Developing a SNP Panel for Forensic Identification of Individuals
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Forensic Document Examination in the Courts
CHAPTER 9 Forensic Document Examination in the Courts Chapter Outline ELSEVIER Before 1900 .................................................................................................119 The 20th-Century Courts ...........................................................................120 The Critics ....................................................................................................122 The American Board of Forensic Document Examiners ..........................123 Forensic Document Examiners Meet Each Daubert Factor .....................123 1. Theory Tested .........................................................................................................124 2. Standards.................................................................................................................126 3. Peer Review and Publications ..........................................................................126 4. General Acceptance.............................................................................................128 5. Error Rate .................................................................................................................130 Forensic Document Examination. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416693-6.00009-6 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 117 Forensic Document Examination Early Court Challenges ...............................................................................131 21st-Century Courts ...................................................................................132 -
Mitochondrial DNA and Methods for Forensic Identification
Mini Review J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves Volume - 9 Issue 1 - May 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2018.09.555755 Mitochondrial DNA and Methods for Forensic Identification Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana*and Mohammad Zakir Sultan Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Submission: May 24, 2018; Published: May 29, 2018 *Corresponding author: Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Tel: ; Email: Abstract A growing area of forensic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been appreciated by forensic scientists and law enforcement agencies in many countries. Crime scene investigators, law enforcement agencies, and prosecuting attorneys have recommended that this form of testing may successfully advance the investigation and prosecution of cases with limited biological evidences, such as bones, hairs and degraded skeletal remains. Defense attorneys are also increasingly requesting testing of samples with advancement of methods that may aid in exonerating their clients. MtDNA an extra nuclear genome, has certain features that make it desirable for forensics; namely, high copy number, lack of recombination, matrilineal inheritance, heteroplasmy, expression variability, and mitotic segregation. MtDNA typing has become routine in forensic biology since mid of 1980 and is a last resort for testing highly degraded biological debris. Further, the high mutation rate of the human mitochondrial -
Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Experimentelle Und Klinische Pharmakologie Und Toxikologie E.V
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg´s Arch Pharmacol (2013 ) 386 (Suppl 1):S1–S104 D OI 10.1007/s00210-013-0832-9 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. Abstracts of the 79 th Annual Meeting March 5 – 7, 2013 Halle/Saale, Germany This supplement was not sponsored by outside commercial interests. It was funded entirely by the publisher. 123 S2 S3 001 003 Multitarget approach in the treatment of gastroesophagel reflux disease – Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase B is a Novel Receptor-independent Activator of comparison of a proton-pump inhibitor with STW 5 G-protein Signaling in Clinical and Experimental Atrial Fibrillation Abdel-Aziz H.1,2, Khayyal M. T.3, Kelber O.2, Weiser D.2, Ulrich-Merzenich G.4 Abu-Taha I.1, Voigt N.1, Nattel S.2, Wieland T.3, Dobrev D.1 1Inst. of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Pharmacology, 1Universität Duisburg-Essen Institut für Pharmakologie, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Hittorfstr 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany Germany 2Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk Wissenschaft, Havelstr 5, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany 2McGill University Montreal Heart Institute, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Pharmacology, Cairo Egypt Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada 4Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstr. 35-37, 53111 Bonn, Germany 3Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg Institutes für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Maybachstr. 14, 68169 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was the most common GI-diagnosis (8.9 Mannheim, Germany million visits) in the US in 2012 (1). Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are presently the mainstay of therapy, but in up to 40% of the patients complete symptom control fails. -
Lecture 9: Population Genetics
Lecture 9: Population Genetics Plan of the lecture I. Population Genetics: definitions II. Hardy-Weinberg Law. III. Factors affecting gene frequency in a population. Small populations and founder effect. IV. Rare Alleles and Eugenics The goal of this lecture is to make students familiar with basic models of population genetics and to acquaint students with empirical tests of these models. It will discuss the primary forces and processes involved in shaping genetic variation in natural populations (mutation, drift, selection, migration, recombination, mating patterns, population size and population subdivision). I. Population genetics: definitions Population – group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that are occupying a given area at a given time. Population genetics is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the 4 evolutionary forces: natural selection, mutation, migration (gene flow), and genetic drift. Population genetics is concerned with gene and genotype frequencies, the factors that tend to keep them constant, and the factors that tend to change them in populations. All the genes at all loci in every member of an interbreeding population form gene pool. Each gene in the genetic pool is present in two (or more) forms – alleles. Individuals of a population have same number and kinds of genes (except sex genes) and they have different combinations of alleles (phenotypic variation). The applications of Mendelian genetics, chromosomal abnormalities, and multifactorial inheritance to medical practice are quite evident. Physicians work mostly with patients and families. However, as important as they may be, genes affect populations, and in the long run their effects in populations have a far more important impact on medicine than the relatively few families each physician may serve. -
Hemizygous Or Haploid Sex Diploid Sex
9781405132770_4_002.qxd 1/19/09 2:22 PM Page 16 Table 2.1 Punnett square to predict genotype frequencies for loci on sex chromosomes and for all loci in males and females of haplo-diploid species. Notation in this table is based on birds where the sex chromosomes are Z and W (ZZ males and ZW females) with a diallelic locus on the Z chromosome possessing alleles A and a at frequencies p and q, respectively. In general, genotype frequencies in the homogametic or diploid sex are identical to Hardy–Weinberg expectations for autosomes, whereas genotype frequencies are equal to allele frequencies in the heterogametic or haploid sex. Hemizygous or haploid sex Diploid sex Genotype Gamete Frequency Genotype Gamete Frequency ZW Z-A p ZZ Z-A p Z-a q Z-a q W Expected genotype frequencies under random mating Homogametic sex Z-A Z-A p2 Z-A Z-a 2pq Z-a Z-a q2 Heterogametic sex Z-A W p Z-a W q ·· 9781405132770_4_002.qxd 1/19/09 2:22 PM Page 19 Table 2.2 Example DNA profile for three simple tandem repeat (STR) loci commonly used in human forensic cases. Locus names refer to the human chromosome (e.g. D3 means third chromosome) and chromosome region where the SRT locus is found. Locus D3S1358 D21S11 D18S51 Genotype 17, 18 29, 30 18, 18 ·· 9781405132770_4_002.qxd 1/19/092:22PMPage20 Table 2.3 Allele frequencies for nine STR loci commonly used in forensic cases estimated from 196 US Caucasians sampled randomly with respect to geographic location. -
140503 IPF Signatures Supplement Withfigs Thorax
Supplementary material for Heterogeneous gene expression signatures correspond to distinct lung pathologies and biomarkers of disease severity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Daryle J. DePianto1*, Sanjay Chandriani1⌘*, Alexander R. Abbas1, Guiquan Jia1, Elsa N. N’Diaye1, Patrick Caplazi1, Steven E. Kauder1, Sabyasachi Biswas1, Satyajit K. Karnik1#, Connie Ha1, Zora Modrusan1, Michael A. Matthay2, Jasleen Kukreja3, Harold R. Collard2, Jackson G. Egen1, Paul J. Wolters2§, and Joseph R. Arron1§ 1Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA 2Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 3Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA ⌘Current address: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA. #Current address: Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA. *DJD and SC contributed equally to this manuscript §PJW and JRA co-directed this project Address correspondence to Paul J. Wolters, MD University of California, San Francisco Department of Medicine Box 0111 San Francisco, CA 94143-0111 [email protected] or Joseph R. Arron, MD, PhD Genentech, Inc. MS 231C 1 DNA Way South San Francisco, CA 94080 [email protected] 1 METHODS Human lung tissue samples Tissues were obtained at UCSF from clinical samples from IPF patients at the time of biopsy or lung transplantation. All patients were seen at UCSF and the diagnosis of IPF was established through multidisciplinary review of clinical, radiological, and pathological data according to criteria established by the consensus classification of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS), Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS), and the Latin American Thoracic Association (ALAT) (ref. 5 in main text). Non-diseased normal lung tissues were procured from lungs not used by the Northern California Transplant Donor Network. -
Forensic Identification
Forensic Identification Watch it online http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/68 Story length 3:30 minutes QUEST CallPROGRAM them Bone NOTES Detectives. SUBJECTS Call them detectives of a different sort. Investigate the world of forensic anthropology with Life Biology University of California, Santa Cruz doctoral candidate and “bone detective” Chelsey Science Health Juarez. She has developed a novel technique to help identify the remains of migrants Environment who die crossing the border between the United States and Mexico. Earth Geology Science Weather In this segment you’ll find out… Astronomy why Chelsey Juarez developed the new technique to identify the ۞ Physical Physics remains of migrant workers. Science Chemistry Engineering ۞ how teeth are prepared and examined to provide information about where we come from. CA SCIENCE STANDARDS ۞ the important role forensic anthropologists play in forensic science. Grade 7 Genetics 2. A typical cell of any TOPIC BACKGROUND organism contains genetic instructions that specify its Forensic science is the application of scientific methods and processes to the law. A forensic traits. Those traits may be scientist usually works in a lab analyzing different types of evidence and writing reports, and also modified by environmental testifies in court as an expert witness. Sometimes forensic scientists go to crime scenes to help influences. (e) reconstruct the crime and collect or preserve evidence. Forensic scientists work in a variety of settings, such as local, state and federal governments; forensic labs; police departments; Earth and Life History universities or as independent consultants. (Earth Science) 4. Evidence from rocks The field of forensic science has many branches, including forensic entomology, forensic allows us to understand toxicology, forensic pathology and forensic anthropology. -
Skin Microbiome Analysis for Forensic Human Identification: What Do We Know So Far?
microorganisms Review Skin Microbiome Analysis for Forensic Human Identification: What Do We Know So Far? Pamela Tozzo 1,*, Gabriella D’Angiolella 2 , Paola Brun 3, Ignazio Castagliuolo 3, Sarah Gino 4 and Luciana Caenazzo 1 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (I.C.) 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0498272234 Received: 11 May 2020; Accepted: 8 June 2020; Published: 9 June 2020 Abstract: Microbiome research is a highly transdisciplinary field with a wide range of applications and methods for studying it, involving different computational approaches and models. The fact that different people host radically different microbiota highlights forensic perspectives in understanding what leads to this variation and what regulates it, in order to effectively use microbes as forensic evidence. This narrative review provides an overview of some of the main scientific works so far produced, focusing on the potentiality of using skin microbiome profiling for human identification in forensics. This review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The examined literature clearly ascertains that skin microbial communities, although personalized, vary systematically across body sites and time, with intrapersonal differences over time smaller than interpersonal ones, showing such a high degree of spatial and temporal variability that the degree and nature of this variability can constitute in itself an important parameter useful in distinguishing individuals from one another. -
Advanced Statistical Population Genetics Methods for Forensic DNA Identification Author(S): Noah A
The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource: Document Title: Advanced Statistical Population Genetics Methods for Forensic DNA Identification Author(s): Noah A. Rosenberg, Ph.D. Document Number: 253932 Date Received: October 2019 Award Number: 2014-DN-BX-K015 This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs’ National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Basic Research and Development in Forensic Science for Criminal Justice Purposes Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice NIJ SL # SL001082 NIJ‐2014‐3744 Award # 2014‐DN‐BX‐K015 ADVANCED STATISTICAL POPULATION GENETICS METHODS FOR FORENSIC DNA IDENTIFICATION Prepared by: Noah A. Rosenberg, PhD Principal Investigator Department of Biology Stanford University 371 Gilbert Building, Room 109 Stanford, CA 94305‐5020 Tel: 650 721 2599 Email: [email protected] Prepared on: January 10, 2019 Recipient Organization: Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Stanford University 3160 Porter Drive, Suite 100 Palo Alto, CA 94304‐8445 Final Progress Report Project Period: 01/01/2015 – 12/31/2018 Signature of Submitting Official: Robert Loredo, Contract and Grant Officer 01/24/2019 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. -
Human Remains and Identification
Human remains and identification HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Human remains and identification Human remains Human remains and identification presents a pioneering investigation into the practices and methodologies used in the search for and and identification exhumation of dead bodies resulting from mass violence. Previously absent from forensic debate, social scientists and historians here Mass violence, genocide, confront historical and contemporary exhumations with the application of social context to create an innovative and interdisciplinary dialogue. and the ‘forensic turn’ Never before has a single volume examined the context of motivations and interests behind these pursuits, each chapter enlightening the Edited by ÉLISABETH ANSTETT political, social, and legal aspects of mass crime and its aftermaths. and JEAN-MARC DREYFUS The book argues that the emergence of new technologies to facilitate the identification of dead bodies has led to a ‘forensic turn’, normalizing exhumations as a method of dealing with human remains en masse. However, are these exhumations always made for legitimate reasons? And what can we learn about societies from the way in which they deal with this consequence of mass violence? Multidisciplinary in scope, this book presents a ground-breaking selection of international case studies, including the identification of corpses by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the resurfacing ANSTETTand of human remains from the Gulag and the sites of Jewish massacres from the Holocaust. Human remains -
Popgen7: Genetic Drift
PopGen7: Genetic Drift Sampling error Before taking on the notion of genetic drift in populations, let’s first take a look at sampling variation. Let’s consider the age-old coin tossing experiment. Assume a fair coin with p = ½. If you sample many times the most likely single outcome = ½ heads. The overall most likely outcome ≠ ½ heads. This is a binomial sampling problem. ⎛n⎞ k n−k P = ⎜ ⎟()()1/ 2 1/ 2 ⎝k ⎠ ⎛n⎞ n! ⎜ ⎟ = ⎝k ⎠ k!()n − k ! n is the number of flips k is the number of successes Let’s look at the probability of the following: k heads from n flips Probability k =5 from n = 10 0.246 k =6 from n = 10 0.205 So, the most likely single outcome is ½ heads (with p = 0.246), the overall likelihood of observing something other than ½ heads is higher (p = 1 – 0.246 = 0.754) The good news is that as we increase the sample size the likelihood of observing something very close to the expected frequency, E(p) = 0.5, goes up. The probability of a given frequency of heads from n flips of the coin is: N flips p <0.35 p = 0.35-0.45 p = 0.45-0.55 p = 0.55-0.65 p <0.65 variance 10 0.16 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.16 0.025 20 0.06 0.19 0.50 0.19 0.06 0.0125 50 0.002 0.16 0.68 0.16 0.002 0.005 It is clear that sample size N is important. -
ZNF263 Is a Transcriptional Regulator of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis
ZNF263 is a transcriptional regulator of heparin and heparan sulfate biosynthesis Ryan J. Weissa,1, Philipp N. Spahnb,1, Alejandro Gómez Toledoa, Austin W. T. Chiangb, Benjamin P. Kellmanb,JingLia, Christopher Bennerc, Christopher K. Glassa,c,PhilipL.S.M.Gordtsc,d,NathanE.Lewisb,d,e,2, and Jeffrey D. Eskoa,d,2,3 aDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687; bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0760; cDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687; dGlycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687; and eDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687 Edited by Tadatsugu Taniguchi, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Japan, and approved March 9, 2020 (received for review December 2, 2019) Heparin is the most widely prescribed biopharmaceutical in pro- inactivate thrombin and Factor Xa, which accounts for its potent duction globally. Its potent anticoagulant activity and safety makes anticoagulant activity (4). it the drug of choice for preventing deep vein thrombosis and In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a major pulmonary embolism. In 2008, adulterated material was intro- recall of pharmaceutical heparin due to contamination of the duced into the heparin supply chain, resulting in several hundred raw heparin stock imported from China. This crisis prompted deaths and demonstrating the need for alternate sources of heparin. new guidelines for monitoring the purity of heparin, but the Heparin is a fractionated form of heparan sulfate derived from feedstock remains vulnerable to natural variation, susceptibility animal sources, predominantly from connective tissue mast cells in of the pig population to infectious agents, and potential con- pig mucosa.