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The Social Impacts of Seasonal Migration Lessons from Australia’S Seasonal Worker Programme for Pacific Islanders Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Social Impacts of Seasonal Migration Lessons from Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme for Pacific Islanders Public Disclosure Authorized The Social Impacts of Seasonal Migration: Lessons from Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme for Pacific Islanders Abstract The Seasonal Worker Programme (SWP) is a temporary migration scheme between Aus- tralia and selected Pacific Island Countries. It was introduced in 2012 and covers the ag- riculture, accommodation and tourism sectors. Extensive efforts have been made to eval- uate the economic impacts of the scheme, but there is a lack of evidence on the social impacts emanating from the extended absences of key family members. Moreover, of the 17,320 workers who have participated in the programme since its inception, only 13.7 per- cent have been women. There are gaps in understanding around the gendered impact of the programme and the constraints that prevent women from accessing the SWP. Based on a focus on the two largest participating countries in the scheme, Tonga and Vanuatu, this paper aims to: (i) assess both positive and negative social impacts of seasonal migra- tion and explore how negative consequences can be mitigated; and (ii) examine the experi- ence of women in the programme, explore the barriers to access and put forward a set of recommendations to increase the female participation rate. i © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of Consultants working for and the staff at The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the le- gal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons At- tribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution – Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2018. The Social Impacts of Seasonal Migration: Lessons from Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme for Pacific Is- landers. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: - License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations – If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations – If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. ii Third-party content – The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting form such infringe- ment rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your respon- sibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group. 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org Cover photo: Vedrana Music Cover design: Mai Chanthaboury iii Table of Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................................. vii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ ix 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of Australia’s SWP ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background and Objectives of the Report .................................................................... 3 1.3 Research and Methodology .............................................................................................. 5 1.4 Structure of the Report ..................................................................................................... 7 2.Social Impacts of Seasonal Migration ...................................................................................... 9 2.1 Global Evidence on the Social Impacts of Migration ................................................... 9 2.2 Evidence from the Pacific .................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Setting the Context: Gender Norms and Roles ............................................................ 11 2.4 Core Findings ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Positive social impacts of seasonal migration ...................................................... 13 2.4.2 Negative social impacts of seasonal migration .................................................... 20 3. Women’s Participation in the SWP .............................................................................................. 25 3.1 Defining Characteristics of Pacific Migrant Women .................................................. 25 3.2 Factors Underpinning Women’s Low Participation Rate .......................................... 29 3.3 Earnings, Costs, Remittances and Savings .................................................................. 36 3.4 Shifting Gender Roles as a Result of Participation .................................................... 39 4. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43 5.Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 Standards for Sending Country Authorities to Meet ................................................. 45 5.2 Standards to Establish for Approved Employers and Recruitment Agents ......... 47 5.3 Areas for Further Research .............................................................................................. 48 References .................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 iv Figures Figure 2.1 Community Leaders Reporting a Change in Men’s and Women’s Role as a Result of Participation in the SWP (%) .................................................... 14 Figure 2.2 Household Heads Reporting a Change in Men’s and Women’s Role as a Result of Participation in the SWP (%) .......................................................... 14 Figure 2.3 Households Reporting Certain Changes in Women’s and Men’s Roles Following Participation in the SWP (%) ............................................................ 15 Figure 2.4 Community Leaders Reporting a Negative Impact of Male and Female SWP Participation on Intimate Partner Relationships (%) .......................... 21 Figure 3.1 Marital Status of Male and Female Pacific Seasonal Workers (%) ............ 26 Figure 3.2 Highest Level of Education Completed for Male and Female Seasonal Workers (%) ............................................................................................................. 27 Figure 3.3 Community Leaders Reporting Male and Female Voices in the Selection Process (%) .............................................................................................................. 29 Figure 3.4 Groups That Were Reported by On-Site Workers as Discriminating Against Female Seasonal Workers (%) ............................................................. 32 Figure 3.5 Main Reasons Cited by Households Who Suggested Women Were Not Suited for
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