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world (Eastwood and Rider 1965; Nisbet 196313; Able LITERATURE CITED 1970; Bellrose 1971; Bruderer and Steidinger 1972), ABLE, K. P. 1970. A radar study of the altitude of situations may be encountered in which migrate nocturnal migration. -Banding 41: at considerably higher average altitude (e.g., during 282-290. long water crossings). Different species groups may ABLE, K. P. 1973. The role of weather variables also behave differently with respect to altitude. and flight direction in determining the magnitude Workers employing this technique in unfamiliar areas of nocturnal bird migration, Ecology 54:1031- should be alert for these problems. 1041. In sum, various factors may influence the reliability BELLROSE, F. C. 1971. The distribution of nocturnal with which nocturnal migration may be sampled with migrants in the air space. Auk 88:397-424. the portable ceilometer. Use of the ceilometer to BRUDERER, B . 1971. Radarbeobachtungen iiber den quantify nocturnal migration requires that these vari- Friihlingszug im Schweizerischen Mittelland. ables be held as constant as possible. For this reason, Orn. Beob. 68:89-158. we have been able to work out a quantification tech- BRUDERER. B.. AND P. STEIDINGE~. 1972. Methods nique based only on samples collected at the begin- , I of quantitative analysis of bird migration with a ning of nocturnal migration. This precludes use of the tracking radar, p. 151-167. In S. R. Galler et al. technique to study temporal changes in the quantity [eds.], orientation and navigation, NASA of migration during single nights. However, the SP-262. method can be used to study several aspects of EASTWOOD, E., AND G. C. RIDER. 1965. Some radar nocturnal migration that are in need of further work: measurements of the altitude of bird flight. Brit. night-to-night variations in migration magnitude; sea- Birds 58:393426. sonal and geographic patterns; and the relationships GAUTHREAUX, S. A. 1969. A portable ceilometer between migration and weather. technique for studying low-level nocturnal migra- tion. Bird-Banding 40:309-320. SUMMARY GAUTHREAUX, S. A. 1970. Weather radar quantifi- Portable ceilometers may be used to study the orienta- cation of bird migration. Bioscience 20: 17-20. tion and magnitude of migration. We have used two GAUTHREAUX, S. A. 1971. A radar and direct visual independent methods to compute a migration traffic study of passerine spring migration in southern rate in units of birds per mile of front per hour from Louisiana. Auk 88:343-365. ceilometer counts made during the first 2 hr of GAUTHREAUX, S. A. 1973. Quantification of bird nocturnal migration. One method is based on the echoes on airport surveillance radars. Proc. Conf. physical dimensions of the space sampled by the on Transparent Aircraft Enclosures, Las Vegas, ceilometer; the other, on a correlation between ceil- Nev., 5-8 Feb. 1973. In press. - ometer counts and simultaneous radar traffic rates. LOWERY, G. H. 1951. A quantitative study of the Both methods vield similar results. The auantification nocturnal migration of birds. Univ. Kansas Publ. method gives reliable‘ results only when applied to Mus. Nat. Hist. 3:361472. data collected during the first 2 hr after dark and LOWERY. G. H.. AND R. T. NEWMAN. 1955. Direct under clear skies. The technique provides a simple, studies of nocturnal bird migration. In A. Wolf- inexpensive, highly portable means of obtaining mea- son [ed.], Recent studies in avian biology. Univ. sures of migration magnitude that can be used in Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. studies of night-to-night, seasonal, geographic, or NEWMAN, R. J. 1956. Hour-to-hour variation in the weather-dependent variations in nocturnal migration. volume of nocturnal migration in autumn. Ph.D. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance and hos- Thesis. Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. pitality of the personnel of the National Weather NISBET, I. C. T. 1963a. Quantitative study of mi- Service stations at Athens, Georgia, and Lake Charles, gration with 23-centimetre radar. Ibis 105:435- Louisiana. Without the virtually unlimited access to 460. the radar facilities we enjoyed, this work would have NISBET, I. C. T. 196313. Measurements with radar been impossible. During part of these studies, we of the height of nocturnal migration over Cape were supported by grants from the Air Force Office Cod, Massachusetts. Bird-Banding 34:57-67. of Scientific Research to S. A. G. Ryland Loos pre- pared figure 1. Accepted for publication 11 April 1974.

RANGE EXTENSIONS AND NEW more of these three countries. The purpose of this RECORDS FOR BIRD SPECIES IN paper is to report these new records and range exten- sions, ECUADOR, PERtJ, AND The majority of the records are from the following localities (fig. 1) and indicated periods: DAVID L. PEARSON 1. Limoncocha, Province of Napo, Ecuador (0” 24 ’ Department of Zoology S; 76” 38 ’ W), located in the northeastern part of the University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 country near the Napo River ( el. = 300-m ) about 15 km S of the town of Coca (1 Tulv 1971-19 Aoril ~ I I ‘ 1972). From July 1971 to November 1972, I conducted a field 2. Yarinacocha, Department of Loreto, Peni (8” study to investigate aspects of bird community struc- 17 ’ S: 74” 37 ’ W). located in the east central Dart of ture in Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. In the the country nearthe’ Ucayali River (el. = 150-m) 15 process of gathering data for this study and traveling km NW of Pucallpa (2 June-5 September 1972). between sites, I encountered several species of birds 3. Tumi Chucua, Department of Beni, Bolivia ( 11” that represented significant extensions of the known 8 ’ S; 66” 10 ’ W), located in the extreme northeastern ranges or were previously unrecorded from one or part of the country near the Beni River (el. = 176 m) SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 97

FIGURE 2. Photograph of Hudsonian Godwit (Li- moss haemastica) taken on 12 September 1972 at Lake Uru-uru, Department of Oruro, Bolivia. FIGURE 1. Map of northwestern South America indicating localities referred to in the text. south end of Lake Tumi Chucua, I could often count as many as eight individuals sitting in trees and calling. about 20 km S of Riberalta (14 September-15 No- Dendrocygna autumnalis. Black-bellied Tree-Duck. vember lQ72). On 19 January 1972 Dr. and Mrs. William Andberg and I watched an individual fly from a tree at the More detailed information about the bird species north end of Lake Limoncocha. Although D. autum- composition, abundance, and habitat preference as nalis has an extensive South American range and has well as climatic and physical factors for these three been recorded from western Ecuador (Chapman 1926; localities is available elsewhere (Pearson 1972, 1975; Leveque 1964), no previous records are known for ONeill’ and Pearson 1974). eastern Ecuador. Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970) is the main Helicolestes hamatus. Slender-billed Kite. At least source from which I have determined range extensions five pairs were residents along the edge of Lake and new country records, but Chapman (1926) for Limoncocha, where I collected one specimen, and Ecuador, Zimmer (1931-1955) for Peru, Bond and about three pairs occurred along 10 km of the nearby Meyer de Schauensee ( 1942, 1943) and Gyldenstolpe Rio Jivino, Ecuador. At Tumi Chucua, however, I (1945) for Bolivia were also used. I include several observed it only three times as it sat in or flew over records that have been published previously by other trees along the edge of the lake. This species is authors but not included in Meyer de Schauensees’ previously unrecorded from both Ecuador and Bolivia. works (1966, 1970), the standard references on dis- Laterallus e&s. Gray-breasted Crake. This crake tribution of South American birds. All specimens was common at Limoncocha in the sedge along the collected are deposited in the Louisiana State Uni- edge of the lake as well as in the grassy pastures and versity Museum of Zoology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. airfield. Indian boys captured several individuals Crypturellus bartletti. Bartletts’ Tinamou. This alive by surrounding a calling bird in the tall grass species was uncommon in primary at Tumi and then treading the grass down into a smaller and Chucua, where I collected one specimen. It is pre- smaller circle until the crake was forced to run or fly. viously recorded by Meyer de Schauensee (1966, One of these birds was preserved as a specimen. The 1970) from south of the Amazon River to central lack of previous records for eastern Ecuador is un- Peni and western east to the Madeira River. doubtedly due to the difficulty in observing or collect- Cyldenstolpe ( 1945) reported specimens from two ing this elusive species. Chapman (1926) reported localities in Bolivia: Victoria, Department of Pando; one specimen from Esmeraldas in western Ecuador. and Puerto Salinas, Department of La Paz. Limosa haemastica. Hudsonian Godwit. On I2 Zebdus undulatus. Zigzag Heron. In 2 months of September 1972, while photographing flamingos at concentrated field work at Tumi Chucua, I saw only Lake Uru-uru (el. = 3700 m), 2 km S of Oruro, one individual. I collected this specimen, a female, Department of Oruro, Bolivia (fig. 1 ), I saw an indi- as it fed in moist soil and leaf litter on the floor of vidual in fall plumage land in a nearby pond and was primary forest. This is the first record for Bolivia. able to take several photographs of it (fig. 2). This Chauna torquata. Southern Screamer. Typically species is casual on the Pacific Coast of South America, associated with the Pampas and open areas, this spe- migrating mainly through the eastern part of the cies is reported by Gyldenstolpe (1945) to occur only continent. The presence of L. haemasticu at this as far north as central Bolivia near Lorenzo, about 350 altitude represents not only the first record for Bolivia km S of Tumi Chucua. In the open marshes at the but for the puna zone in any country. Dark axillary 98 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

feathers precluded the possibility of this individual ties has not been previously recorded for Bolivia. A being a Black-tailed Godwit (L. Zimosa). Several colony of eight pairs nested-in the chimney of a house North American migrant shorebirds such as Wilsons’ on the Tumi Chucua base from September to Novem- Phalarope ( Steganopus tricolor), Bairds’ Sandpiper ber 1972. On several occasions nests and young fell ( Cal&s b&&i ) , and Lesser Yellowlegs ( Tringa into the fireplace and were recovered by the residents fluuipes) were common at Lake Uru-uru at this time. of the house. I collected one female to verifv the A few individuals each of Greater Yellowlens ( Trineu identification. melunoleucu ) , Least Sandpiper ( Culidr~s %rhl~), Reinardu squumuta. Fork-tailed Palm-Swift. This Pectoral Sandpiper ( Calidris melanotos), and Stilt very distinctive species was common at Limoncocha Sandpiper (Micropulamu himuntopus) were also from July 1971 to April 1972. At Tumi Chucua, how- present. ever, I observed only four individuals, all on 3 Novem- Columbina pi&. Picui Ground-Dove. Only two ber 1972. R. squumutu is previously unrecorded from previous records of this small dove are known from both Ecuador and Bolivia. Per&: a female from Quitun, Department of Puno Galbulu leucogustra. Bronzy . I found indi- (Bond 1955). and a male from Balta. Department viduals and pairs regularly in open areas of the pri- of Loreto (dNeil1’ 1969). I collected ’ a female on mary forest and occasionally high in the canopy at 19 Tune 1972 at the Yarinacocha farm and observed Limoncocha. It was recorded from several locations four” individuals on the Yarinacocha airstrip on 4 July in eastern Ecuador by Chapman (1926) under the 1972 and single individuals in an open pasture near name G. chulcothorux, which is now considered the the farm on 20 Aunust and 2 Sentember 1972. With subspecies of G. leucogastra present in northeastern the extensive clearing of forest in the Pucallpa area, Ecuador (Mever de Schauensee 1964). Evidentlv it appears that either this southern migrant is finding because of some confusion in this revision of the more and more suitable habitat in which to winter nomenclature, Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970) or that it is expanding its range and has established does not include G. Zeucogustru for Ecuador. itself as a resident in this area. Xiphorhynchus obsoletus. Striped Woodcreeper. X. Am seueru. Chestnut-fronted Macaw. This species obsoletus was uncommon at Tumi Chucua and OC- was very common throughout the Limoncocha area. curred generally in the lower strata of primary forest, Records from both eastern and western Ecuador where I collected two specimens. I regularly observed (Chapman 1926) appear to have been omitted in it tending raiding swarms of army ants. Meyer de Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970). Schauensee (1966, 1970) does not list this species as Am maniluta. Red-bellied Macaw. One could easily occurring in Bolivia, but Gyldenstolpe (1945) re- see 200 individuals every morning and evening flying corded it from Victoria and Puerto Salinas, Bolivia. in small flocks from or to an island in Lake Tumi Philydor pyrrhodes. Cinnamon-rumped Foliage- Chucua that was used as a roosting area. The distinc- gleaner. Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970) indicates tive call notes and coloration of this species facilitated that P. pyrrhodes was not known south of northeastern its identification. The absence of previous Bolivian Peru. I found it to be uncommon in the mid-story records of A. maniluta can probably be attributed to of primary forest at Tumi Chucua and collected two lack of observers. specimens. It fed most frequently in palm leaves. Pyrrhuru pi&z. Painted Parakeet. On 1 February Gyldenstolpe (1945) reported one specimen from 1972 I observed several flocks of lo-15 individuals Victoria, Bolivia. along the Macuma River (2” 36 ’ S; 77” 5 ’ W), Prov- Mymnecizu hyperythru. Plumbeous Antbird. This ince of Santiago-Zamora, Ecuador (fig. 1). The species occurred uncommonly in moist secondary forest presence of this species in southeastern Ecuador was at Limoncocha, where I collected two specimens. Its to be expected as it is known from northern Peru nresence in both southeastern and north- (Sclater and Salvin 1873). eastern Peru (Zimmer 1932) makes this first record Brotogeris sunctithomue. Tui Parakeet. The range for Ecuador expected. of B. sunctithomae is presently given by Meyer de Hylophylux punctulatu. Dot-backed Antbird. On 8 Schauensee (1966, 1970) as extending no farther November 1972 I collected a female at Tumi Chucua. south than northeastern Per&. I found large flocks It was foraging near the ground in open primary commonly feeding in high trees both along ;he edge forest. Mever de Schauensee (1966. 1970) lists this , 1 of the lake and in the primary forest at Tumi Chucua, species only as far south as northeastern Per& and where I collected one specimen. Gyldenstolpe ( 1945) central Amazonian Brazil. Gyldenstolpe ( 1945), how- also reported it from Bolivia at Victoria and Riberalta. ever, reported one specimen collected at Victoria, Gluucidium minutissimum. Least Pygmy-Owl. I Bolivia. observed this species several times between June and Plutyrinchus coronutus. Golden-crowned Spadebill. September 1972 in the upland forest west of Lake Once I learned the high-pitched song of this species, Yarinacocha. One individual escaped from my grasp I found it common in the low undergrowth of primary as I removed it from a mist net, but not before I noted forest at Tumi Chucua, where I collected one speci- the spotting on the back of the head that distinguishes men. Its occurrence in Bolivia is not mentioned in it from the more common Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Meyer de Schauensee ( 1966, 1970), but both Zimmer (G. bras&unum). Between 15 July and 30 August, (1939) and Gyldenstolpe ( 1945) recorded specimens I heard its distinctive whistle from high in the trees collected in northern Bolivia. throughout the day on a 15-ha area of my study plot. Lamprospiza melanoleucu. Red-billed Pied-. The song is a short series of low, staccato whistles Only two previous specimens are known from Perti. descending in pitch as opposed to the song of G. One was collected at Astillero and one at Yahuarmayo, brudianum, which is normally a single low whistle both in the Department of Puno in extreme south- given on the same pitch. ONeill’ (1969), who reported eastern Peru (Zimmer 1947). I observed a pair forag- the only previous record for G. minutissimum in Peru ing high in the canopy of primary forest at Yarina- (Balta, Department of Loreto), visited my study plot cocha from 5 to 12 June 1972. They were usually in in August and corroborated my identification of the a large, mixed-species flock of and cotingas owl by its song. and fed on both fruits and insects. The specimen Chueturu bruchyura. Short-tailed Swift. This spe- I collected was a male with enlarged testes. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 99

Gyldenstolpe (1945) reported specimens of an ad- ornithology of northern Bolivia. K. Sven. Veten- ditional four snecies from northern Bolivia that I did skapsakad. Handl. 23:1-300. not record and that Meyer de Schauensee (1966, L&&QuE, R. 1964. Notes on Ecuadorian birds. Ibis 1970) does not include for Bolivia. The species and 106:52-62. the localities from which they were collected are: MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R. 1964. The birds of Co- lombia and adjacent areas of South and Central Deconychura Zongicaudu. Long-tailed Woodcreeper. America. Livingston Publ. Co., Wynnewood, Pa. Cachuela Esperanza, Department of Beni; Victoria, MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R. 1966. The species of Department of Pando. birds of South America and their distribution. Thamnomanes cue&us. Cinereous Antshrike. Vic- Livingston Publ. Co., Wynnewood, Pa. toria, Department of Pando. MEYEH DE SCHAUENSEE, R. 1970. A guide to the Serpophaga hypoleuca. River Tyrannulet. Victoria, birds of South America. Livingston Publ. Co., Department of Pando. Wynnewood, Pa. Elaenia pelzelni. Brownish Elaenia. Victoria, De- ONEILL.’ 1. P. 1969. Distributional notes on the partment of Pando. birds “of Peru, including twelve species previously The members of the Instituto Linguistic0 de Verano unreported from the republic. Occas. Papers Mus. not only on their bases at Limoncocha, Yarinacocha, Zool., Louisiana State Univ. 37:1-11. and Tumi Chucua but also in Quito, Lima, and ONEILL,’ J. P., AND D. L. PEARSON. 1974. Un estudio Cochabamba graciously provided transportation, hous- preliminar de las aves de Yarinacocha, Departa- ing, and other help without which this study would mento de Loreto, Peru. Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. have been impossible. Eugene Eisenmann, Michael Javier Prado, Ser. A. Zool. 25:1-13. Gochfeld, Dennis R. Paulson, and Manuel A. Plenge PEARSON, D. L. 1972. Un estudio de las aves de criticallv reviewed earlv drafts of this paper; George Limoncocha, Provincia de Napo, Ecuador. Bol. H. Lowery, Jr. and John P. ONeill’ verified identifica- Inform. Cient. Nat.. Ouito. 13:335-346. tion of all bird specimens collected during the study; PEARSON, D. L. 1975. ’ Un estudio de las aves de my wife Nancy served as both field assistant and Tumi Chucua, Departamento de Beni, Bolivia. secretary in often arduous situations throughout our In press. year and a half in South America. This work was SCLATER, P. L., AND 0. SALVIN. 1873. On the birds supported in part by NSF grant GB-20978. of eastern Peru. Proc. Zool. Sot. London, p. 252-311. LITERATURE CITED ZIMMER, J. T. 1932. Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 6. The formicarian genera Myrmoborus and BOND, J. 1955. Additional notes on Peruvian birds Myrmeciza in Peru. Amer. Mus. Novitates 545: I. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia 107:207- l-24. 244. ZIMMER, J. T. 1939. Studies of Peruvian birds. No. BOND, J., AND R. MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE. 1942. The 31. Notes on the genera Myiotriccus, Pyrrho- birds of Bolivia. Part I. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. myias, Myiophobus, Onychorhynchus, Platyrin- Philadelphia 94:307-391. thus, Cnipodectes, Sayornis, and Nuttallornis. BOND, J., AND R. MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE. 1943. The Amer. Mus. Novitates 1043: l-15. birds of Bolivia. Part II. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. ZIMMER, J. T. 1947. Studies of Peruvian birds. No. Philadelphia 95:167-221. 52. The genera Sericossypha, Chlorospingus, CHAPMAN, F. M. 1926. The distribution of bird-life Cnemoscopus, Hemispingus, Conothraupis, Chlo- in Ecuador : a contribution to the study of the rornis, Lamprospiza, Cissopis, and Schistochlamys. origin of Andean bird-life. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1367:1-26. Hi;. 55: l-784. GYLDENSTOLPE, N. 1945. A contribution to the Accepted for publication 13 November 1973.

INTRASPECIFIC AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR the Selway River from Lowell in Idaho County, was OF OSPREYS (PANDZON HALZAETUS) observed on 7 and 27 July. Several instances of intraspecific agonistic behavior involving the nesting pairs, their nestlings, and intrud- GARY J. SCHROEDER ing Ospreys were observed. On 1 July 1971 at 08:45,

AND the male of nest 24, which contained 3-month-old young, returned with a kokanee (Onchorhynchus WAYNE E. MELQUIST nerka), closely followed by a strange Osprey. The Department of Biological Sciences intruder hovered just above. the nest before-departing. University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho 83843 At 09:07. the male landed on the nest and was fol- lowed closely by a strange Osprey that appeared to be preparing to land also but veered away at the last During the 1971 nesting season, the senior author kept moment. The sex of the intruding birds could not three active Osprey nests under periodic surveillance be determined. At 09:52, the male again returned to to gain information on the behavior and food habits the nest, followed by an intruder. This intruder of Ospreys. Behavior at or near each nest was re- appeared to be the male from an active nest (no. 57) corded from dawn to dusk. Nest 24, located on a located 0.6 km southwest of nest 24. piling in southern Lake Coeur dAlene,’ Kootenai At 05:31 on 16 July 1971, a strange Osprey of County, Idaho, was observed on 1 and 16 July. Nest unknown sex ventured near nest 24 and was pursued 361, located on a piling near Sandpoint in Bonner by the nesting male. At 14:22, a strange Osprey of County, was watched on 15 July, 4 and 11 August. unknown sex circled close above nest 24 and the Nest 512, located in a live conifer about 7 km up male from nest 24 called, but did not leave his perch