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AWAKE, the Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN E. Gschwendtner b, E. Adli v, L. Amorim g, R. Apsimon c,j, R. Assmann e, A.-M. Bachmann l, F. Batsch l, J. Bauche b, V.K. Berglyd Olsen v, M. Bernardini b, R. Bingham o, B. Biskup b,d, T. Bohl b, C. Bracco b, P.N. Burrows i,w, G. Burt c, B. Buttenschön m, A. Butterworth b, A. Caldwell l, M. Cascella s, E. Chevallay b, S. Cipiccia x, H. Damerau b, L. Deacon s, P. Dirksen r, S. Doebert b, U. Dorda e, J. Farmer f, V. Fedosseev b, E. Feldbaumer b, R. Fiorito c,t, R. Fonseca g, F. Friebel b, A.A. Gorn a,n, O. Grulke m, J. Hansen b, C. Hessler b,W.Hofle b, J. Holloway i,w, M. Hüther l,q, D. Jaroszynski x, L. Jensen b, S. Jolly s, A. Joulaei l, M. Kasim i,w, F. Keeble s, Y. Li c,u, S. Liu r, N. Lopes h,g, K.V. Lotov a,n, S. Mandry s, R. Martorelli f, M. Martyanov l, S. Mazzoni b, O. Mete c,u, V.A. Minakov a,n, J. Mitchell c,j, J. Moody l, P. Muggli l, Z. Najmudin h,i, P. Norreys w,o,E.Özl, A. Pardons b, K. Pepitone b, A. Petrenko b, G. Plyushchev b,p, A. Pukhov f, K. Rieger l,q, H. Ruhl k, F. Salveter b, N. Savard l,r,y, J. Schmidt b, A. Seryi i,w, E. Shaposhnikova b, Z.M. Sheng x, P. Sherwood s, L. Silva g, L. Soby b, A.P. Sosedkin a,n, R.I. Spitsyn a,n, R. Trines o, P.V. Tuev a,n, M. Turner b, V. Verzilov r, J. Vieira g, H. Vincke b,Y.Weic,t, C.P. Welsch c,t, M. Wing s,e, G. Xia c,u, H. Zhang c,t a Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia b CERN, Geneva, Switzerland c Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK d Czech Technical University, Zikova 1903/4, 166 36 Praha 6, Czech Republic e DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany f Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany g GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal h John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK i John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Oxford, UK j Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YR, UK k Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80539, Germany l Max Planck Institute for Physics, Föhringer Ring 6, München 80805, Germany m Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, Greifswald 17491, Germany n Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia o STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK p Swiss Plasma Center, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland q Technische Universität München (TUM), Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany r TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T2A3, Canada s UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK t University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK u University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK v University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway w University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK x University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK y University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, Canada http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.026 0168-9002/& 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Please cite this article as: E. Gschwendtner, et al., Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A (2016), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.026i 2 E. Gschwendtner et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ article info abstract Article history: The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) aims at studying Received 30 November 2015 plasma wakefield generation and electron acceleration driven by proton bunches. It is a proof-of- Received in revised form principle R&D experiment at CERN and the world's first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration 5 February 2016 experiment. The AWAKE experiment will be installed in the former CNGS facility and uses the 400 GeV/c Accepted 9 February 2016 proton beam bunches from the SPS. The first experiments will focus on the self-modulation instability of the long (rms 12 cm) proton bunch in the plasma. These experiments are planned for the end of 2016. Keywords: Later, in 2017/2018, low energy (15 MeV) electrons will be externally injected into the sample wake- AWAKE fields and be accelerated beyond 1 GeV. The main goals of the experiment will be summarized. A Proton driven plasma wakefield accelera- summary of the AWAKE design and construction status will be presented. tion & 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license Linear accelerators Plasma wakefield (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Electron acceleration 1. Introduction transverse components of the plasma wakefields and the wake- fields being driven by regions of different bunch densities. The AWAKE is a proof-of-concept acceleration experiment with the modulation period sffiλpe and the modulated bunch resonantly aim to inform a design for high energy frontier particle accel- drives the plasma wakefields. The occurrence of the SMI can be erators and is currently being built at CERN [1,2]. The AWAKE detected by characterizing the longitudinal structure of the proton experiment is the world's first proton driven plasma wakefield beam when exiting the plasma cell. acceleration experiment, which will use a high-energy proton In the AWAKE master schedule, the experiment to obtain evi- bunch to drive a plasma wakefield for electron beam acceleration. dence for the SMI corresponds to Phase 1, and is expected to start A 400 GeV/c proton beam will be extracted from the CERN Super by the end of 2016. In Phase 2, AWAKE aims at the first demon- Proton Synchrotron, SPS, and utilized as a drive beam for wake- stration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration of an fields in a 10 m long plasma cell to accelerate electrons with electron witness beam; this programme is planned to start by the amplitudes up to the GV/m level. Fig. 1 shows the AWAKE facility end of 2017. At a later phase it is foreseen to have two plasma cells in the CERN accelerator complex. In order to drive the plasma in order to separate the modulation of the proton bunch from the wakefields efficiently, the length of the drive bunch has to be on acceleration stage. Simulations [4] show that this would optimize λ the order of the plasma wavelength pe, which corresponds to the acceleration of external electrons and reach even higher E 14– 15 1 mm for the plasma density used in AWAKE (10 10 elec- gradients. trons/cm3). The proton beam for AWAKE has a bunch length of σ ¼ 12 cm, therefore the experiment relies on the self-modulation z 1.1. Baseline design instability (SMI) [3], which modulates the proton driver at the plasma wavelength in the first few meters of plasma. The SMI is a In the baseline design of AWAKE at CERN, an LHC-type proton transverse instability that arises from the interplay between bunch of 400 GeV/c (with an intensity of 3 Â 1011 protons/ bunch) will be extracted from the CERN SPS and sent along the 750 m long proton beam line towards a plasma cell. The AWAKE facility is installed in the area, which was previously used for the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso facility (CNGS) [5]. The proton beam will be focused to σx;y ¼ 200 μm near the entrance of the 10 m long rubidium vapor plasma cell with an adjustable density in the 1014– 1015 electrons/cm3 range. When the proton bunch, with an r.m.s. bunch length of σz ¼ 12 cm (0.4 ns), enters the plasma cell, it undergoes the SMI. The effective length and period of the modu- lated beam is set by the plasma wavelength (for AWAKE, typically λpe ¼ 1 mm). A high power (E4.5 TW) laser pulse, co-propagating and co-axial with the proton beam, will be used to ionize the neutral gas in the plasma cell and also to generate the seed of the proton bunch self-modulation. An electron beam of 1:2 Â 109 electrons, which will be injected with 10–20 MeV/c into the plasma cell, serves as a witness beam and will be accelerated in the wake of the modulated proton bunch. Several diagnostic tools will be installed downstream of the plasma cell to measure the Fig. 1. CERN accelerator complex. proton bunch self-modulation effects and the accelerated electron Fig. 2. Baseline design of the AWAKE experiment. Please cite this article as: E. Gschwendtner, et al., Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A (2016), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.026i E. Gschwendtner et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 3 Table 1 combination with a streak camera close to the plasma cell allow AWAKE proton, laser beam and plasma parameters. the overlap and synchronization of the beams to be measured. Optics simulations predict a 1σ spot size of 210 μm at the focal Parameter Baseline point in agreement with the experiment requirements (see Proton beam Table 1).
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