appalachian Power Co. gage, right bank 255.6 541.06 Reusens, Va., half a mile below dam, pump house, right bank 255.0 __ 538.97 Lynchburg, Va. , 10 feet above Lynchburg dam, left 252.1 529.38 bank Lynchburg, Va. 3 Seventh Street bridge, first pier, 251.9 523.97 right bank Lynchburg, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. mile post 145, 250.4 -- 517.65 right bank ' Kelly, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. mile post 141, 246.6 ~ 501.19 right bank James River, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. bridge, 150 243.1 -- 483.58 feet above, left bank Gaits Mill, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. section house 238.4 468.12 Ho. 75, left bank Stapleton, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, left 235.8 457.98 bank Walkerford, Va., near Chesapeake !fc Ohio Ry. station, 231.8 439.69 general store, left bank Riverville, Va., left bank 22&.0 _- 426.53 Aliens Creek, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 225.4 417.80 left bank Gladstone, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. tool shed near 223,9 411.88 station, left bank Bent Creek, Va., highway bridge, U.S. Geological Survey 222.8 Mar. 18 403.69 gage, left bank 9:30pm Greenway, Va., Chesapeake *t Ohio Ry. mile post 114, 219.0 « 388.69 250 feet north of, left bank Buffalo Springs, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 215.9 378.24 left bank i Buffalo River, mouth of 213.9 __ j -- Norwood, Va., 350 feet southeast of Buffalo River 213.8 -- 369.17 bridge, garage, left bank Wingina, Va., general store, near gasoline pumps, 209.0 354.24 left bank Midway Mills, Va. , west end old mill, left bank 206.9 348.33 Warminster, Va., willow tree, wooden panel, dated, 203.4 341.82 left bank Manteo, Va., ferry house, northeast corner, right bank 201.2 333.79 Highlands, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, left 199.2 -- 325.23 bank Howardsville, Va., highway bridge, garage, left bank 196.7 316.70 Warren, Va., Chesapeake Sc Ohio Ry. station, garage, 191.2 295.20 left bank Hatton, Va. , Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, southeast 188.3 287.50 corner, left bank Scottsville, Va., C. R. Dorrier's store, left bank 184.8 279.40 Scottsville, Va., highway bridge, U.S. Geological 184.6 Mar. 19 278.85 Survey gage, left bank 2am Hardware River, mouth of 178.7 - Hardware, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, left bank 178.1 ~ 257.11 Shores, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. tool shed, left bank 175.4 238.94 Strathmore, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 300 174.2 -- 230.10 feet east of, left bank Slate River, mouth of 172.8 -- __ Bremo, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, left bank 171.7 » 225.62 Sterns, Va., site of old Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 167.5 218.23 left bank Rivanna, Va., opposite Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 164.6 ~ 212.99 post, left bank Rivanna River, mouth of 162.2 ~ -- Columbia, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, south­ 161.8 208.55 east corner of, left bank Island, Va., Chesapeake <% Ohio Ry. station, corner of, 159.3 204.34 left bank Elk Hill, Va. , highway bridge, barn near bridge, 157.8 202.51 left bank Willis River, mouth of 154.1 -- - Cartersville, Va., Chesapeake % Ohio Ry. station at 152.5 191.59 Pemberton, left bank Cartersville, Va., highway bridge, U.S. Geological 152.4 Mar. 19 190.34 Survey gage, left bank 11am Westview, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, left 146.9 183.00 bank Rock Castle, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. station, north­ 144.9 178.22 west corner, left bank Ben Lomond, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. waiting room, 142.1 173.41 left bank Irwin, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. freight shed, left 137.5 167.09 bank Maidens, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, left bank 135.0 162.11 State Farm, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 131.5 157.51 left bank FLOOD CHESTS 317

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

James River Basin Continued James River Continued! Lee, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, left bank 129.0 152.45 Sabot, Va., Chesapeake «: Ohio Ry. station, left bank 125.2 - 145.82 Venita, Va. , Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, left bank 120.2 138.49 Richmond, Va., Nine Mile Look, left bank 113.3 128.33 Richmond, Va., Westham bridge, U.S. Geological Survey 111.7 Mar. 19 122.24 gage, left bank 10pm Richmond, Va., 1,100 feet above Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. 109.0 102.17 mile post 4, left bank Richmond, Va., Boulevard highway bridge, left bank 107.5 - 82.80 Richmond, Va., Albemarle Paper Co. plant, downstream, 105.7 44.59 left bank Richmond, Va., U.S. Weather Bureau gage, left bank 104.6 __ 28.7 Newport News, Va., mouth of James River 0 Dunlap Creek: Covington, Va., 3 miles west of, highway bridge, U.S. 3.5 Mar. 17 1,304.73 Geological Survey gage 5pm Potts Creek: Covington, Va., 3 miles southwest of, highway bridge, 5.2 Mar. 17 1,267.13 U.S. Geological Survey -gage 4pm Cowpaature River: Clifton Forge, Va., 4 miles southeast of, highway 1.5 Mar. 18 1,025.55 bridge, U.S. Geological Survey gage, left bank U30am Craig Creek: Parr, Va., Chesapeake 4 Ohio Ry. bridge, U.S. Geolog­ ical Survey gage 11.5 Mar. 18 1? 006.76 5am Catawba Creek: Fincastle, Va., 4 miles northeast of, Kyles Mills, 6.5 Mar. 17 1,008.32 highway bridge, U.S. Geological Survey gage 4:30pm Calf pasture River: Goshen, Va., highway bridge, U.S. Geological Survey 44.1 Mar. 17 1,393.40 gage llpm North River: Rockbridge Baths, Va., 700 feet above highway bridge, 34.9 Mar. 17-18 1,113.40 U.S. Geological Survey gage, right bank midnight Lexington, Va., 2jjf miles above, U.S. Geological 21.5 Mar. 18 930.14 Survey gage, right bank Sam Lexington, Va., old covered bridge, house 60 feet 18.7 916.06 above, left bank Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. mile post B.F. 18, left bank 17.8 __ 905.04 South River, Va. , half a mile below, Chesapeake & 14.0 873.55 Ohio Ry. bridge, old barn, left bank Buena Vista, Va. , U.S. Highway 60, bridge pier, 11.2 846.76 left bank Buena Vista, Va., Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. station, 10.9" 829.07 left bank Lock Laird, Va., Norfolk & Western Ry. station, 125 9.1 813.27 feet south of, right bank Thompson, Va., Norfolk & Western Ry., outhouse, 6.4 791.33 right bank Buffalo Forge, Va. , Norfolk & Western Ry. station, 150 4.5 759.04 feet south of, right bank Norfolk & Western Ry. bridge No. 430, right bank 3.2 743.38 Glasgow, Va., concrete highway bridge, left bank .4 724.73 Glasgow, Va., junction with James River 0 -- -~ Kerrs Creek: Lexington, Va., 2s miles northwest of, highway bridge, 1.2 Mar. 17 984.86 U.S. Geological Survey gage llpm Tye River: Roseland, Va. , three-quarters of a mile southwest of, 13.5 Mar. 17 664.70 highway bridge, U.S. Geological Survey gage 9: 30pm Hardware River: Scottsville, Va., 3 miles north of, highway bridge, 11.6 Mar. 17 324.95 U.S. Geological Survey gage ypm Slate River: Arvonia, Va., 2 miles from, former gage site 2.0 254.88 Wlllis Rivers Flanagan Mills, Va., former gage site 5.8 199.18 318 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued lilies Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Upper Ohio River Basin Allegheny River: Franklin, Pa., highway bridge, gage, right bank 124.90 Mar. 28 975.3 6am Parkers Landing, Pa., highway bridge, gage, right bank 83.80 Mar .28 864.4 2pm East Brady, Pa., highway bridge, left bank 69.68 -- 833.6 left bank 69.19 »» 832.9 Left bank 67.91 -- 831.9 Left bank 66.38 -- 830.3 Van Buren, Pa. , left bank 66.91 -- 830.1 Left bank 66.21 __ 829.6 Waters onvl lie, Pa., left bank 64.42 __ 827.6 Redbank Creek, mouth of 64.04 __ 827.5 Left bank 63.34 __ 827.4 Left bank 63.18 __ 827.4 Left bank 62.34 __ 823.9 Cosmus, Pa., Lock and Dam Ho. 9, left bank 62.21 823.3 Left bank 61.54 __ 822.1 Left bank 61.34 __ 821.8 Left bank 60.79 __ 821.0 Left bank 60.34 «. 820.1 Rlmerton, Pa., left bank 60.12 __ 819.6 Left bank 69.77 __ S18.7 Left bank 69.37 --. 818.1 Left bank 68.95 --. 817.9 Left bank 68.34 -- 817.2 Left bank 57.34 __ 816.1 Left bank 67.07 __ 816.9 Left bank 66.19 __ 816.3 Mahonlng Creek, mouth of, left bank 65.62 _- 813.3 Mosgrove, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 8, upper pool, left bank 52.68 _- 810.4 Pine Creek, mouth of, left bank 60.68 __ 802.4 Klttaimlng, Pa., left bank 46.60 Mar. 18 797.5 7-10am Kittannlng, Pa., left bank 45.61 __ 793.9 Kittanning, Pa., highway bridge 46.10 _~ Applewold, Pa., right bank 45.00 Mar. 18 793.5 llam Garretts Run, mouth of, left bank 43.72 -- 792.3 Ford City, Pa., left bank 43.30 __ 791.7 Ford C Ity, Pa. , left bank 42.34 __ 790.6 Glen Irwin, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 6, lower pool, right 36.32 M&T.18 784.9 bank 1-Spm Freeport, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 6, right bank 30.46 781.2 Kiskimlnetas River, mouth of, left bank 30.20 __ 780.7 Freeport, Pa., right bank 29»40 Mar. 18 777.4 2:30pm Braeburn, Pa. , right bank 24.42 __ 770.6 Braeburn, Pa. , right bank 24.31 __ 770.1 Braeburn, Pa. , right bank 24.20 -_ 768.6 Natrona, Pa., right bank 24.00 Mar. 18 767.8 4pm Natrona, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 4, right bank 23.80 __ 766.9 Chartiers Creek, mouth of, left bank 23.60 __ 766.8 Braekenridge , right bank 22.60 -- 765.7 Tarentum, pa., right bank 22.30 Mar. 18 766.6 West Tarentum, Pa., right bank 21.20 -- 766.0 Creighton, Pa., right bank 21.00 __ 764.5 Creighton, Pa., right bank 20.68 .... 763.8 Qlassmere, Pa., right bank 19.40 __ 763.4 New Kensington, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 19.00 761.6 Sprlngdale, Pa., right bank 17.60 __ 760.8 Springdale , Pa. , right bank 16.50 760.1 Springdale, Pa., right bank 16.20 _ 759.3 Cheswiok, Pa., right bank 15.00 __ 757,3 Acmetonla, Pa., look and Dam No. 3, right bank 14.40 __ 766.9 Red Raven, Pa., right bank 13.12 _ 764.2 Harmarville , Pa., highway bridge, right bank 12.79 754.0 Montrose, Pa., right bank 11.17 762.8 Sandy Creek, mouth of, left bank 9.80 ~ 751.3 Blawnox, Pa., right bank 9.64 __ 760.7 Blawnox, Pa., Allegheny County Workhouse, right bank 9.10 __ 760.2 Nadlne Station, Pa., left bank 8.75 « « 750.1 Asplnwall, Pa., right bank 7.68 __ 748.6 Aspinwall, Pa., right bank 7.33 __ 748.4 Asplnwall, Pa., left bank 7.24 _ ._ 748.3 Aspinwall, Pa., Look No. 2 (old), right bank 7.00 _ ._ 748.1 Aspinwall, Pa., Look and Dam No. 2 (new) lower pool, 6.66 Mar. 18 747.2 right bank 7pm Sharpsburg, Pa., Highland Park Bridge, right bank 6.30 747.0 Sharpsburg, Pa., right bank 6.00 __ 746.9 Sharpsburg, Pa., right bank 6.60 __ 746.4 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 5.00 __ 746.1 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 4.90 __ 746.1 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 4.80 745.9 FLOOD CRESTS 319

Table 15.- Flood crest stages Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Upper Ohio River Basin Continued Allegheny River Continued: Pittsburgh, Pa. , left bank 3.99 -- 744.6 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 3.90 744.4 Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 3.58 - 744.1 Millvale, Pa., right bank 3.48 - 744.2 Pittsburgh, Pa. , left bank 3.40 744.1 Pittsburgh, Pa., 40th Street highway bridge, left bank 3.22 744.1 Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 3.09 -- 744.0 Pittsburgh, Pa., Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge, 2.68 -- 743.7 left bank Pittsburgh, Pa., 31st Street highway bridge, right bank 2.45 -- 743.0 Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 2.20 742.8 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 2.10 -- 742.7 Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 1.84 742.0 Pittsburgh, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 1, upper pool, left 1.68 742.0 bank Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 1.52 - 741.8 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 1.46 -- 741.8 Pittsburgh, Pa. , right bank 1.37 - 741.7 Pittsburgh, Pa., 16th Street highway bridge, left bank 1.35 -- 741.5 Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank .93 740.5 Pittsburgh, Pa., Sandusky Street viaduct, right bank .71 740.2 Pittsburgh, Pa., 6th Street highway bridge, right bank .59 - 740.2 Pittsburgh, Pa., Point Bridge, mouth, gage 0 Mar. 18 740-.2 7 -10pm Stony Creeks Kings Station, Pa., highway bridge 7.41 -- 1,232.4 Right bank 6.96 -- 1,227.1 Right bank 6.76 -- 1,224.4 Ferndale, Pa., right bank 5.66 1,208.4 Ferndale, Pa., left bank 5.66 -- 1,205.9 Ferndale, Pa., right bank 4.51 -- 1,201.6 Johnstown Pa., left bank 3.66 -- 1,193.3 Johnstown Pa., right bank 2.66 1,188.5 Johnstown Pa., left bank 1.66 __ 1,184.5 Johnstown Pa., Poplar Street highway bridge, gage 1.56 Mar. 18 1,184.3 12: 30am Johnstown Pa., left bank 0.66 __ 1,179.8 Johnstown Pa., mouth, junction with Little Conemaugh 0 1,177.3 River, left bank Kiskiminetas and Conemaugh Rivers s Johnstown, Pa., junction Stony Creek and Little 79.34 Mar. 18 1,177.3 Conemaugh River, left bank 12:30am Cambria, Pa., left bank 77.60 -- 1,166.3 Coopersdale, Pa., Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, right 76.20 -- 1,148.2 bank Charles, Pa,, right bank 71.07 1,108.2 Seward, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 69.70 Mar. 18 1,098.8 2am Seward, Pa. , left bank 68.46 1,091.1 Centerville, Pa., right bank 64.52 - 1,069.6 New Florence , Pa. , left bank 63.00 1,065.0 Lock Port, Pa., left bank 59.12 1,042.0 Robinson, Pa. , left bank 57.30 1,026.0 Bolivar, Pa., left bank 56.95 1,020.5 Bolivar, Pa., left bank 56.67 -- 1,019.7 Strangford, Pa.^ right bank 51.28 964.7 Blairsville, Pa., right bank 48.80 -- 948.3 Blairsville, Pa., right bank 47.98 - 946.6 Bairdstown, Pa., left bank 46.68 __ 936.3 Blacklick Creek, mouth of, left bank 43.33 925.1 Livermore, Pa., Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, left bank 40.35 915.1 Tunnelton, Pa. , right bank 32.37 880.1 Saltsburg, Pa., right bank 27.42 -- 862.8 Loyalhanna Creek, mouth of, right bank 26.85 -- 859.9 Saltsburg, Pa. , right bank 26.63 -_ 858.4 Avonmore, Pa., left bank 22.47 __ 852.9 Avonmore, Pa., highway bridge, gage 22.43 Mar. 18 852.8 8am Avonmore, Pa., left bank 22.01 __ 852.0 Saline, Pa. highway bridge, left bank 19.82 843.8 Saline, Pa. left bank 19.72 __ 843.5 Apollo, Pa. highway bridge, right bank 13.73 __ 818.0 Apollo, Pa. right bank 13.62 _- 817.2 Apollo, Pa. right bank 13.28 -- 817.2 Apollo, Pa. right bank 13.10 __ 815.4 Apollo, Pa. right bank 12.96 __ 814.4 Horth Vandergrift, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 11.05 __ 810.0 Vendergrlft, Pa., gage, left bank 10.80 Mar. 18 808.2 li:30am Right bank 9.73 __ 803.9 Hjde Park, Pa., right bank 7.60 __ 799.9 Leechburg, Pa. 6.37 -- 796.0 320 FLOODS OP MA.RCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 15.- Flood crest atages--Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Upper Ohio River Baa in Continued Kiskimlnetas and Conemaugh Rivers --Continued! Leechburg, Pa., right bank 6.10 -- 795.6 Leechburg, Pa., right bank 5.58 __ 793.2 Leechburg, Pa., Leechburg-Hillville highway bridge, 5.40 -- 792.8 right bank Leechburg, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 4.85 __ 791.0 Right bank 4.50 _- 790.4 Right bank 4.38 __ 788.8 Mouth, Junction at Allegheny River 0 Mar. 18 780.7 2l30pm Little Conemaugh Rivers Franklin, Pa. , highway bridge 2.62 __ 1,226.9 Johnstown, Pa., left bank 1.46 __ 1,189.9 Johnstown, Pa., right bank 0.46 Mar. 18 1,181.1 12:30am Mouth, junction with Stony Creek 0 1,177.3 Monongahela Rivers Point Marion, Pa., Lock and Dam Ko. 8, upper pool, 90.60 __ 804.9 left bank Point Marion, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 8, lower pool, 90.60 Mar. 18 801.9 left bank 3-4am Greensboro, Pa., Lock and Dam Ko. 7, upper pool, 84.80 __ 795.9 left bank Greensboro, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 7, lower pool, 84.80 Mar. 18 793.4 left bank 3 -4am Rices Landing, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 6, upper pool 68.30 Mar. 18 779.5 5-6am Brownsville, Pa., Lock and Dam Ko. 5, upper pool, 56.50 Mar. 18 768.5 right bank 7-9am Charleroi, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 4, upper pool, 41.40 Mar. 18 757.8 right bank noon Monessen, Pa., right bank 39.00 __ 754.5 Webster, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 36.30 __ 753.9 Ella Mine, right bank 35.00 __ 753.3 Gallatin Mine Lighb, left bank 33.00 __ 752,8 Left bank 32.50 __ 752.6 Pigeon Creek, mouth of, left bank 32.30 __ 752.5 Monogahela, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 32.00 -_ 752.5 New Eagle, Pa., American Glass Co., left bank 30.00 751.9 Floreffe, Pa., left bank 24.50 __ 750.8 Elizabeth, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 3, upper pool, right 23.80 Mar. 18 750.8 bank 4-5 pm West Elizabeth, Pa., left bank 22.60 __ 748.9 Clairton, Pa., highway bridge, left bank 21.00 __ 748.6 Pine Run, mouth of, left bank 18.70 __ 748.5 Dravosburg, Pa., highway bridge, left bank 16.40 747.9 Dravosburg, Pa., left bank 16.00 __ 747.7 Youghiogheny River, mouth of 15.55 __ McEeesport, Pa., right bank 15.00 Mar. 18 747.0 6pm Riverton, Pa., Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, lefb bank 14.40 746.6 Duquesne, Pa., left bank 13.50 __ 745.8 Thompson Station, Union Railroad bridge, left bank 11.50 __ 745.5 Braddock, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 2, upper pool, right 11.27 745.8 bank Braddock, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 2, lower pool, right 11.20 Mar. 18 745.8 bank 6-8pm Union Railroad bridge, left bank 9.20 __ 744.0 Homestead, Pa. , right bank 7.50 __ 743.4 Homestead, Pa., right bank 7.10 __ 742.9 Hays, Pa., Pennsylvania Railroad viaduct, left bank 6.00 __ 742.8 Glenwood Station, left bank 5.00 __ 742.0 BK Tower, Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R., left bank 4.58 __ 742.0 Becks Run, mouth of, left bank 4.41 __ 741.9 Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 3.56 __ 742.0 Pittsburgh, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 1, right bank 1.94 __ 742.0 Pittsburgh, Pa., Lock and Dam No. 1, power house, 1.92 __ 741.0 right bank Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 1.25 __ 740.4 Pittsburgh, Pa., Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, & 1.10 . 740.4 St. Louis R.R. bridge, right bank Pittsburgh, Pa., left bank 0.90 __ 740.3 Pittsburgh, Pa., Smithfield Street highway, bridge, 0.75 740.2 left bank Pittsburgh, Pa., right bank 0.20 __ 740.2 Pittsburgh, Pa., mouth, junction with Allegheny River 0 Mar. 18 740.2 7-10pm Toughiogheny Rivers Casselman River, mouth of 73.15 Mar. 17 __ llpm to midnight Confluence, Pa., Baltimore & Ohio R.R. bridge 73.05 -- 1,328.6 FLOOD CRESTS 321

Table 15.- Flood crest stagea Continued Miles Date Altitude Stream and location above and in mouth time feet

Upper Ohio River Basin Continued Youghiogheny River Continued: Ohiopyle, Pa., gage 62.88 Mar. 18 1,212.3 12:30am Connells villa, Pa., Crawford Avenue highway bridge, gage 44.65 Mar. 18 880.4 2am West Newton, Pa., highway "bridge, gage 19.40 Mar. 18 768.7 8:30am West Hewton., Pa. 18.36 767.4 Gratztown, Pa. 17.00 __ 766.2 Sutersville, Pa., right bank 16.00 765.4 Sutersville, Pa., highway bridge, gage 15.18 Mar. 18 763.8 10am Sutersville, Pa. 15.18 763.4 Shaner, Pa., right bank 11.04 759.3 Coulter, Pa. , right, bank 8.84 755.8 Coulter, Pa., right bank 7.42 754.7 Versailles, Pa., highway bridge, right bank 3.90 751.1 Port Vue, Pa., 15th Street highway bridge, right bank 1.24 748.4 Port Vue, Pa., 15th Street highway bridge, left bank 1.24 748.1 McKeesport, Pa., right bank 0.56 Mar. 18 747.7 6pm Mouth, junction with Monongahela River 0 ~ FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 16.- Flood crest stages, Ohio River, 1956 Miles *Zero tGage Location above of Date and time height *Altitude Cairo gage in feet Pittsburgh, Pa. 979.5 a694.0 Mar.l8,7-10pm a46.0 740.0 Emsworth Dam 973.3 b690.Q Mar. 18, 10- 12pm b42.3 732.3 Coraopolia, Pa. 970.3 a683.4 Mar. 18, 10pm a43.6 727.0 Sewiekley, Pa. 967.7 C690.0 Mar. 18, 10- 12pm C34.75 724.8 Dashields Dam 966.2 b678.6 Mar. 18, 12pm b44.1 722.7 Lock No. 4 960.9 667.8 Mar. 18, 12pm 50.0 717.8 Lock No. 5 955.4 661.3 Mar.l8,12pm-Mar.l9,3am 51.7 713.0 Lock No. 6 950.2 655.3 Mar. 19, 2am 54.9 710.2 Lock No. Y 943.0 647.2 Mar.l9,3-6am 53.5 700.7 Look No. 8 933.1 640.3 Mar. 19, 6am 51.05 691.4 Lock No. 9 923.4 633.9 Mar. 19, 8- 9am 51.3 685.2 Lock No. 10 913.3 625.5 Mar. 19, 10- 12am 52.5 678.0 Lock No. 11 902.6 618.1 Mar. 19, 12am-3pm 53.4 671.5 Lock No. 12 892.1 610.8 Mar.l9,2-6pm 55.5 666.3 Lock No. 13 883.4 602.8 Mar. 19, 6- 8pm 57.8 660.6 Lock No. 14 865.5 594.1 Mar. 19, 8pm- Mar. 20, lam 54.6 648.7 Lock No. 15 850.4 586.8 Mar.20,2-4am 52.6 639.4 Lock No. 16 833.0 579.0 Mar.20,7-9am 50.6 629.6 Lock No*. 1Y 812.0 571.2 Mar.20,3-7pm 46.2 617.4 Marietta, Ohio 807.5 a567.1 Mar. 20, 7pm a48.1 615.2 Lock No. 18 799.6 563.4 Mar . 2 0 , 9pm-Mar . 2 1 , lam 48.6 612.0 Parkersburg, W.Va. 794.9 a561.9 Mar. 2 0,12pm a48.0 609.9 Lock No. 19 787.3 555.3 Mar.21,l-7am 50.5 605.8 Lock No. 20 777.0 549.1 Mar.21,5-llam 50.6 599.7 Lock No. 21 764.9 541.6 Mar .21, 9am- 1pm 52.2 593.8 Lock No. 22 758.6 536.0 Mar.21,5-7pm 54.5 590.5 Lock No. 23 748.1 528.2 Mar.21,7-9pm 56.3 584.5 Lock Ho. 24 737.0 520.1 Mar .21, 9pm-Mar . 22 , 7am 58.6 578.7 Pomeroy, Ohio 728.2 Mar. 22, 11am d572.9 Lock No. 25 718.8 512.1 Mar . 22 , llam-7pm 57.9 570.0 Point Pleasant, W. Va. 714.3 a514.1 Mar . 22 , 6pm a54.4 568.5 Lock No. 26 701.0 502.6 Mar.22,l-llpm 61.6 564.2 Lock No. 2Y 678.5 496.6 Mar.22,9pm-Mar.23,7am 56.0 552.6 Lock No. 28 667.9 6492.0 Mar . 22 , llpm-Mar . 23 , 1pm 656.8 548.8 Lock No. 29 659.6 483.1 Mar . 23 , 9am- 1pm 62.7 545.8 Look No. 30 640.1 475.1 Mar. 23, 3- 9pm 61.9 537.0 Portsmouth, Ohio 623-. 5 a470.9 Mar. 23, 8pm a59.2 530.1 Lock No. 31 620.2 467.6 Mar". 2 3 , 3pm-Mar . 2 4 , 3am f61.7 529.3 Lock No. 32 596.9 460.1 Mar.24,3-9am f59.4 519.5 Lock No. 33 594.4 452.6 Mar.27,3-9pm f59.1 511.7 Lock No. 34 545.4 445.6 Mar.28,3am-6am g56.5 502.1 Lock No. 35 528.5 440.0 Mar.27,9pm-Mar.28,9am f56.5 496.5 Lock No. 36 518.6 433.6 Mar .28, Sam- 6am g60.45 494.0 Cincinnati, Ohio 509.3 a428.8 Mar . 2 8 , lam-noon a60.6 489.4 Lock No. 3Y 496.3 425.3 Mar.28,3am-6pm g59.6 484.9 Lock No. 38 476.2 417.9 Mar. 2 8, 9am- 3pm f59.1 477.0 Lock No. 39 447.8 410.6 Mar.28,6pm-Mar.29,7am h53.5 464.1 Madison, Ind. 421.8 d403.2 Mar. 29, 7am dk52.0 455.2 Lock No. 41 372.5 b403.0 Mar. 29, 4pm bk36.6 439.6 Lock No. 41 372.5 m372.1 Mar. 29, 4pm km65.6 437.7 Lock No. 43 346.3 366.1 Mar.29,7pm-Mar.30,7am n64.3 430.4 Lock No. 44 316.3 357.1 Mar .29, 7pm-Mar . 3 0 , 7am 63.6 420.7 Lock No. 45 276.5 349.6 Mar.30,7am-7pm n54.9 404.5 Cannelton, Ind. 255.5 -- Mar. 30-31 d394.6 Lock No. 46 222.2 339.1 Mar .31, 7am- 7pm n45.1 384.2 Lock No. 4Y 201.8 330.6 Mar . 3 1 , 7am- Apr . 1 , 7pm n46.7 377.3 Evansville, Ind. 187.2 d329.2 Mar .31, 7am- Apr . 1 , 7am dp44.4 373.6 Lock NOc 48 169.9 322.6 Apr . 1 , 7am- Apr . 2 , 7am n46.7 369.3 Lock No. 49 134.5 312.1 Apr. 3, 7pm- Apr. 4, 7am n46.4 358.5 Lock No. 50 102.7 301.1 Apr. 6, 7am n50.1 351.2 Lock No. 51 76.4 294.6 Apr. 6, 7am n47.8 342.4 Paducah, Ky. 45.0 C286.2 Apr. 15, 10: 40pm C49.15 335.4 Lock No. 52 40.6 283.3 Apr. 15 ,7am-Apr. 16,7pm n50.9 334.2 Lock No. 53 16.9 273.2 Apr. 16, 7am n55.2 328.4 Cairo, 111. 0 adq270.9 Apr. 16, 7am adr52 . 8 323.7

* Altitude, in feet, above mean sea level, g Only Sam, 6am, 9am, 3pm, 6pm and 9pm read­ t Pass sill gage of Corps of Engineers, U. ings available. S. Army, unless otherwise noted, h Only 6am, 7am, and 6pm readings available. a U.S. Weather Bureau gage, k Only 7am and 4pm readings available. b Upper gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S. m Lower gage, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. Army. n Only 7am and 7pm readings available. c U.S. Geological Survey water-stage p Only 7am readings available. recorder. q 270.584 feet above mean sea level (1929 d Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, gage, adjustment), 270.406 feet above mean sea e Low water gage, Corps of Engineers, U. level by Mississippi River Commission. S. Army, r Only 7am and 5pm readings available. f Only Sam, 9am, 3pm and 6pm readings available. 750

700

650

600

550

500

450

350

300

250 100 200 300 400 500 ' 600 700 800 1,000 Mllea above Cairo, 111. Figure 57. Profile of maximum crest stages on the Ohio River during the floods of March 1936 and of the maximum crest stages previously known. 324 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS ply to the later peak down to some point where the profiles of the two crests merged, probably in the vicinity of Watersonville or Cosmus, Pa. The times of crest at river-measurement stations and at certain other points, such as power dams, are in general well established. At many other points this information is approximate. It has been found that the crests of floods within the building lim­ its of cities and towns and at other places more or less distant from a river may, for various reasons, be materially different from those along the main river channel and may be seemingly inconsistent if considera­ tion is not given to the effect of the slope. Consequently apparent in­ consistencies may appear to exist between local information and the rec­ ords as herein published. Flood crests on opposite banks of a stream may differ materially because of the effects of bends and obstructions in the channel. In the table "upstream" signifies that the observation was made at the upstream side of a bridge or other structure; "downstream" signifies that the observation was made at the downstream side of the structure.

RECORDS OF PREVIOUS FLOODS

Knowledge of the floods of the past provides an effective basis upon which to formulate plans for protection against future floods and for control of the flood waters. Discriminating consideration of the mag­ nitude and frequency of great floods is essential to the best economic solution of flood problems; consequently, the longer the records of flood experience the more enlightened and adequate the solution may be. Systematic observations of the stages and discharges of rivers in the United States cover short periods of time and may be said to be com­ paratively in their infancy. The records diminish greatly in number as they extend into the past, and those exceeding 50 years in length are few. Information regarding many floods is published currently in the water-supply papers of the Geological Survey. Water-Supply Paper 771, "Floods in the United States - magnitude and frequency", contains an ex­ tensive compilation, largely from the water-supply papers, of records of floods on many of the rivers of the country for which, in general, the periods of systematic observation exceed 25 or 30 years. Information regarding some notable floods of the past, principally floods that occurred prior to the comparatively short period of system­ atic observations, is presented below for the group of river basins cov- RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 325 erecl in this volume. This information has been assembled as an incident to the preparation of the report on the floods of March 1936 and consists primarily of a summary, in either textual or tabular form, of notes and other data concerning outstanding floods for which there are authentic or reasonably trustworthy records. Variations in the nature and origin of the information obtained from different sources have necessitated the variation in the form of presentation for different basins. The resport of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, on the development and utilization of many of the rivers of the country, pub­ lished under the provisions of House Document 308, 69th Congress, 1st session, are sources of information regarding historical floods. Of­ ficial State reports of agencies and departments that are concerned with the use of water often contain data and information about past floods. Specific references are given in the following text as to the source of information regarding early floods. Information of past floods in detail adequate for significant com­ parison diminishes very greatly as the floods antedate the periods of systematic observation, which as stated above began generally within the last 50 years. It is natural, however, that records pertaining to the more outstanding early floods should be preserved through the years and compared with those of later floods. Although available flood records are invaluable, it is to be em­ phasized that the experience disclosed even by 100-year or 200-year rec­ ords may have serious limitations in establishing a reliable long-time experience with relation to the magnitude and frequency of rare floods. A broad knowledge of practical hydrology and meteorology is essential to the most effective interpretation of the records in respect to the oc­ currence of rare floods. The records of previous floods are generally compiled only for the major rivers, and therefore little definite information regarding the floods on the smaller tributaries and the small coastal streams is ordi­ narily available. The times of occurrence of the floods on such smaller streams, however, undoubtedly correspond more or less closely to the times of occurrence of the floods on the neighboring larger streams.

Potomac River Basin

Systematic records of river stages in the Potomac River Basin began in 1882 at the Washington Aqueduct dam at Great Falls, Md., and at the Table 17.- Oomparative maximum stages, in feet, of known major floods In the Fotomae River Basin Altitude, in feet above Maximum stage, in feet mean sea level Stream and location Zero Normal Apr. Nov. Sept. May Oct. Feb. Mar. May May Apr. Feb. May Aug. Deo. Mar. of water Oct. «Tun9 Mar. gage surface 1852 1870 1877 1889 1896 1902 1924 1924 1928 1929 1932 1932 1933 1934 1936

Pg_tomap River Bqsln

North Branch of Fotomao Riven Hampshire, W. Ta., month of Piney Swamp Run a987.5 b!2.9 Bloomington, III., IT. S. Geological Surrey gage 951.98 ------015 - - clO.4 clO.O o9.1 05.6 c!3.2 Luke, Md., West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. dam 1944.0 e7.0 Piedmont, W. Ta. f 901.0 g8.4 Westernport, III., Chird St. and Maryland Ave. 17.1 Keyser, W. Ta., 100 feet above highway bridge a788.6 b!9.6 Dawson, III., Western Maryland By. bridge a731.3 b!8.7 Riverside, W. Ta., Western Maryland By. bridge a634.8 D32.4 Cumberland, IU., Johnson St. bridge, IT. S. \Veather Bureau J609.7 k!3.3 H.6.8 k!3.8 klO.3 k8.7 k4.4 K7.6 k6.3 k6.8 m!7.3 gage Cumberland, Md., Chesapeake & Ohio Canal dam a609.9 - b!2.9 bl2.5 b!7.6 b7.7 b!6.4 Cumberland, Mi. , Wiley" Ford Bridge, U. S. Geological Surrey 585.82 ^ - 029.2 - 028.4 013.7 019.2 o9.7 07.1 029.1 gaga Berth Branch, Md. , look above bridge aS52.8 b36.7

Potonae Rivert French station, W. Ta. asie.i MO. 7 Paw Paw, W. Ta., highway bridge &490.9 b41.4 b33.3 b37.3 b28.3 b28.S 1)51.1 Magnolia, W. Ta. , Baltimore & Ohio R. R. bridge a468.1 b42.2 M6.8 - b34.6 b24.3 - - - Magnolia, W. Ta. , Western Maryland By. bridge, 0.25 mile a467.5 - - b31.7 b36.6 - b27.4 b21.0 - b45.7 below Little Orleans, lid. a432.5 b35.6 b30.4 b26.1 b44.6 Great Cacapon, W. Ta. , Dam No. 6 (n) b33.3 Banoook, W. Ta., 0.7 mile above bridge aZ87.0 44.2 Hancock, III., IT. S. Geological Survey and IT. S. Weather 383.46 - - - K59.7 - - k32.4 k35.0 k24.7 K30.3 k!8.2 k27.4 cie.s 013.0 C47.6 Bureau gage Great Tonoloway Creek, mouth of a384.4 M5.1 MoOoy's Ferry, lid. a357.0 b33.7 - b34.7 MO. 2 " * b44.9 Dam No. 5 a356.4 b27.5 - - - b!9.7 bll.4 b!3.0 - b34.5 Williamaport, Md. , Potomao Edison Co. dam a331.0 b33.1 b33.6 MO. 4 b30.3 b25.3 _ M6.0 Belli tiger Tidewater D41.0 Dam Ho. 4, upstream a319.1 ------b!7.1 - bll.6 - - - - b32.4 Dam No. 4, downstream a302.6 Hercersvllle, Md. , look No. 40 a290.3 M9.1 Shepherds town, W. Ta. , highway bridge, IT. S. Geological 281.00 - - - 039.2 - - - C29.8 024.8 C25.5 016.4 024.8 013.5 C17.0 042.1 Survey gage Antietam Creek, mouth of a276.1 b38.7 Harpers Ferry, W. Ta. , IT. 3. Weather Bureau gage 245.53 - o26.2 £29. 2 S36.0 K24.0 k20.7 k27.5 k!8.9 k21.3 k!3.2 k20.0 kll.7 k!7.0 k36.5 Weverton, Md., opposite Baltimore & Ohio R. B. station a229.6 b30.3 _ b22.7 b!5.2 bSl.3 RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 327

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(presentSurveysiteMd.,U.S.GeologicalFairvlew,gage Va.,Cacapon,S.GeologicalW.U.Ford,BockGreatnear GeologicalVa.,S,Springfield,W.0.Surveyneargage W.S.GeologicalSurveyHedgesville,Va.n.neargage, (v)GeologioalMd.,SurveySharpsU.S.burg,neargage W.Va.»D.S.GeologioalSurveyMoorefield,neargage SurveyS.GeologicalW.n.CaponBridge,Va.,gage Kauffman'sMillVa.,Massanutten,milebelow,1 SurveyS.GeologicalMd.,U.Oldtown,neargage SurveyU.GeologioalSylvan,S.Pa.,neargage Va.,GeologioalSurveyS,BurKetown,U.gage SurveyVa.,U.GeologicalLynnwood,S.gage PowerCo.Va.,Shenandoah,Massanuttendam Streamlocationand Biver:PotomacForkSouthBranchofSouth Va.BridgeBentonville,IndianHollow, Biver-Oontinued:Poto-nacSouthBranchof Va.,Station,bridgeGlebeSector,'.V. Va.,PagePowerCo.Newport,dam ShenandoahBiver:FbrkSouthof Va.,FolzMillNewportdam, Va.ItillesonsMill,W. Dam,GroveHillVa. W.Va.Largent, Creek:Conococheague Surveygage datum)and Creek:Antletam Yancey,Va. BiverCacaponi Creek:Licking Creek:Town Creek:Back Biver:north Front Royal, Va., highway bridge, U. 3. Geological Surrey gage W469.38 - - 05.87 08.23 07.03 017.99 026.01 Hiverton, Va., highway bridge Z459.9 b44.8 b37.8 b32.7 b30.7 b30.7 b20.2 b34.4 Shenandoah Elver: Hiverton, Va., U. S. Weather Bureau gage y455.7 1C47.0 041.0 3C36.0 033.3 27.6 X34.0 k!3.6 k!6.9 kS.O k9.0 k23.7 037.5 Chapmans Farm, Va. Oastlemans Ferry, Va. Z362.5 b38.5 b32.0 D31.5 b35.0 Millville, W. Va., U. S. Geological Survey gage (aa) 293.00 ab ~ 022.1 023.5 ~ 013.7 o6.4 012.6 o9.1 017.6 026.4 Middle Elver: Grottoes, Va., U. 3. Geological Survey gage - - - 012.05 08.98 06.38 04.40 020.60 028.57 South Hiver: Waynesboro, Va., U. S. Geological Survey gage Harristou, Va., U. S. Geological Survey gage 09.73 04.27 05.12 04.41 010.90 013.07 North Fork of Shenandoah Hiver: Oootes Store, Va., highway bridge, U. S. Geological Survey gage yl,051.8 010.50 014.98 210.20 07.98 08.40 05.60 023.25 Mt. Jaokson, Va., mill Chapman's Bridge, Va. Woodstock, Va., ij mile south of concrete bridge Woodstook, Va., dam (ao) 2670.0 blO.5 blO.5 blO.5 - - b!6.2 Toms Brook, Va. (ad) 2567.4 - b21.2 b22.0 b22.7 b22.4 20.5 - b22.5 - - - - b28.0 Strasburg, Va., 6 miles above, Barney's farm Strasburg, Va., U. 3. Geological Survey gage "* ~ ~ ~ ~ 014.8E 015.86 09.71 012.72 07.92 018.99 030.21

Passage Oreek: Buokton, Va., 17. S. Geological Survey gage

Monocaoy Hiver: Oeresville, near Frederick, Md., U. S. Geological Surve; gage y242.45 - 05.0 25.2 021.2 020.8 020.6 021.2 Frederick, Ud., U. S. Geological Survey gage at Jug Bridge, near 231.92 - - - 06.5 013.3 028.1 017.2 olO.O Owens Creek: Lantz, lid., U. S. Geological Survey gage near 955 ± 6.5± o2.8 06.5 08.4 o3.8 b Above normal water surface, from records of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. y From records of Corps of Engineers, U. S, Array. o Above zero of gage. z Basad on statements of local residents that the 1936 flood was 35 feet above normal k Above zero of gage, from records of U. S. Weather Bureau. water surface, o Above zero of gage, from records of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. aa A flood prior to 1924 is reputed to have reached a stage of 25.6 feet above the zero p Above normal water surface. of the gage. t As determined by Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, for June 19-23, 1929, ab 1870 flood sli^itly lower than 1936 flood, u Estimated. ao Stage reached during flood o£ 1910 was 10.5 feet above normal water surface, from v Maximum fcnoum stage, 11.9 feet, July 1928. records of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. w General adjustment of 1929. ad Stage reached during flood of 1910 was 21.0 feet above normal water surface, from x As determined by Corps of Engineers, U. 3. Army, for May 16-20, 1929. records of Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Table 17.- Comparative maximum stages, in feet, of known major floods in the Potomac River Basin Continued Altitude, in feet above Maximum stage, in feet mean sea level Zero Normal Apr. Nov. Sept. May Oct. Feb. liar. May May Apr. Feb. May Aug. Dec. liar. of water Oct. June Mar. gage surface 1852 1870 1877 1389 1896 1902 1924 1924 1928 1929 1932 1932 1933 1934 1936 Linganore Creek: (

Goose Creek: Leesburg, Va. , U. S. Geological Survey gage near - - - - - 29± ------C18.4 C21.6 C13.4 C13.6 Seneca Creek: Dawsonville, Md., U. 3. Seological Survey gage 214.15 ------C3.7 - clO.3 c5.6 03.8 Rock Creek: Sherrill Drive, Washington, D. C. t U. S. Geological c Above zero of gage. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER

A. BRIDGES OVER THE POTOMAC RIVER DURING THE FLOOD OF MAY 1924. Of the bridge on the right the two spans nearest the tunnel were destroyed.

B. THE FLOOD OF MARCH 1936. Picture taken at 1 p. m., March 18. Both highway bridges were carried away as the river rose. Courtesy of 29th Division Aviation, Maryland National Guard. TWO GREAT FLOODS AT HARPERS FERRY, W. VA., AT THE JUNCTION OF THE POTOMAC AND SHENANDOAH RIVERS. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY WATEK-SUPPLY PAPEK 800 PLATE 16

A. THE BRIDGE BEING BATTERED BY THE FLOOD OF JUNE 1889.

B. SCENE ON THE MORNING AFTER THE CREST OF THE FLOOD OF MARCH 1936 HAD PASSED. CHAIN BRIDGE, ON THE POTOMAC RIVER ABOVE WASHINGTON, D. C. WITHSTANDING TWO GREAT FLOODS. RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 331

United States Weather Bureau gage at Harpers Perry, W. Va. Records of river discharge began in 1895 with the establishment of the United States Geological Survey river-measurement station at Point of Rocks, Md. Rec­ ords at the majority of the present gaging stations, however, date from 1925 and more recent years. Records of floods at regular stations prior to 1925 are supplemented by marks of notable floods recorded by local residents, the altitude of which were obtained by the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Defi­ nite flood marks of this kind extend our knowledge of floods of the Po- tomac River back to the outstanding flood of 1852. In order that all available data concerning historic floods and their relative magnitude compared with the floods of 1936 may be read­ ily studied, table 17, entitled "Comparative maximum stages, in feet, of known major floods in the Potomac River Basin", has been prepared. In this table are listed the known great floods at places where the alti­ tude of the flood of March 1936 and the altitude of one or more floods prior to 1925 are known. The data in this table include not only the records at gaging stations maintained by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Weather Bureau, but records at miscellane­ ous points which have been collected by the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. The points at which these comparative marks are known are tabulated in the usual downstream order. Where the location is at a gage, the altitude of the zero of the gage is given in feet above mean sea level, followed by the tabulation of known gage heights of the sev­ eral floods. At other points the altitude of normal water is given in feet above mean sea level, followed by the height in feet of the sever­ al floods above normal water. This altitude of normal water as given was determined by the Corps of Engineers, and corresponds with the water- surface altitude of July 27-51, 1929, on the North Branch of the Potomac River and on the main Potomac River, with that of June 19-23, 1929, on the South Branch of the Potomac River, and with that of May 16-20, 1929, on the Shenandoah River. For most of the floods the altitude of the flood marks above mean sea level was derived by the Corps of Engineers, but in order to facilitate the comparison of the floods, the altitude figures have been converted to height above normal water by deducting from the altitude of the flood mark the altitude of normal water. The figures so derived are reasonably comparable with the gage heights as given at regular gaging stations. The floods listed in this tabulation 332 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Include those of April 1852, November 1870, September-October 1877, May- June 1889, October 1896, February-March. 1902, March 1924, and May 1924. These are notable floods prior to the time that the present network of gaging stations was established. There have also been included the floods of May 1928 and April 1929, during which field parties of the Corps of Engineers observed and recorded the flood marks at many points in the basin, so that for these floods, even though neither was of un­ usual magnitude, there is a great deal of information available. The floods of , , August 1933, and , have been included for comparative purposes, because during the period of rec­ ord they were notable at some point in the basin, although for the basin as a whole none were unusual. At gaging stations the discharges as well as the gage heights are known for these later floods and may be found in the water-supply papers published by the United States Geological Sur­ vey. The gage heights, or heights above normal water for the flood of March 1936, are also given in this table. At places other than gage sites, the relative heights may not be truly comparable, because of the possibility that the flood marks for the several floods were not at exactly the same points. Moreover, all the marks of earlier floods should be used with appropriate caution. The sources of the data that were not obtained from United States Geo­ logical Survey records, are indicated In the footnotes. A brief discussion of some of the earlier floods is given below to supplement the data given in table 17. Floods from 1748 to 1840.- The first mention of a flood in the Po- tomac River Basin is found in the early history of Harpers Ferry, W. Va., when Robert Harper was driven from his cabin in 1748. The site of this cabin was about 10 feet under water in the flood of March 1936, so that the flood of 1748 was presumably not as great as those of 1889 and 1936, though it may have been as high as. that of 1924. Another early flood at Harpers Ferry, not as great as that of 1748, occurred in 1753 and was called the "Pumpkin flood" because of the great numbers of pumpkins floating off from the gardens of the Indians. Another flood was reported at Harpers Ferry in 1832, the relative height of which is not known. At Cumberland, Md., a "great freshet" occurred in 1810 which was also mentioned in old accounts as occurring at other points on the North Branch of the Potomac River, At that time Wills Creek was said to have risen to unprecedented heights. A "notable flood" was reported on RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 333

Georges Creek in that year and likewise others in 1823 and 1861. Another "disastrous freshet" occurred at Cumberland in 1840. Floods of 1852, 1855, and I860.- The flood of April 1852 is reported to have been the greatest at Harpers Perry since the settlement by the white people. Prom marks of this flood preserved at McCoys Perry, Md., at Williamsport, Md., and at the mouth of Seneca Creek it may be classi­ fied as the fourth in magnitude of known floods on the main Potomac Riv­ er, being exceeded at all three points by the floods of 1877, 1889, and 1936. At Cumberland, Md., a considerable portion of the town was over­ flowed during this flood. The flood of 1852 is said to have been caused by several days of heavy rain and warm weather with rapid melting of deep snow. On August 16, 1853, a considerable flood occurred at Cumberland, Md., covering Bedford, Centre, Liberty, Mechanic, Frederick, and Balti­ more Streets with water, all of which were 4 to 7 feet under water in March 1936. The flood of 1853 was followed by a severe cholera epidemic. On April B, 1860, there was another flood at Cumberland, Md., the magnitude of which is unknown. Floods of 1870 and 1877.- The earliest great flood in the Shenan- doah River Basin about which there is authentic information was the flood of October 1, 1870. This flood was extraordinary in the Shenandoah Riv­ er, particularly in the South Fork above Riverton, Va., but was apparent­ ly not severe enough over the rest of the Potomac River Basin to cause any records of it to be preserved. At Harpers Perry this flood was par­ ticularly destructive, destroying 70 houses and taking 42 lives. The flood is said to have been caused by 4 days of heavy rain, during which a "water-spout" burst in the Blue Ridge above Front Royal, Va. The flood of November 1877 was general over the entire Potomac Riv­ er Basin and was particularly severe in the headwaters of the South Branch of the Potomac River, where it exceeded the flood of 1936 and all other known floods. Except on the Shenandoah River and the South Pork of the Shenandoah, where it was exceeded by the flood of 1870, the flood of 1877 was the greatest known up to that time throughout the basin. On the main Potomac River it was exceeded only in 1889 and 1936 above Harp- era Perry and in 1889, 1924, and 1936 below Harpers Perry. On the Berth Branch of the Potomac River at Piedmont, W. Va., it was exceeded in 1889 and March 1924 and possibly also in 1810. At-Cumberland, Md., it was probably exceeded in 1889, March 1924, and 1936. Ho flood marks of the 334 FLOODS OE MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS flood of 1877 are known to exist on the North Branch of the Potomac Riv­ er, its relative magnitude being determined by statements that the flood of 1889, of which marks are preserved, exceeded the flood of 1877. On the South Branch of the Potomac River, the flood of 1877 has not been ex­ ceeded by any known flood at the site of the river-measurement station at Petersburg, W. Va., being 0.9 foot above the flood of 1936 at that point. The flood of 18VV has been exceeded only in 1936, by 0.3 foot, at Millesons Mill, near the gage at Springfield, W. Va. Residents at Springfield state that the flood of 1877 caused great loss of crops that had been stacked in the fields, thus supporting statements that it ex­ ceeded any other known flood. On the Shenandoah River at Riverton, Va., the flood of 1877 was exceeded only by the flood of 1870 and was about 3 feet higher than the flood of 1936. On the North Pork of the Shenan­ doah River at Toms Brook, Va., the flood of 18V7 was slightly greater than that of 1870 but was exceeded in 1889, 1896, and May 1924, and by 6 feet in March 1936. Floods of 1889 and later.- The flood of May and June 1889 was gener­ al over the entire basin and exceeded all previous floods on the main Potomac River and all its tributaries except the Shenandoah River and the South Branch of the Potomac River. On the main Potomac River it has been exceeded only by the flood of 1936 at all points, except possibly from the mouth of the Monocacy River to Washington, D. C., where marks of the flood of 1889 were found at altitudes both above and below those of the 1936 flood. On the tributaries below Harpers Perry, W. Va., it has not been exceeded by any known flood. After the flood of 1889 no other flood of major proportions over the entire basin occurred until 1924. However, notable floods occurred in the tributaries several times during this period. In 1896 a flood occurred on the Shenandoah River at Riverton, Va., which was the sixth in magnitude, being exceeded in 18*70, 1877, 1889, May 1924, and 1936. It was not, however, great enough in the rest of the Potomac River Basin to cause any record of it to be preserved. At the gaging station at Point of Rocks, Md., the flood height in 1896 was only 22.3 feet, as compared with 40.2 feet in 1889 and 41.0 feet in 1936. In 1902 a general flood occurred, but it did not reach very great proportions at any point in the basin. At Cumberland, Md., it was ex­ ceeded in 1889, 1924, and 1936, and possibly also by earlier floods. At Harpers Perry, Va., and Point of Rocks, Md., it was exceeded in 1877, RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 335

1889, 1924, and 1936, and probably also in 1852 and 1870. On the Shenan- doah River at Riverton, Va., the flood of 1902 ranks seventh in magni­ tude, having been exceeded by 10 feet in 1936 and by about 20 feet in 1870. The flood of March 1924 was of extraordinary severity on the North Branch of the Potomac River above Cumberland but apparently did not reach unusual proportions anywhere else in the Potomac River Basin. The flood of May 1924 was general over the entire basin but did not approach the maximum of record either on the main stream or on the tribu­ taries, though it appears to have been the fifth in magnitude over the main Potomac River, being exceeded only in 1852, 1877, 1889, and 1936. Between May 1924 and March 1936 there were no large floods that af­ fected the entire basin. However, there were several notable local floods on the tributaries. In February 1932 the South Branch of the Potomac River experienced -a flood which so far as is known has been ex­ ceeded only four times - in 1877, 1889, May 1924, and 1936. In August 1933 floods occurred on the lower tributaries of the Po­ tomac River, following a tropical hurricane that caused great damage along the coast. During this flood many of the lower tributaries reached stages which were exceeded only in 1889 and which were not approached during the flood of March 1936. In December 1934 a local flood occurred over part of the basin in the vicinity of the Blue Ridge, during which several maxima were estab­ lished on small tributaries. On Owens Creek near Lantz, Md., a very small stream, the maximum stage in this flood was 8.4 feet, almost 2 feet in exce'ss of the maxima of 1889 and August 1933.

James River Basin*

The history of floods on the James River is a part of the early history of Virginia and of the Coloniea and as such has been preserved in the writings, private diaries, and letters of the prominent men of the region. Descriptions of the very early floods are meager, and class­ ification of the magnitude of these floods is more or leas based on the writers' descriptive ability. Later floods about which there is an abundance of data, including newspaper descriptions and historical writ-

* The information presented in this section, especially on early floods, was in a large measure abstracted from the section on "Great floods in the James River", Appendix II of the "Report on James River", Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District, U. S. Army, authorized under House Document 308, 69th Congress, 1st session. 336 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ings, are more subject to comparison, as moat of them could be related to some definite common datum. The availability of separate sources of Information concerning the same flood also provided an opportunity to cross-check on both the magnitude and the date. Floods since the be­ ginning of the last century have been accurately cataloged by the many Government gages In continuous operation. Prominent among the many sources of data consulted are the private diaries of General Washington, Col. William Boiling, and the Gabell family; the private letters of Col. William Bird I, and Lord North; the historical writings of Philip Alex­ ander Bruce, Charles Campbell, and Samuel Mordecai; the records of the James River & Kanawha Co.; and the multitude of accounts from the vari­ ous newspapers In Norfolk, Richmond., and Lynchburg. The data herein presented are considered fairly complete as regards floods of great magnitude but are necessarily incomplete so far as the smaller floods are concerned, because these smaller floods, Involving little damage, failed to attract attention. Generally the dates of floods described In this narrative indicate the times at which the floods arrived in the lower reaches between Columbia and Richmond. The earliest flood of sufficient magnitude to cauffe historic mention Is the great flood of August 27, 1667. Although no definite statement could be found as to the height attained by this flood, descriptions and references have led to the conclusion that it approached the flood of 1771. Brief references were found to floods evidently of considerable im­ portance in April 1685, October 12, 1749, and September 8, 1769. One or more of these floods may have been of major proportion, although no spe- tiiflc reference could be found as to the height attained, but the pau­ city of references leads to the conclusion that none of them approached record-breaking height. From the evidence obtained from numerous accounts, the flood of May 27, 1771, was adjudged the highest since the settlement of Jamestown In 1607 and probably can be placed In the category of very rare floods. Although the available data cannot be classified with accuracy, It Is possible that this flood was the highest In the history of Virginia up to the present time. Although practically no rain fell in the vicinity of Richmond, the flood attained an excessive height in that city, and one account states that 150 people were drowned, between 5,000 and 6,000 hogsheads of tobacco were swept away, and the city itself, which was RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 337 built almost entirely along the banks of the James River and Shockoe Creek, was virtually destroyed. According to various accounts a very destructive flood occurred on September 27, 1795, and was described as the highest water since 1771, although not within some feet of that flood. A flood that was evidently somewhat smaller occurred on June 4, 1786. The notable feature of the flood of 1795 was the relatively more extreme stage reached at Lynchburg than at Richmond. So far as has been ascertained no flood of exceptional magnitude occurred between 1795 and 1842, although several approaching major heights have been noted. Despite somewhat conflicting statements as to the heights of various floods during this period, the general opinion appeared to be that the floods of July 30, 1814, , 1823, and June 8, 1836, were the greatest, and all attained very nearly the same height. An unusual flood on July 16, 1842, Is described in numerous accounts and Is unanimously considered the most destructive since 1795. One es­ timate placed the damage along the James River at $1,000,000. Unusual features of this flood were the suddenness of Its appearance In the low­ er reaches, a rise of 8 feet In 10 minutes being recorded In Richmond; the concentration of precipitation In the mountainous region above Lynch- burg, resulting in floods exceeding all previous heights in those sec­ tions; and conversely the almost total absence of rainfall in the area below Lynchburg, resulting In normal tributary streams In the lower basin and reduced flood heights in the lower reaches of the James River. On November 26, 1847, another great flood occurred which was called the highest since 1795, although it evidently did not approach the mag­ nitude of the flood of 1842 In the headwaters. The force of this flood had Its greatest effect between Columbia and Richmond, where It was aug­ mented by a rise of extraordinary height on the Rivanna River. Floods of large magnitude occurred on May 7, 1857, April 11, 1861, and June 6, 1862, but evidently were not of sufficient height to attract any great notice and were generally designated as approaching the flood of 1847. One of the two greatest floods of the 19th century occurred on Octo­ ber 1, 1870. Unusual features were the total absence of rain at Rich­ mond and the fact that all the damage occurred below the mouth of North River, indicating an unusual flood on that stream. At Richmond 18 lives were lost and property damage was estimated at many millions of dollars. 338 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

The flood of November 25, 1877, was about equal to the flood of 187O, although, whereas the flood of 1870 was a foot or so higher from Lynchburg to Columbia, conversely, the flood of 1877 was almost 2 feet higher at Richmond. These two floods of 1870 and 1877 may be classed with the flood of 1771, although through the basin as a whole, they were probably not as great as that flood. An outstanding feature of the flood of 1877 was the exceptional stages reached in the headwaters above the mouth of North River. At the present stream-gaging station at Lick Run it was several feet higher than any subsequent flood, and at Buchanan it probably exceeded any stage reached in the last century. The evidence indicates that the tributary streams above Buchanan must have been flood­ ed to record-breaking heights. Between 1877 and 1913 there were four floods of considerable magni­ tude, although no one of them approached those of 1870 or 1877 by sever­ al feet. These four floods, occurring on April 2, 1886, June 2, 1889, , 1899, and , 1901, were of a somewhat similar nature, all being fairly well distributed over the basin and reaching heights probably differing by no more than 3 feet from one another at any one place on the main stream. No one of these floods can be called espe­ cially outstanding. The flood of March 30, 1913, was unusual because of the extreme stages reached at and above Lynchburg, where it approached the flood of 1877 in many places, and because of the comparatively moderate heights in the lower reaches. Notable floods occurred on May 13, 1924, September 30, 1924, and August 13 and 18, 1928. These were all moderate floods in the upper reaches of the James River, although the flood of May 1924 was several feet higher than the rest in those sections. In the lower reaches they reached maximum stages within a foot of one another, but no one came within several feet of the flood of 1877. From 1934 to 1936 a series of floods occurred on the James River which culminated with the great flood of March 17-19, 1936. The first of these floods was that of , 1934, which was recorded in the upper James as two distinct flood crests almost 2 days apart. In the lower reaches these two crests had merged to form one crest, which reached Richmond on . This flood was moderate in the headwaters, being about equal to or less than those of 1924 and 1928, RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 339 but in the lower reaches it had increased to such a point that it ex­ ceeded these floods from 6 inches to 3 feet. Less than 2 months later, on -25, 1935, another flood oc­ curred which was 5 or 6 feet higher than the previous flood in the upper reaches but decreased as it moved downstream and was almost 1 foot lower than the flood of December 1934 at Cartersville, above Richmond. This flood generally produced higher peak stages on the tributaries in the upper part of the James River Baain than any flood in the previous dec­ ade. At Buchanan, on the main James, it was 7 feet below the record peak of 31 feet in 1913. The flood of September 5-7, 1935, was unusual. It originated in the upper James as a flood of minor proportions, with a crest more than 10 feet lower than the flood of at Buchanan, but as it moved downstream it increased tremendously, and at Cartersville, where a gaging station has been in operation continuously since 1899, it over­ topped the January flood by almost 4 feet and established a new flood- peak record at that station of 27.80 feet, exceeding the previous re­ corded maximum of , 1901, by over 1 foot. A notable feature of this flood was the high stages attained by the tributaries in the lower reaches below Scottsville. On the Slate River this flood was con­ sidered by observers to be the highest in 40 years of observation. The Hardware River was several feet above the previous maximum recorded in the 10 years of record prior to that date. The great flood of March 17-19, 1936, attained heights at many points that exceeded all recorded maxima. Comparison of stages attained by this flood with previous flood peaks at gaging stations are as fol­ lows: James River at Lick Run, l£ feet below the 1913 peak and 3^ feet below the 1877 peak; James River at Buchanan, 4 feet below the 1913 re­ corded peak and 3 feet higher than the 1924 peak; James River at Hoi- combs Rock, half a foot below the 1913 peak; James River at Scottsville, 2^ feet above the peak of September 1935 and half a foot above the 1913 peak; James River at Cartersville, 1 foot above the peak of September 1935 and 2 feet above the 1901 peak; North River near Lexington, 10 feet higher than the previously recorded maximum in 10 years of record prior to that date and in the town of Buena Vista, it was considered the worst flood since that of 1870} Cowpasture River near Clifton Forge, 2 feet below the record-breaking height for the 1913 floodj Slate River near Arvonia, 4 feet below the peak of September 1935; Hardware River 340 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

near Scottsville, 3 feet below the peak of September 1935; RIvanna River at Palmyra, 3 feet above the peak of September 1935. The flood of 1936 was general In extent, and the high stages on the main James River were the result of an accumulation of fairly high, al­ though generally not record-breaking floods on all the tributaries. In the lower James River this flood was probably the greatest since 1877; in the upper section of the river it was exceeded by the flood of 1870 and 1913 and possibly by that of 1877. The floods of 1667, 1771, 1870, 1877, and 1936 are considered to be the greatest that have occurred in the James River Basin; they were all widespread and caused outstanding flood peaks in the entire basin. However, the data on the flood of 1667 are so Indefinite that this flood might be excluded from the group. The floods recorded prior to 1870 not included above are difficult to classify, especially those of 1685, 1749, and 1769. However, it is not considered probable that any of these floods were of very extreme magnitude. The floods of March 1913 and September 1935 were outstanding In the upper reaches and the lower reaches of the James River respectively and as such could possibly be said to approach extraordinary magnitude with regard to those sections. The flood of January 1935 was of considerable magnitude in the upper reaches but was definitely not of the class of the five floods first mentioned. The floods of 1886, 1889, 1899, and 1901 were unquestion­ ably of a lower order of magnitude, generally 4 to 6 feet below the first-order floods, and those of 1924, 1928, and 1934 were still some­ what lower in the scale of magnitude.

Ohio River Basin

Allegheny River Basin.- Historic writings first mention floods on the Allegheny River by referring to the one of April 10, 1806. Unfor­ tunately there are no recent gage-height records for localities where the early observations were made, as the most authentic flood heights of years ago were referred to gagea which have been discontinued or for which the records are not comparable under present conditions. So far as is known, the five outstanding floods on the Allegheny River that were not the results of backwater from ice gorges and have not been ex­ ceeded as regards quantity of flow were those of April 1806^ March 1865, February 1883, March 1905, and March 1913. The flood of 1865 gave the highest free-flow stage at Franklin, Pa., and that of 1913 broke all rec- RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 341

ords at Klt-fcarming, Pa. Table 18 gives altitudes of known major floods at seven places on the Allegheny River from Larabee, Pa., to Freeport, Pa., the longest record covering the period 1806 to 1936.

Table 18.- Altitude, in feet, of recorded floods at indicated places on the Allegheny River from Larabee, Pa., to Preeport, Pa.

Red Frank­ Parker a Kittan- Free- Date Larabee House Warren lin Landing ntng port (N.Y.) 1806, April - . _ _ _ 794.4 - 1832, February - - - - - 793.4 - 1865, March. - - 1,188.4 981.3 874.1 794.0 767.0 1873, December - - 1,186.7 - - 791.4 - 1881, June - - - _ - 792.4 764.4 1883, February - - - - - 793.4 765.5 1884, February - - - - - 792.4 765.0 1886, February - - 1,178.4 - - 791.0 755.7 1891, February - - 1,183.0 - - 791.0 767.7 1902, March - _ 1,184.5 _ - 789.6 765.0 1905, March - - 1,184.5 _ - 793.4 767.0 1913, January - - 1,182.1 - - 789.8 763.4 1913, March - 1,332.5 1,186.2 980.8 871.8 794.8 767.2 1920, March *1,438.4 1,331.8 1,184.8 976.9 - 790.8 762.3 1925, February 1,438.8 - 1,184.0 971.1 - 784.5 758.0 1926, February - - - *982.3 - - - 1927, November 1,441.0 _ _ 971.8 _ _ _ 1927, December - 1,332.4 1,186.0 975.5 _ 786.4 - 1929, January - 1,330.7 1,182.3 973.3 - - - 1934, March - *1,333.6 - - *873.0 - - 1935, February - - - - 865.7 - - 1936, Mar. 12 1,437.0 - - 971.7 862.3 - _ 1936, Mar. 17-18 1,438.8 - - 968.1 863.1 793.6 776.0 1936, Mar. 28 1,436.1 1,331.6 - 975.3 864.4 - - * Affected by Ice.

The records of floods on the Kiskimlnetaa River begin in March 1824, but there Is very little information for the period before 1884, when observations of river stage were started at Saltsburg, Pa., by the United States Signal Service. The flood of March 18, 1936, which reached a stage of 47.2 feet at Avonmore, Pa., exceeded by 13»4 feet the highest previously known height of 33.8 feet, which occurred In March 1907. This extreme difference between a maximum stage and a previous maximum is unprecedented in the records for any other stream in Penn­ sylvania. At the time of the first destructive flood at Johnstown, Pa., In June 1889, generally known as the "Johnstown flood", the stage at Avonmore, Pa., was only 29.8 feet. Table 19 gives altitudes of known floods on Stony Creek and on the Conemaugh and Kisklminetas Rivers at six places from Johnstown to Vandergrlft, Pa., the longest record cov­ ering the period 1884 to 1936. 342 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936--POTOMAC, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Table 19.- Altitude, In feet, of recorded floods at Indicated places on Stony Creek and on the Conemaugh and Klskiminetas Rivers from Johns­ town, Pa., to Vandergrift, Pa. Stony Creek Conemaugh River Kiskiminetas River Date at Johns­ Seward Blairs- Salts- Avon- Vander­ town* vllle burg more grift 1884, February _ _ _ _ 829.7 _ 1888, August - - - - 837.4 - 1889 , June 1,882.3 _ _ _ 835.4 _ 1891, February _ _ - _ 836.0 _ 1902, March _ _ _ _ 832.0 _ 1906, June 1,164.8 _ _ 836.4 824.7 _ 1907, March 1,165.8 _ - 847.4 839.4 _ 1908, February 1,161.2 - - 837.4 828.1 _ 1908, March 1,164.5 _ _ 844.4 836.4 _ 1910, February - - - - 829.3 _ 1912, March _ _ _ 842.4 833.6 _ 1912, September - - _ 838.4 827.9 _ 1913, January - - - 838.6 827.8 _ 1917, January - - - 838.6 829.6 _ 1917, March 1,168.0 _ _ 835.2 824.3 _ 1918, February - - - - 827.6 _ 1921, November 1,167.7 _ _ 841.1 830.3 791.6 1924, March 1,170.9 _ _ _ 829.6 790.7 1924, May 1,168.2 _ _ 837.4 827.5 _ 1927, October 1,167.2 _ _ _ 830.7 792.1 1928, May 1,167.2 _ _ _ 825.9 _ 1930, February - _ _ _ 828.9 789.6 1933, March _ _ _ _ 828.6 _ 1936, Mar. 18 1,184.3 1,098.8 948.3 859.9 852.8 808.2 * Altitudes for 1906 to 1908 are for the Franklin Street gage (zero, 1,147.8 feet above mean sea level); altitudes for other years are for the Poplar Street gage (zero, 1,154.0 feet above mean sea level), about 3,500 feet upstream.

Monongahela River Basin.- The earliest flood mentioned on the Monon- gahela River was that of May 18, 1807, but little Information is avail­ able concerning the ten known floods prior to May 4, 1873. There Is not adequate basis for a belief that any of them exceeded or even reached the 43.5 feet recorded In the flood of July 11, 1888, at Old Lock No. 4. The second highest known stage at Old Lock No. 4 was 42.5 feet on February 23, 1897, and the next in magnitude was that of March 18, 1936, when 40.1 feet was reached. Table 20 gives the altitudes of known floods dur­ ing the period 1877 to 1936 on the Monongahela River at Old Lock No. 4 as determined from the United States Weather Bureau record. The zero of the gage is 716.17 feet above mean sea level.

Table 20.- Altitude, In feet, of recorded floods on the Monongahela River at Old Lock No. 4

Date Altitude Date Altitude

1877, January 754.5 1887, Feb. 27 746.2 1880, February 746.1 1888, July 759.7 1883, February 747.1 1888, August 748.7 1883, February 750.0 1890, March 749.5 1883, December 746.7 1891 , January 749.0 1887, Feb. 4 748.7 1892, January 746.2 RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 343

Table 20.- Altitude, In feet, of recorded floods on the Monongahela River at Old Lock No. 4 Continued

Date Altitude Date Altitude

1895, January 747.7 1915, February 748.2 1896, July 23 747.6 1915, December 748.2 1896, July 25 755.7 1916, February 746.2 1897, February 758.7 1917 , January 754.8 1900, November 751.5 1918, March 752.3 1901, December 746.2 1919, January 754.5 1902, March 747.7 1920 , January 745.8 1903, February 746.1 1921, December 753.3 1903, March 750.2 1922, March 746.4 1905, March 749.8 1923, February 743.6 1907 , January 754.3 1924, March 755.9 1907, March 755.1 1925, October 744.0 1908, February 746.2 1926, February 745.0 1911, Jan. 14 746.5 1927 , January 746.6 1911, Jan. 30 754.4 1928, May 747.0 1912, July 752.2 1929, October 749.9 1913, Jan. 8 748.1 1932, February 747.9 1913, Jan. 12 746.0 1933, March 748.5 1913, Nov. 15 748.6 1934, March 745.3 1913, Nov. 17 754.3 1936, Mar. 18 756.3 1914, December 745.9

Early floods on the Youghiogheny River, which were caused by ice gorges, are said to have destroyed the highway bridge at Connellsville, Pa., in February 1816 and again In February 1831. In May 1865 the dams of the Youghiogheny Slack Water Co. failed. There is no detailed In­ formation relative to the heights which the river may have attained dur­ ing these floods. Table 21 gives altitudes of known floods at five places on the Youghiogheny River from Confluence, Pa., to Sutersville, Pa., extending back to 1860 for Connellsville, the longest of the five records.

Table 21.- Altitude, in feet, of recorded floods at Indicated places on the Youghiogheny River from Confluence, Pa., to Sutersville, Pa.

Conflu­ Ohio- Connells­ West Suters- Date ence pyle ville Newton ville 1860, April _ _ 876.6 _ - 1888, August 1,325.9 - 877.9 - - 1891, February 1,321.2 - 874.8 759.3 - 1896, July - - 875.1 756.9 - 1897, February - - 876.8 762.7 - 1902, February - - 875.9 762.7 - 1904, March - - 873.8 757.7 - 1907, March 1,327.5 - 878.5 768.9 - 1908, February 1,318.9 - 874.5 758.2 - 1912, March 1,320.9 - 877.4 *769.6 - 1913, ,318.9 - 873.6 757.4 - 1916, March 1,319.4 _ 875.1 758.2 752.1 1917 , January 1,324.7 - *875.3 760.0 753.6 1918, February 1,322.5 - 874.1 *756.9 751.9 1924, March 1,329.3 1,211.9 879.5 766.3 761.4 1928, May 1,319.9 - 873.8 757.7 751.4 1933, March 1,320.9 - 875.0 759.1 754.2 1936, Mar. 12 _ 1,204.6 868.6 749.1 743.7 1936, Mar. 18 1,328.6 1,212.3 880.4 768.7 763.8 * Affected by Ice. 208 O 37 23 344 FLOODS OP MARCH 1936 POTOMAG, JAMES, AND UPPER OHIO RIVERS

Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa.- For the Ohio River the history of floods begins with the occupancy of Fort Duquesne by the French in 1756. Frequent mention of trouble from floods appeared in .letters that ema­ nated from that fort and later from Fort Pitt. The flood record for the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa., covers a period of over 174 years. The highest recorded stage was 46.0 feet on March 18, 1936, which exceeded by 4.9 feet the next highest flood on record, which occurred in March 1763. Table 22 gives stages of known floods on the Ohio River at Point Bridge in Pittsburgh, Pa., covering the period 1762 to January 1937. The zero of the gage at Point Bridge is 694.0 feet above mean sea level. The zero of this gage was lowered 3.2 feet on March 1, 1926, but all stages given in the table prior to that date have been corrected to con­ form to the present datum.

Table 22.- Stage, in feet, for recorded floods on the Ohio River at Point Bridge, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Date Stage Date Stage

1762, Jan. 9 39.2 1888, Aug. 22 29.2 1763, Mar. 9 41.1 1889, June 1 27.2 1806, Apr. 10 37.1 1890, Mar. 23 27.5 1810, Nov. 9 35.2 1890, May 24 25.2 1813, January 32.2 1891, Jan. 3 26.4 1816, February 36.2 1891, Feb. 18 34.5 1832, Feb. 10 38.2 1892, Jan. 15 26.2 1840, Feb. I 30.0 1893, Feb. 8 27.2 1846, Mar. 15 28.2 1893, Feb. 11 25.2 1847, Feb. 2 30.1 1894, May 22 26.4 1847, Dec. 12 27.2 1895, Jan. 8 29.0 1848, Dec. 22 26.2 1896, July 26 26.2 1851, Sept. 20 34.1 1897, Feb. 24 32.7 1852, Acr. 6 28.2 1898, Mar. 24 32.1 1852, Apr. 19 35.1 1899, Mar. 6 25.2 1858, May 27 29.2 1900, Nov. 27 30.9 1859, Apr. 28 25.2 1901, Apr. 7 25.3 1860, Apr. 12 32.9 1901, Apr. 21 30.7 1860, Nov. 4 25.2 1901, Dec. 16 29.0 1861, Sept. 29 34.2 1902, Mar. 1 35.6 1862, Jan. 21 33.2 1903, Feb. 5 ' 27.2 1862, Apr. 22 28.6 1903, Mar. 1 32.1 1865, Mar. 4 i 27.7 1904, Jan. 23 33.2 1865, Mar. 18 I 34.6 1904, Mar. 4 30.1 1867, Feb. 15 25.2 1904, Mar. 8 26.4 1867, Mar. 13 26.7 1905, Mar. 22 32.2 1868, Mar. 18 25.2 1905, Dec. 4 26.7 1873, Dec. 14 28.9 1907, Jan. 20 26.5 1874, Jan. 8 25.4 1907, Mar. 15 38.7 1876, Sept. 19 28.2 1907, Mar. 20 25.6 1877, Jan. 17 27.8 1908, Feb. 16 33.9 1878, Dec. 11 27.7 1906, Mar. 20 30.5 1881, Feb. 11 26.4 1909, Feb. 25 25.5 18&1, June 10 30.3 1909, May 1 25.4 1883, Feb. 5 28.0 1910, Jan. 19 26.0 1883, Feb. 8 31.2 1910, Mar. 1 25.2 1884, Feb. 6 36.5 1911, Jan. 15 27.0 1885, Jan. 17 26.2 1911, Jan. 31 28.4 1886, Apr. 7 26.0 1912, Mar. 22 31.3 1887, Feb. 12 25.2 1913, Jan. 9 34.5 1887, Feb. 27 25.2 1913, Jan. 12 29.5 1888, July 11 25.2 1313, Mar. 28 33.6 RECORDS OP PREVIOUS FLOODS 345

Table 22.- Stage, in feet, for recorded floods on the Ohio River at Point Bridge, Pittsburgh, Pa. Continued

Date Stage Date Stage

1913, Nov. 17 25.4 1927, Dec. 14 30.4 1915, Feb. 3 31.6 1929, Feb. 27 25.3 1915, Dec. 19 25.8 1933, Mar. 16 29.6 1917, Jan. 23 28.4 1934, Mar. 6 25.8 1917, Mar. 13 26.3 1935, Mar. 13 26.3 1918, Feb. 21 30.3 1936, Feb. 28 29.2 1918, Mar. 15 29.1 1936, Mar. 13 25.8 1919, Jan. 3 26.0 1936, Mar. 18 46.0 1920, Mar. 13 28.3 1936, Mar. 26 30.6 1921, Nov. 29 28.6 1936, Apr. 7 25.5 1924, Jan. 4 30.6 1937, Jan. 19 28.1 1924, Mar. 30 32.4 1937, Jan. 23 32.9 1924, May 13 29.6 1937, Jan. 26 34.5 1927, Jan. 23 29.7

Figure 5V (p. 323) shows the profile of crest stages on the Ohio River from Pittsburgh, Pa., to Cairo, 111., for the flood of March 1936 and the profile established by the crest stages of previous floods.

INDEX

Abstract...... 1 Acknowledgments for aid...... 6-7 Administration of the work...... 5-6 Alderson, W. Va., Greeribrler River at...... 211 Allegheny River at Franklin, Pa...... 160 at Larabee, Pa...... 158 at Parkers Landing, Pa...... 161 at Red House, N. Y...... 159 Allegheny River Basin, discharge records In...... 158-161, 171-179 previous floods In...... 340-342 rainfall and run-off in...... 300-303 Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Md...... Ill Appomattox River at Parmville, Va...... 154 at Mattoax, Va...... 155 near Petersburg, Va...... 156 Ashford, W. Va., Coal River at...... 213 Ashland, Ky., Ohio River at...... 168 Ashland, Va., South Anna River near...... 132 Athens, Ohio, Hocking River at...... 209 Authorization of the work...... 5 Avonmore, Pa., Kiskimlnetas River at...... 177 BarBackville, W. Va., Buffalo Creek at...... 189 Beaver River at Wampum, Pa...... 202 Bedford Valley, Pa., Evitts Creek near...... 105 Bellngton, W. Va., Tygart River at...... 181 Bent Creek, Va., James River at...... 137 Big Plney Run near Salisbury, Pa...... 199 Big Sandy Creek at Rockville, W. Va...... 194 Big Sandy River at Bruceton, Term...... 232 Blackllck Creek at Blacklick, Pa...... 178 Blackwater River at Davis, W. Va...... 193 Bloomlngton, Md., North Branch of Potomac River at...... 96 Savage River at...... 102 Blue River near White Cloud, Ind...... 225 Branchland, W. Va., Guyandot River at...... 215 Brookville, Ind., Whltewater River at...... 223 Bruceton, Tenn., Big Sandy River at...... 232 Buchanan, Va., James River at...... 135 Buckhannon River at Hall, W. Va...... 185 Buckton, Va., Passage Creek at...... 121 Buffalo Creek at Barrackville, W. Va...... 189 Burketown, Va., North River near...... 112 Butchervllle, W. Va., West Pork River at...... 186 Cacfapon River near Great Cacapon, W. Va...... 108 Cache River at Porman, 111...... 233 Calfpasture River at Goshen, Va...... 147 Cannelton, Ind., Ohio River at...... 169 Cartersville, Va., James River at...... 139 Casselman River at Markleton, Pa...... 198 Catawba Creek near Plncastle, Va...... 146 Catawba, Ey., Licking River at...... 221 Chadakoin River at Falconer, N. Y...... 171 Charlerol, Pa., Monongahela River at...... 184 Cheat River at Rowlesburg, W. Va...... 191 near Parsons, W. Va...... 190 near Pisgah, W. Va...... 192 Cincinnati, Ohio, Ohio River at...... 167 Clarion River near Piney, Pa...... 171 Clarksburg, W. Va., West Pork River at...... 187 Clarksvllle, Tenn., Cumberland River at...... 230 Clifton Forge, Va., Cowpasture River near...... 143 Clover, Va., Roanoke River near...... 157 Coal River en, Ashford, W. Va...... 213 Connellsvllle, Pa., Youghlogheny River at...... 196 Connoqueriessing Creek at Hazen, Pa...... 203 Conococheague Creek at Palrvlew, Md...... 110 Cootes Store, Va., North Pork of Shenandoah River at...... 119 Covlngton, Va., Dunlap Creek near...... 141 Potts Creek near...... 142 Cowpasture River near Clifton Forge, Va...... 143 Cralg Creek at Parr, Va...... 144 Crooked Creek near Ford City, Pa...... 174 Culpeper, Va., Rapldan River near...... 130 347 348 INDEX

Cumberland, Md., North Branch of Potomac River near...... 97 Wills Creek near...... 104 Cumberland River at Clarksville, Tenn...... 230 Dailey, W. Va., Tygart River near...... 180 Davis, W. Va., Blackwater River at...... 193 Dawsonville, M., Seneca Creek at...... 126 Dayton, Pa., Mahonlng Creek near...... 173 Difficult Run near Great Falls, Va...... 127 Doswell, Va., North Anna River near...... 131 Dunlap Creek near Covington, Va...... 141 East Liverpool, Ohio, Little Beaver Creek near...... 205 Elk River at Queen Shoals, W. Va...... 212 Enterprise, W. Va., West Pork River at...... 188 Evltts Creek near Bedford Valley, Pa...... 105 Falrview, Md., Conococheague Creek at...... 110 Falconer, N. Y., Chadakoln River at...... 171 Palling Spring, Va., Jackson River at...... 133 Parmville, Va., Appomattox River at...... 154 Fetter-man, W. Va., Tygart River at...... 182 Fincastle, Va., Catawba Creek near...... 146 Floods, crests of...... 306-324 determination of discharges of, from rating curves...... 77-78 from slope-area observations...... 80-83 over dams...... 78-80 through contracted openings ...... 83 of Potomac, James, and upper Ohio Rivers...... 32-41 previous, records of...... 324-345 in Allegheny River Basin...... 340-342 in James River Basin...... 335-340 in Monongahela River Basin...... 342-343 in Ohio River Basin...... 340-345 in Potomac River Basin...... 325-335 records of stages and discharges of...... 83-255 summary of discharges of...... 256-275 weather associated with, March 1936...... 12-31 Ford City, Pa., Crooked Creek near...... 174 Forman, 111., Cache River at...... 233 Franklin, Md., Georges Creek at...... 103 Franklin, Pa., Allegheny River at...... 160 Frederick, Md., Llnganore Creek near...... 124 Monocacy River at Jug Bridge, near...... 122 Front Royal, Va., South Fork of Shenandoah River at...... 114 Frost in ground...... 74-75 in Maryland...... 75 in Pennsylvania...... 74-75 in Virginia...... 75 Georges Creek at Franklin, Md...... 103 Golconda, 111., Ohio River at...... 169 Goose Creek near Leesburg, Va...... 125 Goshen, Va., Calfpasture River at...... 147 Grantsville, W. Va., Little Kanawha River at...... 208 Great Cacapon, W. Va., Cacapon River near...... 108 Great Falls, Va., Difficult Run near...... 127 Green River at Livermore, Ky...... 226 Greenbrier River at Alderson, W. Va...... 211 Grottoes, Va., Middle River near...... 116 Guyandot River at Branchland, W. Va...... 215 Hall, W. Va., Buckhannon River at...... 185 Hamilton, Ohio, Miami River at...... 222 Hancock, Md., Potomac River at...... 98 Hardware River near Scottsvllle, Va...... 152 Harriston, Va., South River at...... 118 Hazen, Pa., Connoquenessing Creek at...... 203 Higby, Ohio, Scloto River at...... 218 Hocking River at Athens, Ohio...... 209 Holcombs Rock, Va., James River at...... 136 Hollsopple, Pa., Quemahoning Reservoir near...... 176 Huntington, W. Va., Ohio River at...... 166 Hydrologic conditions...... 41-75 Introduction...... 2-5 Jackson River at Falling Spring, Va...... 133 James River at Bent Creek, Va...... 137 at Buchanan, Va...... 135 INDEC 349

Page James River at Cartersville, Va...... 139 at Holcombs Rock, Va...... 136 at Lick Run, Va...... 134 at Scottsville, Va...... 138 near Richmond, Va...... 140 James River Basin, discharge records in...... 133-156 previous flooda in...... 335-340 rainfall and run-off in...... 295-299 Jefferson, Pa.. South Pork of Tenmile Greek at...... 195 Johns Creek at Newcastle, Va...... 145 Johnsonville, Tenn., Tennessee River near...... 231 Johnstown, Pa., Stony Creek at...... 175 Kanawha Falls, W. Va., Kanawha River at...... 210 Kanawha River at Kanawha Palls, W. Va...... 210 Kellys Ford, Va., Rappahannock River at...... 129 Kentucky River at Lock 2, at Lockport, Ky...... 224 Kermit, W. Va., Tug Fork near...... 217 Kerrs Creek near Lexington, Va...... 150 Kiakiminetas River at Avonmore, Pa...... 177 Lantz, Md., Owens Creek at...... 123 Larabee, Pa., Allegheny River at...... 158 Laurel Hill Creek at TTrsina, Pa...... 200 Leeaburg, Va., Goose Creek near...... 125 Levisa Fork at Paintsville, Ky...... 216 Lexington, Va., Kerrs Creek near...... 150 North River near...... 149 Lichtblau, Stephen, section by...... 12 Lick Run, Va., James River at...... 134 Licking Creek near Sylvan, Pa...... 109 Licking River at Catawba, Ky...... 221 Linganore Creek near Frederick, Md...... ^ ...... i 124 Little, W. Va., Middle "Island Creek at...... 206 Little Beaver Creek near East Liverpool, Ohio...... 205 Little Coal River at Madison, *. Va...... 214 Little Kanawha River at Grantsville, W. Va...... 208 Little Miami River at Milford, Ohio...... 219 East Fork of, at Perintown, Ohio...... 220 Little Wabash River at Wilcox, 111...... 228 Livermore, Ky., Green River at...... 226 Lockport, Ky., Kentucky River at...... 224 Louisville, Ky., Ohio River at...... 168 Loyalhanna Creek at New Alexandria, Pa...... 179 Lynnwood, Va., South Fork of Shenandoah River near...... 113 McConnelsville, Ohio, Muskingum River at...... 207 Madison, W. Va., Little Coal River at...... 214 Mahoning Creek near Dayton, Pa...... 173 Markleton, Pa., Casselman River at...... 198 Maryland, frost in ground in...... 75 snow depth in, observations of...... 66-69, 71 Mattoax, Va., Appomattox River at...... 155 Meteorologic conditions ...... 12-31, 41-75 Metropolis, 111., Ohio River at...... 170 Miami River at Hamilton, Ohio,...... 222 Middle Island Creek at Little, W. Va...... 206 Middle River near Grottoes, Va...... 116 Milford, Ohio, Little Miami River at...... 219 Millville, W. Va., Shenandoah River at...... 115 Monocacy River at Jug Bridge, near Frederick, Md...... 122 Monongahela River at Charleroi, Pa...... 184 at Morgantown, W. Va...... 183 Monongahela River Basin, discharge records in...... 180-201 previous floods in...... 342-343 rainfall and run-off in...... 303-305 Morgantown, W. Va., Monongahela River at...... 183 Mount Carmel, 111., Wabash River at...'...... 227 Muskingum River at McConnelsville, Ohio...... 207 New Alexandria, Pa., Loyalhanna Creek at...... 179 Newcastle, Va., Johns Creek at...... 145 North Anna River near Doswell, Va...... 131 North River at Rockbridge Baths, Va...... 148 near Burketown, Va...... 112 near Lexington, Va...... 149 Ohio River at Ashland, Ky...... 168 at Cannelton, Ind...... 169 350 INDEX

Ohio River at Cincinnati, Ohio...... 167 at Golconda, 111...... 169 at Huntington, W. Va...... 166 at Louisville, Ky...... 168 at Metropolis, 111...... 170 at Pittsburgh, Fa...... 162 previous floods at...... 344-345 at Pomeroy, Ohio...... 165 at Sewickley, Pa...... 163 at Wheeling, W. Va...... 164 stages on...... 234-255 Ohio River Basin, discharge records in...... 158-233 previous floods in...... 340-346 rainfall and run-off in...... 300-305 Owens Creek at Lantz, Md...... 123 Paintsville, Ky., Levisa Pork at...... 216 Palmyra, Va., Rivanna River at...... 153 Parkers Landing, Pa., Allegheny River at...... 161 Parr, Va., Craig Creek at...... 144 Parsons, W. Va., Cheat River near...... 190 Passage Creek at Buckton, Va...... 121 Pennsylvania, frost in ground in...... 74-75 snow depth in, observations of...... 65-71 Perintown, Ohio, East Pork of Little Miami River at...... 220 Personnel...... 5-6 Petersburg, Va., Appomattox River near...... 156 Petersburg, W. Va., South Branch of Potomac River near...... 106 Plney, Pa., Clarion River near...... 171 Pisgah, W. Va., Cheat River near...... 192 Pittsburgh, Pa., Ohio River at...... 162 previous floods %t...... 344-345 Point of Rocks, Md*, Potomac River at...... 100 Pomeroy, Ohio, Ohio River at...... 165 Potomac River at Hancock, Md...... 98 at Point of Rocks, Md...... 100 at Shepherdstown, W. Va...... 99 near Washington, D. C...... 101 North Branch of, at Bloomington, Md...... 96 near Cumberland, Md...... 97 South Branch of, near Petersburg, W. Va...... 106 near Springfield, W. Va...... 107 Potomac River Basin, discharge records in...... 96-128 previous floods in...... 325-335 rainfall and run-off in...... 291-295 Potts Creek near Covington, Va...... 142 Precipitation, studies of...... 42-59 distribution of...... 10, 42-59 isohyetal maps of...... 7-9, 49-57 records of...... 43-47 Queen Shoals, W. Va., Elk River at...... 212 Quemahoning Reservoir near Hollsopple, Fa...... 176 Rainfall. See Precipitation and Rainfall and run-off. Rainfall and run-off, analysis of...... 277-281 studies of, results of...... 281-305 in Allegheny River Basin...... 300-303 in James River Basin...... 295-299 in Monongahela River Basin...... 303-305 in Potomac River Basin...... 291-295 in Rappahannock River Basin...... 295-299 in Roanoke River Basin...... 295-299 in upper Ohio River Basin...... 300-305 in York River Basin...... 295-299 Rapidan River near Culpeper, Va...... 130 Rappahannock River at Kellys Ford, Va...... 129 Rappahannock River Basin, discharge records in...... 129-130 rainfall and run-off in...... 295-299 Red House, N. Y., Allegheny River at...... 159 Redbank Creek at St. Charles, Pa...... 172 Richmond, Va., James River near...... 140 Rivanna River at Palmyra, Va...... 153 Roanoke River near Clover, Va...... 157 Roanoke River Basin, discharge records in...... 157 rainfall and run-off in...... 295-299 Rock Creek at Sherrill Drive, Washington, D. C...... 128 INDEX 351

Rockbridge Baths, Va., North River at...... 148 Rockville, W. Va., Big Sandy Creek at...... 194 Roseland, Va., Tye River at...... 151 Rowlesburg, W. Va., Cheat River at...... 191 St. Charles, Pa., Redbank Creek at...... 172 Salisbury, Pa., Big Piney Run near...... 199 Savage River at Bloomington, Md...... 102 Scioto River at Higby, Ohio...... 218 Scottsville, Va., Hardware River near...... 152 James River at...... 138 Seneca Creek at Dawsonville, Md...... 126 Sewickley, Pa., Ohio River at...... " 163 Sharpsburg, Md., Antietam Creek near...... Ill Shenandoah River at Mlllville, W. Va...... 115 North Pork of, at Cootes Store, Va...... 119 near Strasburg, Va...... 120 South Pork of, at Front Royal, Va...... 114 near Lynnwood, Va...... 113 Shepherdstown, W. Va., Potomac River at...... 99 Skillet Pork at Wayne City, 111...... 229 Slippery Rock Creek at Wurtemburg, Pa...... 204 Snow, relation of, to floods...... 59-72 depth of, observations of...... 65-72 water content of, maps showing...... 11, 62-64 South Anna River near Ashland, Va...... 132 South River at Harrlston, Va...... 118 at Waynesboro, Va...... 117 Springfield, W. Va., South Branch of Potomac River near..... 107 Stony Creek at Johnstown, Pa...... 175 Storage, effects of...... 275-277 Storms, areas covered by...... 3, 10 general features of...... 8-12 See also Precipitation. Strasburg, Va., North Pork of Shenandoah River near...... 120 Sutersvllle, Pa., Youghiogheny River at...... 197 Sylvan, Pa., Licking Creek near...... 109 Temperature...... 72-74 Tenmile Creek, South Pork of, at Jefferson, Pa...... 195 Tennessee River near Johnsonville, Term...... 231 Trafford, Pa., Turtle Creek at...... 201 Tug Pork near Kerait, W. Va...... 217 Turtle Creek at Trafford, Pa...... 201 Tye River at Roseland, Va...... 151 Tygart River at Belington, W. Va...... 181 at Petterman, W. Va...... 182 near Dailey, W. Va...... 180 Urslna, Pa., Laurel Hill Creek at...... 200 Virginia, frost in ground in...... 75 snow depth in, observations of...... 66, 68, 70, 71-72 Wabash River at Mount Carmel, 111...... 227 Wampum, Pa., Beaver River at...... 202 Washington, D. C., Potomac River near...... 101 Rock Creek at Sherrill Drive...... 128 Wayne City, 111., Skillet Pork at...... 229 Waynesboro, Va., South River at...... 117 West Fork River at Butcherville, W. Va...... 186 at Clarksburg, W. Va...... 187 at Enterprise, W. Va...... 188 West Virginia, snow depth in, observations of...... 66-68, 71 Wheeling, W. Va., Ohio River at...... 164 White Cloud, Ind., Blue River near...... 225 Whitewater River at Brookville, Ind...... 223 Wilcox, 111., Little Wabash River at...... 228 Wills Creek near Cumberland, Md...... 104 Work, administration of...... 5-6 authorization of...... 5 Wurtemburg, Pa., Slippery Rock Greek at...... 204 York River Basin, discharge records in...... 131-132 rainfall and run-off in...... 295-299 Youghiogheny River at Connellsville, Pa...... 196 at Sutersville, Pa...... 197 208 O 37 24 ^

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