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Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis for Town of Eureka (Eureka Smelter) Site Eureka, Eureka County, Nevada

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Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis for Town of Eureka (Eureka Smelter) Site Eureka, Eureka County, Nevada ENGINEERING EVALUATION/COST ANALYSIS FOR TOWN OF EUREKA (EUREKA SMELTER) SITE EUREKA, EUREKA COUNTY, NEVADA October 2015 Prepared by: U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Region 9 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, California 94105 WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. 1340 Treat Boulevard, Suite 210 Walnut Creek, CA 94597 Technical Direction Document No.: 0002/1302-T2-R9-14-10-0002 Document Control No.: 0022-08-AAEO Contract No.: EP-S5-13-02 U.S. EPA On-Scene Coordinators: Tom Dunkelman/Bret Moxley WESTON START Project Manager D. Neil Ellis [The remainder of this page has been intentionally left blank.] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 2. SITE DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................3 2.1 SITE LOCATION ....................................................................................................3 2.2 SITE HISTORY .......................................................................................................3 2.2.1 Mining History ..........................................................................................3 2.2.2 Mills and Smelters History .......................................................................4 2.2.3 Slag Piles History ......................................................................................5 2.2.4 Historic Health Effects Attributed to Mining and Smelting .....................5 2.2.5 Historic Flood Events ...............................................................................6 2.3 SITE POPULATION AND LAND USE .................................................................6 2.4 SITE CLIMATE ......................................................................................................9 2.5 SITE GEOLOGY ...................................................................................................10 2.6 SITE HYDROLOGY .............................................................................................10 2.7 SITE DRINKING WATER ...................................................................................11 2.8 SITE FLORA AND FAUNA.................................................................................12 2.9 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ..........................................................................14 2.10 PREVIOUS REMOVAL ACTIONS .....................................................................16 3. SOURCE, NATURE AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION..................................19 3.1 CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN .....................................................................19 3.2 CONTAMINATION SOURCES...........................................................................21 3.2.1 Former Smelter and Mill Sites and Slag Piles ........................................21 3.2.2 Aerial Deposition from Smelting and Milling Operations .....................26 3.2.3 Eureka Creek ...........................................................................................27 3.2.4 LBP and Indoor Dust ..............................................................................28 3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINATION WITHIN SOIL .................................29 3.3.1 Background Soil......................................................................................29 3.3.2 Distribution of Contamination within Soil at Residential Properties ................................................................................................31 3.3.3 Distribution of Contamination within Soil at Commercial Properties ................................................................................................33 3.3.4 Distribution of Contamination within Slag Piles ....................................33 3.3.5 Distribution of Contamination within Soil at Unoccupied Properties ................................................................................................33 3.4 SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION ............................34 3.5 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION .............................................................34 4. ANALYTICAL DATA ....................................................................................................37 4.1 SOIL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ...................................................................38 4.2 LEACHABILITY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ..............................................40 4.3 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING OF SLAG MATERIAL ........................................44 Z:\R9 START Document Control Archive\0022_EE/CA i 0022-08-AAEO This document was prepared by Weston Solutions, Inc., expressly for EPA. It shall not be released or disclosed in whole or in part without the express written permission of EPA. 4.4 BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOACCESSIBILITY SAMPLING ........................44 4.5 BLOOD LEAD SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ..................................................47 5. STREAMLINED RISK ASSESSMENT........................................................................49 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................49 5.2 CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL ............................................................................49 5.3 HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ...........................................................51 5.3.1 Contaminants of Potential Concern ........................................................51 5.3.2 Arsenic Risks ..........................................................................................52 5.3.3 Lead Risks ...............................................................................................52 5.3.4 Preliminary Remediation Goals and Tiered Response ...........................53 6. APPLICABLE OR RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS ..........55 6.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ...............................................................................55 6.2 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS ........................................56 6.3 ARARS AND TBCS..............................................................................................57 7. IDENTIFICATION OF REMOVAL ACTION OBJECTIVES .................................61 7.1 DEVELOPMENT OF REMOVAL ACTION OBJECTIVES ..............................61 7.2 NATIONAL CONSISTENCY ..............................................................................62 7.3 STATUTORY LIMITS ON REMOVAL ACTIONS............................................64 7.4 DETERMINATION OF REMOVAL SCOPE ......................................................64 7.5 DETERMINATION OF REMOVAL SCHEDULE ..............................................65 7.6 PLANNED REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES ................................................................65 8. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL ACTION ALTERNATIVES ...........................................................................................67 8.1 OU-1 RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES ...................................................................67 8.1.1 Assumptions Common to All Actionable OU-1 Alternatives ................69 8.1.2 OU-1 Removal Alternative 1 – No Action .............................................70 8.1.3 OU-1 Removal Alternative 2 – Soil Removal and Capping at Tier I and Tier II Properties; ICs; and Outreach and Education Programs .................................................................................................70 8.1.4 OU-1 Removal Alternative 3 – Soil Removal and Capping at Tier I, Tier II, and Tier III Properties; ICs; and Outreach and Education Programs ................................................................................70 8.2 OU-2 SLAG PILES ...............................................................................................71 8.2.1 Assumptions Common to All Actionable OU-2 Alternatives ................72 8.2.2 OU-2 Removal Alternative 1 – No Action .............................................74 8.2.3 OU-2 Removal Alternative 2 – Removal of Slag Piles to an Existing Landfill; and ICs .......................................................................74 8.2.4 OU-2 Removal Alternative 3 – Consolidation, Grading, and In- Place Capping of Slag Piles with a 2-Foot Soil Cover; and ICs .............74 Z:\R9 START Document Control Archive\0022_EE/CA ii 0022-08-AAEO This document was prepared by Weston Solutions, Inc., expressly for EPA. It shall not be released or disclosed in whole or in part without the express written permission of EPA. 8.2.5 OU-2 Removal Alternative 4 – Limited Use of RCS and/or ECS Slag Piles as Consolidated Waste Repositories; Grading and In- Place Capping of Slag Piles with a 2-Foot Soil Cover; and ICs .............75 8.2.6 OU-2 Removal Alternative 5 – Maximized Use of RCS and/or ECS Slag Piles as Consolidated Waste Repositories; Grading and In-Place Capping of Slag Piles with a 2-Foot Soil Cover; and ICs ........76 8.3 OU-3 UNDEVELOPED PARCELS WITHIN OR ADJACENT TO FORMER SMELTER AND MILL SITES ............................................................77 8.3.1 Assumptions Common to All Actionable OU-3 Alternatives ................78 8.3.2 OU-3 Removal Alternative 1 – No Action .............................................79 8.3.3 OU-3 Removal Alternative 2 – Smelter and Mill Footprint Area 1-Foot Soil Excavation and Removal with a 1-Foot Soil and/or Rock Cover on >10% Slopes; and ICs ....................................................79 8.3.4 OU-3 Removal Alternative 3 – Smelter and Mill Footprint Area Slope Capping with 1 Foot of Rock (Rock Slope
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