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The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

II LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN 1 I! University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, 1 Columbus 1

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG 1 Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, 1 II Warrensburg Columbia 1

II JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH 1 Marshall Kirksville 1

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND 1 | University of Missouri-Columbia 1

COVER DESCRIPTION: Thomas Hart Benton depicted this cold winter scene in his litho­ graph, The Woodpile (914"xll »/$"). The work is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri. Lyman Field's article on "Thomas Hart Benton Remembered" appears in this issue. Samples of Benton's work may be viewed in the Society's Art Gallery from 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., Monday through Friday, excepting legal holidays. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1990 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during VOLUME LXXXIV the Memorial Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. NUMBER 2 On the day of the annual meeting, November 10, 1990, the Society will be closed for research. JANUARY, 1990 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1990 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1991 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS Thomas Hart Benton: Artist, Writer and Intellectual, edited by R. Douglas Hurt and Mary K. Dains, is a new book, published by the State Historical Society. It contains eight essays by noted authorities on the famous twentieth- century Missouri artist. The writers provide a fresh evalua­ tion on the life and work of the most controversial and important Regionalist in the history of American art. This handsomely produced book of 244 pages includes 84 illustra­ tions, a bibliography and an index. It will be an important addition to American art collections in all academic and public libraries. The price of this softback book is $22.95 postpaid.

Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative, the second edition of the popular history of Missouri, contains more than 300 illustrations, with eight pictures in full color. The book traces the story of Missouri's past from the prehistoric period to the late twentieth century. This 1988 softback book sells for $11.45 postpaid. My Road to Emeritus, by Elmer Ellis, presents an auto­ biographical account of the University of Missouri president, who held office from 1954 to 1966. Upon his retirement as president, Ellis reflected upon and wrote about his life and career. The book that resulted is educational and stimulating, and also enjoyable reading for anyone who knew Ellis as a scholar, teacher, administrator or friend. The new hardback book of 256 pages sells for $19.95 postpaid. To order these excellent volumes, send check or money order to: The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Columbia, Missouri 65201 EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably a Displaywrite 3 or 4 program. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Orig­ inality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publica­ tion. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be pub­ lished elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 This number of the Missouri Historical Review is dedicated to the late President Emeri­ tus of the University of Missouri Elmer Ellis (1901-1989). A well-known scholar, teacher and administrator, Dr. Ellis also was a devoted member, officer and friend of the State His­ torical Society. CONTENTS

THOMAS HART BENTON REMEMBERED. By Lyman Field 131

CLARENCE CANNON, THE CORN COB PIPE, AND THE HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF. By Charles A. Jarvis 166

TEXANS INVADE MISSOURI: THE CAPE GIRARDEAU RAID, 1863. By Anne J. Bailey 166

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting 188

News in Brief 195

Local Historical Societies 197

Erratum 208

Gifts 209

Missouri History in Newspapers 214

Missouri History in Magazines 230

In Memoriam 239

BOOK REVIEWS 241

BOOK NOTES 249 This self-portrait of Thomas Hart Benton is in the State His­ torical Society's art collection.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Thomas Hart Benton Remembered By LYMAN FIELD* Tom Benton's life span encompassed one-tenth of the last century, three-fourths of this one: 1889 to 1975—over 85 years. He lived and worked with great vigor and purpose and amazing grace right up to the very end, with his hands, his mind and his heart. There was a lot of Ulysses in Tom Benton, both as a solitary wanderer and with companions; but for all his wonderful travels in Italy, France, far away islands, Mexico, most of the United States, the oceans, the rivers and streams, the great prairies and mountains of the American west—it was his home, his hearth, his table and his studio, both in Missouri and Martha's Vineyard, and his beloved Rita, which held the deepest meanings for him. He was as at home with the writings of St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and the Arabian Nights, as he was with the works, in the

•Lyman Field, a partner in the Kansas City law firm of Field, Gentry, Benjamin & Robertson, P.C. and a long-time friend of Thomas Hart Benton, presented this paper at the Society's annual meeting luncheon on October 7, 1989.

131 132 Missouri Historical Review original French, of Hugo, Balzac, and Baudelaire. He enjoyed the works of scientists, scholars, philosophers and poets. He was as re­ markably informed and interested in his own time as he was in the history of the past. He was as at home in ancient Greece and the Italian Renaissance as he was in contemporary America. He respected his elders, in his own fashion, quarrelled with his contemporaries and admired the young. Indeed, he venerated the young people of today, almost as much as they loved him, holding to the strong optimism, in a pessimistic world, that the youth of today would be our society's salvation. He loved his work, his wife, his family, his friends, his fellowman, his state and his country. Tom Benton was no eccentric. But he had some wonderfully human eccentricities—his very own particular and peculiar character­ istics which in the composite so exemplified the salt and flavor of the man, and so endeared him to all who knew him: His walk—the rolling, slightly unsteady gait of the sailor home from the sea trying to shake the sea legs of a long voyage. The accompanying cane, which he loved to call his stick. His beret which he wore as only a Basque could wear it. The way he cocked his little finger as he sipped his bourbon or savored a glass of wine. His delight in cognac as "the moment of truth." His intense interest in the configuration of a flower, a sea shell, the fretted intricacies under a magnifying glass of moss growing on a stone wall, the shape of a Morel mushroom. The very spin of the huge planet earth intrigued him, in producing as it does the wonder of sunrise and sunset. He even marveled at the tilt of the earth on its mighty axis, producing, as it does, the seasons which he loved. His awe and wonder often traveled to the moon, and to the sun, and to the other planets and to the stars beyond. He disdained, without malice, high society which he likened to "froth on a glass of beer," but he deeply loved what he called "the solid underneath layer" of common folk and his fellowmen. And, through his remarkable genius, he portrayed for all of us, these wondrous images on canvasses, on paper and stone and in figures of clay and bronze. His wit and humor were quick, sharp, salty but always friendly. If the word chuckle had not been invented, it certainly would have been, to describe Tom Benton's own, and so frequent, expressions of mirth and merriment. And though, among his intimates, he dearly loved to poke fun at others in friendly fashion, his greatest enjoyment here was in poking fun at himself. He had many, many blessings besides his great gifts of the artistic, of the mind and of friendship. Perhaps his greatest blessing was his beloved wife Rita, who so faithfully fueled and tended the fires of his genius and his life. Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 133

Mo. Div. of Tourism Pioneer Days and Early Settlers, a portion of Benton's capitol mural, appears on the north wall of the House lounge.

Fame came to Tom Benton early—his self portrait appeared as the first color cover of Time magazine way back in 1934. Fame came to him late—but he wore his mantle of greatness easily and well—a plain, sometimes prickly garment, a bit bourbon-stained in spots perhaps, but never starchy. In 1965, when in Missouri we sought to translate the commendable ambition of governmental encouragement of the arts into funded legislative action to preserve our state's cultural heritage, and to foster and expand the state's considerable cultural resources for the benefit of all our citizens, the young, the old, urban and rural alike, Tom Benton was our "secret weapon." As we lobbied the 73rd Missouri General Assembly to enact House Bill No. 42 relating to the establishment of the Missouri State Council on the Arts and defining its powers and duties, it was Tom Benton's testimony before the legislative committee considering the bill—plain, simple, pungent—which carried the day. He 134 Missouri Historical Review

spoke their language. He was as salty as Missouri ham. But he gave eloquent expression to legislators' latent hopes and aspirations for the cultural enrichment of their own lives, the lives of their constituencies and of their children. Suffice it to say, the bill passed without difficulty and became enacted into the law of Missouri in October of 1965. It also is an interesting fact that for almost a quarter-of-a-century before, a chief tourist attraction at the state capitol had been the Benton murals in the house lounge, executed by the artist in 1935 and 1936. This vast historical and social panorama of Missouri, when com­ pleted, was appropriately entitled by the artist The Social History of Missouri. It was, and is, a remarkable representation of the artist's realism, and ready willingness to "call a spade a spade," to depict things as they are and were, and not some fancy and "high-falutin" (to use a favorite word of Benton's) concept of what things aren't but ought to be. The research Benton did preparatory to making the mural is quite a story in itself. Let me briefly use his own words from his auto­ biography: During the making of my Missouri mural I traveled all over the state. I met all kinds of people. I played the harmonica and wore a pink shirt to country dances. I went on hunting and fishing parties. I attended an uproarious three-day, old-settler's drunk, in the depths of the Ozarks. I went to political barbecues and church picnics. I took in the honky-tonks of the country and the night clubs of Kansas City and St. Louis. I went to businessmen's parties and to meetings of art lovers' associations. I went down in the mines and out in the cornfields. I chased Missouri society up and down, from the shacks of the Ozark hillbillies to the country club firesides of the ultimately respectable. From this it would seem that I should know my Mis­ souri—and in a sense I think I do.* What we get in Benton's Missouri mural history are a lot of nameless people, doing mostly commonplace things, eating, drinking, working, playing, politicking, loafing, having everyday adventures. Should an outstanding personality appear in his pictures, it is rarely in the context which makes him outstanding. Charged once with memorializing Tom Pendergast in the Missouri mural, Benton said, "that's no memorial—it's just a picture of a Missouri political boss acting like one." Reprimanded for showing no "spirituality" in Missouri, he said, "I haven't noticed any." Accused of

•Permission has been granted by the University of Missouri Press to quote from Thomas Hart Benton, An Artist in America (1983). Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 135 painting vulgarities, he replied, "What's more American than vulgari­ ties? Practically all the distribution of our products is based on it." This was before television. With characteristic candor Benton acknowledged in his book: The storm of protest which arose after the completion of my mural in the capitol soon subsided. The work was fully accepted. Every year or so, it is true, some newly elected representative . . . rises and suggests to the Legislature that the painting be white washed, but that was only for publicity effect and is done with tongue in cheek. My Missouri history sits solidly with the Missouri people. As long as their Capitol lasts what I put there is likely to last also. Benton's friend, Jules Loh, the Associated Press feature writer, in writing "Unforgettable Thomas Hart Benton" for the Readers Digest in the year following Tom's death said this about him: "Benton's studio was a converted carriage barn, wonderfully cluttered and smelling of turpentine, tobacco juice and age." And beneath Benton's brusque exterior, the salty speech and the blunt opinion, it was transparent to all of us who knew him that Thomas Hart Benton, American artist, was at all times the happiest of men, with the ebullience, the infectious optimism of a garrulous gnome with droll brown eyes and rapier wit, and an occasional sulk. He preached that a picture must represent human meanings to have human significance, and so his vision was directed to the core of

The Thomas Hart Benton home at 3616 Belleview, Kansas City, Missouri, is now a State Historic Site and open to the public. Mo. Dept. of Natural Resources 136 Missouri Historical Review

Benton's lithograph of Harry Truman is owned by the State Historical Society.

State Historical Society of Missouri the American experience. In search of his country's soul, he traipsed its main streets, its back roads and he traveled light. He took with him neither pride nor preoccupation, just a knapsack, a sketchbook and an open mind. He went to camp meetings, political meetings, cornfields, oil fields, saloons, ranch houses and wharfs. And what he painted, what he found to be there, was a people with a sense of energy and a lust for living. Not so much enjoying life, as capable of it. To Americans, then as now wondering where they were, what they could become as Americans, Benton's paintings provided an answer that was believable because their depth of vision was unavoidable. In his bold and sinuous brush strokes, one could smell his countrymen's sweat, suffer their miseries, celebrate their joys, laugh at their vanities, marvel at their virtues. Benton knew the great cities as well as anyone. He lived and studied in Washington, D.C. (for the eight years his father was a U.S. Congressman from Southwest Missouri) Chicago and Paris; and with time out for World War I navy duty, had spent twenty-three years in New York City. Nor did Kansas City, where he'd lived since 1935, exactly represent the back woods. But Tom Benton identified with rural America, and his yarns as colorful and richly detailed as his canvasses, usually involved instances from his days of grassrooting. Tom Benton wasn't a gentleman in the drawing room sense, but he was every inch a gentle man, immediately likeable. The irony was that Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 137 what kept him in hot water so much of the time with so many people was not pugnacity, but the very openness and honesty which also drew people magnetically to him—it was his contention that art, if it was to serve more than a purely decorative function, could never be divorced from daily life. The way he explained it was, that to him, art was "significant" if it held meaning for the viewer. To the majority of theorists of the day, however, the same word had a technical sense, indicating a functional relationship between the parts of a design. "We were bent," he said, "on returning painting to it historic representational purpose, and, further, in the interest of American art, to make it represent matter drawn from American life and meaningful to those living that life. When art reveals life it becomes a form of history of the most vivid kind, permanently valuable to men." When Benton did the mural in the Truman Library, Independence and the Opening of the West, he began the painting in the winter of 1960 when he was 71. It took him two years. During the painting of the mural, Benton and Truman, acquaint­ ances for many years, became fast friends. Truman called Benton "the best damn painter in America." The library mural was a work Truman "supervised" daily, and proudly referred to it to all visitors as "my painting." Benton soon recognized this. Therefore, on the day of its completion, Benton summoned the former president, dipped a brush in the final glob of paint and handed it to him. "It's your painting," Tom said, "you finish it." Harry did. Tom Benton has had a number of good biographers: Tom Craven, Matthew Baigel, The Encyclopedia Britannica, Sidney Larson, Lew Larkin, Polly Burroughs, Dr. Karal Ann Marling, Dr. Richard Gruber, Henry Adams, Jules Loh (heretofore alluded to) and others, but he, himself, was perhaps his best biographer. He wrote almost as well as he painted. His autobiography An Artist in America, now in its 4th edition, posthumously published two years ago, tells of his family and his love of Missouri. Colonel M.E. Benton, my Dad, had come out to southwest Missouri from Tennessee shortly after the Civil War, knocking the snakes, according to his own story, out of his horse's path with a long stick. Dad, who was not really a colonel, but who, as he grew portly and substantial, was called so after the southern fashion of the day, had stopped long enough in St. Louis after the war to get admitted to the Missouri bar. He hung his shingle out of a Neosho window and, as he was full of rollicking stories and possessed of a full measure of political ability, became not only rapidly successful as a lawyer but also a prominent factor in the Democratic councils of the neighbor- 138 Missouri Historical Review

hood. When he was a successful man, past forty, he built a big house on a top of a hill, married a young woman from Texas, and had four children. I was the first of these. I was named after the great hero of the Benton tribe, old Thomas Hart Benton, who, although a Tennessee man, was Missouri's first senator, and for thirty years in that capacity helped, with pompous phrase but determined will, to lay the hand of the West on eastern political policy. The western Bentons, who came out of the Carolinas into Tennessee after the Revolution, were an individualistic and cocksure people. They nursed their idiosyncrasies and took no advice. They were stubborn and had a tendency to regard all but themselves as fools. My Dad was a slice of the block. He was a great eater, drinker, and talker. Politics was the core of our family life. Our dinner table was always surrounded with arguing, expository men who drank heavily, ate heartily, and talked long over fat cigars, the ends of which they chewed. These men, in my memory, were mostly big, with big appetites. I remember well a breakfast at our house when I sat popeyed watching Champ Clark and William Jennings Bryan, then in their prime and before the days of their enmity, engulf poached eggs set on the halves of baked potatoes—half a potato and an egg at a bite. Political meetings of the eighteen-nineties were regular carnivals. A campaign orator, on his arrival at a town, did not go to his hotel to rest and prepare himself in quiet conference with his machine man­ agers as he does today. He had to be tough, for the minute he got off his train or stage, he was planted behind the local band and made to march after its blaring horns and smashing drums to a great public "hurrah" in which he had to shake everybody's hand and get slobbered over by all the sticky babies of the neighborhood. He was not supposed to need rest. He ate a big dinner and then went out to the fairground or the camp meeting ground where, under the dried branches of trees set for shade on rickety crossbeams, he was sup­ posed to yell at the top of his voice for a couple of hours. I've seen my father do this time and again. I remember these affairs well, with their flags and big glare-eyed staring posters. There were always shooting stands around, covered with red, white and blue bunting, where the incessant crack of rifles and the clang of hit metal would send penetrating and immediate certitudes into the doubtful futurities of political oratory. There were "spinnin' jinnies," the mule-powered merry-go-rounds of the day, pink lemonade stands, gypsy fortune­ tellers, and medicine shows. On the fringes of things there were huge barbecues and no small amount of potent and inspiring whisky. In my home town, I marched in a torchlight parade in honor of what everybody thought was Bryan's certain election after the great sixteen-to-one campaign. That year, though Bryan and his "cross of gold" went down to defeat, my father was elected to Congress and my travels began to be more extensive. . . . Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 139

Tom Benton's father, M. E. Benton, served as a Missouri congressman from 1897 to 1905.

State Historical Society of Missouri

A year or so before we were married, my wife and I had made summer trips to Martha's Vineyard, off the Massachusetts coast. We continued to go there, and every spring would leave our New York apartment, subletting it to actors or southern girls who came north to study. We would stay away until autumn. We lived in a made-over barn which was covered with rose vines and which looked out over Vineyard Sound. It was in Martha's Vineyard that I really began to mature my painting—to get a grip on my emerging style and way of doing things. I painted the landscape there and the old people. About the old Yankees of the island there was something deeply appealing. Many of them, for all their crotchety ways, had the nobility of medieval saints. They were not, however, all noble. Some were more picturesque than saintly but I painted them just the same. . . . Painting these plain American people and their environment, I got clear of all the hang­ overs of France and the isms of modern aesthetics. Looking out over the sea, I got rid of most of my upsurging cockiness too. Martha's Vineyard had a profound effect on me. The relaxing sea air, the hot sand on the beaches where we loafed naked, the great and continuous drone of the surf, broke down most of the tenseness which life in the cities had given me. It separated me from the Bohemias of art and put a physical sanity into my life for four months of the year. ... It freed my art from the dominance of narrow 140 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Benton's early travels with his father may have inspired this lithograph, County Politics. urban conceptions and put me in a psychological condition to face America. It was in Martha's Vineyard that I first really began my intimate study of the American environment and its people. When Tom's father was dying of cancer in a Missouri hospital in 1924, Benton went back to Missouri to be at his bedside. The occasion had a profound effect on his career. It caused him to reexamine his roots—to travel to where he and his people had come from in Missouri and elsewhere. Let's use his words. I started going places, but I sought those which would present best the background out of which my people and I had come and I left the main traveled roads, the highways, and plowed around in the back counties of our country where old manners persisted and old prejudices were sustained. Having no beliefs as to what was good for man, no moral convictions as to conduct, and no squeamish bodily reluctances, I was able to enter intimately into much that was automatically closed to social investigators with uplift psychologies. I saw a good deal that was raw and no small amount that was overdone, cooked into a stale hardness, but I got in my journeys a love for my country which I maintain is more real than that of any of the great nationalistic "whoopers up" who invariably confuse their monetary interests with patriotism. I traveled without interests beyond Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 141 those of getting material for my pictures. I didn't give a damn what people thought, how they ate their eggs or approached their females, how they voted, or what devious business they were involved in. I took them as they came and got along with them as best I could. It will be noticed that my travels around the back roads of America have produced few drawings of women. Women are extreme­ ly touchy about being regarded as old-fashioned or outmoded, and unless they are highly convinced of their style or beauty or up-to- dateness they cannot be induced to sit the ten or fifteen minutes it takes to make a drawing. No matter where I have been in America, how far off the lines of regular travel, the popular monthlies of style and chic have preceded me. The women of the backwoods are perfectly aware that they do not appear like the illustrations of these magazines and they are convinced, therefore, that you intend ridicule when you ask for permission to make a sketch of them. The most well-considered and careful flattery is of no avail in the matter. The minute I get out my pencil women flee. With men it is different. Male vanity soars above all the conditions of correctness in dress or manner. The man, like the barnyard rooster, is well satisfied with himself whether he is on a dunghill or in a modern coop. He may see The lithograph Making Camp illustrates Benton's love of travel. State Historical Society of Missouri 142 Missouri Historical Review

plainly that he is no roaring success, but he puts the blame for that on circumstances and never reads it back into failings of his own. The world may have done ill by him but he himself in his own naked character is all right. As a consequence of this, men are easy to draw. Seeing themselves as interesting in spite of all detrimental conditions or the shaggiest of appearances, they regard it as quite natural that others should see them so. Rarely has a man balked when I suggested making a picture of him. . . . A mural is for me a kind of emotional spree. The very thought of the large spaces puts me in an exalted state of mind, strings up my energies, and heightens the color of the world. After I have gone through with my practical preparations, which are elaborate and occupy the major part of the time spent on any job, a certain kind of thoughtless freedom comes over me. I don't give a damn about anything. Once on the wall, I paint with downright sensual pleasure. The colors I use make my mouth water. The sweep of my brushes, after I get really started, becomes precise and somehow or other beyond error. . . . In addition to the pictures of ordinary American life, for which I had come to be most known, I exhibited two female nudes. Now, although scores of nude ladies are regularly painted and exhibited each season, these two of mine occasioned a furor. They were tied to quite conventional subject matter, to the old legends of Persephone and Susanna, but they presented these in American backgrounds and as if the occurrences involved were of the moment. Both pictures were realistic, detailed and developed in three dimensional compositions which so projected the ladies that their nudity was in quite positive evidence. Although I did not go in for what Mark Twain called the "explicitness" of Titan's celebrated nude in the Uffizzi Gallery in Florence, I left nothing out which the positions of my ladies permitted to be seen. When previously shown at an exhibition in the Municipal Museum of St. Louis, the "Susanna" had so drawn the male popula­ tion of the city that a rope had to be thrown around the area where the picture was hung. This interest was so distressing to the director he was reported to be ready to remove the work from the exhibition. So far had the fear of popular interest gone in the museums! However, when the press got hold of this, the rush of art lovers made the idea of removal impossible. The director denied his reported intentions, no rapes occurred in the back corridors of the museum building, and scandal died down. Later the painting was regarded as tame enough for a place in the permanent collection of the Museum of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. There it still is. The other nude, [was] the "Persephone". ... A couple of years after her first showing, in one of those Bourbon-inspired moments when Truth gets the upperhand of policy, I made the remarks before a bunch of newspaper men that the museums were dead places— Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 143

State Historical Society of Missouri Thomas Hart Benton is Missouri's most famous 20th-century artist. graveyards, I believe I said—run by pack of precious ninnies who walked with a hip swing in their gaits and affected a certain kind of curve in their wrists. "As for me," I let fly, "I would rather exhibit my pictures in whore houses and saloons where normal people would see them." The New York papers, and then those to the west, made a big to-do over this, even though I had made similar remarks before. The national press . . . took them up and threw them, with the effects of a hot potato, into the hands of the respectable trustees of the Kansas City Art Institute where I still held the job, as head of the painting department, which I had taken on my return to Missouri. These gentlemen . . . rose in a horrified body and threw me out of the school. 144 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City was much divided on this business. The students at the Institute, all on my side, picketed the place with the help of sympathetic brothers from the University of Kansas City. Profes­ sional men, young lawyers, doctors, professors and some young businessmen who had an eye on my advertising value for their city, came to my defense. This rally of the young people only added to the convictions of the elder trustees that my position in their school was and had always been morally corruptive. The very fact that the young took to me was a proof of this. In addition to being over-talkative about social skeletons in the local scene and thus disturbing to the faith of youth in the innate decency and Tightness of the Kansas City hierarchies of wealth, I was objectionable on another count. I was too obviously a damned Roosevelt New Dealer. This meant to responsible Republicans, and Republicans most of the respectable people of Kansas City were, that I was something pretty close to a red-eyed Communist. Thus the violent political animosities of the time, as well as institutional and social moralities, were involved in the quarrel about my tenure at the school. I had just bought a Kansas City residence, a comfortable old stone house with trees and a garden and with a big stable behind it, which I had turned into a studio, and I was attached to all this. I had good neighbors and many good friends, and then I had a sort of sense that the whole Art Institute hullabaloo was a kind of joke and would soon be seen as such even by the respectables who had taken it seriously. So I lived on in Kansas City. I think some of the elders

Benton's Kansas City studio appears much like it did when the artist worked there. m, _ Mo. Dept. of Natural Resources Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 145

were at first a little surprised. Not knowing much about the art world, they perhaps thought that in cutting off my job, they were cutting off my resources. When later, after the war had softened New Deal tensions, and it was seen, that for all my dubious ways, I was a pretty successful screwball and that the house my wife Rita managed, with its dinners, musicales, discussions and drinks, was an entertaining place, there was a general dissolution of feeling against me. All but a few, even of the most diehard moneyed respectables, came around. Having no real animosities, I received them. Today the Kansas City Star can write me up as one of the "leaders of the town" without protest from anybody. Missouri people as Benton knew, are western as distinguished from eastern people. He characterized them thus in An Artist in America: Your western people are very friendly even when the desire to be of a superior quality runs them into affectation and pose. Among the men of well-to-do society, there runs a strain of wholesome good fellowship which forbids the hauteurs of Boston and Philadelphia. . . . What is called high society is, of course, like the froth on a glass of beer, of no consequence . . . [but] below the top economic foam of Missouri, the true native life lies. Although I have painted that life as I saw it and felt it, I am not yet ready to analyze it or pass judgment upon it. Taken as a whole, I like the men and women who make the real Missouri. I get along with them. Passing from Benton's attitudes on the people of Missouri, I want to turn for a moment to the things of Missouri, things-Missourian, that attracted and intrigued the creative imagination of this remarkable man—an artist with words, almost as talented as the artist with clay and bronze and paint and charcoal and stone. In An Artist in America, he writes with nostalgia about the steamboats that used to ply the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers which he observed as a youth and now, sadly, as he said, "Their time is gone." He depicts such a steamboat as a rusting relic as he came upon it in the later years of this century stranded and abandoned in a mud flat on the Kentucky side, lying crazily up against the shore. He wrote: She was probably one of the greatest and swankiest of river craft in her day, but now her cabin windows are knocked out, her guys are twisted, and her tall curlicue-decorated stacks are a rusty red. She is like some proud but bedraggled and improvident old woman, who after passing a glittering and gay life has hunted out a secret place in which to die forgotten. I saw her one evening in June when the river was full of the smell of wild honeysuckle and the still water was pearly with twilight reflections. I thought of the land north and south which her journeys covered. I thought of the rich and showy planters 146 Missouri Historical Review

Mo. Div. of Tourism Thomas Hart Benton is depicted sketching along the river bank.

who rode on her and of the affected languor of southern girls who once waited on the river landings for her to return their voyaging kinsmen and beaux—of the pretty girls who must have hailed this very boat in the good days of the past with perfumed lace hand­ kerchiefs and the twittering hysterias of self-conscious class and manner. ... I thought of my Dad, who came up to St. Louis to study law on one of her kind just after the Civil War. And I thought of my grandfather, Pappy Wise, who must have passed boats like her when he went down the river, New Orleans bound, with his rafts.

Of the lesser rivers of Missouri, he wrote: On the rivers of Missouri a profitable business is kept up by guides who take fishing parties on floats. This is an old and beloved sport of the country. A crowd, generally of men, get together and hire a train of flatboats and skiffs. These are loaded with tents, fishing paraphernalia, and a lot of whisky and beer which is taken along to make the fish bite. They camp at night on the sand bars. The rivers of Missouri are often very beautiful. Many of them have their sources in immense hill springs which pour out of the limestone bluffs at the rate of thousands of gallons a minute. The water runs cold and clear for a while but is eventually muddied by tributaries from the lowlands. Muddy or not, the rivers have charm. Great sycamores hang over their banks and in the summer when the Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 147

current moves slowly these are duplicated in the stream below. On one side or another of the rivers outcropping white bluffs hang and break the monotony of tree branch and foliage. To get in a skiff and row out in the middle of one of these rivers on a summer night when the moon is full is to find all the spirit of Spenser and his "faery lands forlorn." Missouri's summer moon is big and white and cuts out vivid and clear edges, but this only intensifies the somber interior depths of the tree shadows and adds an air of impenetrable and silent mystery to them. There is over these summer night waters and on the shadowed lands that border them an ineffable peace, an immense quiet, which puts all ambitious effort back in its futile place and makes of a simple drift of sense and feeling the ultimate and proper end of life. And finally, as he wrote toward the end of the 3rd Revised Edition of An Artist in America: There is a high rugged bluff above the Missouri River a few miles from Kansas City. I drive out when I get bored and sit on that bluff. The river makes a great curve in the valley below and you can see for miles up and down the running yellow water. Although I was born and raised in the hill country of southwest Missouri, the great river valley appeals to me. I feel very much at home looking down upon it. Either I am just a slobbery sentimentalist or there is something to this stuff about your native land, for when I sit above the waters of the Missouri, I feel they belong to me, and I to them. As a matter of fact, I feel I belong all over my state. There is about the Missouri landscape something intimate and known to me. While I drive around the curve of a country road, I seem to know what is going to be there, what the creek beds and the sycamores and walnuts lining them will look like, and what the color of the bluffs will be. This year 1989 is being celebrated as the 100th anniversary of Benton's birth with a centennial show mounted by the Nelson Gallery in Kansas City. The noted film maker Ken Burns and PBS have produced, with assistance from the National Endowment For The Humanities, a well-done hour and a half documentary film of Benton's life. The centennial painting exhibition has concluded at the Nelson, is now in Detroit, will then travel to the Whitney in New York, and will close next January in Los Angeles. The exhibition, as noted by Bob Sanford of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, has drawn comments from several national publications. Some praised the show, some were dis­ approving, suggesting a truism that a revival of interest can carry with it a revival of animosities. 148 Missouri Historical Review

He points out the show includes some of the finest easel paintings that Benton did. For the most part they are representational and easy to understand. They are user-friendly, to use a modern phrase, or, more particularly, viewer-friendly. His feet are flat on our familiar ground. Yet the exhibition soars through his imagination. It gives us the musings and views of a brilliant observer who worked very hard for a long time to be able to understand what he saw and to be able to produce these things. The centennial exhibition, from landscapes, to portraits, to nudes to murals, is pleasurable and fun. In such an easy atmosphere, a centennial show honoring a remarkable man who has been dead fourteen years, it's surprising to see that some New York critics still chose to bash Benton. It is also surprising they are so clumsy in their work, Sanford concludes. The April 1989, issue of the Smithsonian puts the matter in proper perspective, in my opinion, with an excellent article entitled "Thomas Hart Benton's Appetite for America." Replete with lavish four-page centerfold reproductions of Achelous and Hercules (popularly known as the Harzfeld's mural), now the centerpiece of the Smithsonian American Art collection, and the Social History of Missouri, the article says of Benton: He is the painterly [Mark] Twain, the populist Michaelangelo, the public artist to a fault. ... At the heart of Benton's finest work and writing there lies a vision worth restating. He firmly believed that art cannot prosper from genius and abstraction alone: to develop new forms and revive itself, art must turn to life as it is lived around it. Benton fits the familiar mold of Jack London, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway . . . but beneath the denim and swagger, there lurks something else: a soul, Benton said, "impregnated with a deep sense of the value of life, of the beauty of basic human emotions and of the sadness of the drama of human striving." Two little personal vignettes which so illustrate the salt and flavor of the man. In the mid-1950s when Benton did the Achelous and Hercules mural in the Harzfeld's department store in Kansas City, the Encyclo­ pedia Brittanica made a documentary film of the artist constructing the mural, which it later circulated throughout the world through its extension division. The result was that when Tom and his wife Rita, a native-born Italian, made a sentimental journey to her birthplace in Italy in the late-1950s, his fame had preceded him and he was invited to become an honorary member of the distinguished Academia of artists in Siena. As he told me about it afterwards he was really bowled over when they handed him this parchment scroll to sign. It was not a very Thomas Hart Benton Remembered 149

long document and there at the head of the list was the signature: Leonardo da Vinci. "What the hell was I going to do," he said, "Sign the thing T.H. Benton, Kansas City, Missouri. Then it hit me. I took the pen and wrote with a flourish: Tomaso di Missouri." Shortly after Benton had reached his octogenarian years, the Nelson Gallery invited him to present a retrospective show of a consider­ able number of his paintings still in his and Rita's collections. He asked me to circle Kirkwood Hall with him as he paused before each easel and with a microphone explained the work. Afterwards a society matron, who was a good friend, came rushing up saying "What a memorable and beautiful affair"—as it truly was. She added: "What do you think the critics will say about this, Tom?" "I don't give a good God-damn what the critics will think or say," he said. "Critics are a bunch of p/^-ants." "Tom," she replied, "I believe that's pronounced: Yissant." "The Hell it is," Benton responded. "It's piss-&nt, and its right out of Webster, and it means an ant which will squirt hot stinging water on you if you don't watch out."

Joplin Globe

Kathi Conrad photographed Rita and Tom Benton at an ex­ hibition in Joplin. 150 Missouri Historical Review

The salty old octogenarian was right because as a boy in Neosho, Missouri, he knew and had encountered, pissants, which are indigenous to the Ozarks, and which use, in self defense, jets of formic act to repel the unwary. When we started down the aisle at Tom Benton's funeral, Father Freeman, a beloved Jesuit friend of Tom's, who officiated at Rita's request, caught the very essence of the man in but one short sentence, when he said: "Lyman, Tom Benton was in possession of himself."

KCOU First Student Radio Station The Maneater, July 5, 1973. The first radio station to be owned and operated by a student group anywhere is scheduled to begin here in late August. The station, KCOU-FM, which is owned by the Independent Residence Halls Association (IRHA), Inc., received its construction permit in May. . . . The Federal Communications Commission's decision to license the station was a test case for student groups who want to own radio stations, said Jim Green, IRHA's assistant to the president who is in charge of radio broadcast services. . . . The station's antenna will be located on top of Hudson Hall and its studios will be located in 100 Pershing Hall. . . .

The Shadow of the Columns Columbia, The Independent, October 31, 1909. Six beautiful columns—one for each of the six great departments of the University. At either end stand the columns of the Engineers and Lawyers—further apart than the others, but in the old days they gave the chief support to the structure. The next column is that of the Academs, carrying with it the ivy of the Pedagogues. The third represents the department of Journalism. It is not so scarred as its brothers, not having been so tried by fire. Then comes the pillar of the Farmers, it seems to be more fertile than the others. The fifth is the Medics. The growth of ivy around this column seems retarded in some manner. All together they stand as the spirit of all the departments in unison and are a fit symbol to represent Missouri at all times.

Where Are Five Skulls? Columbia, The Independent, January 9, 1910. Would you sell your skull for $8. That is the value placed on five of them by the School of Medicine of the University of Missouri. The five have disappeared and no trace of them can be found. The loss was discovered a week before the Christmas holidays. The class in Anatomy of the School of Medicine studied them before they were stolen or "evaporated." Dr. E.T. Bell, instructor of the class, says the class will suffer if the skulls are not returned. State Historical Society of Missouri Clarence Cannon served in the U.S. Congress as a representative from the 9th Missouri Dis- tict from 1922 to 1964. During his twenty-one consecutive terms, he achieved fame as an expert on parliamentary procedure.

Clarence Cannon, The Corn Cob Pipe, And The Hawley-Smoot Tariff BY CHARLES A. JARVIS* Students of congressional life have observed significant changes in the legislative process and representative behavior. Over the past forty years they have noted a shift in the nature of a congressman's role in government and changes in the politics of the legislative process.1 As

•Charles A. Jarvis is professor of history at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsyl­ vania. He acknowledges support of the Dickinson College Faculty Research and Development Fund. 1 Morris P. Fiorina, Congress, Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 39-49.

151 152 Missouri Historical Review government assumed a more activist role in society in the 1960s, the congressman's function changed, Congress became more decentralized, old power leadership positions declined, legislation became more com­ plex, and success rates of guiding favored bills through Congress suffered.2 Connections to party or congressional leadership no longer proved sufficient to guarantee the passage of bills. Instead, the difficulty of congressmen to productively guide bills through Congress led them to be increasingly dependent on forces outside the legislature as allies in successful legislation. Alliances with the federal regulatory bureaucracy within government and pressure groups outside of government were linked with the congressman's own power to promote legislation.3 Scholars sometimes refer to this alliance as "the iron triangle." Each part of the triangle had political resources the other needed for successful legislation so that a convenient cooperation emerged to achieve desired results. The bureaucracy had expertise and knowledge that could legitimize requested legislation. Congressmen controlled the funding for government and possessed the political power bureaucrats did not have, while pressure groups sometimes acted as a stimulus to bring congressmen and bureaucrats together for action. The system became more important in legislation and policy making after 1964, but it was in transition and slowly evolving in the late 1950s and early 1960s with structural, political and leadership changes during that time.4 By 1958, with a record number of Democrats elected to Congress since the New Deal, a stronger liberal coalition had formed. It threatened the established system of congressional governance which had permitted long standing and powerful members to control the legislative process. The latter's hold on the congressional system of rules and committee memberships weakened, the seniority system questioned, and the insti­ tution became more decentralized.5 An old order of a few strong and powerful leaders slowly gave way to a new order of openness, reform, powersharing and diversity which promoted the appearance of the iron triangle. An example of the evolution of the iron triangle before the mid-

2 A. Lee Fritschler, Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy (New York: Appleton Century Croft, 1969), 13. For examples of changing leadership within the House of Representatives see Charles O. Jones, "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives," Journal of Politics 30 (August 1968): 617-646, and John F. Manley, "Wilbur D. Mills: A Study in Congressional Influence," American Political Science Review 63 (June 1969): 442-464. 3 Leroy N. Rieselback, Congressional Reform (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1986), 28-30. 4 Fritchler, Policy Making, 12; Fiorina, Congress, 56-70. 5 Jones, "Cannon and Smith," 636-646; Rieselbach, Congressional Reform, 19-20. Clarence Cannon 153

1960s involves the case of Missouri Congressman Clarence Cannon and his efforts to assist the corn cob pipe industry's request for tariff relief from the Hawley-Smoot Tariff during the 86th Congress in 1960. Though the legislation appeared a small matter and of local interest to Missouri, its passage employed aspects of the iron triangle. The creative use of bureaucratic contacts, publicity gimmicks from the corn cob pipe industry, and a little bit of showmanship and inflated rhetoric from the congressman all represented part of the process. But in the end, when legislation became hostage in the Senate Finance Committee to unre­ lated domestic tax issues, Cannon rescued it with some old-style persuasion to which the long-serving and all-powerful congressman had been accustomed. In this case the evolving iron triangle had not matured. Legislation still needed a strong congressman. By 1960, the career of Missouri Congressman Clarence Cannon had been a long and rewarding one (1922-1964). He had served as representative from the 9th Missouri Congressional District since 1922. During that time, he achieved national fame as an expert on parlia­ mentary procedure, and he became widely recognized as a strong advocate for fiscal responsibility in government. While exerting great influence in national affairs, his service to his constituents won him many admirers, and he was elected to consecutive terms in the House. Cannon's skill in passing legislation benefiting the people of his district ranks among the hallmarks of his long career as congressman. But guiding such legislation through Congress by 1960 was changing even for a man with the stature, knowledge and power of Clarence Cannon. Reforms, structural changes and expanded responsibilities of the Congress were beginning to modify the legislative process. The February 2, 1959 issue of Time Magazine reported that, despite the largest Democratic majority since the days of the New Deal, only an aging but determined leadership could prevent the fractious and divided 86th Congress from slipping into chaos.6 As political scientist Morris Fiorina observes, the days were passing "when strong men made Congress . . . when Giants walked on Capitol Hill . . . when the floor debates were something to behold." In those days, he continues, legis­ lators legislated. "They concentrated more heavily on affairs of state . . . and they were motivated relatively more by the public interest and relatively less by the re-election than today's congressmen."7 Cannon represented one of those giants whose legislative career was coming to an end. He wielded considerable influence, but when a request for tariff relief reached him from a representative of the corn cob pipe industry 6 "The House and Its Rulers," Time Magazine, 2 February 1959, 11. 7 Fiorina, Congress, 35-36. 154 Missouri Historical Review his approach appeared helpful, cautious and conditioned by a changing legislative process. E.H. Otto, president of the Missouri Meerschaum Company of Washington, Missouri, manufacturer of the famous corn cob pipe, explained his problem in a February 23, 1960 letter to the nonsmoking Baptist congressman.8 A tax on imported Japanese bamboo stems used as mouthpieces in his popular pipes had become a nuisance. It increased his costs, limited his supply of bamboo and restricted the number of pipes he could make. The tariff on bamboo originated from the protectionist legislation of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930, which still governed many of the nation's trading practices. Otto hoped that Cannon would use his influence to have the import tax removed. After all, as he explained, "with so much coming into the country from Japan tax free, shouldn't bamboo be excluded?" Time was of the essence, since his company soon would enter a round of negotiations for the purchase of bamboo from Japan.9 Since Cannon represented the district where the famous pipe was manufactured, Otto appropriately wrote to him. But in other ways, too, Cannon and the pipe shared a mutuality in age, locality and public esteem that made it fitting for the congressman to champion Otto's request. For example, both could claim a common origin of place and time in eastern Missouri of the 1870s. Cannon was born April 11, 1879, in Elsberry, Missouri, six years after commercial development of the corn cob pipe in Washington, Missouri, by Henry Tibbe, a Dutch immigrant woodworker and founder of the Missouri Meerschaum Company.10 Both, too, could claim a prestige that only age and public exposure could bring. Cannon, in 1960, had reached the pinnacle of his congressional career as chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, a position he held for nearly twenty years. He had first come to Washington in 1911 as a member of Representative Champ Clark's legislative staff. By 1917, he became parliamentarian of the House of Representatives, and in 1922 won election to Congress to fill the seat of his mentor, Clark. An expert and author of several studies on parliamentary procedure,

8 E. H. Otto to Clarence Cannon, 23 February 1960, in Clarence Cannon Collec­ tion, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia and State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. Hereafter cited as Cannon Collection. 9 Ibid. 10 Stephen Ray Lilly, "A Minuteman for Years: Clarence Cannon and the Spirit of Volunteers," Missouri Historical Review 75 (October 1980): 33; Paula McNeill Quirk, "The 'Missouri Meerschaum' Pipe," ibid., 78 (October 1983): 16; Herschel Schooley, Missouri's Cannon in the House (Marceline, Missouri, 1977), 1. Clarence Cannon 155

Cannon became widely known for his skill in legislative debate and parliamentary maneuvering.11 As a congressman committed to an order­ ly legislative process, over time he gained a reputation in Congress as feisty and combative—even to the point of engaging in physical con­ frontation. During his long career there are several reported altercations with fellow House members, and he was teasingly known as "one punch Cannon."12 In 1960, he was considered to be one of the most powerful men in Congress. On January 3, a New York Times Magazine article by noted political journalist Cabell Phillips featured Cannon as one of a dozen "key men" in the 86th Congress. "At 80 he is almost as distinctive an institution in the house as Statuary Hall," wrote Phillips. "Dour of visage, caustic in speech, he is Chairman of the Appropriations Com­ mittee in which all government spending measures—some $80 billion a year—originate. His ability to grant or withhold funds gives him vast

11 Lilly, "Clarence Cannon," 44. 12 Schooley, Missouri's Cannon, 34-35.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Representative Champ Clark, right, served as Cannon's men­ tor. Cannon accompanied Clark to Washington, D.C., in 1911 as a staff member. Eventually, Can­ non won election to Congress filling Clark's seat. 156 Missouri Historical Review power and he uses it with a blunt forthrightness that has won him the title of 'number one economizer'. By all odds he is the House's sharpest parliamentarian and his 'Rules of Procedure' has become its official guide."13 The corn cob pipe also had become famous. By the turn of the century, the pipe had grown from obscurity to fame. Missouri's domi­ nant position as both a tobacco and corn producer facilitated the pipe's development.14 In 1873, Missouri ranked third nationally in tobacco production—exceeded only by Kentucky and Virginia.15 But not only a leading tobacco producer, Missouri also stood out as a leading tobacco manufacturer. By 1883, when the U.S. Patent Office granted H. Tibbe and Sons the right to use "Missouri Meerschaum" as a trade name for its corn cob pipe, nearby St. Louis had emerged as an important center of tobacco manufacturing.16 Its tobacco factories, by 1914, turned out annually more than twenty million pounds in rough or chew tobacco or 40 percent of the annual total national production.17 Corn, too, ranked in importance in Missouri's economic life. By 1900, more than one- tenth of the world's corn crop grew in the state, with 6,453,943 acres in production.18 These combined influences encouraged the growth of several small pipe factories in eastern Missouri. The Detmold Corn Cob Pipe Factory stood at Boeufcreek. New Haven had two factories. Cuba had one, as did St. Clair, Union, St. Charles and Marthasville. By far the most important center for manufacturing was Washington, Missouri, home of the Missouri Meerschaum Company, founded by Tibbe. Washington was also the site of the Phoenix American Cob Pipe Works, relocated in Boonville in 1910, and Hirschl and Bendheim, originally St. Louis marketing agents who started their own factory in 1898. By World War I, these factories collectively produced an estimated 20,000,000 pipes a year.19 In fact, by that time, the Bureau of Labor of Missouri reported it took more than twenty-six million large cobs from all over the state

13 Clipping, New York Times Magazine, 3 January 1960, Cannon Collection. 14 Missouri and Tobacco: A Chapter in America's Industrial Growth (Washington, D.C.: Tobacco Institute, Inc., 1960), 9. 15 Ibid., 8. 16 Quirk, "Missouri Meerschaum," 16; Missouri and Tobacco, 8. 17 Missouri and Tobacco, 8. 18 Ibid., 7; Jewell Mayes, Missouri Yearbook of Agriculture, 1924 (Jefferson City: Missouri State Board of Agriculture, 1924), 322, 324. 19 Herman Gottlieb Kiel, Centennial Biographical Directory of Franklin County, Missouri (Washington, D.C.: Compiled and published by Herman Gottlieb Kiel, 1925), 54-55. Clarence Cannon 157

Henry Tibbe, a Dutch wood­ worker, made his first corn cob pipe in the brick building at the right. He established the pipe manufacturing com­ pany in Washington, Mis­ souri, in the early 1870s. In 1883, he received a U.S. pat­ ent for a trademark for his Missouri Meerschaum pipe. State Historical Society of Missouri to meet the 1914 demands of the state's corn cob pipe factories.20 As the century advanced, the corn cob pipe became more popular and ap­ proximately 20 percent of them were shipped to foreign markets.21 Such well-known figures as General Douglas MacArthur, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, writer H.L. Mencken and French military hero Marshall Foch praised the pipe's reputation as a cool, light and inexpensive smoke.22 Despite the pipe's growing reputation, changing markets and the fate of the Missouri tobacco industry kept pipe manufacturers seeking ways to improve their position. Ultimately, this search culminated in the request to Cannon for tariff relief. In its early history, the pipe's fate rested on a prosperous Missouri tobacco industry. After World War I Missouri's position as a tobacco producer and manufacturer declined. 20 Newspaper clipping, unidentified and undated, in Tibbe-Cuthbertson Family Papers Collection, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia. Hereafter cited Tibbe- Cuthbertson Collection. 21 Quirk, "Missouri Meerschaum,' 15. 22 Missouri and Tobacco, 10. 158 Missouri Historical Review

Changes in the habits of tobacco users shifted from plug (chewing) and pipe tobacco to cigarettes.23 As the result, the importance of tobacco growing and manufacture in Missouri shifted to Virginia and the Carolinas.24 The pipe industry in Missouri survived mostly through consolidation and reorganization, and by the time of the depression the public's search for less costly smoking gave the corn cob pipe industry new vitality.25 World War II also maintained production with increased sales to army units.26 After the war the desire for product improvement led the industry in 1950 to seek cooperation with the University of Missouri in developing a hybrid corn which produced a better cob for pipe production.27 Otto's request for tariff relief, therefore, preceded a series of events that tried to maintain the pipe's economic vitality. Otto's February 23 letter arrived in Cannon's office shortly after opening of the 86th Congress Second Session. Important national issues raged during that time. They included tax reform legislation, adoption of the 1960 Eisenhower budget, and, for Missourians, funding of the Mississippi Riverfront Memorial site in St. Louis. Later, the session would be shocked with news of the May 1960 U-2 affair and interrupted by the Democratic and Republican National conventions.28 Yet throughout the spring and well into that summer Cannon doggedly pursued removal of the import tariff on bamboo stems. Legislation Cannon sponsored had a distinct advantage because he served as the influential chairman of the House Appropriations Com­ mittee. In his nineteen years as chairman, he had presided over more than a trillion dollars of government spending.29 But he also needed the help of those in the bureaucracy whose expertise could give credibility to his request for tariff adjustment. At first, he appeared optimistic the matter could be resolved by the United States Tariff Commission headed by Joseph E. Talbot, a former House colleague from Connecti­ cut. Afterall, as Cannon explained to him, February 24, 1960, the United States did not grow bamboo for commercial purposes. A tariff, therefore, seemed unnecessary, and it should be placed on the "free list"

23 "Tobacco," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunday Magazine, 3 February 1980, 5. 24 Robert K. Heiman, Tobacco Manufacturing and Trade (New York: McGraw Hill, 1960), 135. 25 Heiman, Tobacco, 178; Eleanor B. McClure, Early History of Washington, Missouri (Washington Centennial Commission, 1939), 29. 26 "Cob Pipes at War," Business Week, 1 July 1944, 38-41. 27 Anton A. Tibbe, "Symbol of the Simple Life: The Corn Cob Pipe," Tobacco, January 1970, copy in Tibbe-Cuthbertson Collection; Richmond Virginia Times Dis­ patch, clipping undated, in ibid. 28 Cannon Scrap Books for 1960, Vol. 95, Cannon Collection. 29 "The House and Its Rulers," Time Magazine, 2 February 1959, 12. Clarence Cannon 159

of goods coming into the country.30 Talbot agreed, but explained that the bamboo stems for corn cob pipes were classified for tariff purposes as "Mouth pieces for pipes or for cigars and cigarette holders. . ."by the Tariff Act of 1930 and taxed as such. Moreover, the 1930 tax level of five cents per stem plus 60 percent ad valorem had since been reduced to one cent each plus 15 percent ad valorem in subsequent trade agreement concessions. He explained that it would take congres­ sional action to transfer the stems to the tariff free list.31 Legislation appeared to be Cannon's only alternative. As he ex­ plained to Otto on March 3, 1960, he had two choices. He could seek suspension of the tax for three years or put bamboo on the free list. The suspension option gave only a solution for three years, and Cannon thought "it would be better to get the thing done once and for all without making two bites at the cherry." He, therefore, proposed legislation placing bamboo on the free list of goods imported into the United States and expressed hope to Otto that the matter would be finished by Easter of that year.32 The legislation was introduced March 3, 1960, to the House Ways and Means Committee chaired by Representative Wilbur Mills (D- Arkansas). The committee amended Section 201, paragraph 1552 of the Harley-Smoot Tariff to exclude bamboo pipe stems from import taxation and to put them on the free list of importable items.33 As a 30 Memo of Conversation between Cannon and Joseph E. Talbot, Chairman, United States Tariff Commission, 24 February 1960, Cannon Collection. 31 Joseph E. Talbot to Cannon, 25 February 1960, Cannon Collection. 32 Cannon to E.H. Otto, 3 March 1960, Cannon Collection. 33 Copy, H.R. 10841, Cannon Collection.

This particular model of Missouri Meerschaum corn cob pipe was popularized by General Douglas Mac Arthur during World War II. State Historical Society of Missouri 160 Missouri Historical Review matter of procedure, the committee sought advice from the various governmental agencies in Washington under whose jurisdiction the legislation might effect. Copies of the bill circulated within the depart­ ments of State, Treasury and Commerce as well as to the United States Tariff Commission.34 Joseph Talbot of the Tariff Commission, with whom Cannon earlier confided, quickly returned a favorable report on the bill to Chairman Mills. He explained that bamboo stems came under the category for mouthpieces for pipes, cigars and cigarette holders and made up only a very small percentage of total imports under that category. Moreover, imports in the entire category between 1956 and 1959 ranged in value from $14,000 to $31,000 per year with the greater part of these imports being hard rubber or plastic items. He saw no problem with granting the bamboo stems a free list status.35 Meanwhile, Cannon awaited reports from other agencies, and sought innovative ways of getting public and congressional attention for his proposed legislation. The annual Congressional Club Luncheon scheduled for May 3, 1960, provided an opportunity for such attention seeking efforts. The Club, consisting of the wives of House and Senate members, each year entertained the wife of the president with an elaborate luncheon. Famous products of the various states served as table decorations and could be taken as souvenirs. At the suggestion of Mrs. Cannon (Ida), the congressman requested from Otto one hundred caned-stemmed pipes for table decorations at the luncheon honoring Mrs. Mamie Eisenhower. In addition, he asked for a special box of Otto's most expensive pipes for the president.36 As the last days of May approached with many of the reports on the proposal from the Bureau of the Budget, the departments of State and Commerce yet to be submitted to the House Ways and Means Committee, Cannon took it upon himself to expedite the process by calling department heads. Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary of Com­ merce, assured Cannon that "he gave them hell in his department over the report's delay," and submitted a strongly supporting letter in placing bamboo on a free list of imports. A letter from the Department of State did likewise.37 Mueller's letter argued that bamboo pipe stems

34 Memo, Leo H. Irwin, Chief Counsel, Committee on Ways and Means, to Clarence Cannon, 30 March 1960, Cannon Collection. 35 Joseph E. Talbot to Wilbur Mills, 18 April 1960, copy in Cannon Collection. 36 Cannon to E.H. Otto, 8, 21 April 1960, Cannon Collection. 37 Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary of Commerce to Wilbur Mills, 27 May 1960; William B. Macomber, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State to Wilbur Mills, 31 May 1960, copies in Cannon Collection. Clarence Cannon 161 currently were not imported into the U.S., a domestic substitute existed in a wild swamp weed, but it was not commercially produced, and Japan would normally be the source of supply.38 In the same manner, when Cannon phoned the Treasury Department on June 2, 1960, he received a same day letter of support from A. Gilmore Flues, acting secretary of the Treasury.39 Not until July 1, 1960, was the legislation, now labeled as House Resolution 10841, reported out of the Ways and Means Committee onto the floor of the House. Only slightly amended from the original, the Committee added that free list status for bamboo, "shall not apply to products of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ... or by any government controlled by the 'World Communist Movement'." With its appearance for a final reading on the floor July 2, Cannon spoke in support of his legislation. He did not mention the economic value of free list status but, in rhetoric that reflected the skills of a stump speech orator, extolled the virtues of smoking a corn cob pipe. He claimed the Missouri-made pipe was the "standard of pipe comfort, luxury, sim­ plicity, economy and enjoyment throughout the world." Cannon as­ serted, "Whether in London or Shanghai—on San Francisco Bay or the sidewalks of New York, buy a pipe at the nearest tobacconist and in the bottom of it you will read 'Made in Missouri'." Then announcing to colleagues that he had placed an assortment of Missouri pipes in the cloakroom for House members, he continued to praise the virtues of smoking the corn cob pipe. "When you get crosswise with life, or digestion is bad; When things go wrong and you want to kick the dog; when the wife is critical and your best friends are out of town, tamp down an extra heavy charge in one of these friendly pipes and peace and contentment will attend you like a benediction. Cares will vanish in dissolving rings of fragrant blue, and life once more will be worth living."40 When the House passed H.R. 10841 without a dissenting vote, Cannon immediately phoned Otto of the news.41 As he wrote later on July 5, 1960, it was one of the last bills to pass the House before its recess for the national conventions. He expressed confidence that it would have "no difficulty getting it through the Senate when we come back to complete the session in August."42 In response, the Missouri Meerschaum Company offered additional pipes to Cannon as souvenirs 38 Mueller to Mills, in ibid. 39 A. Gilmore Flues to Wilbur D. Mills, 2 June 1960, copy in Cannon Collection. 40 Congressional Record, 86th Cong., 2d sess., 1960, 106, pt. 12: 15813-15814. 41 Cannon to Otto, 5 July 1960, Cannon Collection. 42 Cannon to Otto, 5 and 11 July 1960, Cannon Collection. 162 Missouri Historical Review

ISSOURI ro ^^ EERSC|-IAUM ^.ompaay THE ,,N0ONW y£<- MANbWCTUH-RS Of MISSOURI MEERSCHAUM CORN COB PIPES fasnin6fon,Jio., us*?.

.11 July, 1960

State Historical Society of Missouri Letterhead from the Missouri Meerschaum Company depicts the company's factory, a product and the trademark. The stationery is a familiar sight in the Clarence Cannon correspondence of 1960.

to be used at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago where the congressman served as parliamentarian.43 After the convention, work still remained to be done. The Senate needed to consider H.R. 10841. In an effort to expedite the measure through the Senate, Cannon wrote to Senator Harry F. Byrd (D- Virginia), chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance. He expressed his hope that Byrd could guide the bill through his committee and onto the floor of the Senate so that it would be voted on before the adjournment of the 86th Congress.44 But not until August 8, did the Senate receive the bill and refer it to the Committee on Finance.45 There, it became involved in a tax dispute raging within the Senate Finance Committee that nearly prevented its passage.46 The tax issue arose over H.R. 12381 or what had become known as the extension bill. Its official name was Public Debt Limit and Tax Extension Act of 1960. Each year since 1954 the Eisenhower Adminis­ tration asked for postponements in scheduled reductions of the corpora­ tion income and certain excise tax rates which Congress had approved in a revision of the tax code in 1954. Congress generally cooperated by annually passing a one year "extension bill" which maintained higher tax rates the 1954 Revenue Acts had reduced. By 1960, the extension bill had become a familiar feature, but it

43 Carl J. Otto to Cannon, 11 July 1960, Cannon Collection. 44 Cannon to Harry F. Byrd, 18 July 1960, Cannon Collection. 45 Senate Journal, 86th Cong., 2d sess., 8 August 1960, 477-478. 46 Cannon to Otto, 27 September 1960, Cannon Collection. Clarence Cannon 163 also provided an opportunity for amendments to serve the special tax concerns of House and Senate members. The House side discouraged alterations by order of a gag rule that prevented amendments to the extension bill from the floor; but the Senate made no such provision.47 As the result, in June 1960, two principal advocates of tax reform, Senators Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota and Joseph Clark of Pennsyl­ vania, successfully amended the extension bill with loophole-closing measures designed to increase revenue. In complicated maneuvering three amendments to the extension bill survived over the objections of Senate Finance Committee members in a bitter Senate floor fight that divided the Democratic leadership from some of its younger followers. The three amendments eliminated a 4 percent dividend tax credit, offered a new basis for computing the oil depletion allowance, and placed a $10 limit on business entertainment. McCarthy, Clark and others argued that with increased government spending, additional revenues were needed.48 Rancor in the Senate continued, however, when the House-Senate Conference Committee eliminated two of these amendments (the tax credit and the business entertainment limit) June 25, on the extension bill and confirmed June 28, by a roll call vote of 61-32.49 When this occurred, Senator McCarthy attached them to H.R. 10841 when it reached the Senate Finance Committee in August.

47 "Excise Taxes Extended, Debt Limit Raised," Congressional Quarterly Almanac 16 (1960): 362-364. 48 Ibid.; New York Times, 12, 18, 19 June 1960. 49 "Excise Taxes Extended," 364. Pictured below are four assorted pipes of the Missouri Meer­ schaum Company. o TT. . 10 . ~w. State Historical Society of Missouri 164 Missouri Historical Review

The 86th Congress neared an end. In their continued push for reform, H.R. 10841 became a vehicle along with other bills that enabled these senators to continue their efforts. But since the majority of the senators on the Senate Finance Committee opposed these amendments and had worked to eliminate them in the House-Senate conference committee, they would not vote for them when attached to Cannon's bill. Therefore, H.R. 10841 appeared doomed to die in the Senate Finance Committee unless the amendments were removed. At the last minute, Cannon successfully persuaded McCarthy and Clark to drop the amendments, and the bill was released for Senate floor action. As he explained to Otto, "after considerable maneuvering with Pennsyl­ vania and Minnesota, members of the House, we finally got the Senators to withdraw their amendments and our bill went through just ahead of the deadline."50 The record does not reveal the specific and persuasive measures Cannon employed to rescue his bill and have the amendments dropped in the Senate Finance Committee. He explained to Otto that he talked with members of the congressional delegations from both Pennsylvania and Minnesota, two of whom, Daniel Flood (D-Pa.) and Herbert Marshall (D-Minn.), were members of Cannon's House Appropriations Committee.51 As chairman of the Appropriations Committee and a master of parliamentary procedure, he had considerable leverage. The House Appropriations Committee was the largest in constitutional history with its fifty members and fourteen subcommittees. It gave final approval for money to run the government, as well as fund favored projects sought by congressmen and state delegations. Cannon had the power of creating and disbanding appropriations subcommittees where much of the work transpired, and to appoint members and chairman to them. Moreover, he could influence subcommittee actions since as chairman, he was an ex-officio member of all of the subcommittees. As one staff member stated, "He darts back and forth among his sub­ committees, bent forward at a forty-five degree angle; if he tilts to fifty degrees the whole Hill knows that Clarence Cannon is on a rampage."52 Colleagues saw Cannon as a man who dealt by rewards and punishments. In parliamentary maneuvering, fellow congressmen did not want to be on his wrong side. Cannon's Procedure in the House of Representatives remained the manual of parliamentary procedure. He proved the master in any procedural tangle. "You can't argue with

50 Cannon to Otto, 2 September 1960, Cannon Collection. 51 Ibid. 52 "The House and Its Rulers," Time Magazine, 2 February 1959, 14. Clarence Cannon 165

Cannon, he wrote the book," fellow members would say.53 So any request for removal of an amendment that endangered his bill near the close of the 86th Congress would be seriously considered. By August 25, H.R. 10841 was reported out of the Senate Finance Committee without amendment.54 Six days later, on the motion of Senator Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas), the Senate proceeded to con­ sider it, and it passed without a negative vote.55 Thus, a chapter in the history of Congressman Clarence Cannon, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff, the corn cob pipe and the iron triangle came to an end. In the changing environment of a Congress still dominated by strong leadership but evolving into one where successful legislation required alliances outside of Capitol Hill, Cannon employed those alliances. His creative, but sometimes impatient use of bureaucratic support, the initiatives of the Missouri Meerschaum Company, com­ bined with Cannon's knowledge and skill as a powerful and long- serving congressman brought results. That H.R. 10841 was saved in the end only by Cannon's persuasiveness associated with his position indicates that employment of the iron triangle had not advanced to a stage where it later would be in the 1960s. In Congress strong men still could get results. As the consummate politician, Cannon asked the Missouri Meer­ schaum Company to send a complementary pipe to each of the members of the Congress and Senate who had assisted in the bill's passage. In a letter to company official Carl J. Otto, he listed Congressman Wilbur Mills and Senators Eugene McCarthy, Joseph Clark, Harry F. Byrd and Lyndon B. Johnson together with Daniel Flood and Herbert Marshall as recipients, with the reminder: "Remember, only one pipe to a man—a rough cob pipe—and be certain it has a bamboo stem!"56

53 Richard Fenno, Jr., The Power of the Purse: Appropriations Politics in Congress (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1966), 125. 54 Senate Journal, 25 August 1960, 530. 55 Ibid., 530; telegram copy, Cannon to Carl J. Otto, 2 September 1960, Cannon Collection. 56 Cannon to Carl J. Otto, 2 September 1960, Cannon Collection.

Surviving Indian Relic

Missouri, February 1938. The most venerable name in Pike County is Ohaha, the old Indian name for Salt River and it is pleasant to know that it is still used locally, says an interesting bulletin on Place Names put out by the University of Missouri. . . . State Historical Society of Missouri During the Civil War, Cape Girardeau served as an important strategic position on the Mississippi River between St. Louis and Cairo, Illinois.

Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 BY ANNE J. BAILEY* Federal armies had fared well along the west bank of the Missis­ sippi River during 1862. All of Missouri, as well as parts of northern Arkansas and southern Louisiana, had passed to Union control. Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon observed in March that "disorder, confusion, and demoralization" prevailed throughout Arkansas.1 Theophilus H. Holmes, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department headquartered at Little Rock, not only faced serious military problems but had lost the confidence of both citizens and soldiers. To ameliorate conditions, Seddon relieved the general and replaced him with Edmund Kirby Smith. But Holmes retained control of the district of Arkansas, including the Indian Territory and Missouri.

*Anne J. Bailey is assistant professor of history at Georgia Southern College, Statesboro. She has the B.A. degree from the University of Texas, Austin, and the M.A. and Ph.D. from Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. 1 James A. Seddon to E. Kirby Smith, 18 March 1863, U. S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 4 ser. 128 vols. (Washington, D. C, 1880-1901), ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2, 802-803. Hereafter cited as O.R.; unless otherwise indicated, all references are to series 1.

166 Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 167

Both Kirby Smith and Holmes refused to abandon Missouri and, in the spring, authorized a raid; they hoped to rally support among the Missourians while at the same time feed an army threatened with starvation in Arkansas. Richard Taylor, who oversaw the district of Louisiana, bitterly asserted that Kirby Smith worried too much about "the recovery of his lost empire, to the detriment of the portion yet in his possession. . . ."He firmly believed Kirby Smith erred in his objectives and pointed out that "the substance of Louisiana and Texas was staked against the shadow of Missouri and Northern Arkansas."2 Yet in the spring of 1863, the Federal Department of the Missouri under Samuel R. Curtis appeared vulnerable. Because of the importance of Grant's Vicksburg expedition, Henry W. Halleck had ordered Curtis to send all available troops to join Grant. Curtis, directed to retain only enough men "sufficient to hold a few important points" against "guerrillas and small detached forces," had dispatched several regiments and the marine brigade by March.3 Thus, for Confederates coveting Missouri, the time seemed propitious for a successful raid. This prospect particularly pleased John S. Marmaduke, who commanded a division of Confederate cavalry in northern Arkansas. Marmaduke possessed impressive credentials not easily ignored by Richmond. Moreover, he frequently expressed concern about the apathy prevailing in the Confederate Congress since the Federal occupation of his native state. His father, a former Missouri governor, had sent Marmaduke to Yale and Harvard, and the young man graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1857, thirtieth in a class of thirty-eight. As a member of the regular army, he served under Albert Sidney Johnston in Utah; at the beginning of the war he resigned and joined Johnston in the service of the Confederacy. Following Shiloh, he returned to the trans-Mississippi region where his efforts to secure Confederate support for Missouri proved sedulous.4 Marmaduke firmly believed that as long as the Confederacy demon­ strated concern for Missouri, the citizens with southern sympathies would remain supportive. Convinced of the loyalty of his fellow Mis­ sourians, Marmaduke had led a raid into Southwest Missouri following Christmas, 1862. At the same time Federal gunboats steamed toward Arkansas Post early in January 1863, his column of over two thousand 2 Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War in the United States (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1879), 163. 3 Henry W. Halleck to Samuel R. Curtis, 17 February 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 2, 113; Samuel R. Curtis to Henry W. Halleck, 24 March 1863, ibid., 176-177. 4 Mark M. Boatner, III, The Civil War Dictionary (New York: David McKay, Inc., 1959), 513. 168 Missouri Historical Review cavalrymen rode across the border. The day the Federals assaulted Fort Hindman, Arkansas, Marmaduke attacked Springfield. But his small raiding party could not hope to hold any territory, and he quickly retreated to Arkansas. Yet he judged his foray a success, and more importantly, "the heart of the people revived again at the presence of Confederate troops."5 Encouraged, he planned to repeat his invasion, but on a larger scale. Unfortunately, his correspondence with Holmes in which he revealed his plan is not extant, but Holmes's reply disclosed much insight into Marmaduke's proposal. "Your plan is a bold one," pro­ nounced Holmes, "though I think you miscalculated the status of the Missouri people. I fear and believe they are thoroughly cowed, and now occupy that unenviable position that nothing short of an overwhelming force would induce them to raise a hand against their oppressors."6 Yet this did not discourage Marmaduke who continued to push for support. By late February, Holmes wrote: "I have considered your proposition relative to Missouri very carefully, and with an earnest desire to foster the plan." But he correctly cautioned Marmaduke that 5 Report of John S. Marmaduke, 1 February 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 195-198. 6 T. H. Holmes to John S. Marmaduke, 16 February 1863, ibid., pt. 2, 788. State Historical Society of Missouri

Theophilus H. Holmes commanded the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department at Little Rock, Arkan­ sas, in early 1862. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 169 without infantry to sustain him, Marmaduke could do nothing more than raid and return leaving southern sympathizers to the wrath of the Union army. "It is expecting too much of weak human nature to suppose that they will sacrifice all, unless we can give them at least a reasonable show of permanent protection," warned Holmes. "Without this," he continued, "though they would sympathize with us in their hearts, they would raise no hand to help us. . . . Consider this, and tell me what you think."7 Marmaduke, nevertheless, insisted the raid had every chance of success. In March, Holmes told him it was "certainly very tempting," and much to Marmaduke's pleasure invited the Missourian to "come down for a few days, in order that we may have a full conference."8 At the same time, Holmes obliquely suggested to Jefferson Davis that a move into Missouri might be necessary in order to subsist his army.9 He used this argument when proposing the raid to E. Kirby Smith who arrived at Shreveport early in the month. And as an added incentive, proponents suggested the scheme might relieve Vicksburg by forcing Grant to withdraw troops from his river expedition. Marmaduke was elated when he finally received permission to implement his plan. First, officials had to decide which troops Holmes could spare without endangering his district. Naturally, Marmaduke desired as many men as possible for he planned to sweep across the southeastern corner of the state destroying everything vital to the Union. No doubt, the major part of the force would consist of the Missouri brigades under Joseph Shelby, John Burbridge and Colton Greene. But since Grant, concentrating on means to subdue Vicksburg, did not pose an immediate threat to lower Arkansas, Holmes decided he could release part of his Texas cavalry.10 The troops, ordered to join Marmaduke, belonged to a brigade nominally assigned to Colonel William H. Parsons. But the men belonging to Parsons's 12th Texas Cavalry, Nathaniel M. Burford's 19th Texas Cavalry, George W. Carter's 21st Texas Cavalry, and a squadron under Charles Morgan served as scouts and guerrilla fighters;

7 T. H. Holmes to John S. Marmaduke, 27 February 1863, ibid., 790. 8 T. H. Holmes to John S. Marmaduke, 5 March 1863, ibid., 794. 9 T. H. Holmes to Jefferson Davis, 6 March 1863, ibid., 796-797. 10 Shelby's command consisted of the Missouri regiments of Beal G. Jeans, B. Frank Gordon, George W. Thompson, and the battalions of Benjamin Elliott and David Shanks. Greene's included the Missouri regiments of Leonidas C. Campbell and W. L. Jeffers as well as M. L. Young's battalion. John Burbridge's troops included those of his own regiment, R. C. Newton's 5th Arkansas Cavalry, and S. G. Kitchen's Missouri battalion. Stephen B. Oates, Confederate Cavalry West of the River (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961), 124. 170 Missouri Historical Review they seldom rode together. In addition, a dispute arose over precedence between colonels Carter and Parsons. To avoid problems between the two men on the Missouri venture, Holmes instructed Parsons to keep his regiment along the Mississippi River and directed Carter to report to Marmaduke with the remainder of the brigade including Joseph H. Pratt's battery.11 Carter appeared an unlikely candidate for such responsibility. Born in Virginia in 1826, he had become a Methodist minister, preaching around Richmond by the age of twenty-one. From there, he moved to the University of Mississippi where he taught ethics and in 1860 accepted a position as president of a church school near Houston, Texas. When the war began he traveled to Richmond where he received his commission directly from the secretary of war. Based on this authority, he returned to Texas where he raised three mounted regi­ ments, although only the 21st Texas stayed with him throughout the war. With no military experience, Carter naturally encountered diffi­ culties. He had little inclination to either drill or discipline the rowdy troops. Yet, he tried hard to create the frontier image that Texans expected from a commanding officer. A newspaper correspondent from Galveston reported that "with his coonskin cap, his tiger blanket and top boots," Carter presented an impressive figure. Indeed, "one would hardly recognize the gifted and eloquent preacher of the Gospel in Texas."12 Service in the military, however, failed to moderate troublesome and vexing practices prevalent among Carter's volunteers. In late March, Texan Thomas B. Smith noted in his diary he had seen the force at Pine Bluff en route to rendezvous with Marmaduke: "Col. Carter's Cav. cross the river today. I never saw men more lively than they are today. Hundreds of them drunk."13 Carter's negligent control

11 The actual number of Texans with Carter is difficult to determine. A member of the 21st Texas, who wrote to the editor of a Galveston paper soon after his arrival at Maramduke's camp, claimed that his regiment alone numbered 719 healthy men. Although records do not indicate how many men Carter commanded at the beginning of the raid, a few days after it ended he reported 1,703 on paper. But he indicated only 79 officers and 866 men actually present for duty. Carter's brigade included his own men plus Timothy Reves's Missouri cavalry. Abstract from Field Return of Marmaduke's cavalry division, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 2, 845. In July, Carter's brigade was estimated at 1,800 with around 800 present for duty. Estimate of Troops in Trans- Mississippi Department after battle at Helena [July 4, 1863], ibid., pt. 1, 439. Also see "Letter from Missouri," dated 15 April 1863, in Galveston Weekly News, 20 May 1863. 12 Bellville [Texas] Countryman, 11 April 1863. 13 Diary entry for Tuesday, 24 March 1863, Thomas B. Smith Diaries, Layland Museum, Cleburne, Texas. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 171

John S. Marmaduke command­ ed a division of Confederate cavalry in northern Arkansas.

State Historical Society of Missouri continued even after beginning the march north. Colton Greene, com­ manding a Missouri brigade, complained: "I regret to be compelled to report that the Texas troops have taken 800 bushels of corn and 2,000 bundles of fodder brought for my command. This practice must be stopped," he snapped, "or it will result in bad feelings and conflict between the troops." Greene quite judiciously exonerated Colonel Car­ ter, a politic move since he remained under the Texan's command. "I have taken no notice of this offense," he equivocated, "believing that Colonel Carter was ignorant of the matter, and would not tolerate the practice."14 A member of Parsons's 12th Texas succinctly diagnosed Carter's deficiencies in a letter addressed to the Houston Telegraph. Quoting a correspondent of the St. Louis Republican the writer named the three brigades of Missourians and Arkansans, then added, "and one of Texans, commanded by no one, but going it loose." To clarify this he mockingly explained: "That means 'sloushing about.' That I will add was Carter's and Burford's Regiment, Col. Carter is the ranking Colonel."15

14 Colton Greene to E. G. Williams, 8 April 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 2, 814-815. Because this letter discussed events after the raid began, the date probably should be April 18. 15 "Letter from Arkansas" by SOLD AT, 13 May 1863, Houston [Texas] Tri-Weekly Telegraph, 3 June 1863. Hereafter cited as SOLD AT, "Letter from Arkansas." The writer, a member of the 12th Texas Cavalry, often signed SOLID AT. 172 Missouri Historical Review

The troops gathering under Marmaduke appeared an assorted lot. Although numbering over five thousand men, only a little over four thousand carried arms, and many had no horses. Marmaduke reasoned that to leave behind the dismounted or unarmed would demoralize them, and he feared they might simply desert. Also, if the raid pro­ ceeded as planned the Confederacy would mount and arm the men at the expense of Lincoln's government. Private William Zuber of the 21st Texas recalled he almost had to remain in Arkansas because his mount had given out, but an enterprising officer unhitched a "splendid" mule from one of the regimental supply wagons and presented Zuber the somewhat unmanageable animal to ride. "So," reflected Zuber, "I was to go to Missouri."16 The force rendezvoused south of the Missouri border on Eleven Points River where William Zuber first viewed the man who would lead the expedition. Marmaduke, he observed, possessed a "singular appear­ ance." He knew of Marmaduke's reputation as an "excellent raider" and was taken back by the man he saw riding through the camps. The drab figure had yellow hair and a yellow complexion. In addition, "he wore a yellow cap, a yellow coat, and a yellow vest and pants; he rode a yellowish bay or sorrel horse."17 Yet, in spite of his lackluster appear­ ance, stories circulated through the camps of his gallant escape from Missouri in January and few questioned his skill as a raider.

16 William Physick Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, Janis Boyle Mayfield, ed. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971), 166. For a complete account of the raid see Stephen B. Oates, "Marmaduke's Cape Girardeau Expedition, 1863," Missouri Historical Review 57 (April 1963): 237-247. 17 Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 166. Confederate cavalry raiders invaded Missouri in 1863. State Historical Society of Missouri Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 173

Marmaduke's plan appeared simple although unforeseen exigencies forced him to make alterations that could have proven disastrous had the Federals made a concentrated effort to destroy his army. Deciding his initial proposal to move toward Rolla as impractical because of scarce forage, he settled upon an alternate route. He would march toward Patterson, capture the outpost of about six hundred militia, then head toward Bloomfield, east of the Mingo Swamps above Chalk Bluff, and strike John McNeil who commanded some two thousand regulars.18 From the beginning, Marmaduke faced serious problems. The Federals had destroyed all available forage and supplies north of Arkansas to prevent such a raid. Marmaduke had to divide his army into two columns and send them in different directions in order to find sufficient provisions. One under Shelby marched via Van Buren, the other under Carter traveled through Doniphan; both would converge on Patterson the same day. From there, one route to Bloomfield lay through the Mingo Swamps which, after heavy rains, became almost impassable for the supply wagons and artillery. Marmaduke's failure to allow for the weather or to reconnoiter the swamps became a grave miscalculation in judgement.19 Nothing worked out as planned. As soon as McNeil learned Confederates had crossed the border, he evacuated Bloomfield, ulti­ mately secured his troops behind the strong fortifications at Cape Girardeau and waited for reinforcements. But the most incredulous mistake—almost fatal one—was Marmaduke's failure to plan for the unexpected. When it became imperative to retreat as quickly as possible, he found his escape route obstructed. The rivers had risen, and the St. Francis, over which he must pass to regain safety in Arkansas, raged out of its banks. As two historians aptly point out, withdrawal is "the foreordained conclusion of any raid."20 Invaders, by necessity, must plan their retreat after exhausting local subsistence and forage. Marma­ duke, by failing to follow these principles, nearly allowed his army to become trapped and destroyed. Holmes had expressed this fear in February when he cautioned Marmaduke to "please remember tljat you are intrusted with the entire defense of the northern frontier, and any disaster to you would be ruinous to us."21 As the two columns left for Missouri, however, none of these

18 Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 285-288. >9 Ibid. 20 Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 244. 2' T. H. Holmes to John S. Marmaduke, 27 February 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 2, 790. 174 Missouri Historical Review concerns troubled the troops. Shelby led a force consisting of his brigade and that of Burbridge toward Van Buren; while Carter, with his brigade of Texans and that of Colton Greene, followed the shorter route toward Patterson through Doniphan. John C. Moore, who served as chief of staff for both Marmaduke and Shelby, placed the blame for the ultimate failure of the expedition upon the Texas colonel, whom he said "solicited and obtained command of the force." Further, he added: "Colonel Carter was a new man—an accomplished gentleman, but an untrained soldier—and was anxious for an opportunity to distinguish himself, and Marmaduke was disposed to oblige him." Rather unfairly, he placed all the responsibility upon Carter and judged: "Carter blundered and the expedition miscarried."22 But Carter's troops, also considered unseasoned by the Missouri and Arkansas veterans, proved an asset. "The men of this brigade were not experienced, but they had grit, endurance and courage," penned Bennett H. Young in his version of the raid, "and they were not long in measuring up the standard of veterans."23 But in their first attack upon the outposts at Patterson, the Texans demonstrated their lack of adequate training and preparation. About midnight on Sunday, April 19, when some thirty miles from the town, Carter detached Lieutenant Colonel D. C. Giddings with the 21st Texas, Timothy Reves's company, and two pieces of Joseph Pratt's artillery to surprise the garrison at daybreak. About twelve miles from his destination, Giddings successfully captured the pickets, one lieu­ tenant and twenty-four men. Since he had little experience in combat, Giddings did not know to assault the garrison effectively. He ordered Pratt to commence firing too soon, alarming Federal Colonel Edwin Smart in the town, and allowing him to order the stores set aflame while he and his men escaped.24 Giddings's impetuosity raised sharp criticism. John N. Edwards, adjutant of the 5th Missouri Cavalry who wrote most of Shelby's battle reports, caustically observed: "Giddings, with a singularity of conduct not often developed in officers during active service, met Smart's pickets advantageously posted and full of fight. Not being as smart as Smart, he formed an elaborate line of battle, threw forward skirmishers, 22 John C. Moore, "Missouri," in Confederate Military History, Clement A. Evans, ed., 12 vols. (Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Co., 1899), 9: 132, 134. 23 Bennett H. Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle (1914; reprint, Kennesaw, Ga.: Continental Book Co., 1958), 541. 24 Report of George W. Carter, 5 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 300-301; Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, ibid., 285-288; William M. (Buck) Walton, An Epitome of My Life: Civil War Reminiscences (Austin: The Waterloo Press, 1965), 46-47. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 175

State Historical Society of Missouri Union shelling took its toll on Confederate troops. and actually opened a vigorous fire with his artillery upon a dozen or so outlying videttes." Blaming the Texans for allowing Smart to flee, Edwards further reported that Charley Rainwater, a member of Marma­ duke's staff who accompanied Giddings, had "remarked to him quietly, after all this absurdity: This is not the way we fight'."25 Marmaduke, however, simply commented that Giddings had "moved too slowly; did not take sufficient risk for the nature of his expedition, and allowed his artillery to open when within 2 miles of the fort" which gave Smart sufficient warning.26 Chaos followed the town's evacuation. Many of the houses caught fire, and the Texans rode into Patterson amid confusion and disorder. "The grocery stores—dry goods stores and all other places of business were raided," recalled Lieutenant Buck Walton. Nevertheless, Walton proudly emphasized, "the discipline I had given my men was ap­ parent—not one had dismounted—had none of the spoil but sit their horses like soldiers." When ordered to pursue the fleeing Federals, the Confederates could not locate their companies and he continued, "all started on, pell mell, a veritable mob."27 Yet somehow the unruly force headed after Smart's retreating cavalry. "I pushed to the front with my men," bragged Walton, while 25 John N. Edwards, Shelby and His Men; or, The War in the West (1867; reprint, Kansas City, Mo.: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co., 1897), 126. 26 Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 285-288. 27 Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 46. 176 Missouri Historical Review

Colonel Giddings "rode every where through the men trying to restore order. . . ."28 Marmaduke, who had criticized Giddings's approach to the town, now praised the Texan: "Colonel Giddings pursued them vigorously for 7 miles, killing, wounding, and capturing a number."29 After this skirmish, Carter's column united with Shelby's at Patter­ son where Marmaduke paused to reconsider his strategy. He ordered the two divisions to separate again, Carter to march southeast against McNeil at Bloomfield and Shelby to move north on Fredericktown to cut off McNeil should he retreat in that direction. Indeed, the Federal commander did head down the road toward Fredericktown, but after encountering enemy videttes, halted and resolved to concentrate his force at Cape Girardeau, the important supply depot on the Mississippi River.30 Colonel Carter, in the meantime, experienced serious difficulties in moving his column. As the 21st Texas, joined by the 19th Texas and Greene's Missouri brigade, headed toward Bloomfield, heavy rains impeded movement. The St. Francis River, which they had to cross, proved an obstacle; floodwaters had swept away boats normally used for ferries. Even after finally managing to ford the river, Carter faced the boggy lowlands of the Mingo Swamps. At a point some thirty miles from Bloomfield, Carter decided to detach his supply train rather than burden the column with the added difficulty of keeping the wagons moving. Pratt's four artillery pieces kept the colonel constantly con­ cerned. And the horses, worn down by the long march from Arkansas and weakened by a lack of forage, made any prospect of a forced march impractical. Coupled with the high water, marshes and bad roads, Carter proved unable to stop McNeil's retreat into Cape Girardeau. Only a small detachment of Confederates skirmished with McNeil's forces. Near the bridge over the White Water, the Confederates charged a Federal party of about forty under Captain S. V. Shipman of Company E, 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. After spirited firing, the Confed-

28 Ibid., 46-47. 29 Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 285-288. 30 For the entire Confederate version of the raid see ibid., 251-305. A most interesting Federal account is "The Marmaduke Raid into South-East Missouri" ex­ tracted from the Missouri Democrat in Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, 12 vols. (1861-1868; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1977), 6: 561-564. Hereafter cited as "The Marmaduke Raid." The surgeon in the 1st Iowa Cavalry, Charles Henry Lothrop, provided an informative observation in Lothrop, A History of the First regiment Iowa cavalry veteran volunteers. . . . (Lyons, Iowa: Beers & Eaton, 1890), 107-124. A pro-Southern version taken from a Little Rock newspaper appeared in "Gen. Marmaduke's Expedition," Dallas Herald, 3 June 1863. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 177 erates counted six Federals killed, six wounded, and ten prisoners (whom they immediately paroled).31 At this point, subsequent movements appeared confused and un­ clear. Two Missourians, along on the raid, later wrote the invasion miscarried because Colonel Carter disregarded Marmaduke's orders. Yet, neither Marmaduke nor Carter mention these nonextant orders in their official reports. Edwards insisted they read: "Under no circum­ stances was Colonel Carter to pursue McNeil" if he moved toward New Madrid or Cape Girardeau, but should "return at once to Frederick- town if such intention was developed by McNeil."32 Not all participants confirmed this plan. William Zuber of the 21st Texas believed the brigades of Carter and Greene (along with Timothy Reves's company) had received orders from Marmaduke "to go im­ mediately to Cape Girardeau. ..." There, he asserted, Shelby would join the column for a combined assault on McNeil's position.33 Several historians, however, held Carter accountable for the near disaster to the Confederates. John Moore insisted Marmaduke had instructed Carter to join him near Fredericktown, but instead the Texan had pursued McNeil. And "becoming excited in the chase," charged Moore, "had followed him." The result of this move placed McNeil "inside the fortifications with a largely increased force, and Carter outside and unable to get away." Moore further insisted this mistake compelled Marmaduke to change his strategy in order to "extricate Carter from his dangerous position," and the raiding party "lost four days by Carter's escapade."34 Bennett H. Young, author of Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, drew a similar conclusion, but added this unfortunate predicament forced Marmaduke to send Shelby to rescue Carter from his "embarrassing situation." Young's highly biased account proved extremely critical of the colonel's conduct. "These four days lost meant much to General Marmaduke," claimed Young. "The exuberant zeal of one of Carter's colonels, coupled with his courage, had changed the Confederate plan and destroyed its successful accomplishment, and seriously affected the ultimate safety of Marmaduke's whole division."35 31 The Confederates in the skirmish consisted of Timothy Reves's company under Lieutenant B. A. Johnson and the Texans under Captain John S. Carrington, assistant adjutant general of the 21st Texas. Reports of George W. Carter, 22 April 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 299-300 and 5 May 1863, ibid., 300-301; Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, ibid., 285-288. Also see William De Loss Love, Wisconsin in the War (Chicago: Church & Goodman, 1866), 562. 32 Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 127. 33 Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 175. 34 Moore, "Missouri," 9: 132. 35 Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 546-547. 178 Missouri Historical Review

Yet, Stephen Oates in Confederate Cavalry West of the River placed the responsibility on Marmaduke, whom he insisted had planned to attack Cape Girardeau all along. The fault lay with Marmaduke rather than Carter because he could not destroy McNeil, the only Federal force of any size, before the arrival of reinforcements. Faulty planning prior to the raid coupled with rain and poor road conditions could not be blamed on Colonel Carter simply because he lacked military experience. Marmaduke should have known he could never take Cape Girardeau by siege. If his hit-and-run raid miscarried by not reaching Cape Girardeau before McNeil, then his mission had failed.36 Outside Cape Girardeau, Carter tried some bold, if unusual tactics. About ten o'clock Saturday night, Federal pickets reported the arrival at their post of an odd-looking group of men bearing a flag of truce. Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin W. Watson, along with three majors, two captains and a small escort party, had brought a letter to the Federal commander. Zuber related an amusing description of the entourage. He insisted Colonel Carter, who had lived on the Texas frontier for scarcely a year, had become "fanciful." Zuber wrote: "He caused his ten

Oates, Confederate Cavalry West of the River, 130-131.

State Historical Society of Missouri

When Marmaduke invaded Mis­ souri, John McNeil commanded some 2,000 Union regulars at Bloomfield. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 179 messengers to go wrapped in stripped Texas homemade blankets and to wear broad-brimmed hats." This dress, observed Zuber, "gave them the appearance of West Texas cowboys and was probably aimed to inspire the Federals with awe."37 But McNeil never had the opportunity to become intimidated; his pickets did not allow the Texans nearer the town than three miles.38 However, McNeil did receive the letter Carter penned. Since it subsequently caused problems for the Confederate prisoners-of-war, the correspondence deserves attention. It read in part:39 Sir: By order of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price, commanding, I formally demand of you the immediate surrender, unconditionally, of the troops in Cape Girardeau and the adjoining forts, together with all the ammunition, stores, and other property belonging to the United States in the same. If the surrender is made, I pledge myself to treat the troops as prisoners of war, and to parole and exchange them as practicable. I shall scrupulously protect private property. No differ­ ence will be made in this particular between parties, whether Union or Southern sentiment. One-half hour is allowed for your decision. Colonel William R. Strachan, acting for McNeil, "requested Watson to tell Carter he must credit General McNeil with twenty-nine minutes, as one was sufficient for reply." He at once wrote that the general declined to surrender Cape Girardeau as McNeil believed "himself able to maintain its possession."40 Nevertheless, the brazen Confederates had nothing to lose by try­ ing to bluff McNeil. Upon Marmaduke's arrival from Fredericktown, he attempted to cajole McNeil into surrendering by the same means Carter had employed. Sending a party to the town bearing another flag of truce, Marmaduke reiterated Carter's demand adding an empty warning, "I deem it an easy task to storm and capture the town. . . . In case the demand is not immediately complied with, I request that you will inform all non-combatants in the town to provide for their safety, as I will immediately proceed to attack your position and storm the works." McNeil, however, angered with the brazen Confederates, refused to order a cease fire as the party bearing the white flag approached. Major Henry Ewing, who led the Confederates, com-

37 Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 175. 38 "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 562. 39 G. W. Carter to Officer Commanding U. S. Forces in and around Cape Girardeau, 25 April 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 305. This demand was also printed in the Missouri Democrat, "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 562. 40 Missouri Democrat, "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 562; Love, Wisconsin in the War, 563. 180 Missouri Historical Review

plained, but McNeil retorted, "he was not engaged just then in exchang­ ing compliments or cultivating the amenities of war." Further, he bellowed: "The rebels had his answer last night, and further discussion was superfluous." Although incensed with his reception, Ewing could not change McNeil's mind, and he quickly retired "amid the thunder of artillery and the sharp rattle of musketry." After this final demand, McNeil observed of Marmaduke, "he never saw such impudence in a white man."41 As soon as the Confederates received this abrupt refusal, Marma­ duke ordered a demonstration of Shelby's brigade. The troops, who knew and hated McNeil for his alleged atrocities against southern sympathizers, became so excited that Marmaduke reported the "demon­ stration amounted almost to an attack."42 John Edwards claimed Shelby was only to feint an assault on Cape Girardeau in order for Carter to withdraw his men from their "perilous position."43 But William Zuber insisted that Shelby had disobeyed instructions to make only a slight offensive. When Marmaduke arrived, according to Zuber, his surprise at the intensity of the action prompted him to inquire, "Colonel Shelby! What are you doing?" Shelby had replied: "Making a slight demonstration, sir."44 Marmaduke realized his critical situation. He quickly readied Carter's column for support although it proved unnecessary to bring the Texans into action. But the Confederate position rapidly was becoming untenable, and by evening, Marmaduke ordered a retreat toward Jackson. McNeil had received reinforcements by water; at the same time artillery and infantry under Frank Vandever marched toward the town from Fredericktown. Sandwiched between the two forces which could attack him simultaneously, Marmaduke began to retire toward Arkansas.45 Anger and frustration raced through the minds of the retreating Confederates. The vehement hatred Missouri troops felt for McNeil made the withdrawal particularly abrasive. Someone had to take the blame; for many, the finger pointed at the inexperienced Carter. Even Marmaduke privately may have subscribed to this belief and possibly shared his feelings with close members of his staff who later recorded their recollections. Marmaduke's official report did not mention Carter's

41 Love, Wisconsin in the War, 564. 42 Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 285-288. 43 Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 128. 44 Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 176. 45 Ibid., 176-177; Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 545-548; Moore, "Missouri," 9: 131-132; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 129-131. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 181

State Historical Society of Missouri The Confederates found Cape Girardeau controlled by Union forces. actions although a hint of disapproval might be construed from a letter Carter wrote to Henry Ewing. He reported that, as the force began its retreat toward Jackson, Marmaduke had removed him from command over the column and returned him to his own brigade.46 Many wounded Confederates who remained behind also believed Carter had mismanaged the affair. "In those days of intense bitterness and malignity," wrote Bennett Young, being left in Missouri "was barely preferable to death."47 To succor the injured, assistant surgeon S.S. Harris volunteered to stay. He requested McNeil to allow him to establish a hospital near Cape Girardeau where he could take the wounded. But McNeil refused; instead he ordered the captives moved along with the column following the retreating Southerners. McNeil promised that he would send Harris and his charges through the lines to Marmaduke as soon as possible, but he changed his mind. Irritated when the Confederate force escaped unscathed, McNeil appeared to vent his frustration on the sick and wounded. He returned all to Cape Girardeau where he held them pending negotiations. McNeil reasoned, according to Surgeon Harris, that Carter's demand for surrender had been in the name of General Price and therefore McNeil considered the men he held as belonging to that army. Since he believed Price to be at Little Rock, he decided to convey the prisoners to Helena for exchange.

46 Carter reported that on the morning of the 26th Colonel Shelby had joined him near Cape Girardeau and had attacked the fortification. The only Texans involved when Shelby assaulted the Federals was a section of Pratt's Battery. Report of G. W. Carter, 5 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 300-301. 47 Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 546. 182 Missouri Historical Review

Harris did not reach the Confederate lines until over two weeks after the raid had ended.48 If Carter was under fire, at least his Texas troops distinguished themselves. By Marmaduke's orders, Carter's brigade along with Shel­ by's, shared rear guard duty as the column moved from Jackson toward Bloomfield. Charles Morgan, recalled William Zuber, had requested to occupy the extreme rear in order "that he might be first to meet the enemy."49 As the Texans neared the White Water bridge, skirmishing erupted; the troops charged a detachment of Vandever's force pursuing them. Carter reported his men captured eighteen Yankees including one captain.50 A Federal account verified Vandever had engaged the Confederates "and that part of one company of the Third Iowa had been gobbled up by them."51 Following this encounter, Carter ordered the bridge demolished. When the Federals arrived in force, they cap-

48 Harris had asked for and received a copy of Carter's demand for surrender which he included with his letter. But it would have been an easy matter to obtain one since it had been printed in newspapers in Missouri. Report of S. S. Harris, 27 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1,304. 49 Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 178. 50 Report of G. W. Carter, 5 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 300-303; Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, ibid., 285-288. 51 "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 563. Also see Charles W. W. Dow to his father and family, 28 May 1863, Lothrop, A History of the First regiment Iowa cavalry, 112-117. Dow was a lieutenant in Company F, 1st Iowa.

The Confederate troops camped in the woods. State Historical Society of Missouri Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 183 tured two Texans who had volunteered to remain behind and complete the destruction.52 The Confederate loss at White Water appeared light although the Texas troops had several horses killed and at least four men captured. Perhaps Sergeant Atlas C. Norwood of Morgan's command, captured on that day, confided to the Yankees, "if they had come up ten minutes sooner they could have had the rear-guard of some fifty men, who destroyed the bridge, and had just disappeared."53 McNeil ordered his men to rebuild the structure and the column pressed on. "They followed us," recalled Lieutenant Walton, "at a rapid rate. . . . Their horses were fresh—and ours weary."54 A lame Missourian stand­ ing in his front yard yelled to the passing column: "We're glad to see you. You're the first Confederate soldiers we've seen in two years." But Private Zuber sadly had answered, "the Feds are driving us out." Look, he shouted: "Every time we halt, their front fires upon our rear. They'll fire in five minutes."55 Lieutenant Charles Dow of the 1st Iowa Cavalry wrote the Confederates "would make a stand on the crest of every hill, (and it was a very rough country on either side of the road, which was on a ridge,) but our carbines and little bulldog [howitzer] always drove them [off]."56 Confusion prevailed on both sides. At one point, McNeil ordered the 3rd Missouri Cavalry to silence the Confederate batteries, which constantly annoyed the Federal position. But as the enemy approached, 52 The skirmish at White Water successfully detained the Federals three hours while they built another bridge. "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 563. In Carter's report he noted that Watson, Giddings, Morgan and Pratt deserved special notice for their "gallantry and energy" in detaining the enemy. Report of G. W. Carter, 5 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 302-303; Love, Wisconsin in the War, 564. 53 "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 563; Compiled Military Service Records of Atlas C. Norwood of Morgan's Battalion, Hugh M. Powers and John Hudson of the Nineteenth Texas, and Lucius Olds and William M. Chase of the Twenty-first Texas. Powers died May 6 in the hospital at Cape Girardeau, Hudson was exchanged, Norwood escaped, and Olds expressed that he did not wish to be exchanged although he was back in Mississippi in 1864. Unfortunately, since records can often be misleading it is difficult to ascertain the facts exactly; both sides not only exaggerated casualties but often failed to report them. Compiled Military Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, Nineteenth Texas Cavalry, Microfilm Rolls 323:104-106, Twenty-first Texas Cavalry, Microfilm Rolls 323:110-112, Morgan's Bat­ talion, Microfilm Rolls 323:207-209. In the Return of Casualties in Marmaduke's Cavalry Division, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 288, the Texans had 7 men killed, 37 wounded, and 10 missing. The press also carried a report of casualties, Houston Tri-Weekly Telegraph, 15 June 1863. One Federal reported the rebel loss could not have been less than 1,500. Love, Wisconsin in the War, 565. 54 Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 48. 55 Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 179. 56 Charles W. W. Dow to his father and family, 28 May 1863, Lothrop, A History of the First regiment Iowa cavalry, 117. 184 Missouri Historical Review

Pratt's artillerymen opened a destructive fire with grape driving them back in disorder. Taking advantage of the temporary chaos, detach­ ments of Texans under John B. Williams, Charles Morgan and Martin M. Kenney charged. McNeil made a vain effort to hurry reinforcements and bring up his artillery, but he was unsuccessful.57 Lieutenant Dow of the 1st Iowa related one interesting story that may have referred to a Texan in Carter's command. "One cuss rode out of the rebel lines with a white flag or rag on his ramrod," wrote Dow, "but in the other [he held] a double-barreled shot-gun at an advance; the firing did not cease on their side. ..." But, Dow observed, "you can't catch the First Iowa on a flag of truce more than once, especially with the bearer carrying a shot-gun and the enemy continuing to fire." The men recognized the ploy, "which was to gain time and so escape with their guns." As soon as the audacious Confederate left his cover, "the bullets whistled round him like hail. He wheeled, fired both barrels of his gun at us, and vamosed."58 For the invaders, a swift retreat became essential. "In those days it was easy enough to get into Missouri," wrote Bennett Young, "but sometimes it was extremely difficult to get out."59 The flooded St. Francis afforded a real obstacle between the Confederates and safety. Marmaduke ordered details of unarmed and noneffective troops in advance of the main column to construct a temporary bridge over the river. Heavy rains made the water turbulent, and the hastily constructed structure of huge logs appeared more like a raft; the shaky structure rose up and down in the swift water. In spite of its ominous appearance, it served the purpose. Carter's Texans, still the rear guard, crossed between midnight and daybreak on May 3. The cavalry dismounted and walked while the animals, pushed into the river, had to swim. As soon as Marmaduke believed the command safely on the Arkansas side, he ordered the bridge cut loose.60 But in his haste to escape, Marmaduke had failed to account for all of his troops; many of the Texans remained in Missouri. Lieutenant

57 "The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 564; Report of G. W. Carter, 5 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 302-303; Report of John Q. Burbridge, 11 May 1863, ibid., 296-298; Report of G. W. Thompson, 15 May 1863, ibid., 289-293; Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, ibid., 285-288; Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 177-184; Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 48-51. 58 Charles W. W. Dow to his father and family, 28 May 1863, Lothrop, A History of the First regiment Iowa cavalry, 117. 59 Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 549. 60 Ibid., 561; Moore, "Missouri," 9: 133-134; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 133; Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 285-288; Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 183. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 185

Walton, with about 250 men, had been detailed to guard a road and prevent the Federals from flanking the retreating column. Walton recalled, at daylight when he and his men returned to join the main force, "what was our surprise not to see a Confederate any where. The army had disappeared as completely as if it had been swallowed up by the earth—but there was great activity to the north." Shot and shell quickly broke the oppressive silence, as Walton discerned: "The enemy was getting ready to advance." Astonishment turned to anger. "That was a pretty to do," snapped Walton. "We had been forgotten. ... I was mad and mortified. . . . but it was no time to waste in regrets or madness."61 Remaining on the Missouri bank meant certain capture or death; the Texans raced for the makeshift log crossing. "Just as we got in sight of the bridge," recalled Walton, "we saw it swinging from the North bank slowly but surely to midstream, and thence to the southern bank. ..." Walton's heart sunk as the structure broke loose and floated downstream. Incredulous, Walton exploded with anger: "We looked with astonishment, with fear and regret, as we saw the bridge settle down." As the Federals came into view, Walton yelled, "follow me—I am going to swim the river." With that he spurred his horse into the swirling current, swung from the saddle, grasped his animal's mane, and prayed! Other Texans grabbed their frightened horses by the tails, but all miraculously crossed even though bullets peppered the water. "We were safe," sighed Walton. "Wet as drowned rats" and "mighty badly scared. . . ."62 Furious, Walton headed straight for Marmaduke's headquarters. Yet, the commander only laughed, "actually laughed—it was amusing" complained Walton, "but I felt that laugh for a long time." Instead of allowing Walton's weary men to rest, Marmaduke ordered them to dry their clothes, eat and return to duty at the river to prevent McNeil from crossing.63 McNeil, however, had no intention of pursuing Marmaduke into Arkansas. Moreover, many critics believed he had purposely avoided catching up with the cornered Confederates and intentionally allowed them to escape. Whatever his motives, the chase ended at the St. Francis, and the exhausted Federals camped on the Missouri side. On the river bank, Union pickets played cards and dice unaware that any Southerners remained in the area.64 61 Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 51-52. 62 Ibid. 63 Ibid. 64 Many Missourians at the time believed that McNeil allowed Marmaduke to escape and this resulted in a newspaper controversy shortly after the raid ended. In fact, several times during the retreat McNeil apparently had the advantage but failed to press it sufficiently. Moore, "Missouri," 9: 133; 'The Marmaduke Raid," 6: 563. 186 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Confederate troops surprised the Federals, but the Union artillery soon retaliated.

Marmaduke ordered some of his men to return to the river bank and fire on the soldiers relaxing on the other side. As the quiet and tranquillity along the St. Francis burst into gunfire, Federal pickets scattered behind trees, stumps or logs. In retaliation, McNeil ordered the artillery to open up on the concealed sharpshooters. The cannonade lasted two hours until McNeil believed the enemy had retired.65 When the Southerners felt secure in their position, the troops began to play with the enemy across the river. After the firing ceased, Walton returned to the top of the ridge to observe the damage. He saw several Federal officers riding on the opposite side doing likewise. They provided an easy mark; Walton motioned for about six men to hurry up the bank before the enemy rode away. Walton had no idea who they were when he ordered his Texans to fire. But a St. Louis newspaper reported, "a sharp engagement ensued between McNeil on this side and the rebels on the other side, in which General McNeil and his aide Lieutenant Ankony, volunteer, both had their horses shot from under them. A terrific artillery fire served as a dejoie for the final safety of the rebel force."66 Back in camp, Marmaduke continued to chide Walton: "Why Lieutenant, you kicked up a mighty fuss back at the river. ... if I had known you were going to have that much/w/i, I would have gone with you." Walton sarcastically added: "I forgot to say, that my men were so greatly worn, tired and sleepy, that many of them went sound to sleep, and slept all the time of the cannonade."67 Marmaduke's raid, however, did not equal a Union effort. Ironic­ ally, on April 17, Federal Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson had left

65 Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 51-52. 66 Ibid.; "The Marmaduke Raid," 564. 67 Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 53. Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863 187

Memphis with 1,700 men and cut a sweeping path 600 miles long that ended in Baton Rouge sixteen days later. While Marmaduke's ill-fated raid ended in near disaster, Grierson's was "the first long-range expedi­ tion by the Union cavalry into enemy territory."68 Suddenly, the Confederate cavalry no longer held a monopoly in the West and, as Grant observed, Grierson "has spread excitement throughout the State, destroying railroads, trestleworks, bridges, burning locomotives and railway stock, taking prisoners, and destroying stores of all kinds. To use the expression of my informant, 'Grierson has nocked the heart out of the State'."69 Attention, therefore, focused on the successful Union raid while Marmaduke's futile effort received little notice. "In terms of strategic objectives," concluded Stephen Oates, "Marmaduke's second Missouri raid was a complete failure."70 Marma­ duke had hoped Missourians would rise and join him, but only about one hundred and fifty new recruits took the place of the thirty killed, sixty wounded and 120 reported missing. The Confederates had not destroyed the supply depot at Cape Girardeau nor had Marmaduke remained in the state long enough to draw troops from Grant's expedi­ tion. Instead of hit and run as he should have done with cavalry, Marmaduke had bogged down with supply wagons and had attempted a siege, a fundamental mistake for mounted troops. E. Kirby Smith reported the objective of the expedition had been to relieve Arkansas from the necessity of supplying forage for the army. This too failed for the men and animals returned to Arkansas tired, jaded and as hungry as when they left two weeks before. But in spite of future judgements, Major B.D. Chenowith of the 21st Texas proudly wrote his sister that the raid had been a great success and "equal to anything that Marma­ duke or Forrest have ever done."71 68 Stephen Z. Starr, The Union Cavalry in the Civil War. Vol. Ill: The War in the West 1861-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 193. 69 U. S. Grant to H. W. Halleck, 3 May 1863, O.R., vol. 24, pt. 1, 33-34. 70 Oates, Confederate Cavalry West of the River, 130. 71 B. D. Chenowith to sister, 10 May 1863, Houston Tri-Weekly Telegraph, 8 June 1863. Stephen Oates, highly critical of Marmaduke's planning, asserted he "allowed himself to remain ignorant of road conditions, the forces available to the enemy, and the strength of the four forts at Cape Girardeau." Oates, Confederate Cavalry West of the River, 130-131; Report of John S. Marmaduke, 20 May 1863, O.R., vol. 22, pt. 1, 285- 288. Lieutenant Walton accurately stated the results of the raid although he wrote his version much later. He noted, "at the time I thought and now I know, it was unwise, hardy—& foolish thing to do. . . . We did not lose many—that's true—because we just run up there—& run back a good deal faster than we went." Walton, An Epitome of My Life, 45. In addition, William Zuber wrote that Colonel Carter explained, "the purpose of our visit to Missouri was to provoke them [the Federals] to turn their attention to the defense of that state." Rather stretching a point Carter had continued: "We had not only diverted their attention from their conquest of Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana to the defense of Missouri, but, destroying bridges and telegraph lines and tearing up railroads, we had also crippled their communication between their garrisons in Missouri." Zuber, My Eighty Years in Texas, 184. 188 Missouri Historical Review

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

State Historical Society of Missouri Lyman Field of Kansas City was the featured speaker at the State Historical Society's annual meeting luncheon on October 7, 1989.

Society Holds Annual Meeting The State Historical Society of Missouri held its annual meeting, October 7, 1989, in the Memorial Union on the campus of the Uni­ versity of Missouri, Columbia. President Joseph Webber of St. Louis presided. At the annual business meeting, members approved a proposed amendment to the bylaws that increased the membership of the Execu­ tive Committee to eight. The following officers of the State Historical Society were elected: Robert C. Smith, Columbia, president; Avis Tucker, Warrensburg, first vice president; Sheridan A. Logan, St. Joseph, second vice president; Virginia G. Young, Columbia, third vice president; Noble E. Cunningham, Columbia, fourth vice president; R. Kenneth Elliott, Kansas City, fifth vice president; Robert G. J. Hoester, Kirkwood, sixth vice president; and Albert M. Price, Columbia, treas­ urer. Their term of office ends at the annual board of trustees meeting in 1992. Trustees elected for a term ending in 1992 were Vera Burk, Kirksville; Richard DeCoster, Canton; Jean Tyree Hamilton, Marshall; Historical Notes and Comments 189

W. Rogers Hewitt, Shelbyville; Doyle Patterson, Kansas City; Stuart Symington, Jr., St. Louis; Robert Wolpers, Poplar Bluff; and Dalton C. Wright, Lebanon. Lawrence O. Christensen, Rolla, replaced Robert M. White, Mexico, who resigned; and Henrietta Ambrose, Webster Groves, replaced Robert C. Smith, who became president. Their term of office ends at the annual meeting in 1990. Named to the executive committee of the board of trustees to serve with President Smith were William Aull, Lexington; Francis M. Barnes III, Kirkwood; Jean Tyree Hamilton, Marshall; James C. Olson, Kansas City; Joseph Webber, St. Louis; H. Riley Bock, New Madrid; Blanche M. Touhill, St. Louis; and Virginia G. Young, Columbia. Executive director James W. Goodrich gave his annual report on the activities of the State Historical Society for fiscal year 1988-1989. Although we have much for which to be thankful, he said, the occasion was a sad one because the Society had lost three stalwarts during the past year: Elmer Ellis, Lewis E. Atherton and W. Wallace Smith. On a 190 Missouri Historical Review

Award recipients included (top left to right) Alan Hale for the Shoemaker History Award; Bob Priddy, AASLH Award; John Crighton, Brownlee Fund Award; (center left to right) Laura Bullion, Brownlee Fund for Missouri History Day; Lawrence Christensen for best Review article; (bottom) Sid­ ney Larson for Distinguished Service Award. happier note, he told the audience the staff had assisted over 47,000 patrons, and the state appropriation had increased over 11 percent from the previous fiscal year. Among other items of interest to the member­ ship was the announcement that plans now are underway for the second phase of the Ellis Library/State Historical Society expansion and renovation. When the project is completed the Society should gain more than 16,500 finished square feet. Dr. Goodrich also announced the completion of two new publica- Historical Notes and Comments 191

tions. In honor of the centennial year of the birth of Missouri's famous 20th-century artist, Thomas Hart Benton, a book of essays had been published by the Society entitled, Thomas Hart Benton: Artist, Writer, Intellectual. The book was available for purchase at the Society's open house following the luncheon. The other volume, My Road To Emeritus, was a delightful and highly informative autobiography by Elmer Ellis. Its publication seemed particularly appropriate in view of the University of Missouri's sesquicentennial celebration. In terms of the collections, a number of outstanding acquisitions illustrated the Society's continued positive growth. These included maps, books, editorial cartoons, newspapers and manuscripts. Dr. Goodrich noted that the History Day program, to which the staffs of the Society and the Joint Manuscript Collection had con­ tributed time and financial support, also had involved thousands of students, parents and teachers. He read a letter from a 16-year-old student, Sharon Baker of Atlanta, Missouri. She told how she had enjoyed and benefitted from the program. Following the business meeting, members and guests attended the 192 Missouri Historical Review annual luncheon in the Memorial Union ballroom. President Joseph Webber presided and presented several awards. An American Associa­ tion for State and Local History award was presented to Bob Priddy, News Director, Missouri Network, Jefferson City, for his promotion of the history of Missouri. He recalls the state's history through radio programs, "Across Our Wide Missouri," through his writings and his most recent book, Only the Rivers Are Peaceful: Thomas Hart Benton's Missouri Mural. The Richard S. Brownlee Fund award was shared by two recipients engaged in the promotion of Missouri history. One award was presented to Laura Bullion of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, to assist in funding the 1990 Missouri History Day. The other award went to John Crighton for completion of his book on the comprehensive history of health services in the state of Missouri. Alan Hale received the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award for his paper, "The Political Career of George Caleb Bingham, 1840-1865," written in his senior year at Northeast R-IV High School, Cairo. The 1989 award for the best article published in the Missouri Historical Review went to Lawrence O. Christensen for "Being Special: Women Students at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy." It appeared in the October 1988 issue. Sidney Larson, professor of art at Columbia College and art ' &&&$ • / 194 Missouri Historical Review curator for the State Historical Society, received the 1989 Distinguished Service Award and Medallion, presented by Dr. Goodrich. The featured speaker at the luncheon was Lyman Field, a partner in the Kansas City law firm of Field, Gentry, Benjamin & Robert­ son, P.C. In honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Hart Benton, Field, a long-time friend of the artist, spoke on "Thomas Hart Benton Remembered." Field is chairman of the Thomas Hart Ben­ ton Memorial Advisory Committee and trustee of the Thomas Hart Benton and Rita P. Benton testamentary trusts. A Fellow in the American College of Trial Lawyers, he is a trustee of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation and serves on the board of directors of the Missouri Institute of Justice and Mid-America Arts Alliance. His address ap­ pears in this issue. An open house in the State Historical Society quarters in Elmer Ellis Library further celebrated the Thomas Hart Benton centennial. The Art Gallery featured the artist's original illustrations for a 1944 publication by the Limited Edition's Club of Mark Twain's classic, Life on the Mississippi. Members and the public also viewed a private showing of the social history mural of Columbia and Boone County by Society curator Sidney Larson. The work was on exhibition prior to its permanent installation in Columbia's Guitar Building. Selections from the Society's editorial cartoon collection hung in the Corridor Galleries. The reference and newspaper libraries had arranged special displays of their holdings for visitors. In conjunction with the annual meeting, the Society again offered four workshops. Marsha Hoffman Rising, a certified genealogist, con­ ducted a workshop on "Finding Births, Deaths and Marriages Without Vital Registration." Martin Shay, director of the State Museum of Missouri, discussed "Museum Techniques for Local Museums and Local Historical Societies." "Researching State, Local and Family History at the State Archives" was presented by Gary Kremer, director of the State Archives of Missouri. In addition, staff members of the State Historical Society and Western Historical Manuscript Collections offered an overview of "History Day for Classroom Teachers."

Trouble with the Weather Knob Noster, Will Can's Gem, January 11, 1889. The weather clerk and the coal dealer are not on speaking terms. The plumber has pawned his diamonds. The manufacturer of snow shovels has gone to Canada for his health. The proprietor of the winter resort hotel signed a chattel mortgage last week. The man with the toboggan slide and the owner of the patent skate are wearing their last- summer garments. In fact, lots of people are in trouble because the weather is so fine. Historical Notes and Comments 195

NEWS IN BRIEF

Mark Thomas, State Historical Society president of the Midwest Archives Confer­ Newspaper Library staff member, traveled ence, the nation's largest regional archival to Southeast Missouri, August 22-23, and organization. She will serve a two-year acquired several major newspaper collec­ term. tions to be microfilmed for the Society. Added to the Society's holdings from Perry- ville were the Perry County Republican, Graham, Missouri, Nodaway County's October 28, 1897-July 18, 1901; and a oldest town, celebrated its sesquicenten­ single issue of the Perry County Democrat nial, August 25-27. Burial of a time cap­ for April 21, 1898. Randy Pribble, pub­ sule, a pageant, contests, games, a flea lisher of the Perryville Monitor and Perry market, food and musical entertainment County Republic, loaned the papers. highlighted the event. Gerald Jones, publisher of the Jackson Cash-Book Journal, loaned the Jackson Items, September 15, 1910-July 15, 1915; The Museum of Ozarks' History in the and the Deutscher Volksfreund (German), Bentley House, Springfield, hosted "Early March 11, 1886-February 13, 1919. Karen Harvest: Ozark Photographs of Charles and David C. Tennyson, publishers of the Elliott Gill, 1880-1940," September 1-16. Steele Enterprise, loaned copies of that Sponsored by the University of Missouri- newspaper for the years, 1922-1962. In Rolla and the Missouri Humanities Coun­ September, the Society borrowed two other cil, the traveling exhibit included forty newspapers for microfilming. Wm. Pat photographs that document the agricul­ Thomas, publisher of the Drexel Star, pro­ ture, leisure, nature and people of the vided that paper, October 21, 1904-October Salem area in Dent County. The Museum's 11, 1906 and October 24, 1907-October 2, major fall exhibit, "From the Loom: His­ 1913. The Steiner family, current pub­ toric Woven Textiles," opened on Sep­ lishers of the Vandalia Leader-Press, loaned tember 19 and continued through Decem­ issues of the Vandalia Leader, 1880-1882 ber 30. It showcased handwoven coverlets, (incomplete); 1895-1898; and 1901. linens, homespun items and weaving equip­ ment from Missouri and the Ozarks area, 1820-1920. Lynn Wolf Gentzler, assistant director of the Western Historical Manuscript Col­ lection-Columbia and State Historical So­ Carolyn Collings, reference specialist, ciety of Missouri Manuscripts, attended and Paula McNeill, manuscript specialist, the Institute for the Editing of Historical both with the State Historical Society, Documents, June 18-29, 1989, at the Uni­ have coauthored the recent exhibition cata­ versity of Wisconsin-Madison. The Insti­ log, Faculty Artist. The catalog, which tute, sponsored by the National Historical documents the first written history of the Publications and Records Commission, the Missouri University Art Department, was State Historical Society of Wisconsin and produced for the School of Fine Arts, the University of Wisconsin, focused on Department of Art exhibit entitled Faculty editorial procedures for publishing original Artist: A Retrospective of Works by letters and documents. Former Members of the Art Faculty at MU, 1877 to Present. The exhibit was open to the public August 28-September Nancy Lankford, associate director of 24. A reception on September 10 renamed the Western Historical Manuscript Collec­ the Fine Arts Gallery the "George Caleb tion-Columbia and State Historical Society Bingham Gallery." The State Historical of Missouri Manuscripts, has been elected Society loaned four works of former faculty 196 Missouri Historical Review members for the exhibit and several items Paula McNeill, manuscript specialist at from the Verna M. Wulfekammer Collec­ the State Historical Society, presented a tion at Western Historical Manuscripts. paper at the Second Penn State Confer­ Collings and McNeill compiled the biogra­ ence on the History of Art Education, phies for the exhibit labels. The event and October 12-14, at University Park, Penn­ publication were sponsored in part by the sylvania. Her paper, "The Verna M. Wulfe­ University of Missouri Sesquicentennial kammer Collection at the Western His­ Committee. torical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia," will be published Beginning September 15 and continuing in 1990 in the proceedings and papers of through November 12, the Campbell House the conference. Her paper on "Verna M. Museum, 1508 Locust Street, St. Louis, Wulfekammer: An Oral History of an Art displayed "Col. Robert Campbell: Images Educator" appeared in Working Papers in of the West (1825-1851)." Prepared in con­ Art Education, published by the School of junction with the St. Louis Mercantile Art and Art History, at the University of Library, the exhibition highlighted Camp­ Iowa, in 1989. bell's fur trading activities in the Rocky Mountain West. The Museum also spon­ In October, State Historical Society edi­ sored a series of lectures relating to the torial staff members presented the "Mis­ exhibit. souri Women in History" slide show to two local groups. On October 10, Mary K. On September 16, the Friends of the Dains and Leona S. Morris gave the pro­ Gray-Campbell Farmstead and the Ozarks gram for Phi Upsilon Omicron, the Home Genealogical Society sponsored the 4th Economics Alumni honorary, at the Me­ annual exposition at the Gray-Campbell morial Student Union, University of Mis­ Farmstead, Springfield's oldest home, now souri-Columbia. They participated in located in Nathanael Greene Park. The Boone County Extension Homemakers an­ event included crafts, music, demonstra­ nual "Show Me Day" on October 25, at tions of the 1850s and compilation of a the Boone County Extension Center near census of Springfield-area residents who Midway. descend from pioneer settlers. Over 60 persons attended ceremonies, On September 21, Elizabeth Bailey, ref­ October 28, dedicating a historic marker erence specialist at the State Historical in Huntsville. The Moberly Chapter of the Society, spoke to twenty women at the Daughters of the American Colonists monthly meeting of Gibson Circle, United placed the marker to preserve the history Methodist Women of the Missouri United of the Plank Road of the Huntsville-Glas- Methodist Church, Columbia. She told gow Company, chartered in 1851. W.A. them about the State Historical Society (Bill) Markland, state representative of and her work in the reference library. Armstrong, gave the main address and related the importance of the road which At its September 30 meeting in the briefly served the commercial needs of Sweeney Convention Center, Santa Fe, tobacco factories and growers in Randolph New Mexico, the Santa Fe Trail Associa­ and Howard counties. tion presented the 1989 Awards of Merit. These awards recognized individual efforts Governor and Mrs. John Ashcroft and to preserve, protect and promote the his­ their family hosted the annual Christmas toric old Santa Fe Trail. Author, historian tours at the Governor's Mansion in Jeffer­ and Society trustee Jean Tyree Hamilton, son City on December 4 and 5. The man­ of Marshall, Missouri, received one of the sion's Christmas tree featured the 421-piece awards, as did Kansas City, Missouri, tele­ collection of scherenschnitte ornaments vision station KCTV, Channel 5. from the Smithsonian Institution's exhibit. Historical Notes and Comments 197

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Adair County Historical Society Belton Historical Society Jerrold M. Hirsch of the Northeast Mis­ At the October 22 meeting at the City souri State University faculty presented Hall Museum, members viewed films made "Living History, Goals and Methods" at in Belton during the 1940s and early 1950s the September 9 meeting in Community by George and Florence Spear. Items from Federal Savings and Loan Building, Kirks­ the estate of Giles Lutz, a noted western ville. He discussed interviewing as a tool author, were on display at the museum. for local history. Clement and Mary Bertolino have given the Society two paintings for Lutz's book Affton Historical Society covers. The Society also has acquired Jas- The annual Fall Bazaar and Country samine Spear Johnson's Montana Round­ Kitchen to fund the preservation of Oak­ up, a 1929 watercolor. land House was held at the house on October 20-21. The Society's annual Christ­ Blue Springs Historical Society mas House featured a children's play, story­ Board members of the Society invited tellers, puppet shows, and Santa. members and friends to the August 1 cele­ bration in honor of Narra Lewis at the Atchison County Historical Society Dillingham-Lewis Museum. A display fea­ The Society plans to place signs marking tured an original painting by Miss Lewis, Lewis and Clark campsites in Atchison presented to the museum by Gertrude County. Harry Broermann, who identified Myers. Jack Looney of Independence pre­ the sites, also led a program on "Atchison sented "Hooked on Lures" at the Septem­ County's Two Countyseats and Four Court­ ber 5 meeting; part of his antique collection houses" at the Tarkio M.E. Church on was displayed at the museum. On October July 30. 15, the Society sponsored a showing of old cars, tools and guns on the grounds be­ Audrain County Historical Society tween the museum and the Chicago and Roy Blunt, Missouri secretary of state, Alton Hotel. The Society has begun par­ spoke at the Society's annual banquet, ticipation in the "Adopt-A-School" pro­ November 14, at the Knights of Columbus gram; students at the Thomas Ultican Hall in Mexico. School will conduct research at the museum and interview older residents. Barton County Historical Society On October 8, over 65 members and Boone County Historical Society guests attended the meeting at Law Chapel, The Society cohosted "Boone County Lamar United Methodist Church. Postal Heritage Days," September 23-24, at Frank carrier Patsy Shields presented a program G. Nifong Historical Park and Maplewood on early Barton County post offices and Mansion, Columbia. Approximately 5,000 rural routes. Dale Wootton's history of people attended the event which featured the Barton County Courthouse was read historical displays, crafts, a parade and a during rededication ceremonies on October fiddling contest. 7. The Society displayed antique clothing, Boone/Duden Historical Society quilts, and household and farm items at Members enjoyed a picnic at Robert the Barton County Fair, September 7-9. and Mary Lou Thomasson's Missouri Ter­ ritorial Village south of New Melle on Bellevue Valley Historical Society August 27. Bill Schiermeier gave a slide On September 20, at the Caledonia Com­ presentation of the Augusta area on Octo­ munity Center, Lindell E. Akers presented ber 30, at the United Church of Christ in a program on the Battle of Pilot Knob, Augusta. fought September 27, 1864, and on its reenactment, September 24-25, 1989. Mr. Boonslick Historical Society and Mrs. Jewell Henson of Iron Mountain On October 19, members held a dinner performed their original musical selections meeting at the Catholic Church in Boon­ on the Battle of Pilot Knob and Caledonia. ville. State Historical Society staff mem- 198 Missouri Historical Review

bers Mary K. Dains and Leona S. Morris Cass County Historical Society gave the slide presentation, "Missouri On September 24, Bill Stevick told the Women in History" and displayed the So­ "Story of Old Drum," at Pearson Hall in ciety's recent publications. Harrisonville.

Brown County Historical Association Cedar County Historical Society Michael Roark, associate professor of At the annual meeting on July 31 in geography at Southeast Missouri State Uni­ Sandy's Cafe in Stockton, new officers versity, Cape Girardeau, presented two pro­ were installed. grams as part of the American Mirror Chariton County Historical Society speakers bureau sponsored by the Missouri New officers are: Sally Guilford, presi­ Humanities Council. The October 8 pro­ dent; Carole Bentley, vice president; gram featured "Westward Expansion and Kathryn Winkelmeyer, secretary; and Ger­ Missouri"; "Victorian American Greeting trude Loth, treasurer. Cards" was the title of the November 6 program. Both events were held at the Christian County Museum and Historical First Baptist Church of Sweet Springs. Society New exhibits include a shared project Brush and Palette Club with the Christian County Library to dis­ The Club held its 38th Annual Arts and play 200 early Ozark photographs, copied Crafts Festival at the Hermann Middle by Dr. Bruce Pegram and donated to the and Elementary Schools, on October 14- museum. 15. Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Camden County Historical Society In May, the Round Table presented the The Society's museum, located in the 1989 Harry S. Truman Award for distin­ former Linn Creek School, displayed a guished Civil War scholars to Dr. William replica of the interior of Camden County N. Still, Jr. Steven D. Treaster discussed Bank, farm equipment, blacksmith tools the Battle of the Big Blue at Byram's Ford and home furnishings. Photographs and at the September 26 meeting at the Home­ papers are stored in the archives room. stead Country Club, Prairie Village, Kan­ Members use a "barn loom" to weave rugs sas. Dan L. Smith explained the Battle of for sale to benefit the Society. They held a Mine Creek on October 24. consignment auction, September 30. Civil War Round Table of St. Louis The Round Table meets at Garavelli's Campbell Area Genealogical and Restaurant. The Battle of Cedar Creek Historical Society was explained by A. Wilson Greene, Na­ On July 10 new officers were elected: tional Park Service historian at Fredericks­ Harold M. Wood, president; Dale Borders, burg and Spotsylvania, during the Septem­ vice president; Georgia Hickson, secretary; ber 27 meeting. On October 25, Col. James Fay Philpost, treasurer; Edna Foster, press L. Morrison, Jr., presented a detailed pic­ secretary; and Woodie Wood, editor. ture of West Point between 1833 and 1866 and the extent of its influence on graduates Carondelet Historical Society during the Civil War. General Marvin Father Edward Eichor spoke to the So­ Knoll discussed the impact of the blockade ciety on October 1, at the Carondelet His­ runners during the December 6 meeting. toric Center, St. Louis. He displayed 1904 World's Fair memorabilia to accompany Clay County Museum and Historical his talk on the fair. Members toured his­ Society toric areas of St. Charles and Daniel The Society presented Louis Schlickel- Boone's home on October 21. man with a plaque of appreciation for his Historical Notes and Comments 199 many years of service. Members held the Quarterly, was the guest speaker at the annual ice cream social at Heritage Village, November 9 meeting at Concordia Semi­ August 27. The museum opened for ex­ nary. The Institute hosted the Conference tended hours on September 22-23, during on Archives and History, November 9-11. the Fall Festival and hosted approximately 50 members of the Liberty Area Chamber Dallas County Historical Society of Commerce on September 28. David At the August 17 meeting in Buffalo Duke, associate professor of religion at Head Prairie Historical Park, Charles E. William Jewell College, Liberty, spoke at Moore provided a display to accompany the November 4 fall membership dinner at his talk on Indian artifacts found in Dallas the Elms Hotel, Excelsior Springs. His County. Wayne Glenn of KTXR in Spring­ talk featured "Utopian Communities in field played records from the 1930s through 19th Century America such as Missouri's 1950s at the September 21 meeting in the own Bethel Colony." Dallas County Museum, Buffalo. The Octo­ ber 7-8 Prairie Days at Buffalo Head Clinton County Historical Society Prairie Historical Park featured demonstra­ On October 7, the Society's float won tions of handmade arts and crafts. second place in the "David Rice Atchison Days" parade. Basket weaving was demon­ Daughters of Old Westport strated in front of the Historical House in Following restoration of the Charles C. Plattsburg during the festival, October 5- Spaulding 1855 map of Westport, Mis­ 7. Jack Powell, of Lathrop, discussed "The souri, the Daughters sponsored an Octo­ Early Days of WPA and REC" at the ber 1 program and reception in the Mis­ November 11 meeting at the Historical souri Valley Room at the Kansas City House. Public Library. The map is on display there. Cole County Historical Society and Museum DeKalb County Historical Society A grant from the A.P. Green Foundation At the September 17 meeting at the has permitted the collection of 22 gover­ Nutrition Site in Cameron, Mr. and Mrs. nor's wives inaugural gowns to be evaluated Burnis Winger traced land and business by a fabric conservationist. The fourth ownership since 1877 in a three-square- floor of the museum now provides climate mile area north of Eighth Street in Cam­ controlled storage for gowns and other eron. textiles, along with a new display area for children's toys. The museum's new exhibit Dent County Historical Society includes dresses and a portrait of Mrs. Members will use information gathered John Dalton. State Archivist Gary Kremer this summer to publish a book listing those discussed the importance of county his­ buried in Dent County cemeteries. New torical societies at the November 12 meet­ officers include Virginia West, president; ing. Eileen Gill, vice president; Velma Cox, secretary; and Phyllis Cox, treasurer. Concordia Area Heritage Society The Society donated a tape of railroad Dunklin County Museum sounds to the city for use in the caboose in "The Faces of War: Missouri Soldiers Central Park. Members joined with the As They Were, 1861-1865," a traveling Lohefener House Museum for craft demon­ exhibit from the Missouri Department of strations and historical activities on Octo­ Natural Resources, was on display at the ber 8. museum during September. Concordia Historical Institute Excelsior Springs Historical Museum Dr. Oliver Olson, editor of The Lutheran The museum held an open house on 200 Missouri Historical Review

October 7, in conjunction with Excelsior nance Room at Jefferson Barracks on Springs Annual Waterfest. August 27.

Ferguson Historical Society Friends of Missouri Town-1855 On October 14, members toured the Several workshops during the fall fea­ Des Peres School where Susan Blow tured: Mary Hurd, open-hearth cooking; opened the first kindergarten. At the Oc­ Lee Walkington, basket weaving; Mavis tober 26 meeting at the First Presbyterian Simmons, bonnet-making; and Larry Sim­ Church, Ferguson, Charles Grimm, Curt mons, chair caning. Members of the Owen and Elmer Lueckerath reminisced Friends performed craft demonstrations at about life in Ferguson. the Fall Festival, October 7-8, in the village near Blue Springs. The Friends, in conjunc­ Florissant Valley Historical Society tion with the Lloyd Shaw Foundation, Members toured two Illinois towns on held a workshop, October 27-28, at Wood's October 15; they visited homes in 150- Chapel, Lee's Summit, on "Dancing year-old Jerseyville and enjoyed the Fes­ Through American History." tival of the Harvest in Grafton. Franklin County Historical Society Golden Eagle River Museum Larry Schott, of New Haven, gave a The group held a fund-raising event on slide presentation at the St. John (Mantels) November 5, as part of the 15th anniver­ United Church of Christ in Union on Octo­ sary celebration of the museum's residence ber 8; his subject was old churches in in the Nims Mansion in Bee Tree Park. Franklin County. The program included movies, slides and scrapbooks. Friends of Arrow Rock Thirteen members attended the Santa Grand River Historical Society Fe Trail Symposium in Santa Fe, New On August 28, the Society marked Mexico, September 28-October 1, 1989. the official grand opening of the expanded Virginia Fisher was elected to the Santa museum in Chillicothe with an open house Fe Trail Association board of directors; and dedication ceremony. Richard Forry will be program coordinator for the 1991 Santa Fe Trail Symposium to Grandview Historical Society be held in Arrow Rock. Member Steve Tarcza told of his trip to Michael Roark presented a program on Romania, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Victorian American greeting cards at the adjoining countries at the August 7 meeting Arrow Rock Old Schoolhouse Community in the Depot Museum. Martha Meyers, Building on November 8. Mr. and Mrs. director of the Genealogy Division of the Bill Miller of Arrow Rock have announced Mid-Continent Library in Independence, their plans to bequeath their home and spoke, September 7, on new historical and antique business to the Friends. genealogical materials. Members enjoyed Friends of Historic Boonville the film 200 Years Before the Mast, SL The Kid's Art Fest at the Old Jail yard history of the Navy, at the October 2 on October 7, included wood sculpture, meeting. painting and buttonmaking activities. A Grundy County Historical Society parade and the burial of the Sesquicen­ and Museum tennial Time Capsule took place at City Jack Smith, of North Central Missouri Hall, also on that day. College in Trenton, presented "Hester Friends of Jefferson Barracks Prynne of the Scarlet Letter: Pariah or A closing reception for the Black Wings Prophetess," at the Grundy County Mu­ photo exhibit occurred in the Old Ord­ seum, August 6. Historical Notes and Comments 201

Harrison County Historical Society building on Quality Hill. A panel discussion The Society held open house on October on the house followed. The Old Spaghetti 7-8, at the Edna Cuddy Memorial House Factory restaurant held a September 21 and Gardens in Bethany. Some 500 persons dinner to benefit the Foundation. viewed rooms of the 106-year-old home, decorated for Christmas by six local chap­ Historical Association of Greater ters of Beta Sigma sorority. Cape Girardeau A representative of the Old Lorimier Henry County Historical Society Cemetery Association shared information On August 17, members toured the Lind- about the cemetery at the September 11 sey home in Clinton which is being restored meeting in Chateau Girardeau. Phyllis by Ted and Bonnie Thomas. Mildred Taylor showed her collection of antique Church gave a slide presentation titled lingerie on October 13. The Association "More Old Homes and Cemeteries" on hosted a tour of homes on November 5. September 21, at the museum in Clinton. Historical Association of Greater St. Louis Heritage Seekers The members visited Alton, Illinois, on Col. Lee Baker, a retired army officer, October 8. Kerry Miller led the tour which presented a program on the Strategic Air included the old Civil War prison, the Command at the annual picnic and meeting Lovejoy Memorial and the site of the 1858 on July 17, at Palmyra Nutrition Center. Lincoln-Douglas Debate. On November Members participated in the Palmyra Fall 26, the Association toured Oakland, the Festival, August 26-September 2, with a Benoist family estate in Affton, Missouri. Civil War campsite reenactment behind Historical Society of Maries County the Gardner House. The Floral Hall Home The Missouri State Museum Traveling Tour, on September 24, featured tours of Exhibits Program displays at the Felker seven local homes. log house during the summer were "The Faces of War: Missouri Soldiers as They Hickory County Historical Society Were, 1861-1865," "The Great Capitol New officers are Mrs. Jessie Minier, Fire," "Mark Twain Growing Up in Mis­ president; and Mrs. Evelyn Belshe, secre­ souri," and "Alive and Kicking: The Mis­ tary and treasurer. On October 14, Pioneer souri Mule, Then and Now." The Society Day demonstrations at the museum in­ also displayed its own map collection. cluded cooking apple butter, rendering lard, caning chairs, and using a carpet Historical Society of Polk County loom, a spinning wheel and a high top The Society met at North Ward School organ. Museum on September 28. Members heard Bill Stevick of Harrisonville assume the Historic Bethel German Colony character of Samuel Clemens and provide Special events in Bethel included: World an overview of Clemens's life. Sheep Fest, September 2-4; Harvest Fest, Historical Society of University City October 7-8; and Christmas in Bethel, De­ The Society sponsored the fifth biennial cember 3. juried quilt exhibition throughout October. Historic Kansas City Foundation The event included a series of lectures and In August, the Foundation sponsored a workshops on quilting and demonstrations dramatic portrayal of Martha Livingston at the University City Library. Lykins by actress Claudette Walker at the Iron County Historical Society Grace and Holy Trinity Episcopal Cathe­ Gary Kremer, state archivist, spoke on dral. About 75 members and guests saw October 16, at First Baptist Church, Iron- the program intended to focus attention ton. His topic was "Changing Images of on the decaying Lykins House, the oldest the Show Me State." 202 Missouri Historical Review

Jackson County Historical Society activities included the annual flea market, The Society's annual dinner on Novem­ a craft bazaar and a Christmas party. ber 2, at the Kansas City Club, offered numerous activities. Claire F. Blackwell, Johnson County Historical Society director of historic preservation for the On July 29, dedication ceremonies oc­ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, curred on the Old Courthouse grounds in spoke on "Historic Preservation in the Warrensburg for a memorial marker hon­ 1990s." Dr. Bruce Prince-Joseph, retired oring Francis Marion Cockrell, brigadier concert pianist, played classical music, and general of the CSA Missouri Brigade and an exhibit featured portraits of business U.S. Senator, 1874-1905. The Major Gen­ and social leaders from 1905 to 1950 from eral J.O. Shelby Camp 191, Sons of Con­ the Strauss-Peyton negative collection. federate Veterans, presented the ceremonies Pearl Wilcox received a citation by the and the marker. Larry Olpin examined the John Whitmer Historical Association of work of Missouri writers in a program the RLDS Church for her significant con­ entitled "Missouri and the Civil War tributions to church history. Novel," on September 24, at the Old Court­ house. Jasper County Historical Society On October 1, curator Michele Newton Joplin Historical Society demonstrated mylar encapsulation of fam­ Doris Williams, of national reputation ily photos and papers at the Powers Mu­ from Shawnee, Oklahoma, judged the seum, Carthage. Third Annual Quilt Show and Antique Sale held October 13-15, at the Memorial Jefferson Barracks Civil War Historical Hall in Joplin. The Society held the grand Association opening of the remodeled and enlarged Slides of Vicksburg and a videotape of Dorothea B. Hoover Museum in Schiffer- the reenactment at Gettysburg were shown decker Park on November 11-12. The during the July 15 meeting at the St. Louis decorative theme featured Veteran's Day. home of Mike Pierce. Members partici­ pated last summer and fall in Civil War Kansas City Fire Brigade events in Glasgow, August 12-13; Pilot The Brigade held its monthly meetings Knob, September 23-24; St. Charles, Sep­ at the Red Cross building on August 17, tember 30-October 1; and in construction September 21 and October 19. Several projects at the Daniel Boone Home Early topics were discussed, including the con­ American Village in Defiance. Several mem­ tract negotiations for the museum. The bers presented a lecture on soldiers and Brigade planned to take possession of the their equipment to a group of Boy Scouts old fire station #10 at 1019 Cherry in at the Mormon Church in St. Peters. Kansas City by December 1. Five old fire trucks will be housed there. A Union Jack Jefferson Heritage and Landmarks Society flown aboard the U.S.S. Missouri was Stephen Huss, biographer of Robert donated to the Brigade at the golf tourna­ Campbell of Campbell House in St. Louis, ment fund-raiser at Royal Meadows Golf spoke at the Jefferson Memorial Hospital, Course on September 21. in the Festus/Crystal City area, on Novem­ ber 12. Kansas City Westerners The group won the 1988 Heads Up Jennings Historical Society Award for older posses. Dr. Frank Nickell, At the October 10 meeting in the Civic Department of History at Southeast Mis­ Center, Robert Pecoraro, of the Jefferson souri State University, Cape Girardeau, Barracks Civil War Historical Association, spoke at the October 10 meeting at the spoke on the Pilot Knob Battle. Other fall Hereford House Restaurant. His presenta- Historical Notes and Comments 203 tion featured "The Mississippi River in Seneker's slide program on old Highway American History." 66. At the September 17 meeting Finis Carver of Marionville provided an inter­ Kimmswick Historical Society esting history of apple growing there since Meetings held at Kimmswick Hall cov­ the 1890s. Both meetings were held at the ered a wide variety of topics: on August 7, Jones Memorial Chapel at Mt. Vernon. Glee Heiligtag shared "Christmas at Wil­ liamsburg" slides; Judy Higgins, of Rock- Lexington Library and Historical woods Reservation, presented a slide show Association on wildlife, geology and trails at the reser­ The biennial Old Homes Tour, Septem­ vation, on September 11; and on October ber 16-17, featured five antebellum homes. 2, the Daughters of the American Revolu­ A craft fair was held at the Lafayette tion showed slides of historical markers County Courthouse in conjunction with they had placed along the El Camino Real the tour. and Boone's Lick Trails in Missouri. On October 1, George Showalter spoke on Linn County Historical Society Moses Austin at a joint meeting with the The Society met at Pershing Park on Jefferson Heritage and Landmarks Society. July 27. Jane Lale, superintendent of Persh­ Members cooked apple butter on Septem­ ing Memorial Park, presented a program ber 24 and again, October 28-29, during on the park's wet prairie and wildflowers. the Kimmswick Apple Butter Festival. Society president, Jim Aucoin, announced his resignation. He will be succeeded by Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society first vice president, May Couch, with During Columbia College Professor Marilyn Amen serving as first vice presi­ Paulina Batterson's October 16 program dent. On October 15, members held a joint at the Callaway County Library, Fulton, session with the Chariton County Histori­ members learned about the rise of women's cal Society at the museum in Salisbury. colleges in nineteenth-century Missouri and Anna Jean See, of Moberly, presented a America. program on the history of Missouri, the formation of counties and the connection Laclede County Historical Society between Linn and Chariton counties. The July 24 program at Shepherd Hills Restaurant, Lebanon, featured Ellen Gray Macon County Historical Society Massey's reminiscences of being a 1940s At the September 14 meeting at Floral home economist. The Society held the Hall, Macon, members discussed future 14th annual ice cream social, August 28, activities of the Society, including installing on the lawn of the Old Jail Museum, a display case in the Macon County Court­ Lebanon. The Society has published La­ house lobby, repairing the McDuffee log clede County, Missouri Birth Records, 1884- cabin, reprinting note cards with an illus­ 1899. This and other publications on tration of the courthouse, and placing a county records may be ordered from sign at Lakeview Towers giving the history Dorothy Calton, Rt. 1, Box 435, Lebanon, of Blees Military Academy. MO 65536. Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table Lafayette County Historical Society At the September 19 meeting at the During the October 22 meeting at the Lohman Building, Jefferson City, Phil West Central Electric Building near Hig- Gottschalk presented a slide show on the ginsville, Mr. and Mrs. J.M. Crick of Battle of Westport. New officers have Corder reported their discoveries of Indian been elected: Andy Papen, president; R.L. artifacts near their home. Hawkins, III, vice president; Jack Ken­ Lawrence County Historical Society nedy, secretary and treasurer; and Phil On July 16, members enjoyed Doug Gottschalk, newsletter editor. Abraham 204 Missouri Historical Review

Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were the sub­ cussion. The Society and the Missouri ject of Ralph Kreigh's October 17 talk at State Archives received funding from the the Columbia Daily Tribune. Missouri Humanities Council to cosponsor the genealogy workshop "Connecting Miller County Historical Society Links: Tracing Family and Local History." Alan Sullivan, of Union Electric, pre­ Gary Kremer, Pam Miner and Mary Beck, sented a program on "The Building of all of the State Archives, and local historian Bagnell Dam," at the Society's October 8 Betty Williamson discussed research ma­ meeting at their new quarters, the Anchor terials and methods. The workshop, pre­ Mill building, in Tuscumbia. sented October 14, at St. Paul's Lutheran Mine Au Breton Historical Society Church in California, was repeated in The Society's August 26 ice cream social Osage and Callaway counties. on the 1863 Long (Banta) House lawn Morgan County Historical Society promoted interest in its preservation. Ray The Society met October 16, at Pioneer Brassieur, of the Missouri Cultural Heri­ Restaurant in Versailles. Roy Gerber's scale tage Center, spoke to members on Sep­ models of the original Bethel Mennonite tember 2; the Society loaned French mining Church and of his father's old barn along artifacts and artwork for "Les Vieilles with his history of the Mennonite com­ Mines: The Enduring Community," an ex­ munity north of Versailles entertained the hibit he displayed at the University of members. Missouri's Museum of Anthropology. On October 14, the Society assisted Hugh National Railway Historical Society, Davidson, of the Missouri Department of Kansas City Chapter Natural Resources, with research on his­ Myrt Lindley presented a program on toric mining sites and Potosi historic sites. western railroad lines on September 22, at George Showalter, Society president, dis­ the Cotton Belt Building, Kansas City, cussed Moses Austin on November 9, at Kansas. The Chapter held its 40th anni­ Rosener's Restaurant, Desloge, with the versary dinner, November 16, at Com­ Mineral Area Library trustees. munity Christian Church, Kansas City, Missouri. Harold Henre's slide program Missouri Historical Society on chapter activities since 1949 followed The History Museum's exhibit "La Ville the guest speaker, E. Lewis Pardee, chair­ de Pain Court" celebrated the 225th anni­ man emeritus of the National Railway His­ versary of the founding of St. Louis. Ken­ torical Society. neth T. Jackson of Columbia University spoke on "Urban Revitalization and Sub­ Newton County Historical Society urban Sprawl in America: The Past and Fred Clark, owner of Clark Funeral Future of St. Louis," on November 9, at Home, related the history of his business the museum, Jefferson Memorial Building, at the September 10 meeting in the Bank St. Louis. Craig E. Colten, of the Illinois of Neosho. State Museum in Springfield, and Philip Scarpino, of Indiana University, respec­ Nodaway County Historical Society tively lectured on the Illinois and Missis­ Members gathered at the Alumni House sippi rivers in conjunction with the river- at Northwest Missouri State University, boat Belle Reynolds docking at the St. Maryville, on September 25, for a presen­ Louis riverfront on October 25-27'. tation by art students Bill and Anne Carmen. The artists displayed sketches and Moniteau County Historical Society explained portrait and limner sketching. The Society's monthly meeting was held, July 10, at California City Hall. Progress Old Mines Area Historical Society on the museum provided the topic of dis­ Over 5,000 people enjoyed Fete d'l'Au- Historical Notes and Comments 205 tomne '89 on October 1 on the Society's Pettis County Historical Society grounds in northern Washington County. The Society commemorated the 125th anniversary of the Battle of Sedalia with a Old Trails Historical Society dinner meeting and a museum exhibit. The Society held its 20th annual outdoor Howard Noble, professor of history at antique sale at the Bacon Log Cabin in Mineral Area Community College, spoke Manchester on September 24. The float on the "Civil War, the Reconstruction and crew, led by Ann Ingoldsby, won first Jesse James" at the September 23 dinner place in both the Winchester Parade and in Days Inn, Sedalia. The Liberty Center Manchester's Homecoming Parade and sec­ exhibit, held October 14-15, featured lo­ ond place in the Ballwin Days Parade. cally collected artifacts, maps, and repro­ The Society held a "Roots Day," on Oc­ ductions of uniforms, weapons and flags. tober 8, for reminiscing with others. The October 30 and November 27 meet­ Oregon-California Trails Association, ings, held in the Pettis County Court­ Trails Head Chapter house, were funded through the Missouri Twenty-nine individuals drove the Santa Humanities Council speaker's bureau. They Fe Trail from Arrow Rock to Indepen­ featured Martin Towey, who spoke on dence, and participated in Trail Trek IV, "Shamrocks on the Prairie—The Irish in held September 16. Dan Holt, director of Missouri"; and Sarah Klinefelter discussed the Frontier Trails Museum in Indepen­ the attitudes of Ozark residents in a speech dence, presented a program at the Novem­ entitled "Deliberately Backward." ber 16 annual meeting at the Second Pres­ byterian Church, Kansas City. Phelps County Historical Society Thelma White, of Whitehall Mercantile Osage County Missouri Historical Society in Mount Vernon, spoke at the October 22 The August 28 quarterly meeting at Ben meeting in the Eugene E. Northern Com­ Branch Lake featured a picnic and tour. munity Hall, Rolla. She presented a pro­ gram on the identification and commemora­ Ozark County Genealogical and Historical tion of appropriate portions of historic Society route U.S. 66 in Missouri. New officers, The Society completed A Survey of elected for 1990, are Art Smith, president; Ozark County Cemeteries, selling for John F. Bradbury, Jr., vice president; $22.50 plus $2.50, shipping. Orders should Gerald Cohen, secretary; Inez Bryant, be sent to Rhonda Herndon, Treasurer, treasurer; and Maude Gaddy, curator. HCR 2, Box 89, Wasola, MO 65773. Perry County Lutheran Historical Society Pike County Historical Society The Society observed the 150th anniver­ At the October 10 meeting at the Mary, sary of the Saxon immigration to Missouri Queen of Peace, Catholic Church, mem­ by manning a booth and entering a float bers enjoyed Randy Snell's program on at the East Perry Fair in Altenburg, Sep­ the Indians of the Mississippi Valley. tember 22-23. The 1845 Trinity Lutheran Church building has been redecorated and Platte County Historical and Genealogical used as a museum. Slides on Saxony, Society Germany, were shown by Rev. and Mrs. The Society has reprinted The History Walter Fehrmann, of Jackson, on October of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri, 15. On December 9, an anniversary service originally published in 1885. It contains was held to commemorate the founding in pioneer records, biographical sketches and 1839 of the Log College Seminary in Alten­ reminiscences. The book is available for burg and of the entire higher education $42.00, plus $2.00 postage and handling, system of the Lutheran Church-Missouri from PCHS Book Sales, c/o Richard Synod. Thompson, P.O. Box 103, Platte City, 206 Missouri Historical Review

MO 64079. The TWA chapter of the So­ St. Charles County Historical Society ciety opened a second museum at the TWA As part of an expanded publishing pro­ Credit Union Building in Executive Hills ject, the Society has reprinted D.L. this past October. Flight attendant uni­ Madox's 1817 Late Account of the Mis­ forms from 1935 through 1978 are on souri Territory. An introduction, maps and permanent display. explanatory footnotes have been added. Single copies of the book are available for Pleasant Hill Historical Society $3.00, plus $1.00 postage and handling. John Storms provided a demonstration Orders and remittances should be sent to: of artistic wood-carving on July 30; Sandy St. Charles County Historical Society, 101 Scott discussed Christmas toys and orna­ South Main St., St. Charles, MO 63301. ments on October 29 at the museum. Over The history of St. Charles Borromeo 80 visitors viewed the museum on Sep­ Church was Fr. Stephen Bauer's topic dur­ tember 23, during Pleasant Hill's Fall Fes­ ing the October 26 meeting at the Golf tival. View Inn. Pony Express Historical Association St. Francois County Historical Society Stars of the ABC series "The Young The Society met September 27, at the Riders" took part in a Pony Express re- Ozarks Federal Savings and Loan Building enactment on August 27, at the Patee in Farmington. The program, by Bernice House Museum. On October 15 at the McClintock, featured "Farmington in Ear­ museum, Gary Chilcote told members of lier Days." On October 25, members the 1889 effort to hold a World's Fair in learned to use the files of the Family His­ St. Joseph. The project failed when fire tory Center of the Church of Jesus Christ consumed the exposition hall. of Latter-Day Saints in Farmington. Offi­ Ralls County Historical Society cers for 1990 are Gertrude Zimmer, presi­ Meetings are held at the Center Senior dent; Leora Giessing, vice president; Citizens Building. Mrs. Allen Eichenberger Dorothy Mount, secretary; Faye Morris, of Hannibal gave the September 18 program treasurer; and Ruth Womack, correspond­ on the history of Fort Mason. Mike ing secretary. Edwin Mount presented Weaver, who is well-versed in the history "Towns and Communities and Focal and genealogy of Pike and Ralls counties, Points of Interest in St. Francois County presented the November 20 program. Both Past and Present, Part Two" at the Ozarks Federal Savings and Loan Building Ray County Historical Society on November 15. Members viewed the film Profile of Courage at the October 17 annual fall St. Louis Westerners meeting at Eagleton Center in Richmond. On October 20, members met at the Raytown Historical Society Salad Bowl to hear Dr. Martin E. Towey, Robert Talbott, of the Civil War Re- St. Louis University History Department Enactors Association, spoke about equip­ chairman, speak about Robert Campbell, ment and organization of Civil War sol­ a frontiersman and merchant in the western diers at the October 25 meeting in the fur trade. museum. Alec Petrovic, Missouri state representative, presented an address at the Schuyler County Historical Society October 15 dedication of the Society's his­ The Society met at the William P. Hall torical marker near Wildwood Lake. The Museum, Lancaster, on October 14. Jerrold Society cooperated in Raytown Round-up Hirsch, Northeast Missouri State Univer­ Days, September 29-October 1, with a quilt sity social science professor, discussed pos­ display. Anna Robinson participated in sibilities of the Society and the public the parade. history students at NMSU working to- Historical Notes and Comments 207 gether through internships. The 1989-1990 and Tom Keaveny presented "Clara Barton officers are: Nelle George, director; Avery and the Nursing Service of the Union and Roberts, president; Pauline Carter and Le- Confederate Armies" on December 17. land Miller, vice presidents; Twila Sidwell, recording secretary; Lenore Schafer, corre­ South Howard County Historical Society sponding secretary; and Claire Bolton, The Society organized on August 4, at treasurer. the Senior Center in New Franklin, where meetings will be held on the first Tuesday Scotland County Historical Society of each month. Officers include Carl W. Volunteers made great progress on the Fleck, president; and Doris D. Markland, depot restoration this past summer. Irvin secretary. The Society provided brochures, Johnson spoke at the Boyer House in the maps and other historical information this museum complex, Memphis, on September fall at their new downtown information 25. He discussed his great uncle's adven­ center. Volunteers have restored and fenced tures as a traveling cowboy and brought the Benjamin Cooper Cemetery. pertinent artifacts. The October 23 meeting consisted of a show and tell program by Texas County Missouri Genealogical and numerous members. Historical Society Fall meetings were held at the Stained Scott County Historical Society Glass Theater in Houston. On September Films of Society field trips to Fort de 23, Dorothy Mauldin and Marybelle Chase Chartres in Illinois, the Dixie Gun Works discussed Indian research. Wayne Glenn, and Big Oak State Park were shown at the of Springfield's KTXR, entertained on Benton Library on October 3. October 27, with "Oldies but Goodies." Smoky Hill Railway and Historical "The Civil War, Reconstruction and Jesse Society, Inc. James" was the topic of Howard Noble, On July 22 and October 21, members Mineral Area College, on November 18. completed operations classes designed to Union Cemetery Historical Society prepare individuals to operate the Society's Members enjoyed a September 29 picnic planned excursion line. The 24th annual at the cemetery in Kansas City. meeting was held at Richards-Gebauer Air Force Base, Grandview, aboard the Washington Historical Society Wabash City of Peru on September 16. Members met at Rennick Park on Sep­ Charles Conrad, Alan Kamp, Paul Brand, tember 12. Charles Hansen, of the Hansen Bob Moseley and Fred Rick were honored Franklin County Land Title and Abstract for their work and contributions to the Company of Union, presented a program Society. on the Spanish Land Grant, the Louisiana Purchase, early surveys and the establish­ Sons & Daughters of the Blue & Gray ment of present-day land titles. Civil War Round Table The Round Table meets at the American Webster County Historical Society Bank in Maryville. Jurel Jackson presented Gilbert Smith, Willis Case and Juanita and moderated "Our Blue and Gray An­ B. Hyatt planned the program for the cestors" at the September 17 meeting; November 27 meeting at the Old American Esther McDonald and Helen Jenkinson Center in Marshfield. along with several members shared stories of how their families were affected by the Webster Groves Historical Society Civil War. Other programs included Bill The October 10 meeting marked the Mauzey's showing of The Great Locomo­ first public use of the Society's new History tive Chase on October 15; Ray West spoke Center. Clarissa Start, author of a bicen­ on "Mosby's Raiders" on November 19; tennial history of Webster Groves, dis- 208 Missouri Historical Review cussed Webster Groves history thirteen cosponsored the 125th anniversary reenact- years later. New officers are John Cooper, ment of the Battle of Westport with the Jr., president; Robert Eade, vice president; Missouri Civil War Re-enactors Associa­ Mrs. J. Richardson Usher, secretary; and tion, Civil War Round Table of Kansas James Werner, treasurer. City and the Monnett Battle of Westport Fund. Over 1,000 individuals participated Wentzville Community Historical Society in the October 21-22 event in Swope Park, Margaret Lippincott spoke on the history Kansas City. A luncheon was provided for and development of square dancing in Mis­ 80 descendants of Union and Confederate souri, at the September 18 meeting at the soldiers who fought in the 1864 battle. Crossroads Cafe. Four members attended Other activities included tours of the Big a Department of Natural Resources sem­ Blue, Little Blue and Loose Park Battle inar in Jefferson City as part of an effort sites, historic homes and cemetery tours, a to place the tobacco factory and mill on dance with nineteenth-century music and the National Register of Historic Places. an outdoor worship service in the style of Weston Historical Museum the era. The annual meeting was held November White River Valley Historical Society 12, at the America Bowman Keeping Kristen Morrow presented "Baldknob- Room. The program, by Jeff Elsea, fea­ bers Revisited: Resolution and Revision" tured "Weston, The Story of its Revitali- on September 10, at The School of the zation." Ozarks in Point Lookout. Westphalia Historical Society Winston Historical Society At the Dr. Bruns Home in Westphalia The Missouri Department of Highways on September 28, Adolph Schroeder and presented a certificate of appreciation to Pat Hilkemeyer spoke about their recent the Society for its participation in the trip and the upcoming Society trip to Ger­ state's Adopt-A-Highway program; mem­ many. The annual Westphalia Homes Tour bers pick up trash along a 3.7 mile stretch included visits to seven buildings on Octo­ of U.S. 69. "Winston Jesse James Day— ber 22. Remember Yesteryear" was held July 15 Westport Historical Society at the Winston City Park. The Society Members joined the Native Sons of joined Gallatin and Jamesport community Kansas City for a September 9 tour of groups in installing a sign calling attention Jamesport antique and craft shops and to the 1881 Jesse James train robbery near surrounding Amish farmsites. The Society the Winston depot.

ERRATUM

The book reviewer of Edgar Snow: A Biography has pointed out an error in the review on page 125 of the October 1989 issue of the Missouri Historical Review. The last sentence on the page should read: "Prior to the post-World War II era, Chinese Communists viewed the Americans as the least imperialist of the Western nations." We regret this editorial error. Historical Notes and Comments 209

GIFTS George and Sharon Adams, Columbia, donors: Two Hundred Years and Then Some: Stories of the Adams Family and the Long Ridge Community of Crawford County, Missouri, by Ann Donet. (R)* Lillian Womack Alexander, Columbia, donor: The Womack Trail, From Virginia to Texas, by Helen Ring Womack. (R) Arts Resources Council, Columbia, donor: Arts '89, sponsored by donor. (R)

Auto Club of Missouri, St. Louis, donor: Heart of America Guidebook; Gateway Guidebook. (R) Deri H. Barnett, Dunlap, Illinois, donor: Two volumes of reproduced clippings from Osceola area newspapers. (R)

Carolyn M. Bartels, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, donor: "Missourians and the Civil War; 125th Anniversary of the Battle of Glasgow," by donor. (R) Edith E. Bates, Sparks, Nevada, donor: "Henry Adolphus Koester Family," compiled by donor. (R) Jimmy Bedford, Fairbanks, Alaska, donor: Copy of feature story on donor. (R) Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Two prints by Domenic. (A) Allan Phillip Bosch, Columbia, donor: Yearbook, West Plains High School, Zizzer, 1989. (R) Bernard M. Brown, Sullivan, and Fredrick L. Geisler, donors: "A Man Time Has Forgotten" the Life and Military Career of Major General William Selby Harney, by donors. (R) Building Owners and Managers Association of Metropolitan St. Louis, St. Louis, donor: St. Louis Metropolitan Leasing Guide, 1989. (R) Robert F. Bussabarger, Columbia, donor: Material on art exhibits at University of Missouri-Columbia and Art Dept News, Fall 1988. (R) Campbell House Foundation, donor, through Donald H. Bergmann, St. Louis: Poster and exhibit catalogue, "Col. Robert Campbell: Images of His West, 1830- 1851." (R) David Chambers, Dragon Publishing Corporation, Thousand Oaks, California, donor: /, Jesse James, by James R. Ross. (R)

These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (N), Newspaper Library; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. 210 Missouri Historical Review

Avlyn Dodd Conley, Glen Burnie, Maryland, donor: The Darnall, Darnell Family, . . . Volume 2. (R) May (Bartee) Couch and Robert W. Couch, Marceline, donors: 1880 Federal Census For Chariton County, Missouri, Parts II and HI, compiled by May Couch; Cemeteries of Linn County, Volume IV. (R) Timothy R. Coughlin, Ballwin, donor: Videocassette, "Your Party: The Story of Missouri's Democracy," produced by donor with commission of senior Democrats of Missouri. (E)

Crowder College, Longwell Museum, donor, through Janie Lantz, Neosho: "Benton and Friends, February 5 to 26, 1989," centennial exhibition, Longwell Museum, compiled by Janie Lantz. (R) Carolyn J. Daily, Chicago, Illinois, donor: "The Norris Family," by Jewell Norris Daily, as told to donor and information on the telephone as a family history tool. (R) Timothy D. Dollens, Columbia, and Frances Quisenberry, Columbia, donors: "Pleasant Grove Church Cemetery, Saling Township, Audrain County, Missouri," canvassed and transcribed by donors. (R)

Ruth C. Ellis, Columbia, donor: "Looking Back," by Nola Lee Anderson Haynes. (R) Ruth Coder Fitzgerald, Fredericksburg, Virginia, donor: References to Clelland D. Miller and Edward T. Miller, compiled by donor. (R) William F. Fratcher, Columbia, donor: The Law Barn: A Brief History of the School of Law, University of Missouri- Columbia, 2nd Edition, by donor. (R) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Twelve photographs of St. Louis area cemeteries, monuments, grave markers and transportation, color slide of dam in Bennett Spring State Park, 1989, and 168 color slides of students and school activities at three St. Louis schools, 1970-1980. (E)

Genealogy Friends of the Library and Christian Women's Fellowship, First Christian Church, Neosho, donors, through Violet Mills Carrick, Neosho: "Records of the Bigham Funeral Home, Neosho, Missouri, 1916-1945" and "First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) Neosho, Missouri, Its Past and Its People." (R)

Julie Henderson, Buena Vista, Colorado, donor: Mothers Appeal, two issues and biographical sketch of Julia A.W. Baker, loaned for copying. (R)

Orval Henderson, Centertown, donor: Black and white 8x10 photograph of Missouri National Guard soldier, demonstrat­ ing rifle in battle dress uniform, ca. 1980, (E); 1987 season ticket sheet, University of Missouri-Columbia, football and material on Missouri Army National Guard. (R)

J.P. Herring, Centralia, donor: Twenty-nine reels of microfilm of Soundex, 1900 Federal Census for various states. (N) Historical Notes and Comments 211

Dale H. Janssen, Columbia, donor: Traveling West Mark Twain Style, by donor and Janice J. Beaty. (R) Johnson Cemetery Association, donor, through Helen Ruth Renner, Montgomery City: "Gleanings about the Reverend John M. Johnson Family," compiled by donor and Lucille Herron. (R) Jimmie Lois Caton Jones, Hot Springs, Arkansas, donor: "Caton and Kin," compiled by donor, copy of Roster of John A. Hayn Post, No. 240, G.A.R., Boonville, 1891. (R) Jeanne P. Lacy, Prairie Home, donor: Yearbooks, Panther Lair, 1971-1973, 1975-1977, 1979-1986 and two issues of stu­ dent newsletter. (R) Howard C. Litton, Festus, donor: Miscellaneous programs, bulletins, clippings and interview, from the Jefferson County area; "History of Lebanon Baptist Church, Ste. Genevieve County, Bloomsdale, Missouri, 1833-1983" and material on centennial of First United Methodist Church of Festus-Crystal City. (R) E.A. Logan, Sedalia, donor: Brooks's Readers, 5 vols, by Stratton D. Brooks. (R) June Martin McCoy, Nelson, donor: Index, History of Saline County, Missouri, 1881, compiled by donor. (R) Paula McNeill, Columbia, donor: "Ray County History: A Thumbnail Sketch" and leaflets on Kansas City area historic sites and genealogical conferences. (R) Irma Bischoff Majors (deceased), donor, through Richard W. Corliss, Kansas City, and Representative Karen McCarthy, Jefferson City: Missouri Registered Chauffeur's Certificate, No. 1307, issued to W.O. Bischoff, 1922. (R)

Mark Twain National Forest, Cedar Creek Ranger District, donor, through Janette S. Kaiser, Fulton: Black Cultural History and Research on the Nevins Farmstead, Callaway County, Missouri: A Report . . . , by G. Marie Sloan. (R)

A.T. Jack Matthews and Kathryn B. Matthews, Columbia, donors: Some 150 books concerning Missouri history, the University of Missouri, antique furniture and furnishings, art, travel and Missouri official publications. (R)

Dennis Thomas Mayer, Sr., Lee's Summit, donor, through Barbara Mayer, Columbia: From Fairy Tales to Professor Emeritus, by donor. (R)

Mildred Fourt Melton, Houston, donor: Black and white photograph of portrait of Cyrus Houston Frost; prints and negatives of Hannah Leek Frost, Houston Institute, Houston Public School, Texas County Courthouse, the Narrows and O'Possum Trot School, loaned for copying. (E)

Millersburg Cemetery Association, donor, through John H. Long, Fulton: "Millersburg Cemetery." (R) 212 Missouri Historical Review

Dorothy Tinnin Morris, Houston, donor: Tinnin Treks, compiled by donor and Mary Tinnin Barber. (R) National Society United States Daughters of 1812, Missouri State Society, donor, through Mrs. Charles E. Ragsdale, Kirkwood: Bible records of William Sappington and Hattie Crugar and William Robert Willbanks and Susie Belle Dougherty; Minutes, Missouri State Council, 1988 and 1989. (R) Robert M. Perkins, Kansas City, donor: Five cartons of books, including directories, serials, yearbooks and albums relating to Kansas City and Missouri. (R) Walter L. Pfeffer, II, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous newsletters, invitations, leaflets, programs and reports from a variety of academic, civic, cultural and political organizations and associations. (R)

Elaine Pohl, Columbia, donor: Material on education and historic preservation. (R) R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Harrisonville and Poplar Bluff, 1987, and Chillicothe, Columbia, Independence, Lebanon and Sedalia, 1988. (R) Robert E. Powell, Creve Coeur, donor: "Excerpts From World War II Letters 'To My Darling Wife'," written by donor. (R) Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Washington, D.C., donor: Tapping Officials' Secrets: The Door to Open Government in Missouri, by Robert B. Hoemeke and Mary B. Schultz. (R)

James A. Rogers, Columbia, donor: "Gentry: Information About Carl R. Gentry," compiled by donor. (R) St. Louis Genealogical Society, St. Louis, donor, through Herman A. Radloff: "Free or Inexpensive Research Aids and Some Useful Addresses," edited by Jeannine Tussey Preston; "St. Louis and St. Louis County, Missouri Probate Records," Vol. Ill: 1861-1869; and "Surname Index," 1989. (R) Saint Louis University Public Law Review, donor, through Michael G. Pfefferkorn, St. Louis: Saint Louis University Public Law Review, 1987-1989. (R) M. Anderson Sale, Jefferson City, donor: "Congregations of Missouri Union Presbytery, 1817-1989," compiled by donor. (R) Nancy B. Samuelson, Eastford, Connecticut, donor: "The Dalton Gang Family: A Genealogical Study . . . ," and a critique of another book on the Daltons, both by donor. (R) Sappington House, Library of Americana, donor, through Ruth B. Jones, Crestwood: Material on the Sappington family and the Thomas Sappington House. (R) Blake Sasse, Columbia, donor: Brunswick Scandoleer, November 13, 1937. (N) Historical Notes and Comments 213

Doris Shreve, Chesterfield, donor: The Physician as Leader of the New Era, by Julius Lingenfelder, translated by Renate Vanbery. (R) Frank Stever, Odessa, donor: "Our Common Heritage; The Descendants of: Wiley Alley (1823-1906) and Char- lottie Shelton Alley (1820-1906) & Horotio Gower (1809-1869) and Leah McCarty Gower (1819-1897)," compiled by donor. (R) Mary Helen Jones Trautwein, Columbia, donor: Framed photograph of Francis Quadrangle, University of Missouri, Columbia. (E)

United Telephone Company of Missouri, donor, through Joan Jarrett, Jefferson City: Our Local Connections: A History of United Telephone of Missouri, by Roger Jungmeyer. (R)

University of Missouri-Columbia, Development Office, donor, through Carole Sue Delaite, Columbia: Twenty Mid-Missouri telephone directories. (R) Brent, Rhonda, Melody and Tiffany Voorheis, Harrisburg, donors: Yearbook, Harrisburg R-VIII School, Bulldog, 1988. (R) D.J. Wade, Hallsville, donor: Yearbooks, Glendale High School, Springfield, 1964-1966. (R)

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla, donor, through Mark Stauter, Rolla: Osage County Missouri 1970 Plat Book; Hello from Newburg! Bicentennial City, by Mary Alice Beemer and miscellaneous items relating to Hermann and Gasconade County. (R) Kathleen Wilham, Shelbyville, donor: "F.W. Wilson Funeral Home Records, Monroe City, Missouri, 1888-1913," loaned for copying; Index for Wilson Funeral Home Records, 1888-1940. (R)

Some Slight Disturbances

Bolivar, The Resume, November 1988. Newsletter of the Historical Society of Polk County. Bolivar Free Press Inglis, 1908—The meeting at Antioch last Sunday was slightly disturbed . . . when the audience rose to their feet, the paint on the chairs having become sticky in some unknown way, adhered to each occupant's clothing, causing some little disturbance while getting detached from the paint. . . . Wishart, 1887—Rev. Carter of Springfield has been holding a series of meetings at Enon for the last ten days with good results. . . . During the meeting, one of our young men turned a possum loose in the house. ... It took shelter among the ladies. . . . The young man has been arrested. . . . 214 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ash Grove Commonwealth September 14, 21, October 5, 1989—"Down memory lane," a series, featured old area photographs. October 5—"For Willard woman [Seawillow Zimmerman] ... A lot of living packed into 88 yrs.," by Annette Moore. Ash Grove Shopping News August 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, September 6, 20, 27, October 4, 11, 25, 1989—"The way it was . . . ," a series, featured old area photographs. August 9—"Old school in Walnut Grove area . . . First reunion set for Luck School," submitted by Mrs. Zava Six. August 30—"Ash Grove Lime Co. train engine." Belle Banner October 11, 1989—"Indian Remains Found." Bethany Republican-Clipper September 6, 1989—"Cypress School may find new home in town, Neighbors want to save country school for posterity."

Blue Springs Examiner August 22, 1989—"It's back to the drawing board: Historic district plan fails; smaller area proposed," by Joe Taschler. September 23—"NATO's purpose studied, Historians gather at Truman Library," by Charles Burke. Boonville Cooper County Record August 1, 8, 15, 29, September 5, 12, 19, October 3, 10, 24, 1989—"Historical Footnotes from The Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured old area photo­ graphs. Boonville Daily News August 16, 1989—Thespian Hall, "Historic, beautiful and active." August 18—"The Commercial Hotel: Structure has changed hands; future uncer­ tain," by Michael Feeback. September 22—Old area photograph. October 5—Blackwater United Methodist Church observed centennial, by Mary C. Davis. October 13—"The Rohrbach report," a series by Larry Rohrbach, featured Mis­ souri Day. Bowling Green Times August 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, September 20, 27, October 4, 11, 18, 25, 1989—Old area photographs. Braymer Bee September 7, 1989—Old area photograph. Brook field News-Bulletin August 28, 1989—"TV Stars Join Pony Express Event." September 21—"Children Will Portray Walt Disney's Childhood." Historical Notes and Comments 215

October 16—"Citizens to Celebrate State History, Achievements." October 23—"State Dedicates Bridge Walkway." October 24—George Caleb "Bingham History Traced for Rotarians." Brunswick Brunswicker August 3, 10, 17, 31, 1989—"Dalton's Tragic Massacre of 1927," a series, by Tom Kenny. August 10—Old area photograph. Buffalo Reflex August 23, 1989—"Dallas County's newspaper . . . longer than anyone can remember: Newspaper Celebrates 12 Decades of Service to Dallas County." October 18—Old area photograph. October 25—"Reynolds Schoolhouse, Old school grew from log cabin to become center of community," by Lucille Jackson.

Camden ton Reveille September 18, 1989—Chuck Ryan, "Movie Star Comes To Town," by Susan Heppler. October 17—"Cave Bones Date Way Back." October 18—Joseph Rosa, "Author Defends Ways Of Wild Bill Hickock." Canton News-Press Journal August 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, September 7, 14, 28, October 5, 12, 19, 26, 1989— "Yesteryear's Pictures," a series. Cape Girardeau News Guardian September 3, 1989—"Marquette reigned as grand hotel of S.E. Missouri," by Tom Neumeyer. September 13—"Oldest church," Old McKendree Methodist Church marks 180th anniversary.

Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian August 6, 1989—Southeast Missouri State University's yearbook discontinued, "So long Sagamore," by Peggy Scott. September 28—Old Hanover Evangelical Lutheran "Historic church receives a new roof," by David Hente. October 5—"Cape's old homes have enduring charm," by K. J. H. Cochran. October 12—"A stubborn story, Missouri mules add much to local history," by K.J.H. Cochran. October 15—"Reenactors skirmish at Gordonville, About 150 soldiers continue war today," by Peggy Scott. October 15—"Living history lesson: Civil War reenactors battle at Gordonville," a pictorial essay. October 18—"Missouri Day provides a chance for reflection." October 19—"Trail of Tears Park will host history festival this weekend," by Mark Bliss.

Carrollton Daily Democrat August 4, September 22, 29, 1989—Old area photographs. August 4—"First National [Bank] to celebrate 100 years." September 12—"Arrow Rock Friends to host tour of log 'cabins'." 216 Missouri Historical Review

Carthage Press July 7, 1989—Turner Building, "Popular gathering place entering new era of service, New Ladies Peddler site once was noted opera house; Belk's left last year." August 14—"Historic site gets new lease on life, Elliott Hunter reclaims, preserves original Lincoln School building." August 14—Lincoln School building, "Earliest record of historic site of school here dates from 1882." August 23—"Files show 10 deaths in 77 years, Area Atlas Powder plant's history also reflects safety." September 1—"Old Route 66 lives on in Carthage, Association would revitalize the grand old road." September 5—"Settlers wisely chose Sarcoxie site." September 5—"Pioneer spirit remains alive in the old mining community." September 11—" 'Ghosts' revealed in reclamation" of Kendrick House. This, and the articles above, by Marvin L. VanGilder. September 15—"Laureates learn of Missouri history." September 20—"State's biggest Civil War battle reenactment to be at Pilot Knob." September 20—"Hitting the road on old Route 66, [Don and Jim Powell] Brothers, in restored Corvette, visit town on trip along famous highway," by Marvin L. Van- Gilder. September 22—"Trolley car tours to focus upon history." September 28—"Sites announced for 'Festival' historic tour." October 4—"A Carthage Chronicle, Highlights of Community History, volume III," by Marvin L. VanGilder, featured several articles on local history. October 4—"Braniff [Airlines] woes stir memories of prominent Lamar family," by Marvin L. VanGilder. October 7—Barton County Courthouse, "Dominant Design," and "Founding Site" of Lamar, two area photographs. October 10—"Scholarship recognizes fame of former Carthage resident," Col. Kenneth Wofford. October 11—Carthage Congregational Church, "Rededication planned here, Open house Sunday at a pioneer church," by Marvin L. VanGilder. October 17—"City's architecture reveals its history," by Marvin L. VanGilder. October 24—General William M. Hoge, "Missouri general is memoralized, Building at fort is named for him," by Ike Skelton. Caruthersville Democrat-Argus August 17, 24, 1989—Old area photographs. Charleston Enterprise-Courier August 3, 1989—"The Beginning of Bertrand." August 10—"Memoirs of Wm. Wyatt." August 17—"The history of the Russell Hotel." August 31, September 14, 21—"History of Mississippi County," a three-part series. September 7—"The History of the Enterprise-Courier," compiled by Millie Wall- hausen and Vanessa Shankle. September 28—"1849: Prices of Food Stuff and Other History." October 26—"4000 Men Fight River," reprint of 1937 article. Chillicothe Constitution- Tribune September 22, 1989—"History celebrated," Mount Olive United Methodist Church will hold annual homecoming. October 17—"Missouri Day holiday is Wednesday." Historical Notes and Comments 217

Clinton Daily Democrat August 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, September 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 26, 27, 28, October 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 1989—"Remember When," a series, featured old area photographs. October 11—"The Depot now serving variety of organizations, Structure was built in the 1870's by the KATY Railroad."

Columbia Daily Tribune August 13, October 8, 1989—"Whatever Happened To . . . ," a series by Francis Pike and Midge Crawford, featured respectively: the Hope-Early-Chance Home in Centralia, and the Proctor Place in Sturgeon. August 13—"Blue and Gray dig in for Battle of Glasgow," by Melanie Brubaker. August 22—"Bones may be returned to site: Developer hopes to honor remains," by Benjamin Israel. August 28—"Saving a slice of history: [Boonville] Townsfolk rally to save [Com­ mercial] hotel from wrecking ball," by Olivia Mayer. September 17—Former Missouri Supreme Court Judge Warren Welliver, "The Great Dissenter Steps Down," by Rudi Keller. October 22—"New View of 'Old Mines,' Settlers in Missouri's early mining com­ munities kept their French traditions alive well into the 20th century," by Forrest Rose.

Columbia Missourian August 2, 1989—"Tour of the past, History, Missouri River run deep in beautiful Boonville," by Beth Gardner. August 13—"Civil War buffs revive battle, Glasgow, Mo., experiences two days of re-enactment," by John B. Cook. August 20—Ellis Library: "The Wealth of Columbia," by Beverly Bartlett. September 22—"The past comes forward, Fiddlers, dancers to mark county heri­ tage," by Helen Linda Lee. October 11—"Nadine Coleman, Self-taught pianist plays to packed audiences," by Virginia Maier. October 23—"Game that lives on in our memory, University cheers 78 years of football fun," by Karen Jacobs.

Crane Chronicle August 24, 1989—"Cape Fair High School began 62 years ago." August 24—Old area photographs. October 12—"A Chronicle of the 'History of Stone County, Missouri'," by Fern Angus.

De Soto Jefferson Republic August 4, 1989—"De Soto ... A city which has a proud history." September 8—Old area photographs.

Dexter Daily Statesman August 7, 22, October 17, 1989—Old area photographs. September 15—"Battle of Pilot Knob to be reenacted." October 10—"Himmel reunion brings back memories of years gone by," by Joe Brown.

Dixon Pilot August 24, 1989—Old area photograph. 218 Missouri Historical Review

Edina Sentinel September 6, 1989—Edina's history told in pictures. September 27—"Citywide Homecoming Planned for Edina's 150th Birthday," by Melissa Chewning.

Ellington Reynolds County Courier August 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, September 7, 21, 28, October 5, 12, 19, 26, 1989— "Historical Reynolds County," a series, featured old area photographs.

Excelsior Springs Daily Standard August 18, 1989—"Me 'n Jesse [James]," by Joe Morgan. August 25—"Lexington remembers the bitter strife of Civil War Missouri." August 25—"Then and Now: St. Louis Avenue." September 12—Old area photographs. September 29—"Fire destroyed historic [Relief] hotel." September 29—"Excelsior Springs' first bath house: the Relief Hotel and spring," by Harry A. Soltysiak.

Farmington Press-Advertiser August 4, 1989—St. Joseph Catholic Church, "St. Joe's prepares for 100 year celebration." September 22—"Historical Presbyterian Home marks anniversary, Reunion planned for October 6th," by Gina Steimle.

Faucett Buchanan County Farmer September 14, 1989—"A Look Back ... At the Halls General Store," by Geneva Griffith.

Fayette Advertiser August 2, 1989—"General Sterling Price's Ties to Fayette Recalled." August 16—"More Moberly History Into Rubble," by Marti DeFouw. September 6—Old area photograph. October 11—"History of Yates Baptist Church," by Mrs. David D. Heiman, information compiled by Mrs. J.H. Swetnam. October 11—"Yates Baptists to Observe Anniversary," by Mildred Heiman.

Festus Jefferson County Journal August 25, 1989—"Historically Speaking . . . Push Underway To Preserve Hills- boro's Much-Storied Past," by Steve Jennings.

Flat River Daily Journal August 29, 1989—"Look back at mines of 1920's," a collection of old photographs. September 21—"Civil War battle at Pilot Knob." September 22—"125th anniversary of Pilot Knob battle, 'Biggest re-enactment of a Civil War battle in the state of Missouri'." September 26—A pictorial essay of re-enactment of Battle of Pilot Knob, by Harold L. Nance.

Forsyth Taney County Republican October 5, 1989—"Swan Creek span erected in 1914," by Linda Morgan. October 5—"County loses historic 1914 landmark, Bridge collapses in Sept. 27 wreck," by Dawn Erickson. Historical Notes and Comments 219

Fulton Sun August 13, 1989—Lynn Carrington, "Exploring history," by Barbara Fairchild. September 9—"Old Fulton home moving to Steedman," by Michael Rowlands. October 1—George Washington "Carver Elementary reborn as museum," by Michael Rolands. October 10—"County history can be traced during National Newspaper Week," by Pat Mosher. Gallatin North Missourian August 9, 1989—"Relics of old Lewis Mill recovered, leaves many wondering, marveling." September 13—Old area photograph. Glasgow Missourian August 24, 1989—"125th Commemoration of Battle of Glasgow," a pictorial article. September 28, October 5, 12, 19, 26—"Historic Sites Survey," a series, featured local historic sites. Grant City Times-Tribune October 18, 1989—"Old Hermix area was lively." Hannibal Courier-Post August 9, 19, 26, September 2, 15, 23, 30, October 4, 7, 14, 21, 1989—"In days gone by," a series, featured old area photographs. August 11—"Railroad buff helps keep Hannibal's history alive," by James Bur­ roughs. August 12, 16, 29—Old area photographs. August 19—"Twain's famous fence becomes subject of a scholarly debate," by Gene Hoenes. August 24—"Historic [South River] fort offers nostalgic glimpse at the past." August 24—"Hannibal, Mark Twain are synonymous," by Mary Lou Montgomery. August 30—Howard and Frances Williams: "Family has three-day reunion," by Beverly Darr. August 31—Mark Twain Boyhood Home honors its seven millionth visitor. September 15—"Mills, Relics of the past," by J. Hurley and Roberta Roland Hagood. Hermann Advertiser-Courier August 9, 1989—"Neighbors: They had a long way to paddle," the Centennial Messenger's journey retracing route of William Ashley, furtrader. August 16, 30, September 6, October 4, 11, 18—A series on historic buildings and the people who made them, by Ed Steinhardt, featured respectively: the Market House; Gasconade County Courthouse, parts 1 and 2; White House Hotel, parts 1 and 2; and Concert Hall. Hermitage Index August 10, 17, 24, 31, September 7, 14, 21, 28, October 5, 12, 19, 26, 1989— "Hickory County History," a series, featured old area photographs. Higginsville Advance August 23, 1989—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Lad wig featured Missourians known for their hospitality. Holden Progress August 24, 1989—Old area photograph. 220 Missouri Historical Review

Humans ville Star-Leader August 10, 1989—Old area photographs. Hunts ville Times Herald September 13, 1989—Special edition featured articles on local history. Independence Examiner August 21, 1989—"City moves to save old Truman depot," by Charles Burke. August 28—1850s funeral staged, "Mourning the dear departed." September 27—"Finding old cemeteries, People search for lost relatives," by Forrest Martin.

Ironton Mountain Echo August 30, 1989—Old area photograph. September 22—"125th Anniversary, Battle Of Pilot Knob," a special re-enactment edition. Jackson Cash-Book Journal August 23, 1989—"Welcome 82nd Annual Homecomers!: Take a look at our town 75 years ago in this 1914 edition of The Jackson Items," a souvenir edition. Jefferson City Capitol News August 2, 1989—"Simple, federal-style building served as state's first Capitol," in St. Charles, by Bob Watson. October 4—"Missouri Day observance established by statute," by Bob Watson. Jefferson City News Tribune September 10, 1989—"Family Tradition," Jose Santacruz and his orchestra. September 17—"Visit the Harry Truman home in Independence," by Doris Reynolds. Jefferson City Post-Tribune August 2, 24, September 6, 1989—"Our Heritage," featured Governor's Garden, Patrol Museum and Memorial Park. September 5—"Famous [Lewis and Clark] expedition ended successfully," by Bob Watson. Joplin Globe August 8, 1989—"Retired fire truck to stay in Carthage," by Carol Stark. August 13—The Dorothea B. Hoover Historical Museum, "Historical bits and pieces," by Andy Ostmeyer. September 5—"Jesse James' newest epitaph evokes ending of 1939 movie," by James F. Wolfe. Kansas City Catholic Key October 1, 1989—"Holy Trinity Parish goin' strong at age 100." Kansas City Star August 6, September 3, 1989—"Album," a series by John J. Doohan, featured respectively: Charles A. Lindbergh at airport dedication, 1927, and television comes to Kansas City, 1949. August 27—"Historic Independence square is getting a vibrant new look," by Matt Campbell. August 31—"How KC reacted to the news: Outbreak of World War II had special meaning for Kansas Citian [Stanislaw Labunski] of Polish descent," by Brian Burnes. Historical Notes and Comments 221

September 14—"Civil War rages 125 years later, North to defeat South again at Westport," by Elaine Adams. September 15—"The Fab Four In '64 . . . The Beatles take a magical, mystery tour of Missouri," by Brian McTavish. Kansas City Times August 4, 25, September 22, October 6, 1989—"Postcard from old Kansas City," a series by Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: Petticoat Lane; Spring on Cliff Drive; Fort Osage; and 1909 Priests of Pallas parade float. August 11—The Coopers of Jackson County "Families did well, for a while." September 8—Kahoka, Missouri, wedding capital, "War could wait, but not vows," by James J. Fisher. September 11—"Old [Ponderosa] pines relished the place," Oregon, Mo., by James J. Fisher. September 11—"Ice Age relics could hold answers for the future," by Karen Brandon. Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat October 22, 1989—"The furor over the [H]otel [Governor]." Kirksville Express & News August 13, 1989—"Fetters-Grim-Grimm Reunion" to be held in Unionville. October 6—Old area photograph. Lancaster Excelsior August 2, 1989—Old area photograph. LaPlata Home Press August 23, 1989—"Bear Creek 4-H Celebrates 50 Years." Lathrop Optimist August 17, 1989—Old area photograph. Lebanon Daily Record September 6, 20, 1989—Old area photographs. Lee s Summit Journal October 13, 1989—"Taking a look at Corinthian Hall, Kansas City museum exhibit focuses on Long family mansion." Lexington News August 23, September 8, 1989—Old area photographs. September 27—"Stately Morrison-Wentworth Bank soon to be proud addition to historical Main Street," by Harry Dunford. Lilbourn SEMO News August 10, 1989—"Civil War soldier writes home." Linn Unterrified Democrat August 2, 1989—"Rev. [Ebenezer] Hopkins: Circuit-riding historian," by Joe Welsch- meyer. August 9—"History of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle. August 9—"Spanning rivers and decades: Bridges link county, neighbors," by Joe Welschmeyer. October 18—"Westphalia area homes tour will showcase five buildings." 222 Missouri Historical Review

Louisiana Press Journal October 11, 1989—"Spirit alive in Atlas Church, Groom and church have close ties." Macon Chronicle-Herald August 24, 1989—"Many Died In 1881 'Brush Creek Wreck' West of Bevier," by Jon Shepherd. Mansfield Mirror-Republican September 7, 1989—"Steele mansion rich in history." September 21—Old area photograph.

Marshall Democrat-News August 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, September 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, October 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 1989—Old area photographs. August 23—"Along the Old Trail," a series by Paul D. Porter, featured: "Rebels routed in 'Boonville Races'." Marsh field Mail September 7, 1989—"Get your kicks—on Route 66," by Mark Lile.

Maryville Daily Forum August 12, 1989—"Herron [Homemaking] Circle evolves over 75 years," by Opal Eckert. August 19—"Plans 'go' for Graham Sesquicentennial," by Opal Eckert. September 6—Old area photograph. October 21—Martha Cooper, "Woman helps bring Civil War history to life," by Opal Eckert. Maysville DeKalb Record Herald August 9, September 27, 1989—"Farmer Mutual Memories" featured old area photographs. Memphis Democrat September 14, 1989—"Strong Churches Make Strong Communities." October 19—"Mudd Settlement To Celebrate 150th." Mexico Evening Ledger October 23, 1989—"Jefferson City's Hotel Governor goes from political center to auction block." Milan Standard October 19, 1989—Old area photograph. Miller Press September 28, 1989—"King's Point Baptist Church Celebrates Centennial." Moberly Monitor-Index August 13, 1989—"Native Moberlyn [Judge Robert Koffman] participates in Glas­ gow Civil War re-enactment," by Patricia Jones. August 13—"More Moberly history into rubble," by Marti DeFouw. September 8—"Straws In The Wind," by Orville Sittler, featured the Civil War Battle of Glasgow. Historical Notes and Comments 223

September 15—"Chase Hotel to close after 67 years." September 18—"Pictorial book for Moberly." September 24—"Moberly celebrates its 123rd birthday," a special edition. September 26—"Happy Birthday Moberly." October 1—"Battle of Pilot Knob attracts re-enactors," by Orville Sittler. Monett Times August 16, 1989—"Bethel Church To Mark Centennial." Monroe City News October 12, 1989—"Time running out to save historical Monroe Institute," by Juanita Yates. Mountain Grove News-Journal September 20, 1989—Old area photographs. Mt. Vernon Lawrence County Record September 14, 28, October 12, 1989—Old area photographs. Neosho Daily News August 6, 1989—"The great train wreck: 75 years ago on August 5, 1914." September 27—"Old Allen Bridge scheduled to be replaced," by Jim Burrows. October 22—" 'Zig Zag' term dates back more than century," by Larry A. James. Nevada Daily Mail August 4, 1989—"Bushwhackers loyal to cause," by Patrick Brophy. New Haven Leader August 9, 1989—"Tracking 'Father of the American West': Centennial messenger stops here." This, and the articles below, by Tina Toelke. September 13—"Rail history includes local mishaps." October 18—"110th anniversary of St. Peter's . . . ," United Church of Christ. Nixa Enterprise August 3, 1989—Old area photograph. Oak Grove Banner August 10, 1989—Old area photographs. October 5—First Baptist Church to celebrate anniversary. Oregon Times-Observer August 24, 1989—"Canning Tomatoes in Forest City." Owensville Gasconade County Republican August 16, 1989—"The first hundred years—Woollam United Methodist Church . . . ," by Bonnie J. Butler. August 30—"Woollam [United Methodist] church hosts 100-year celebration." September 20—"Owensville Methodist Church, Renovation work marks century- old history," by Bonnie J. Butler. Ozark Headliner August 24, 1989—Old area photograph. Palmyra Spectator August 2, 1989—"150th Anniversary Heritage Edition" featured numerous histori­ cal articles. 224 Missouri Historical Review

September 13—"Historic [Presbyterian] church will be featured on Floral Hall Home tour this year." September 20—Redd House, Floral Hall and Highdowne, "Unusual characteristics in tour homes. ..." September 20—Saffarrans House, Dr. La Fon House, First Presbyterian Church and Gardner House, ". . . . Tour homes blend old with new."

Paris Monroe County Appeal August 24, 31, 1989—"Florida and its Mark Twain Memorials," reprinted.

Perry ville Community Press August 15, 1989—"Concordia Lutheran Church in 1875." August 22—"Group Picture of Otto and Paula (Lueders) Bergt Wedding in 1912." This, and the article above, by Dorene Grebing.

Perryville Monitor August 31, 1989—"Journalism as history: [State] Historical Society steps up preservation of state's old newspapers," by Diana Berg. September 7, 14, October 12—"Perry County Album" featured old area photo­ graphs. October 12—"The Square in 1895," reprinted. October 12—"My How Times Have Changed!" a pictorial essay on the downtown area. October 12—"Business Interests in Perryville in 1921," reprinted.

Perryville Perry County Republic August 29, September 5, 12, 19, October 10, 1989—"Perry County Album," a series, featured old area photographs.

Perryville Sun Times September 6, 1989—Old area photograph. October 4—"Concordia Lutherans join fete," by Dorene Grebing. October 18—"Perryville is home to [Our Lady of the Miraculous] Medal Shrine, Association" of the Miraculous Medal.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner August 3, 10, 14, 17, 24, 31, September 21, 28, October 12, 19, 26, 1989— "Historical Wayne County," a series, featured old area photographs. August 24—"1930s Fight Recalled . . . Bitterness Over the Wappapello Project . . . ," reprinted. October 19—Banks Service Station, "Old Landmark Comes Down."

Platte City Platte County Citizen August 23, 1989—Old area photograph. September 20—"Historic Weston Home: Loyles Home yields Historical finds," by Steve Smith. October 11—"Cox's Stable salutes Platte County history," by Steve Smith.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic August 18, 1989—"The Histories of Mt. Carmel Church, Families Intertwine," by Linda Garrett Nickell. September 7—"Memories Live at The Birthplace of Harry S. Truman," in Lamar, by Jerry Nachtigal. Historical Notes and Comments 225

October 19—"The 'Messanger' Rolls Off Stinson Press," by Linda Garrett Nickell. October 19—"Physicians Early Leaders in City, Medical Community Began With a Civil War Veteran," by Linda Garrett Nickell. October 19—"Butler County a Leader in SEMO Farming," by Elaine Garrison. Portageville Review August 10, 1989—Levi Burtch, "Civil War soldier writes home." Potosi Independent Journal August 10, 1989—Old area photograph. August 31—"Local Methodist History—Rev. Doll Cole Papers Preserved," by Gary McDowell. October 19—"Puckett Family Marked 100 Years Farm Ownership," a pictorial essay. Puxico Press August 2, 1989—" 'Womanless Wedding' of 1928 Featured Prominent Puxicoans," by Cora B. Rhodes. August 2—"Sam Brown Grave Site . . . ," by El Freda Cox. August 2—"Author of 'Lot's Wife' Suggestion . . . His Ancestors Came, Prospered But Civil War was Another Story." August 2—" 'A Time to Remember'. . . Her Mingo Swamp Paper Reflected God's Creation," by Kathy Cookson Price. September 27, October 25—"Stoddard Towns," a series by El Freda Cox, featured respectively: Aquilla and Leora. Raytown Post September 27, 1989—"Day Trips," a series by Marli Murphy, featured Liberty. Raytown Dispatch-Tribune October 4, 1989—"Day Trips," a series by Marli Murphy, featured Jesse James. Richmond Daily News September 4, 1989—Jesse "Beason" McGraw: "Huck Finn at 69, Life on the Big Muddy," by Lee Meador. October 20—Brigadier General Harvey C. Clark, "Wentworth Military Heroes." St. Charles Journal October 13, 1989—"200 years ago today . . . [St. Charles] Borromeo [Catholic] Church making plans for 200th anniversary," by Dennis Miller. Ste. Genevieve Herald August 9, 1989—Deguire-LaRose and Rottler, "Pioneer Families Of Ste. Genevieve To Be Honored." August 9—"Baldknobbers Were Missouri Newcomers Turned Vigilante." August 16—Old area photograph. St. James Leader August 9, 1989—"Phelps County Ancestors," by Nancy Lowrey. St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette August 6, 13, 20, 27, October 1, 1989—"Looking back," a series, featuring old area photographs. August 20—"In 1938, famed journalist [Ernie Pyle] found St. Joseph losing its past." 226 Missouri Historical Review

August 20—Jesse James, "New monuments adorn Jesse's grave," by James F. Wolfe. August 24—"Historic bridge for [Riverfront] park moving closer to reality." August 27—"Book recreates [Mark] Twain's travels," by Gary Chilcote. August 31—"Piano player performs musical memories or...Tillie [Fankhauser] toils before actors foil," by Linda M. Wiedmaier. September 7—"Robidoux Hill, row houses added to historic register." September 17—"When Korn was King, and St. Jo would reign, Dreams of World's Fair dashed by disaster," by Gary Chilcote. September 30—"Kresge building to be torn down," by Terry Raffensperger. October 1—Lewis Mill "Bridge crosses out of existence," by Eva Segar. October 18—"Garretsburg bridges remembered," by Allen Seifert. October 21—"Preservation's annual meeting set, Great architectural influence of Edmond Eckel is theme." St. Louis Business Journal August 21, 28, September 4, October 2, 16, 1989—"Looking Back," a series, featured old area photographs.

St. Louis Central West End Journal August 9, 1989—"Preserving history—Volunteers band together to clean up black [Father Dixon] cemetery," by Denise Lieberman. St. Louis Clayton Citizen Journal October 4, 1989—"Diamond anniversary, Loyalty of St. Luke parish keeps its families close," by Thorn Kuhn. St. Louis County Star-Journal September 27, 1989—"Zion Lutheran To Celebrate [100th] Anniversary Of School House." St. Louis Neighborhood Journal June 14, 28, July 5, 12, 19, 26, August 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1989—"Now and Then," a series by Skip Gatermann, featured respectively: Charles Dickens visits St. Louis, Hawken rifle, cork manufacturing in St. Louis, Ulysses S. Grant, the ship Matilda, Prince of Wales visits St. Louis, air mail, New Madrid earthquake, Missouri hospitality since 1803, St. Louis Cotton Factory, and 1780 Indian attack on St. Louis. June 14—"Century of caring, History of Deaconess Hospital mirrors that of medicine," by Teryl Franklin. July 12—William J. Gonzalez, "Fire buff has burning desire to be 'one of the guys'," by Lois Kendall. August 2—Bill Magnan, "Fascinating Missouri focus of senior's talks," by Lois Kendall. St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 11, 1989—The Dennis Lackland House, "Just Two Families Lived In Old House," by Donald Bernes. August 13, September 3, 10, 17, 24, October 1, 8, 15, 22—"Look Here," a series, featured old area photographs. August 18—"Scene Changes Over Downtown Railroad Tunnel," by Robert La- Rouche. August 20—"Mexico, Missouri-Style," by Martha Baker. August 25—"Bones 200,000 Years Old Found In Cave," by Tom Uhlenbrock. Historical Notes and Comments 227

August 30—"4 Historic Buildings For Sale," Peters Shoe, Fashion Square, Lesan- Gould and Emerson Electric Co., by Charlene Prost. September 3—"St. Louis At Work: A Labor Day salute to men and women on the job from the files of the Post-Dispatch." September 14—"City Practical, City Beautiful: A pioneer planner [Harland Bartholo­ mew] left his mark on St. Louis," by E.F. Porter, Jr. October 20—"Homeowner Dreams Of Digging Up History," by Marsha Sanguin- ette. October 27—"Washington Place Makes Good On Comeback Effort," by Marsha Sanguinette. St. Louis Review October 6, 1989—"Parish Profile," a series, featured "St. Joan Of Arc Dedicated In 1941." St. Louis South County Journal October 4, 1989—"Hanging on to history, Resident makes plea to save Sunset Hills buildings," by Michelle M. Sokol. St. Louis Sun October 1, 1989—"The day the [St. Louis] Browns won the pennant," by George Walden. October 17—Old area photograph. Salem News August 24, 1989—Old area photograph. October 24—"Shannondale [Community] church celebrates 60 years . . . ." Salisbury Press-Spectator August 3, 1989—Old area photograph. Sedalia Central Missouri News August 2, 1989—Hugh N. "Fitz-Leonard For Congress." Sedalia Plus September 7, 1989—"Plattdeutsch: German music, dance group helps Cole Camp celebrate its 150th," by Ron Jennings. Senath Dunklin County Press September 14, 1989—Old area photograph. Seymour Webster County Citizen September 28, October 12, 1989—Old area photographs. Shelby ville Shelby County Herald August 9, 1989—"Old Settlers time again," special edition on settlers of Shelby County. Sheridan Quad River News August 2, 1989—"Middlefork Church History: It Became Center of a Flourishing Community," by Mary Waugh. Sikeston Daily Standard August 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, September 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, October 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 1989—"Through The Mists of Time," a series, featured old area photographs. 228 Missouri Historical Review

September 5—"Author traces history of cotton in [Scott] county," by Dan Brannan. September 17—"Irish heritage noted in new history book." October 1—New Madrid Earthquake, "A tale from Missouri's past, with present implications," by John Launius. October 16—"Expansion celebrates 200th anniversary of New Madrid," by Jill Bock. Slater News-Rustler August 3, 1989—"Battle of Glasgow—125th Commemoration." August 3—"Wyoming crew retraces Ashleys' fur route down Missouri River." October 19—"Zion United Church of Christ in Arrow Rock to observe 90th anniversary Sunday." Smith ville Lake Democrat-Herald August 30, 1989—" 'The Little Train'—a remembrance," by Lora D. Murphy. August 30—"Smithville's railroad closed fifty years ago." October 4—"Hulse brothers unite in California." This, and the article below, by Marilyn Wimp. October 25—"Smithville men aid earlier San Francisco earthquake." Southwest City Republic October 11, 1989—McDonald "County had twenty newspapers going in 12 towns in early days." Springfield Catholic Mirror October 5, 1989—"Ursuline Academy in Arcadia For Sale." Springfield News-Leader September 8, 1989—"Springfieldians recall life at Y[MCA] " September 8—YMCA: "Social evolution changes role to family fun, fitness," by Mary Ann Thompson. September 15—"Nathan Boone Rendezvous starts today." September 17—"Exposition takes visitors on journey back in time," to 1850s, by Sara B. Hansen. September 18—"Foster Museum shows Civil War exhibit." October 9—"Grace [United] Methodist [Church] celebrates 125 years of spiritual service," by Michelle Beth Katzenell. October 17—"Bones found in Ozarks cave may be more than 2,000 years old," by Mike Penprase. October 18—"Album yields original [Wild Bill] Hickok picture . . . ," by Michelle Beth Katzenell. Steeleville Star/Mirror October 25, 1989—"Historical Homes Tour," a series, featured "The Cooper House." Stockton Cedar County Republican August 23, 30, 1989—"Cedar County yesterday," a series, featured old area photo­ graphs. Tarkio A valanche August 17, 1989—Old area photograph. Thayer South Missourian News August 16, September 20, 27, October 4, 25, 1989—"A Piece Of The Past," a series, featured old area photographs. Historical Notes and Comments 229

Troy Free Press August 16, 23, 30, September 13, 1989—Old area photographs. October 18—"Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured Clark Spring. Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram August 24, 1989—"From the diary of C. B. Wright." Vandalia Leader-Press September 7, 1989—"Weekend event will commemorate over-100-year history, Farber to recognize school's heritage." Warrensburg Daily Star Journal September 1, 1989—"Lutie Long Smith Helped A Forest Grow," by Tim Rowden. October 13—"Cumberland Presbyterian [Church] Celebrates [123rd] Birthday." Warrensburg Standard-Herald August 16, 1989—New Beginnings "Church [of the Brethern] to Celebrate 75th Year." Warren ton News-Journal September 20, 1989—"Even Ole Lawyer [Leonida] Dryden Saw Life In Pendleton." This, and the articles below, by Lee Cavanagh. October 4—"Smith Creek Is More Of A Tradition Than A Town." October 18—"Dutzow: A Missouri Hamlet Filled With History." Warsaw Benton County Enterprise August 17, 1989—"Cole Camp Marking Its Sesquicentennial." October 26—"Heritage Days," a special section on local history. Washington Missourian August 2, 16, 30, 1989—"St. Clair: A Historical Review," by John O. Roberts. August 9—The voyage of the Centennial Messenger, "A Journey Back to the Beginning," by Bill Miller, Jr. September 20—"Origin of Washington House a Mystery." This, and the articles below, by Suzanne Hill. October 11—"Villa Ridge Founded 100 Years Ago." October 18—"History to Come Alive in [Boonesfield] Village." October 25—"Boone-Duden Society Promotes Area History." Waynesville Daily Ft. Gateway Guide September 14, 1989—"Chase Hotel to close after 67 years." October 20—Hopewell Baptist, "Country Church 120 year celebration." Webb City Sentinel October 20, 1989—Old area photographs. Wellsville Optic News August 9, 1989—Old area photograph. West Plains Daily Quill August 3, 1989—"Almost 200 years ago: Thomasville was a center of civilization," by Marideth Sisco. August 3—Old area photographs. August 4—"Gypsies and 'party room' are fond memories," by Marideth Sisco. Willard Cross Country Times September 21, October 12, 1989—"Way Back When," a series, featured old area photographs. 230 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Alumni News, Washington University in St. Louis Summer, 1989: "Brick by Brick: While federal policy has effectively stalled the urban rehab movement, Carolyn Toft, A.M. 75, continues to uphold the cause of historic preservation," by Roger Hahn. American Heritage September/October, 1989: "Post Haste: The urge to move documents as fast as possible," by Robert L. O'Connell. Boone/Duden Historical Review August, 1989: "Boone Burial Site Restoration"; "The Town Of Schluersburg," by Ida Gerdiman. October, 1989: " 'Missouri Territory Village,' An Assemblage Of Missouri's Pioneer History," by Ken Kamper. Boone Electric Member Contact August, 1989: State Champion Osage Orange, "A tree grows in Boone County," by Jackie Gray. The Bulletin of the Johnson County Historical Society September, 1989: "125 Years Ago, The Confederates' Last Attempt," by Bruce Nichols; "Yesterday's Photo Album" featured Pertle Springs. Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society October 20, 1989: "My Bushwhacker Father," by Violet Warren Campos. Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter October, 1989: A remembrance of Dr. Florian L. Harms, by Jane Haskin Helander; "History of the Linn County, Missouri Historical Society." Cherry Diamond September, 1989: "Diverse Learning Options in [St. Louis] Area," by Brenda Ellis. Christian County Historian Summer, 1989: "Handy School 1921"; "Tragedy During The Big Snow Storm of 1912," by George McDaniel; "History of Mt. Sinai Baptist Church"; "Fear Of The Bald Knobbers," by Bonny Agnes Smith Gardner; "John Wesley Ragsdale-Pioneer Settler," by Nina Todd. Fall, 1989: "Family Memories of Petelo," by Bonnie Agnes Smith Gardner; "Charles and Arminda Bostic—Early Settlers," recollections by Shrilda Woods; "The Death of Arthur C. Crain," by Tom Crain; "Campaigning for President in 1896," by Tom Lawing; "An Incident at La Rose School," by Charles McHaffie; "Christian County Militia—1866"; "The Lukins Ranch—Boom and Bust." Collage of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society September, 1989: "California Gold Rush Days, Cape County Families Pursue Their Fortunes On The West Coast Of The U.S."; "Emigration To Cape Girardeau Of Ludwig Wilhelm Mueller from Bad Vilbel-Massenheim, Germany"; "Kasten Family Records from Church Book of St. Nickolai, Sudheim, Germany, housed at Buhle." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Summer, 1989: "Reminiscences of Synodical Service, 1940-1970," by William A. Kramer; "Gotthold Heinrich Loeber, Stalwart Saxon Immigrant," by Thekla and Anita Loeber. Historical Notes and Comments 231

Courier, Jackson County Historical Society October, 1989: "Frankie Agin, 100 Years Of Remembering," by Ellen Bidstrup; "Jail Museum Dedicated On A Soggy Day 30 Years Ago," by Donna Bartholow. Courier, Missouri Conference of the United Church of Christ September, October, 1989: "Church of the Month," a series, by Linda Sehrt, featured respectively: Faith-Salem, Jennings UCC, and Ivy Chapel UCC, Chesterfield. Epitaph, Union Cemetery Historical Society September 12, 1989: "An Estimable Woman Dead, The Life Work of Mrs. M.A. Bingham at an End," reprinted. Essayons, Fort Leonard Wood September 28, 1989: "Rolla house sees 100th birthday," Chancellor's Residence at University of Missouri-Rolla. Far- Westerner, Stockton Corral of Westerners July, 1989: "Harriet Jumps Her Frogs," by Joseph Cumming Elliff, Jr. Fence Painter Summer, 1989: "Reuel Gridley and the Sanitary Sack of Flour." Florissant Valley Quarterly October, 1989: Belleville-Castello and Brand houses, "Facelifts For Two Florissant Landmarks"; "The Incredible Career of David R. Francis," by Andrew Theising. Flyer, Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society, Inc. September, 1989: "Kansas City's Longest Passenger Train," by Robert J. Wayner. The Freemason Fall, 1989: "Masonic Home Celebrations Honor 100 Years Of Devoted Service." Gateway Heritage Summer, 1989: "Galleries, Gumbo, and 'La Guignolee'," by William E. Foley; "The Artist as Historian: George Catlin and Karl Bodmer Among the Mandan Indians," by Kenneth C. Kaufman; "The Children's Crusade of 1922: Kate O'Hare and the Campaign to Free Radical War Dissenters in the Era of America's First Red Scare," by Maria Martin Hanley. Gateway Postcard Club News July-August, 1989: "History on a Postcard No. 3," by Mark Eisenberg, featured St. Louis Fire Department. Glendale Historical Society Bulletin September, 1989: "A Wonderful Remembrance" of growing up in Glendale, by Beatrice Holscher Walther as told to Marion Reisenleiter Dowell. Graceland Gazette, Audrain County Historical Society August, 1989: "The Protracted Picnic," by Leta Hodge. Grundy Gleanings Fall, 1989: "Major John Hack, Medal of Honor," compiled by Maradyn Webster Oyler; "A Tribute To The Robertson Family," submitted by Emma Turner Gardner; "The Laredo Baptist Church." 232 Missouri Historical Review

The Happenings, St. Joseph Museum, Pony Express Museum March/April, 1989: "The Pony Express Museum," by Rich Nolf and Jaqueline Lewin. Inland, Magazine of the Middle West Summer, 1989: "From Awe to Tightwad, from Lick Skillet to Bogus Hollow: Behind Every Name There's a Story," by Alan Rosenthal. Iron County Historical Society Newsletter October, 1989: "The Reese House, North Main Street, Ironton, Missouri," submitted by Thomas Neely Campbell. Journal of the Missouri Bar July/August, 1989: "Chief Justice Charles B. Blackmar, Supreme Court of Mis­ souri." Kansas City Genealogist Summer, 1989: Ella Mercer to Henrietta Mercer Chiles, "Letter From Home During the Civil War"; "The Old Men Of Clay County, Missouri"; "Margaret Holloway Massie," by Ethel Massie Withers. Kansas City Monthly October, 1989: "Rita Blitt . . . K.C. Artist on a grand scale," by Alan Goforth. Kemperite, Kemper Military School and College Fall, 1989: "William T. Kemper Jr. Dies," portions reprinted. Keys to Springfield October, 1989: "Some Sure-Fire Hill Country Remedies and The Madstone," by Lloyd Purves. Kirkwood Historical Review June, 1989: "An Old Kirkwood Newspaper," Kirkwood News, by R.T. Bamber. Laclede County Historical Society Bulletin August, 1989: "Bank of Hazelgreen Recalled," by Kirk Pearce; "27 Lose Lives in Frisco Wreck—Main headline in the Lebanon Rustic, September 15, 1914." Landmarks Letter July/August, 1989: An article on the architectural competition in 1907 for the Main Library in St. Louis; "St. Louis Architects: Famous and Not So Famous (Part 14)," Jerome B. Legg. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin October, 1989: "First School in Lawrence County? 'The Old Log Schoolhouse' "; "The Gowing Cemetery"; "Legends Of The Old Spanish Fort." The Local, Kansas City Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, Inc. September, 1989: "Chouteau Bridge" across the Missouri River. Matkins''Journal of Genealogical Research Summer, 1989: "Reverend William Matkins (1777-1859) ... and His Grandchil­ dren," edited by Robert E. Matkins. Midwest Motorist September-October, 1989: Springfield: "Queen City of the Ozarks," by William Childress; "Preserving the Past in Ozark Mountain Country"; Franklin, "Where the [Santa Fe] Trail originated." Historical Notes and Comments 233

Missouri Archaeologist December, 1986 [published 1989]: "New World Paleoethnobotany: Collected Papers in Honor of Leonard W. Blake"; "A Survey of Prehistoric Crop Plants in Eastern North America," by Richard A. Yarnell; "Paleoethnobotany of the Osage and Missouri Indians: Analysis of Plant Remains From Historic Village Sites," by Andrea A. Hunter and Deborah M. Pearsall; "Late Woodland and Emergent Mississippian Plant Use," by Eric E. Voigt; "Tobacco Use at the Burkemper 2 Site (23LN104): A Middle and Late Woodland Occupation in Eastern Missouri," by Christopher B. Pulliam. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin September/October, 1989: Friends of the Garden, "50 Years of Membership," compiled by Mrs. Landon Jones and Geraldine Epp Smith. Missouri Farm September/October, 1989: "Pawpaws: Fruit of the Future?" by Doug Martinez; "Diversified farming pays for horse farmer," by Deborah Pennington; "Sanborn Field: Celebrating 100 Years Of Agriculture Research," by Deborah Pennington; "Mules in history." Missouri Folklore Society Journal Volume VIII-IX, 1986-1987 [published 1989]: "Special Issue: Collecting in Mis­ souri"; "H.M. Belden, the English Club, and the Missouri Folk-Lore Society," by Susan L. Pentlin and Rebecca B. Schroeder; "Maude Williams Martin: Early Ballad Collector in Missouri," by Susan L. Pentlin; "Mary Alicia Owen: Missouri Folklorist," by Mary Elizabeth Allcorn; "Things and the Folk: Vance Randolph and Material Culture," by John R. Hensley; "Ruth Ann Musick—The Show-Me Mountaineer: A Missourian Adopted by West Virginia," by Judy Prozzillo Byers; "The First National Folk Fes­ tival," in St. Louis, 1934, by Jane Grosby; "John L. Handcox, 'The Sharecropper Troubador'," by Rebecca B. Schroeder and Donald M. Lance; "The Iron Mountain Baby: A Song and Its History," by W.K. McNeil; "Versions of 'The Iron Mountain Baby' in the Loman Cansler and Max Hunter Collections," by Rebecca B. Schroeder; "Versions of 'The Iron Mountain Baby' in Washington County," by C. Ray Brassieur; "Getting People Involved: A Case Study of Community Involvement in the Old Mines French Project," by Rosemary Hyde Thomas; "A Preliminary Listing of Folklore Research Collections at the University of Missouri-Columbia," by Laura S. Bullion; "Folk Music in Missouri: An Annotated Bibliography," by Lyn A. Wolz. Missouri Magazine Fall, 1989: Ozzie Smith and George Brett, "Legends...In Their Own Times," by Steve Walker; "Greer Spring," by Roger Pryor; "Union Station Massacre," by Robert Unger; Janet Dailey, "The lady can Write," by Mike O'Brien; Shaw's Garden, "A Place Of Beauty," by Connie Chartier and John Karel; Betty Browning, "To Touch The Clouds," by Elizabeth LaVoie. Missouri Municipal Review August, 1989: "Brookfield Community Profile, Progress Beyond the Rebound," by Larry J. Stevens. Missouri Partisan, Missouri Division of Sons of Confederate Veterans September, 1989: "Jefferson Patterson, A New Madrid Black In The Civil War," by H. Riley Bock. Missouri Press News August, 1989: "American Publishing Co. Adds Pemiscot Publishing Co. to Its 112 Weeklies and 55 Dailies," reprinted. 234 Missouri Historical Review

October, 1989: "Ray Vickery Elected President"; "Doug Crews Named to Succeed Bill Bray as MPA Executive Director." Missouri Ruralist October 14, 1989: Tri-County Historical Museum, "A Trainload of History in this Museum," by Jim Patrico.

Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Summer, 1989: Jesse Marion Witt, "Patchquilt Soldier," by Greg Huddleston; "Ghost Towns And Former Settlements In Holt Co. And Museums In Holt Co.," donated by John A. Ostertag; "Edwin Franklin Partenheimer," contributed by Charles A. O'Dell.

Momentum September/October, 1989: Hermann, "Rhineland on the Missouri," by Deni Durham and Ingrid Albers. Museum News September/October, 1989: Henry Moore Sculpture Garden at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, "In This Sculpture Garden, Construction Melds With Nature," by Roger K. Lewis.

North Dakota History Summer, 1989: "Missouri River Steamboating," by William E. Lass. Osage County Historical Society Newsletter August, 1989: "Our Special Day on the Gasconade River," by Lillian Hassler; "Linn Home to Two Telephone Systems—Wash-Boiler Conversation starts party-line empire," contributed by Robert L. Mahon. September, 1989: "Some Facts About Ben Branch Lake," by Hallie Mantle. Overland Journal Volume 7, Number 1, 1989: "The Death of Martin Ringo," by Randy Brown; "The Grave of Quintina Snodderly," by Randy Brown; "The Grave of Ephraim Brown," by Randy Brown. Ozarks Mountaineer July/August, 1989: "The Ozarks: Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Ice, Root Beer, and 'Chocklit'," summer vacation in Noel, Mo. in 1930s, by Sherry Strecker; "Ozark Mules And Cedar Logs," by Hillary Brightwell and Douglas Mahnkey; "Carthage, Mo., hosts—Vietnamese Reunion in the Ozarks," by Anita Heistand; "Missouri Fox Trotting Horses—Bred for The Hills"; "Kickapoo, Kuggaho, Kanakuk and Kanakomo—The Amazing Story of the K-Kamps," by Ralph Sellmeyer; Sater family in Dade County "Cabin's History Logged," by Marti Attoun; John Layton Harlin, "At the Bank of Gainesville—The Comedic Executive Officer," by Clay Anderson; "Crowley's Ridge—an Ozark outlier From Island Upland to Commercial Corridor," by Milton D. Rafferty; patent medicines "Swamp Root, Anyone?" by Fern Nance Shumate. September-October, 1989: "The Ozarks: Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Recent Developments on Crowley's Ridge," by Milton D. Rafferty; "The Day the Whale Came To the Ozarks," by Russell Hively; "Neosho Remembers [Thomas Hart] Benton," by Vesta-Nadine Severs; "In Search of the Past," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "Stars and Bars over Cassville," by Gloria E. Crosby; Bob Shilling, "The Cowboy Hatter," by Marti Attoun; "Golden School Days of 1918," by Leona Dooley Chestnut; "The School at Buzzard Roost," by Bonnie Howlett Bilisoly. Historical Notes and Comments 235

Ozarks Watch Summer, 1989: "The German Influence, Persistence in the Built Environment," by James M. Denny; "Persistence and Change in the German Ozarks," by Gary Kremer; "Washington, River Town," by Mimi Stiritz; "The German Presence in the Ozarks," by Russel Gerlach; "The Pelster Housebarn, A Missouri-German Landmark," by Claire F. Blackwell; "A Song from the Third Floor, The Dohman-Boessen House," by Bill Nunn; "Quest for Home, Restoring a German Country Winery," by Patrick Steele. The Phunn, Excelsior Springs Historical Museum September, 1989: "Colorful life recalled of The Arlington Hotel building," compiled by Sam C. Sherwood. Pioneer Wagon, Jackson County Genealogical Society July, 1989: "Atherton United Methodist Church 100th Year Celebration," by Janann Adams. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin Summer, 1989: "Ignatius Naylor Will"; "Margaret A. Jones Story," by Colonel Richard Hopkins; "Hoy Kin," by Mrs. Edith Sims. Prairie Gleaner September, 1989: "The Rider Families of The Early Jackson County, Missouri Area"; "Saline County, Slater Christian Church," by Mary Lou Bramer. Ray County Mirror September, 1989: "Elks' Club—Now Woman's Club Was Once 'Mecca' for Swing­ ers," by Clara Chenault; Mr. and Mrs. John P. Frazier, "Aged Camden Couple Has Forty Living Descendants," by Rilla E. King, reprinted. Rural Missouri August, 1989: "Memories of the Marriage Mill" at Kahoka, by Jeff Joiner. September, 1989: Erwin Roe, "A Pitcher Called Preacher," by Jim McCarty. October, 1989: "still afloat, although rare, the wooden johnboat still has a place on the Current" River, by Jeff Joiner. St. Charles Heritage October, 1989: "The One Room School," by Lucille Wiechens; "Horse Thieves," by Edna McElhiney Olson; "St. Charles On The Missouri," by Bob Schultz; "Mail Service In Early St. Charles County," by Bob Schultz. St. Louis August, 1989: "Neighborhoods—Where you live is what you are," by Roger McGrath. September, 1989: Marguerite Ross Barnett, "The Woman Who Sold UMSL," by Margaret Ries; "Universal Language, How St. Louisan Charles Guenther became one of the world's top poetry translators," by Joseph Schuster. St. Louis Bar Journal Fall, 1989: "Missouri v. Holland, 'A Touchy Subject'," by Marshall D. Hier. St. Louis Commerce August, 1989: "Pulling The Lead Out For Missouri," Doe Run Company; Top Care Inc. "Green And Growing"; Gramex Corporation "A Winning Team." 236 Missouri Historical Review

September, 1989: Trammell Crow, "Bullish On St. Louis"; St. Louis Sun, "A New Day Is Dawning For St. Louis Newspapers"; "Ralph Ingersoll II, An interview with the Chairman and CEO of Ingersoll Publications and Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of the St. Louis Sun." October, 1989: "On A Winning Streak, St. Louis-based Pet Incorporated has a new President and CEO, J. Robert Copper"; "Home, Sweet Home" in St. Louis area neighborhoods; "Profiles: Marge Amighetti, Vice President, Amighetti Bakery."

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Fall, 1989: "The Long-Lost Marriage Records Of Justice Fr. Flach," by Maryhelen Wilson.

Saints Herald October, 1989: "Reflections on W. Wallace Smith," by Duane E. Couey, Clifford A. Cole, Francis E. Hansen and Maurice L. Draper; "A Prophetic Leader, Remarks given at the funeral of W. Wallace Smith," by J. C. Stuart; "William Wallace Smith, Prophet," by Alan D. Tyree.

Seeking N Searching Ancestors August, 1989: "The Barnabas Reed Homestead," reprinted, by Peggy Smith War- man-Hake; "Ancestors," reprinted, by Peggy Smith Hake. October, 1989: "The Three Brown Schools of Richwoods Township," by Peggy Smith Hake; "The Encampment" in Brumley in 1920, submitted by Pauline Selix.

S.E. Mo. Record, Dunklin County Genealogical Society October, 1989: "Post Offices and Postmasters Dunklin County, Missouri," con­ tinued.

Show-Me Libraries Summer, 1989: "The Newspaper Library at the State Historical Society of Mis­ souri," by Mary K. Dains.

South Central Missouri Genealogical Society Newsletter October/November/December, 1989: "Howell Co. Court House."

Spectrum, University of Missouri System October, 1989: "From small Beginnings, UM System came forth, 150 years Board of Curators," by Karon Speckman.

Springfield! Magazine August, 1989: "Wilson's Creek Victory Spurred Missouri's Secession from the Union," by Bob Glazier; "Growing Up in the 1940s: IV—The Underground," by Steve Widders; "Robert Bradley: Getting Rave Reviews As Savior of Springfield Little Theatre," by Sherlu Walpole; "Sons of their Father: Harold Bell Wright," part two, by Kathleen Dale Wright; "F.D. Gentry: Part Two, Looking After City's Animals For More than Four Decades," by Eleanor Williamson; "A Britisher Fights and Writes at Wilson's Creek," by Don Boyd; "The Epic Tale of Old Company K," part three, by Hayward Barnett; "Weaver Brothers & Elviry, Breaking Into the Movies with Bogart & Reagan," part eight by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Day By Day: Some August Dates in Springfield History," by Eunice P. Allison; "Cavalcade of Homes: Turn of Century Residences Link Past to Present in the Queen City," part IV—The Ruxton-Graves House, by Mabel Carver Taylor; "When TV Was Young." Historical Notes and Comments 237

September, 1989: "Flight Nurse, Laurie Easter," by Mark V. Smith; "She Dances on Her Desktop, Chyrel Love Miller," by Tonya M. Davis; "Al Lemons: Creating Creatures of Clay Is Merely the Beginning," by Marcia Lemons; "Nancy Southworth, Right Time, Right Place, Right Talents," by Jan Newburn; "J. Howard Fisk," by Sherlu Walpole; "Cavalcade of Homes: Part V—The Heer-Lohmeyer House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Day by Day: Some September Dates in Springfield History," by Eunice P. Allison; "Weaver Brothers & Elviry, Part Nine," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "The Epic Tale of Old Company K," (Part IV) by Hayward Barnett; "Growing Up in the 1940s: VI—Outer Space," by Steve Widders; "The Great New Madrid Earthquakes, 1811- 1812," by Steve Widders. October, 1989: "Janet Boswell: A story right out of the Horatio Alger tradition . . . ," by Sherlu Walpole; "Weaver Brothers & Elviry, Big House, Big 'Baby,' Big Heart," part ten by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Log Home Builder, Greg Stephenson," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Cavalcade Of Homes: Turn of Century Residences Link Past to Present In the Queen City," part VI—The Turner House, by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Growing Up in the 1940s: VII—The Ups and Downs of Easy Money," by Steve Widders; "Day By Day: Some October Dates in Springfield History," by Eunice P. Allison; "Homer Wampler . . . More Than Just Dee's Father . . . ," by Elizabeth Stanfill; "When TV Was Young." Timeline, Ohio Historical Society August-September, 1989: Thomas Hart Benton: "The Artist Who Discovered America," by Jack Matthews. Todays Farmer August, 1989: "Sanborn Field: Celebrating 100 years of research," by Chuck Lay; "Covered Bridges of Missouri," by Adele Graham. Union Electric News October, 1989: "Engines That Can—With a Little Help From Friends" in restora­ tion at National Museum of Transport. Waterways Journal August 7, 1989: "Today is Anniversary of Lighthouse Service," James V. Swift. September 11, 1989: "St. Louis—A Steamboat Center for Many Years," by James V. Swift. September 18, 1989: "S&D Hears About Salvage of [steamboat] Arabia," by James V. Swift. October 23, 1989: "First Commercial Barge Trip on Upper" Mississippi River, by James V. Swift. Whistle Stop Volume 17, Number 3, 1989: President Harry S. "Truman and His Language," by Robert Underhill. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Summer, 1989: "Springfield and its Hinterland: Greene County and the White River Country (Part IV)," by Robert Flanders and Lynn Morrow; "Civil War Litigation," Harvey Fry vs. Richard Campbell & Simpson Clark, by William A. Yates; "The History of the Old Spanish (Or Wildcat) Cave, Stone County, Missouri," by George R. Bush. Word & Way, Journal of Missouri Baptist Convention August 3, 1989: "St. Louis' Fourth Church struggles for survival—Members affirm need for inner-city ministry, resolve to keep going." 238 Missouri Historical Review

August 24, 1989: Melvin "Monk" Underwood, "Mother's prayer answered in son's life, ministry." August 31, 1989: G. Nelson Duke, "A strong leader of the flock," at First Baptist Church, Jefferson City, by Trennis Henderson.

Worth County Reporter August, 1989: "Grant City Fires—Grant City in Ashes!" by William G. Gladstone; "Schools: Hurst, District #43," by Mary Seat. September, 1989: "Fairview . . . Denver . . . Grant's Hill, When The Business District Was Wooden," by William G. Gladstone. October, 1989: "Westpoint, Oxford," by William G. Gladstone; "Schools, The Nation, Adams School, District #20," by Pansy Rinehart.

Why Raise Mules?

Columbia Missouri Herald, January 6, 1905. From the Fulton Sun. Here are some of the very good reasons given by a well-known writer why farmers should raise more mules: They can be raised cheaper than any other stock. They will go on the market much younger than any horse. They can be handled at two years old, and, if properly managed, will do as much work as a four-year-old horse and be the better for it. . . . They avoid danger and do not get into holes or dangerous places. If they run away they seldom hurt themselves or anything else much. . . . They stand heat much better than horses, [and] if you do not think so, try a span on your binder some hot sultry day by the side of your horses. They can stand more abuse and hardship than the horse, but appreciate good treatment more than any other animal living, and live to a greater age than horses. There is profit in mule-raising because of quicker growth, being marketable at three years old. A horse has to be five years old. . . .

Keep Away from There

Kansas City Journal of Commerce, January 1, 1878. San Francisco Cor. Boston Journal. If ever a state was suffering from an excess of immigration it is California. . . . there are too many people in California. There is no need of any more lawyers, doctors, clerks or bookeepers [sic]. The quota is filled. And there are not only too many people now, but I am decidedly of the opinion that in proportion to the population there are more non-producers at the present time than in any other State in the Union. Keep away from California altogether, or at all events keep away until a change for the better is made in the condition of affairs, and you will never regret it. Historical Notes and Comments 239

IN MEMORIAM ELMER ELLIS tors of the Harry S. Truman Library Insti­ tute for National and International Affairs, Elmer Ellis, President Emeritus of the Independence, and the William Rockhill University of Missouri, noted for develop­ Nelson Trust. A member of the board of ing the four-campus system, college ad­ curators for Stephens College, Columbia, ministrator and teacher, noted historian, the board of directors of the Social Science former president and member of the Execu­ Research Council, and the Missouri School tive Committee of the State Historical So­ of Religion, he also had been president of ciety of Missouri, died at his home in the Association of State Universities and Columbia on August 27, 1989. He was Land Grant Colleges, National Council born July 27, 1901, in Anamoose, North for the Social Studies, and the Mississippi Dakota, the son of Thomas and Lillie Valley Historical Association. He held mem­ Butterfield Ellis. He earned his under­ berships in Rotary Club, Phi Beta Kappa, graduate and master's degrees from the Phi Delta Kappa and many professional University of North Dakota in 1924 and and educational organizations. A Guggen­ 1925, and the Ph.D. degree from the Uni­ heim Fellow, Dr. Ellis was the recipient of versity of Iowa in 1930. He married Ruth the Pro Meritis Award from Rockhurst Clapper on August 14, 1925, in Fargo, College, Distinguished Friend Award from N.D. After teaching in Iowa and North the Friends of the University of Missouri Dakota, Dr. Ellis came to the University and State Historical Society of Missouri of Missouri as assistant professor of his­ Libraries, the University of Missouri Cura­ tory in 1930. tors' Award for Outstanding Service and Promoted to associate professor and then the Distinguished Service Award from the professor, Ellis filled in as acting dean of State Historical Society of Missouri. An the Graduate School during the summers active member of the State Historical So­ of 1936, 1939 and 1941. From 1945 to ciety of Missouri, Dr. Ellis served as presi­ 1946 he served as vice president of the dent, 1974-1977, as a member of the Execu­ university and then spent nine years as tive Committee or as a trustee of the So­ dean of the College of Arts and Science. ciety from 1955 until his death. Named acting president of the university Survivors include his wife, Ruth C. Ellis, in 1954, Dr. Ellis took the position perma­ Columbia; his sister, Susan Ellis Ortman, nently in 1955 and held it until his retire­ La Mesa, California; and several nieces ment in 1966. During his presidency the and nephews. Kansas City and St. Louis campuses were added to create the statewide, four-campus GERALD R. MASSIE University of Missouri System. After his retirement, he wrote his autobiography, Gerald R. Massie, retired photographer visited his Jesse Hall office daily and re­ of Jefferson City, died May 11, 1989. He mained active as an educator. In October was born on September 22, 1911, in Clin­ 1989, the State Historical Society published ton, a son of William R. and Hazel Witt his autobiography, My Road to Emeritus. Massie. A life-long resident of the Central In 1943, Dr. Ellis obtained a Rockefeller Missouri area, Massie graduated from Clin­ grant that helped establish the university's ton High School. During World War II, Western Historical Manuscript Collection. he served in the United States Army as a He was a founder of the Friends of the photographer on Gen. Dwight D. Eisen­ University of Missouri and State Historical hower's staff in Europe. On September 22, Society of Missouri Libraries. Dr. Ellis 1945, he married Henrietta L. Hendrich in served as president of the board of direc­ Clinton. Massie worked for the Missouri 240 Missouri Historical Review

Department of Resources and Develop­ HARDER, MRS. GRACE MOORE, Kelsey- ment, later the Missouri Department of ville, California: May 11, 1899-December Industrial Development, from 1945 until 4, 1988. his retirement as assistant director in 1973. HICKLIN, MRS. J.R., Concordia: He served as the official photographer for June 3, 1895-January 13, 1989. the state of Missouri for many years and KEMP, HARDY A., M.D., Prairie Village, had numerous photographs published. A Kansas: July 13, 1902-October 9, 1988. friend of the State Historical Society, KING, ADALINE M., Palmyra: Massie donated many Missouri photo­ May 10, 1895-August 22, 1989. Curator, graphs and publications to the Society. An Gardner House Museum, Palmyra. elder and deacon of the First Presbyterian LANDWEHR, BURTON F., Ankeny, Iowa: Church, Jefferson City, he also was a mem­ December 15, 1904-September 13, 1989. ber of the Missouri Academy of Squires, LATZEL, GERALDINE, St. Louis: the Sigma Delta Chi journalism fraternity March 19, 1914-October 20, 1987. and the Termite Woodworking Club. MILLARD, FILMORE C, Ottumwa, Iowa: Survivors include his wife, Henrietta May 17, 1900-February 17, 1989. Massie, and a son, Dan T. Massie, both of Jefferson City; a daughter, Mrs. Kathleen MILLER, MRS. FOUNT, Shelbina: October 12, 1905-August 22, 1989. M. Pierce, Godfrey, Illinois; and two grand­ children. OLSON, MRS. DELLA, Bentonville, Arkan­ sas: October 29, 1911-September 1, 1988. BECK, ACE F., Lyle, Washington: SAPP, PAUL E., Columbia: July 4, 1941-March 1, 1989. April 13, 1911-July 8, 1989. BETTS, ROBERT B., New York, New SEVERIN, WALTER L., Webster Groves: York: November 28, 1922-March 10, 1989. December 8, 1905-November 1, 1988. BRITTON, MRS. BLAINE S., Sweetwater, SPENCER, ALFRED E., St. Louis: Tennessee: November 19, 1908-September July 17, 1903-September27, 1988. 15, 1989. TAYLOR, MARY S., St. Simon's Island, DINGUS, PHILLIP M., Lompoc, Cali­ Georgia: September 30, 1921-January 25, fornia: April 7, 1913-February 11, 1989. 1989. ELLISON, ANDREW, Ft. Lauderdale, Flor­ TOOMBS, MRS. MURIEL, Senath: ida: June 5, 1904-December 15, 1988. February 8, 1923-July 15, 1989. ELWYN, ESTHER ENYART, Halfway: VERTREES, JOSEPH, Jamesburg, New Jer­ February 27, 1893-November 13, 1988. sey: October 10, 1887-November 26, 1988. FISHER, MRS. JOE, Springfield: WOOD, PATRICIA, Sikeston: July 22, 1911-April 22, 1989. August 20, 1947-August 27, 1988. Historical Notes and Comments 241

BOOK REVIEWS Thomas Hart Benton, An American Original. By Henry Adams (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1989). 357 pp. Extensive color and black and white illustrations. Index. $29.95 paperback. Only the Rivers are Peaceful: Thomas Hart Benton 9s Missouri Mural. By Bob Priddy (Independence, Missouri: Independence Press/Herald Publishing House, 1989). 288 pp. Color and black and white plates. Appendices. Index. $29.00 cloth binding. $20.00 paperback. Renewed interest in Thomas Hart Benton and his art has been growing for a number of years. Both Henry Adams and Bob Priddy planned the publication of their books to coincide with the hundredth anniversary of Benton's birthday, April 15, 1889. Henry Adams, the Sosland Curator of American Art at the Nelson- Atkins Museum in Kansas City, holds a Ph.D. in art history from Yale University. Already an expert on American mural painting, he under­ took to write Thomas Hart Benton, An American Original and to organize a show of Benton's works that bears the same name. Thomas Hart Benton, An American Original is now the definitive biography of Thomas Hart Benton and a major landmark in American art scholar­ ship covering the 1920s and 1930s. In preparing for the show and the biography, Henry Adams undertook a program of exhaustively thorough and comprehensive research. He and his staff assembled virtually everything that had ever been written by or about Benton, including Benton's remaining personal correspondence, together with an extensive series of interviews with Benton, his friends and students, and even of his associates' children. The most remarkable ingredient in Adams's biography is a series of Benton's unpublished memoirs, which are devastating in their intimacy and candor. Benton had carefully preserved them for posterity. Out of all this material, Adams has brought Benton to life on a personal level at which one knows few human beings. Benton appears as a compli­ cated and contradictory figure—a restless soul, possessed both of real genius and terrible shortcomings and driven by vaunting ambitions. While he does not always seem admirable, Benton comes across as a real person. Adams's biography of Benton—especially of his larger- than-life trials and peccadillos—causes the reader to reflect on his own trials and identify with imperfect man's struggle to do something meaningful with his life. This sense of personal involvement brings to life Benton's role in the political, social and aesthetic developments of the 1920s and 1930s. 242 Missouri Historical Review

Thomas Hart Benton came from a politically and socially promi­ nent Southwest Missouri family rent with domestic and sexual tensions that disturbed Benton's childhood. His congressman father, a "good ol' boy," ambitiously desired that Tom, his first son, have a career in law and politics. His mother, in her overvaluation of social refinement and as a gambit in her ongoing struggle with her husband, urged Tom to follow his talent in art. A pugnacious 5' 3" in height, Tom Benton, as a young man, encountered humiliating sexual experiences and difficulties fitting into the complicated world of avant-garde art in the early twentieth century. His marriage to Rita Piacenza in 1922 began to bring a semblance of domestic stability to his life; and, during the 1920s, Benton developed his mature artistic style—an amalgamation of modernist theory, Renaissance technique and socially conscious subject matter. Benton's real impact on American art began in 1930 with the first of his public murals—at the New School for Social Research in New York. With the development of American Scene Painting into Re­ gionalism in the mid-1930s, Benton rose to national prominence. He split dramatically from his former leftist friends in the New York art world and made his much publicized return to Missouri to direct the painting and drawing program at the Kansas City Art Institute and to paint The Social History of Missouri in the Missouri State Capitol. The latter he considered his finest work. Benton became the most famous American painter of the New Deal Era, and his art represented a native American culture in the fine arts of American folk traditions. Henry Adams skillfully presents the various controversies embroiling Benton as he promoted his cultural agenda. Henry Adams has treated summarily Benton's life after World War II—a period representing nearly half of his career. Abstract Expres­ sionism in America and western Europe in the post-war period eclipsed Realism, and Benton and other American realists fell from popularity. Adams's decision to concentrate on the earlier period of fame and influence is understandable. Given Adams's superb, comprehensive handling of Benton and the world around him through the height of his career, one can hope the author will be persuaded to undertake a sequel. Thomas Hart Benton, An American Original is a ground­ breaking work which presents Benton in an altogether new light. This book belongs in the library of anyone interested in American art. Bob Priddy is the news director of the Missouri Net, a statewide commercial radio network. He wrote Across Our Wide Missouri, a popular, two-volume series of historical Missouri anecdotes, in print for seven years. Only the Rivers are Peaceful: Thomas Hart Benton's Historical Notes and Comments 243

Missouri Mural represents the culmination of Priddy's growing interest in Benton. His curiosity began in 1975 with a recorded interview of John G. Christy, speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives when Benton created the Missouri mural in 1935-1936. Only the Rivers are Peaceful deals primarily with Thomas Hart Benton's Missouri mural. Priddy has taken a journalistic approach intentionally and self-consciously avoiding critical analysis and aesthetic issues. Although not biographical, the book provides adequate bio­ graphical information to establish the Missouri mural in the context of Benton's life. Priddy's work focuses on the actual making of the mural, The Social History of Missouri, on the critical reception given the mural upon completion, and on the various interpretations of the work. Of these, Priddy's chapter on the making of the mural is the most interesting and most successful. For the past several years, guards and tour guides at the Missouri State Capitol Building have referred to Bob Priddy anyone with information about the Missouri mural. As a result, Priddy interviewed a number of people who provided information about the actual making of the mural and about the various individuals who posed for the painting. Priddy supplemented these interviews with a thorough review of period newspaper and magazine articles concerning the mural. Priddy quotes many of these. The result is a fascinating picture of Benton at work, one that reveals much about the artist's personality and the atmosphere of the state house in the mid-1930s. Priddy's review of the critical furor that resulted after the mural's completion is equally thorough and provides insights into the sensibilities of the period. This reviewer wishes Priddy had built upon the excellent research and storytelling in his chapters on the making of the mural and its popular reception by constructing his own interpretation of the mural's content. Instead, he chose to present interpretations made by Earnest A. Levine, I.G. Morrison, Matthew Baigell and Benton himself. With the exception of Baigell, who summarized the social criticism implied by the mural, these interpretations are general, directed to an audience of casual tourists and do not do justice to the mural. Despite this seeming interpretative shortcoming, the approach used by Priddy— contrasting several individuals' diverse views—has succeeded in giving a sense of the disagreement which Benton's work can provoke. For persons interested in Benton and in the Missouri mural, Bob Priddy's book is an invaluable source of detailed information about Benton, his methods and the people with whom he worked and confronted in the production of his greatest work. William Woods College James G. Rogers 244 Missouri Historical Review

Westmoreland and Portland Places: The History and Architecture of America's Premier Private Streets, 1888-1988. By Julius K. Hunter (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988). 219 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. This large-format book, published in conjunction with the centen­ nial of the founding of Westmoreland and Portland Places, documents the people and the architecture of a special neighborhood. Located in the west end of St. Louis, Missouri, just north of Forest Park, this residential enclave represents one of the finest examples of a private- street concept, in a city unusually rich in this form of development. Such streets are owned and maintained by the adjacent property owners and generally closed to through traffic to provide privacy and security to the residents. The first and largest of the book's three components by Julius K. Hunter provided a detailed view of the people who chose to build and live in Westmoreland and Portland Places. These residents constituted a class of people who were civic and social leaders in St. Louis, around the time of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904. By then, nearly half of the houses stood in place. Numerous black and white photo­ graphs, of people, neighborhood views and images of the buildings— both interiors and exteriors, often drawn from family albums—embel­ lish Hunter's text. Hunter's presentation precedes an album of recent photographs, superbly reproduced in color, made by Robert Pettus and Leonard Lujan. The horizontal format and the large page-size (approximately 10 by 14 inches) permit flexible layouts for over 200 images, including many full-page depictions of buildings, interiors and architectural de­ tails. Occasionally, some pages seem cluttered, but none so severe as to reduce the effectiveness of the album in showing the houses as fine works of architecture. The third section of the book consists of an essay on the architec­ ture, with a catalog of the houses, by Esley Hamilton. Once again, illustrations in black and white include some architectural drawings and views of houses now demolished or changed. Hamilton's contribution seems aimed at those interested in the architecture, though the catalog portion provides a chronology of owners for each house. The "Fore­ word," by James Neal Primm, offers a concise, yet extremely informa­ tive essay, setting a historical context for what follows. This elegantly produced book is a browser's joy, but cumbersome to handle. It also provides considerable substance for the careful reader, but the editorial isolation of the three major components creates problems, since one cannot comprehend fully the neighborhood and its Historical Notes and Comments 245 importance without interrelating the three sections. Unfortunately, the reader is given no assistance through notes or cross-references to facilitate integration of the wealth of information and images. Hunter's contribution begins chronologically, but soon shifts to themes presented somewhat anecdotally. The section of photographs is organized chronologically, by date of the house. While valuable, this arrangement does not easily reveal the fact that of the nearly ninety houses, twenty-two were built in the period 1890-1895 and thirty-eight in the 1905-1912 period. That insight is gained more readily from Hamilton's catalog, organized by street address. This essay concentrates on the architects and groups their work. Together, the three com­ ponents tell a great deal, but one needs to use the fairly extensive index and thumb back and forth to take full advantage of the contents. Nevertheless, the book gives a detailed view into the character and fabric of an important neighborhood in St. Louis. And despite generic rather than specific documentation, the book provides a great deal of information about the history of the city, many of its civic and business leaders and some of its finest residential architecture, as well as an insight into the nature of private streets. University of Missouri-Kansas City George Ehrlich

The Black Struggle for Public Schooling in Nineteenth-Century Illinois. By Robert L. McCaul (Carbondale: Southern Illinois Press, 1987). 193 pp. References. Notes. Index. $24.95. Robert L. McCaul's account of nineteenth-century Illinois blacks and their struggle for access to public schooling presents a good solid history and, in addition, a charming little book. The text runs less than 160 pages, but it is backed by an impressive array of references and notes. McCaul's analysis introduces a new, appropriate and useful definition of power. His view of "power as the capacity to 'elicit' a favorable response from a hostile or indifferent opposition" represents the concept upon which he organizes his substantive, well-argued narrative. The writing style is zestful, yet without extreme partisanship. How did blacks help themselves in their quest for public schooling? How did they organize to gain "bargaining power" and at the same time insure themselves of a respected and effective place in the Illinois political community? What internal conflicts weakened the movement and how were these disagreements addressed by the black leadership? McCaul, thoroughly and thoughtfully, crafts responses to these signifi­ cant (and still timely) questions. In dealing with these issues he pene­ trates the world of black nineteenth-century politics and culture. 246 Missouri Historical Review

The book, centered on McCaul's concept of power, can be divided into pre- and post-1870 divisions. Prior to 1870 ("that year of won­ ders"), Illinois blacks moved mostly outside the established political power structure, but after that date (for reasons amply explained in the text), they aligned themselves with the Republican party and began to share, to a degree, in various aspects of community life. Involvement in community resulted in political influence which increased civil rights. The conclusion forwarded by McCaul, and war­ ranted by the evidence, is that political power provides the best means of gaining equality. Blacks understood this and "did not sit back idly and wait for sympathetic whites to run to their rescue." McCaul's work should find its way into graduate seminars con­ cerning American educational history and the politics of education. Kansas State University Chad Litz

A Life in the Struggle: Ivory Perry and the Culture of Opposition. By George Lipsitz (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988). 292 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $29.95. Most histories of the civil rights struggle focus on a handful of major leaders and a few crucial events. This approach minimizes the grass-roots nature of the movement and overlooks the way many of the changes most fundamentally affected people's daily lives through count­ less conflicts in cities around the country. In this study of Ivory Perry, an active participant in the fight for civil rights in St. Louis for more than thirty years, George Lipsitz carries the history of the movement beyond a national emphasis and concentrates on indigenous leadership at the local level. Lipsitz characterizes Perry as an "organic intellectual." According to the author, "organic intellectuals learn about the world by trying to change it, and they change the world by learning about it from the perspective of the needs and aspirations of their social group." Accord­ ing to Lipsitz, Perry fit this bill; though he never held an official leadership position in any civil rights organizations, Perry became an active member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and earned widespread respect within the black community for his role in organiz­ ing and leading several direct-action protests. While recognizing the unique aspects of Perry's career, Lipsitz also places him in context of several of the broader social trends his life illustrates. Born in 1930 in rural Arkansas, the son of sharecroppers, Perry moved to Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in 1943. His childhood reflects the large-scale movement of blacks from rural to urban areas during Historical Notes and Comments 247

World War II. His military service during the Korean War shows the importance of that experience on the lives of many blacks. In journey­ ing to Bogalusa, Louisiana, in 1965 to help with voter registration and desegregation and to Chicago in 1966 to help the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) organize tenant groups, he demonstrates how activists traveled to help the movement elsewhere, and then brought new strategies they learned back to their local struggles. When he took a job in 1965 as community organizer with the Human Development Corporation (HDC), a St. Louis antipoverty program, it represented part of a broader trend of the bureaucratization of the civil rights movement in federal programs. In this role, Perry and other activists faced contradictory forces as they gained greater financial and institutional backing while sacrificing some of their autonomy. As housing coordinator for HDC in the late-1960s and 1970s, Perry's career represents the changing nature of the civil rights struggle. He played an active role in a rent strike by tenants in federal housing projects and led the fight to end lead poisoning among ghetto children. Lipsitz makes effective use of oral history to convincingly demon­ strate the important role Perry played in the St. Louis civil rights movement. Yet he does so without romanticizing his subject. Lipsitz deals honestly with Perry's shortcomings—his string of failed relation­ ships with women, his estrangement from his children, his periodic hospitalizations for nervous exhaustion. Lipsitz portrays these failings as a result of personal causes and the "unremitting pressure and tensions" of his activism. Using Perry as an example of local leadership, Lipsitz has advanced the study of the civil rights movement to another level, emphasizing the crucial part played by long-forgotten participants in events that never captured national headlines. University of Missouri-Columbia David Cochran

Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography. By Dan L. Thrapp (Glendale, Calif.: The Arthur C. Clark Company, 1988). 3 volumes. 1,698 pp. Index. $175.00. The American Frontier is defined by this author as "a place—in history, in geography, and in human relationships—enduring from the earliest ages to the rim of the present." [p. vii.] Thus, this encyclopedia, with about three entries per page, has many expected and some unexpected surprises. With almost 4,500 entries, coverage extends to many Indians, explorers (of every nationality), mountain men, army personnel, missionaries, gunmen and outlaws, early settlers, a few females and early political leaders. Surprising entries include twentieth- 248 Missouri Historical Review

century literary writers, stage, motion picture, radio and television stars. Unexpectedly missing are the early western railroad entrepreneurs and those who prospered in the mining rushes who must have come in a post-frontier period for the author. This work's important contribution provides all those interested in the frontier with convenient reference material on many aspects of the west. These volumes represent a substantial investment, but every public and university library should possess a set. Source materials for each entry enable a researcher to delve more deeply. An extensive supplemental index does not repeat the alphabetically arranged, titled entries but provides a substantial cross-listing of the other persons and places mentioned. Thus, if a researcher is interested in pursuing a topic such as "The Battle of Beecher's Island," he will find sixty-eight entries, enabling him to locate information on almost every one of General George Alexander Forsyth's scouts and many of the Indians in that September 1868 battle. Naturally, the author's perception seems colored by his own re­ search and publication about the American frontier which concentrated on the Southwest. Nevertheless, the author is highly commended for this labor of thirty years and the press for this fine product. Kansas State University Homer E. Socolofsky

Democratic Definitions

The Carthage Republican, June 26, 1884. A True Reformer—A Republican who bolts his ticket and does all in his power to elect the Democratic candidate. A Patriot—One who votes the Democratic ticket—the oftener the better. A Partisan—One who votes the Republican ticket. The Down-Trodden South—Cophiah, Miss., and Danville, Va. Oppressing the South—Advocating the right of each American citizen to cast one vote and have it fairly counted. Waving the Bloody Shirt—Objecting to the murder of Republicans for opinion's sake. Reviving Memories of the War—Praising a man who fought for the Union. Political Purity—Anything to beat the Republicans. Cardinal Democratic Principle—Objection to anything a Republican administration may propose to do. Democratic Progress—Claiming credit for anything successfully accomplished by the Republican party. Civil Service Reform—Putting Democratic politicians in office. The Venal Press—Republican journals. Guarding the Purity of the Ballot Box—Shooting Republicans who try to vote. —Washington Republican Historical Notes and Comments 249

BOOK NOTES The Pony Express: From St. Joseph to Fort Laramie. By Merrill J. Mattes and Paul Henderson (St. Louis: Patrice Press, 1989). 82 pp. Illustrations. No index. Annotated Bibliography. $4.95, plus $2.00 postage and 6.1 percent sales tax for Missouri buyers. Originally a project of the Nebraska Historical Society, this new paperback edition of the 1960 book focuses on Nebraska. It contains 40 photographs, a map depicting most stations, a short description of each, mileage tabulations and biographical sketches of Nebraska riders. The book is available from Patrice Press, 1701 South Eighth Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63104.

Timber Ridge Southern Baptist Church. By Cloie Burtner McNabb (Marshfield, Missouri, 1987). 54 pp. Illustrations. No index. $10.00. Union Baptist Church, organized by eight charter members in 1842, changed its name to Timber Ridge Southern Baptist Church in 1857; it is the oldest Baptist Church in Webster County. This history provides records of church activities, lists of pastors, deacons and members since 1842, and biographical sketches of prominent members. The paperback book may be purchased from Cloie B. McNabb, Route 1, Box 1045, Marshfield, Missouri 65706.

People of the Troubled Water: A Missouri River Journal. By Nancy M. Peterson (Frederick, Colorado: Renaissance House, 1988). 153 pp. Illustrations. Index. $24.95 cloth, $15.95 paper. Peterson uses memoirs and journals to weave a narrative of the activities of the early explorers, trappers, traders, missionaries, military men and settlers who explored the American West along the Missouri River. This highly readable monograph covers the period from Father Jacques Marquette's travels in 1673 through the mid-1800s. Western and Indian artist Asa Battles provides excellent scratchboard artwork. The book is available in bookstores or from Renaissance House, 541 Oak Street, P.O. Box 177, Frederick, Colorado 80530.

St. Luke of Webster County, Missouri 1988; one hundred fifty years of community service. By Carl Young and Charles Boulson (Thayer, Missouri, 1988). 82 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. No index. $5.00. This history focuses on the Methodist church organized when Caleb Haymes, a preacher, arrived in the community of St. Luke in 250 Missouri Historical Review

1841. Text and numerous photographs detail religious, educational and economic life within the community. Appendixes include church offi­ cers since 1870, membership rolls for 1875 through 1892 and 1988; and public school teachers from 1893 to 1960. The paperback book may be ordered from Carl Young, P.O. Box 646, Marshfield, Missouri 65706.

The History of St. Paul A.M.E. Church, Columbia, Missouri, 1867- 1900. By J. Noel Heermance (Columbia: Unicorn Press, 1988). 294 pp. Illustrations. Index. $20.00 (tax deductible). Organized in February 1867, by the Reverend E. M. Doan of Jefferson City, St. Paul A.M.E. Church has become a major institution in Columbia's black community. The author, in addition to relating the history of the church, places the institution in the broader context of world events and local issues and concerns. Proceeds from the book's sale go to college scholarships for St. Paul A.M.E. youth. The paper­ back volume may be requested from the Reverend Shirley D. Heer­ mance, 56 Lakeland Acres, Columbia, Missouri 65202.

Journalism Education at the University of Missouri-Columbia. By Earl English (Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1988). 406 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $20.00 (for limited time), plus 6.1 percent sales tax for Missouri buyers. This book sets forth in chronological form selected activities associated with journalism training in the University of Missouri over a 75-year period. The School of Journalism at UMC was founded by Walter Williams in 1908. The hardback volume may be ordered from Walsworth Publishing Company, 306 North Kansas Ave., Marceline, Missouri 64658.

Josh Billings and "Good Ole Daze" Platte City Platte County Reveille, July 13, 1866. How I dew long (once in a while) for them good ole daze. Them daze when there was more fun in 30 cents than there is now in seven dollars and a half. . . . Them daze when deacons was as austere as hoss reddish, and ministers preached to men's souls in stid of their pockets. Them daze when pollyticks was the exception and honesty the rule. Them daze when lap dorgs and wet nusses want known, and when brown bread and baked goose made a good dinner. Historical Notes and Comments 251

THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the seventeenth round of competition for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $300.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year between the junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students. The 1990 award of $300.00 will be presented for the best article written by a fully enrolled junior classman in a Mis­ souri college or university. The award will be presented at the 1990 annual meeting of the Society in Columbia. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or personalities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words, and a bibliog­ raphy must be included. Each college or university must select a panel of judges to nominate the best article. Only one article may be sub­ mitted from each college or university. Articles may be submitted from each branch of the University of Missouri. Each article will be judged against other nominations by the Department of History of the University of Missouri- Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the Missouri Historical Review. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1990. They must be sent to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. 252 Missouri Historical Review

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in The State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Annual Membership $5.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help The State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 In­ state Historical Society of Missouri The camera captured a winter day in 1899 on Rollins Street in Macon. The merchants had scooped the snow so pedestrian traffic could reach their doors, however, the drifts and piled snow apparently kept vehicles off the street. This image came from a collection of oversize mounted photographs donated to the Society in 1984 by William R. Denslow of Trenton.