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RESEARCH ARTICLE Do the Number of Cigarettes Smokes Per Day
DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.5.1403 Cigarettes Smokes per Day and Malignant Cancer RESEARCH ARTICLE Editorial Process: Submission:01/20/2018 Acceptance:05/06/2019 Do the Number of Cigarettes Smokes per Day Contribute to the Incident of Malignant Cancer? Risky Kusuma Hartono1,2*, Sabariah Abd Hamid2, Muhammad Hafizurrachman1 Abstract Background: The incident of malignant cancer due to smoking habit becomes a public health problem especially in the developing countries. Active smokers neglect to stop smoking even though various studies proved that smoking increases the risk of cancer. While, previous studies have assessed the incident risk of cancer but have not performed the validity of the measurement. The aim of this study is to know the number of cigarettes that contribute to the incidence of malignant cancer. Methods: A study with retrospective cohort design has been conducted by using a set of public data of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. All active smokers (n= 748) who were in good health condition in 2007, were traced in 2014 and then being diagnosed with cancer with considering age, gender, healthy eating habit, and regular physical activity. Data has been analysed by using logistic regression by performing Adjusted Risk Ratio (ARR) and the result of validity measurement. Results: The incident of malignant cancer in 2014 were skin, liver, stomach and oral cavity. Smoking 21-30 per day in 2007 were significantly increased risk of having malignant cancer in 2014 at ARR: 6.88; SE:6.13 with the accuracy were 93.8%. The risk and accuracy were higher if smoke >30 cigarettes per day (ARR:7.523; SE:7.019; accuracy 95.5%). -
English/020730-PETAR- 001.Htm 17
HNP DISCUSSION PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 18 The Tobacco Epidemic in South-East Europe About this series... Consequences and Policy Responses This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and Public Disclosure Authorized debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into Ivana Bozicevic, Anna Gilmore and Stipe Oreskovic account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor in Chief Alexander S. Preker ([email protected]) or HNP Advisory Service ([email protected], tel 202 473-2256, fax 202 522-3234). For more information, see also www.worldbank.org/hnppublications. The Economics of Tobacco Control sub-series is produced jointly with the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any Public Disclosure Authorized manner to the World Health Organization or to the World Bank, their affiliated organizations or members of their Executive Boards or the countries they represent. -
Michael Marmot Secretary in Your Lifetime? I Have a Dog in This Fight
BMJ CONFIDENTIAL Bevan or Lansley? Who was the best and the worst health Michael Marmot secretary in your lifetime? I have a dog in this fight. The best was Alan Johnson: Evidence based optimist we share a passion for reducing health inequalities. He commissioned me to do the Marmot Review, which we published as Fair Society, Healthy Lives . It has proved to be a great way to work with local authorities, Public Health England, and many others on social determinants of health. Stephen Dorrell used his experience as health secretary to be an independent minded and analytical chair of the Health Select Committee. The worst? A crowded field. Who is the person you would most like to thank and why? I believe, and evidence supports it, that good work requires a good home life and vice versa. I most want to MICHAEL MARMOT , 70, is the doyen of thank my wife and three children. health inequalities, both in research and To whom would you most like to apologise? policy. He led a groundbreaking study of When I toddled off to Buckingham Palace to receive Whitehall civil servants that showed, contra- an award, I kept thinking that it should have been Jerry ry to traditional thinking, that the lower their Morris [Scottish epidemiologist] and Geoffrey Rose. Jerry status, the worse their health—the “social rang me and said, “ We have come in from the cold.” gradient.” His conviction that evidence should If you were given £1m what would you spend it on? form the basis of policy and that people can I was given a lot of money once and established the make a diff erence led to his chairing two WHO commissions and the English review on Balzan Fellowships—bringing young scholars to UCL from social determinants of health. -
A Prescription for Public Health Action in South Eastern Europe
osipubpolicybernd|v1 10/5/03 13:17 Page 1 cardiovascular disease sustained investment cervical cancer regional cooperation smoking/tobacco disease surveillance injuries building capacity domestic and sexual violence prevention mental health treatment HEALING THE CRISIS disabilities education sexually transmitted infections training hiv/aids research malnutrition access to information lack of immunisation multisectoral approaches alcohol collaboration intravenous drug use community-based services human trafficking commitment cardiovascular disease sustained investment Public Health in South Eastern Europe cervicalis cancerailing as a result regional of political cooperation and smoking/tobacco disease surveillance injuries building capacity domestic and sexualeconomic violence transformations preventionand the mental health treatment disabilitiesHealing education sexually transmitted consequences of war. Yet too little is training research access to information lack of immunisation ڞinfections hiv/aids malnutrition being done to diagnose and treat the multisectoralregion’s approaches health problems.alcohol This policy collaboration intravenous drug use community-based services human A Prescription for Public Health Action in South Eastern Europe brief prescribes targeted, sustained the Crisis trafficking commitment cardiovascular disease sustained investment cervical cancer regional cooperation investment programs by international smoking/tobaccoagencies to improve public disease health surveillance and injuries building capacity domestic -
Closing the Gap in a Generation Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health Closing the Gap in a Generation Contents
Commission on Social Determinants of Health FINAL REPORT Closing the gap in a generation Health equity through action on the social determinants of health CLOSING THE GAP IN A GENERATION CONTENTS WHO Library Cataloguing-in- © World Health Organization 2008 whatsoever on the part of the World Health All reasonable precautions have been taken Publication Data Organization concerning the legal status of by the World Health Organization to verify All rights reserved. Publications of the World any country, territory, city or area or of its the information contained in this publication. Closing the gap in a generation : health equity Health Organization can be obtained from authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its However, the published material is being through action on the social determinants WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps distributed without warranty of any kind, either of health : final report of the commission on Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland represent approximate border lines for which expressed or implied. The responsibility for social determinants of health. (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 there may not yet be full agreement. the interpretation and use of the material lies 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests with the reader. In no event shall the World 1.Socioeconomic factors. 2.Health care for permission to reproduce or translate The mention of specific companies or of Health Organization be liable for damages rationing. 3.Health services accessibility. WHO publications – whether for sale or for certain manufacturers’ products does not arising from its use. 4.Patient advocacy. -
1/11/2006 Health in an Unequal World Michael Marmot This Is a Lightly
1/11/2006 Health in an Unequal World Michael Marmot This is a lightly edited version of the (October) 2006 Harveian Oration at the Royal College of Physicians. It will be published in Clinical Medicine and the Lancet. In poor countries, tragically, people die unnecessarily. In rich countries, too, the higher death rate of those in less fortunate social positions is unnecessary. Can there be a link between these two phenomena: inequalities in health among countries and inequalities within? Surely, it might be argued, the depredations of grinding poverty – lack of food, shelter, clean water, and basic medical care or public health – that ravage the lives of the poor in developing countries are different in kind from the way that social disadvantage leads to poor health in modern Britain, for example. The diseases of the slums of Nairobi are, to be sure, different in kind from the diseases that affect the disadvantaged in east London or Harlem, and have different proximate causes. There is, however, a link. The unnecessary disease and suffering of the disadvantaged, whether in poor countries or rich, is a result of the way we organise our affairs in society. I shall argue, in this oration, that failing to meet the fundamental human need of autonomy, empowerment, or human freedom is a potent cause of ill-health. In making this case, I shall bring together two rather disparate streams of work. The first is a report of my own research endeavour. I have sought explanations for the social gradient in health, as observed in the Whitehall studies, pointing to the fundamental importance of the circumstances in which people live and work. -
Informatics Survey of University Students About the Role of Risk Factors for the Emergence of Chronical Diseases
Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design Original scientific paper UDC 616.1-02-057.87(497.5) INFORMATICS SURVEY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ABOUT THE ROLE OF RISK FACTORS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF CHRONICAL DISEASES Melita Sajko1*, Natalija Uršulin Trstenjak1, Davor Levanić1, Jurica Veronek1 1University North, 104 Brigade 3, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia *e-mail: [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death. Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are among Extra risk for getting sick is in a bad everyday diet, bad the most common diseases in the developed lifestyle habits and the lack of physical activity. Even countries - they affect more than 50% of patients. the younger population is not saved from the harmful According to statistics, in the Republic of Croatia impacts on their health. these diseases belong to the most common causes of For the needs of this research, a survey was put together death. Cardiovascular diseases comprise 40 - 50% of about: eating habits, lifestyles and physical activity. discharge diagnoses treated at internist departments Students of University North in Varaždin participated in in the Republic of Croatia [1]. The presence of various the survey which was available as a Google docs form. risk factors has an impact on the mortality in CVD, Working hypothesis was that students are not aware of particularly high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, their bad habits and their consequences. Total number smoking, physical inactivity, stress and diet [2]. In of examined students was 134 in the age from 18 to addition, heart diseases are in the very centre of public 33. -
To Govern the Health Or to Make the Bills of Mortality - This Is the Question for Public Health in Poland
PRZEGL EPIDEMIOL 2013; 67: 651 - 660 Public health Dorota Cianciara TO GOVERN THE HEALTH OR TO MAKE THE BILLS OF MORTALITY - THIS IS THE QUESTION FOR PUBLIC HEALTH IN POLAND School of Public Health, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw ABSTRACT In the article important moments in the development of public health at the global scale were presented, as- suming that postwar evolution proceeded in two fundamental phases: the first – events which occurred to the proclamation of the Ottawa Charter and introduction of ‘new public health’ and the second – situations reported after Ottawa to the present time. The current challenges for public health in Poland were also discussed. It was proposed to differentiate two dimensions of public health capacity: internal (ad intra), which is with regard to the power centre, condition within the environment and external (ad extra), which refers to the relation with surroundings and population and enables to deliver sustain services and programmes. The possible strategies aiming at increasing ad intra capacity were also indicated. Key words: public health, health promotion, history, forecasting, capacity building In Poland, the theoretic, demonstrative and dis- INTRODUCTION cursive papers are hardly present. Furthermore, some papers which are available are of questionable quality. Health is of too high priority to be left for physi- The forums concerning ideas exchange, confronting the cians and public’s health is too crucial to be in charge of opinions, correcting the mistakes are also lacking. Not public health officers only. In Poland, the public health enough studies are conducted and the ones which are lesson has not been studied so scrupulously as it was carried out are the exemplification of biomedical and done in more developed countries. -
2. Supply of Tobacco Products (Paško Burnać, Phd)
Accelerating Progress on Tobacco Taxes in Low-and-Middle Income Countries Research on Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Taxation National Study: CROATIA University of Split Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism Split, Croatia, 2018 Publisher: University of Split Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism For publisher: Prof.dr.sc. Maja Fredotović, Dean Reviewers: dr.sc. Lena Malešević Perović dr.sc. Ana Mugoša Print: DonatGraf, Beograd Edition: 100 copies CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji S V E U Č I L I Š N A K N J I Ž N I C A U S P L I T U UDK 336.223:663.97(497.5) 613.84(497.5) ACCELERATING progress on tobacco taxes in low-and-middle income countries : research on economics of tobacco taxation : national study: CROATIA / authors Željana Aljinović Barać ... <et al.>. - Split : University of Split, Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, 2018. Bibliografija. ISBN 978-953-281-082-0 e-ISBN 978-953-281-083-7 1. Aljinović Barać, Željana I. Pušenje -- Hrvatska -- Statistički podaci II. Pušenje -- Prevencija -- Državna politika III. Duhan -- Upotreba -- Prevencija i kontrola IV. Porezna politika -- Hrvatska 170617088 The publication of this scientific monograph is approved by the Senate of the University of Split at plenary held December 20th, 2018. This scientific monograph is funded by the University of Illinois at Chicago’s Institute for Health Research and Policy through its partnership with the Bloomberg Philanthropies. Copyright © University of Split - Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, 2018 Authors: Željana Aljinović Barać, Paško Burnać, Ljerka Markota, Andrijana Rogošić, Slavko Šodan, Tina Vuko Research on Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Taxation National Study: CROATIA Editor: Željana Aljinović Barać Split, 2018. -
Professor Sir Michael Marmot
Professor Sir Michael Marmot The degree of Doctor of Medicine (honoris causa) was conferred upon Professor Sir Michael Marmot at the Faculty of Medicine's 150th birthday celebrations held on 13 June 2006. Chancellor the Hon Justice Kim Santow conferring the honorary degree upon Professor Marmot, photo, courtesy Faculty of Medicine. Citation Chancellor, I have the honour to present Professor Sir Michael Marmot for admission to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, honoris causa. Sir Michael Marmot is a social epidemiologist of rare repute - indeed a founding father of that discipline. He has pioneered the academic study of how society influences health, particularly cardiovascular health, and of health inequalities both within and between countries. He chairs The World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health, which will report this year. The social and biological factors which Sir Michael has already identified as causes of disease and mortality have been as unexpected as they are preventable. The famous ‘Whitehall studies’ which he led showed that the higher people progressed in the hierarchy of the British civil service, the better their cardiac health and life expectancy - much better. The studies turned conventional wisdom about ‘executive stress’ upside down. He argues that limited personal autonomy and poor social participation are killers, acting via endocrine and metabolic pathways. This has major implications for political and corporate management policies, not to mention ‘participation policies’ for an aging population. Our leaders would do well to read his book called ‘Status Syndrome’. He is a distinguished graduate of this University. But the Medical Faculty’s 1968 Senior Year Book records, curiously, that Michael Marmot was born in 1945 and ‘became educated in 1966’. -
Social Determinants of Health Inequalities
Social Determinants of Health Inequalities Michael Marmot Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, International Centre for Health and Society, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place London WC1E 6BT UK e-mail: [email protected] Michael Marmot is chairman of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health Acknowledgements: Grateful thanks to Ruth Bell, Hilary Brown, Tim Evans, Alec Irwin, Rene Loewenson, Nicole Valentine, Jeanette Vega, and members of the WHO Equity team who have worked to develop the Commission and the concepts in this paper. Abstract: The gross inequalities in health that we see within and between countries present a challenge to the world. That there should be a spread of life expectancy of 48 years among countries and 20 years or more within countries is not inevitable. A burgeoning volume of research identifies social factors at the root of much of these inequalities in health. Social determinants are relevant to communicable and non- communicable disease alike. Health status, therefore, should be of concern to policy makers in every sector, not solely those involved in health policy. As a response to this global change, WHO is launching a Commission on Social Determinants of Health, which will review the evidence, raise societal debate, and recommend policies with the goal of improving health of the word’s most vulnerable people. A major thrust of the Commission is turning public-health knowledge into political action. 1 There are gross inequalities in health between countries. Life expectancy at birth, to take one measure, ranges from 34 in Sierra Leone to 81.9 in Japan. -
Review of Social Determinants and the Health Divide in the WHO European Region: Final Report
reprintUpdated 2014 Review of social determinants social of Review The World Health Organization World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency Regional Office for Europe of the United Nations created in UN City 1948 with the primary responsibility Marmorvej 51 for international health matters and DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø public health. The WHO Regional Denmark Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the Tel.: +45 45 33 70 00 world, each with its own programme Fax: +45 45 33 70 01 geared to the particular health E-mail: [email protected] conditions of the countries it serves. Web site: www.euro.who.int Review of social determinants Member States Albania Andorra and the health divide in Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus and the health divide in the WHO European Region: WHO the European in divide health the and the WHO European Region: Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus final report Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden final report final Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan panos pictures | cover photo: bjoern steinz WHO-UCL SDH 2014 final full cover PRESS 260514.indd 1 26/05/2014 09:48 WHO-UCL SDH 2014 final full cover PRESS 260514.indd 2 26/05/2014 09:48 Review of social determinants and the health divide in the WHO European Region: final report Review chair Michael Marmot Report prepared by UCL Institute of Health Equity Abstract The WHO European Region has seen Keywords remarkable health gains in populations that Health inequities have experienced progressive improvements Health management and planning in the conditions in which people are born, Health status disparities grow, live and work.