Maillol E L'italia

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Maillol E L'italia Maillol e l’Italia: diffusione dell’opera e fortuna critica dal Salon d’Automne al 1930 Fabiana Salvador Aristide Maillol1, nato nel 1861 a Banyuls- Octave Mirbeau pubblica un lungo arti- sur-Mer, piccolo porto francese del Medi- colo nell’aprile del 1905 su “La Revue”3, dif- terraneo sul confine spagnolo, si stabilisce fusa anche in Italia ma priva di immagini. Il a Parigi nel 1882, mantenendo i contatti con critico riconosce in Maillol “un maître in- il suo paese natale dove trascorre i mesi in- comparable de la sculpture moderne” e cer- vernali2. I suoi interessi iniziali sono rivol- ca di dimostrare come nessuno meglio di lui ti alla pittura; verso il 1890 stringe amici- sia in grado di esprimere “la majesté de la zia con Emile-Antoine Bourdelle e intorno matière et la splendeur de la forme”, recu- al 1895 inizia a scolpire il legno e a model- perando la forma umana equilibrata e armo- lare la terracotta. Nel 1902 tiene la prima niosa dagli “splendeurs primitives de la na- mostra personale alla galleria del mercan- ture” ripetuti all’infinito; identifica l’ideale te d’arte Ambroise Vollard presentando una di Maillol nella donna del popolo, una don- varietà eterogenea di opere: tappeti, manu- na “en pleine santé de la race”, che ritiene fatti in cuoio dorato, rilievi, statue di pic- aver conservato la purezza della forma etni- colo formato in gesso, legno o bronzo; solo ca4. La Femme in gesso di Maillol esposta nel nel 1903 al Salon de la Societé nationale des 1905 al Salon d’Automne, risulta singolare beaux arts, Maillol figura per la prima volta per la sua assenza di soggetto in un contesto come scultore e non più come artista di arti abituato alle allegorie e ai temi simbolisti e decorative. Nel 1904 inizia a esporre al Sa- letterari. André Gide ne percepisce la no- lon d’Automne, fondato l’anno precedente, vità e sulla “Gazette des Beaux Arts”5, dove e negli anni seguenti vi invierà le sue ope- viene riprodotta una fotografia dell’opera, re fondamentali: nel 1905 una grande Fem- si sofferma a elogiarla. Il resoconto della me in seguito conosciuta come Méditerranée passeggiata dello scrittore attraverso le sale (fig. 1); nel 1907 il rilievo Désir (fig. 2); nel dell’esposizione diventa il pretesto per vi- 1909 Le Cycliste (fig. 9) e La Nuit; nel 1910 sualizzare un cambiamento sostanziale nel- Pomone (fig. 3). Al 1905 risalgono i più im- la scultura moderna e nell’arte in generale; portanti scritti dedicati a Maillol e alla sua Gide scrive di lasciare la sala del pianoter- opera, ritenuta innovativa, che determine- ra dedicata alle opere di Rodin “pantelan- ranno la fortuna dell’artista. te, inquiète, signifiante, pleine de pathèti- Maillol e l’Italia: diffusione dell’opera e fortuna critica dal Salon d’Automne al 1930 181 1 - Aristide Maillol, Méditerranée 2 - Aristide Maillol, Désir (da W. George, Aristide Maillol, 1924) (da M. Denis, Aristide Maillol, 1909) que clameur” e di giungere al primo piano spetto ai primi, risulta più impenetrabile, dove, in contrasto con le visioni tumultuo- più solida, di maggior peso9. se precedenti, in una sala non molto gran- Contemporaneamente a Gide, su “L’Oc- de, al centro è collocata la grande donna di cident” Maurice Denis, legato allo scultore Maillol, seduta, che riposa6. “Elle est belle; da una profonda e duratura amicizia, pub- elle ne signifie rien; c’est une oeuvre silen- blica il suo primo fondamentale contributo cieuse”, scrive Gide e, alludendo alla classi- all’opera di Maillol qualificandola, con una cità greca, sostiene che solo risalendo molto fortunata intuizione, “un art de synthèse”10. indietro nel tempo si può ritrovare un così Una traduzione in tedesco dello scritto, cor- completo disinteresse dell’artista verso un redata di foto di opere scultoree e di disegni, soggetto che non sia la semplice manifesta- viene pubblicata in due parti sull’autorevole zione della bellezza7. Segue poi quella che è rivista berlinese “Kunst und Künstler” nel considerata la migliore definizione dell’ar- 190611. Nel gennaio del 1909 Denis in forma te di Maillol8: lo scrittore oppone in modo più divulgativa presenta poi lo scultore sul- emblematico a Beethoven, Michelangelo le pagine di “L’Art et les artistes”12, riman- e Rodin, “haletants dans l’effort d’asservir dando il lettore al suo precedente saggio e a une forme rebelle”, gli artisti “silencieux”, quello di Mirbeau. Denis riconosce a Mail- tranquilli, Bach, Fidia, Raffaello e Maillol, lol di esser stato il primo a compiere un’o- che “ne veulent rien précisément traduire pera scultorea conforme alle ambizioni di et ne cherchent point à leur oeuvre d’autre una rinascita classica e lo indica come l’au- nécessité que sa beauté”; la loro opera, ri- tentico manifesto di un’arte, caratterizzata 182 AFAT 31 dalla forma piena, che continua la pura tra- dizione della statuaria greca. Il critico insi- ste molto sul vero classicismo dell’artista: da un lato, come i Greci e i grandi classici, è capace di sintetizzare ovvero semplificare la natura complessa riconducendo gli ele- menti a un’idea di bellezza intellegibile ed architettonica del corpo umano che con- templa tuttavia la vita e l’emozione della re- altà; dall’altro lato, l’artista è classico per il rispetto che ha del suo mestiere: rifugge il lavoro frettoloso, rifinisce pazientemente le opere, dona l’esempio di una volontà che si regge sull’ordine, prendendo le distanze da un atteggiamento dell’epoca ritenuto ir- razionale e basato sul non finito. Negli anni Venti i saggi di Mirbeau et Denis, completati e riccamente illustrati, sono riediti sotto forma di libri rispettiva- mente nel 1921 e nel 192513. In questo pe- riodo si registra sulla stampa francese una notevole concentrazione di articoli dedicati a Maillol: fra i maggiori si ricordano quello di Marc Lafargue pubblicato su “L’Amour de l’Art” nel 1920; nel 1923 compare sulla stes- sa rivista l’articolo di Waldemar George che scrive anche nel 1924 su “Les Arts”; e an- cora nel 1924, l’articolo di Robert Rey pub- 3 - Aristide Maillol, Pomone blicato da “Art et décoration”; di particolare (da W. George, Aristide Maillol, 1924) rilevanza nel 1925 la rivista “L’Art d’aujou- rd’hui” consacra all’artista un numero spe- ciale a cura di Christian Zervos, riportando te del periodo come lo scultore che incarna in coda numerosi omaggi letterari di criti- l’ideale di classicismo francese16. La conno- ci e storici di tutta Europa14. Inoltre, negli tazione politica di carattere nazionalistico stessi anni, a favorire maggiormente la dif- dell’opera, che viene identificata con i valo- fusione e la conoscenza dello scultore, Marc ri del ritorno all’ordine, si afferma soprat- Lafargue (1925), Alfred Kuhn (1925), Pierre tutto con George. Il critico nel 1925 pre- Camo (1926) e nuovamente Waldemar Ge- senta Maillol come l’unione della bellezza orge (1927) pubblicano libri su Maillol15. antica mediterranea e dello spirito france- L’artista, molto più che Bernard e Bour- se: “Ce latin qui affirme son attachement delle, viene celebrato dagli storici dell’ar- à la latinité reste dans la ligne d’une tradi- Maillol e l’Italia: diffusione dell’opera e fortuna critica dal Salon d’Automne al 1930 183 4 - Il padiglione dell’arte decorativa francese all’Esposizione di Torino (da R. Koechlin, Exposition Internationale, 1911) tion française”17; due anni più tardi, insi- La sua fortuna iniziale deve molto ai cri- stendo sul carattere nazionale dell’artista, tici e ai collezionisti tedeschi che sostenne- aggiunge: “[Il] est un sculpteur français, il ro economicamente la sua opera e contri- n’y a aucune trace de italianisme dans son buirono a farla conoscere e a valorizzarla in oeuvre”18. Nel 1938, Jean Girou, per valo- ambito internazionale20. rizzare un’idea esclusivamente francese Nel 1904 Julius Meier-Graefe, quando dell’arte classica, eliminerà anche il riferi- Maillol non aveva ancora raggiunto la ce- mento al modello greco-romano presente lebrità in Francia (al Salon d’Automne nel- in Maillol19. lo stesso anno ottenne rifiuti e rimproveri), Scomparsi Bourdelle nel 1929 e Bernard dedica all’artista un’attenzione ecceziona- nel 1931 (ma questi aveva smesso di lavora- le; nell’opera al tempo più importante con- re già nel 1925), Maillol negli anni Trenta sacrata all’arte contemporanea, Entwic- sarebbe stato considerato lo scultore fran- klungsgeschichte der modernen Kunst (tre cese vivente più importante. volumi sulla storia e l’evoluzione dell’arte 184 AFAT 31 5 - Il padiglione dell’arte decorativa francese all’Esposizione di Torino (da R. Koechlin, Exposition Internationale, 1911) moderna), trattando dell’arte moderna in Fra i principali sostenitori di Maillol è il Francia, scrive un intero capitolo su Mail- conte Harry Kessler: prima ancora di veni- lol21. La sua pubblicazione, tradotta in in- re in contatto con l’artista, seguendo le se- glese nel 1908, è più volte riedita in Ger- gnalazioni di Rodin, forse di Meier-Graefe, mania negli anni Venti. Meier-Graefe, che ma soprattutto di Maurice Denis, nel 1903 a Parigi dal 1895 aveva scoperto le opere aveva già acquistato alcuni lavori del fran- di Maillol esposte allora nella sezione ‘arti cese presso la galleria Vollard. A Kessler va decorative’ dei Salons, lo indica assieme a il merito di aver commissionato le maggio- Bourdelle, Brancusi e Modigliani come l’ar- ri opere di Maillol, a partire dalla Méditer- tista della reazione a Rodin. È lui a definir- ranée; di aver introdotto nell’atelier dello lo per primo lo scultore delle rotondità, ed scultore nuovi visitatori, tedeschi ma an- ai suoi scritti si deve l’immagine che associa che di altre nazionalità, fra i quali Gabrie- le origini meridionali dell’artista alla Gre- le D’Annunzio23; e di aver incoraggiato l’ac- cia antica22.
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