Upward Planarization and Layout

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Upward Planarization and Layout Upward Planarization and Layout Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universit¨at Dortmund an der Fakult¨at fur¨ Informatik von Hoi-Ming Wong Dortmund 2011 Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 26.09.2011 Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Kern-Isberner Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Petra Mutzel, Technische Universit¨atDortmund Prof. Dr. Christoph Buchheim, Technische Universit¨atDortmund Abstract Drawing directed graphs has many applications and occurs whenever a nat- ural flow of information is to be visualized. Given a directed acyclic graph (DAG) G, we are interested in an upward drawing of G, that is, a drawing of G in which all arcs are drawn as curves that are monotonically increasing in the vertical direction. Besides the upward property, it is desirable that the number of arc crossings arising in the drawing should be minimized. In this thesis, we propose a new approach for drawing DAGs based on the idea of upward planarization. We first introduce a novel upward planarization approach for upward crossing minimization of DAGs that utilizes new ideas for subgraph computation and arc reinsertion. In particular, it is the first upward crossing minimization algorithm which does not utilize any layering techniques known from the framework by Sugiyama et al. [STT81] or from the upward planarization algorithm by Eiglsperger et al. [EKE03]. Our approach addresses the main weakness of the classical two step up- ward crossing minimization approaches, where in the first step a layering of the input DAG is computed and then, in the second step, the number of crossings is minimized by solving the so-called k-level crossing minimization problem (k-LCM). However, choosing an inappropriate layering in the first step can negatively effect the subsequent k-level crossing minimization step, thus causing many unnecessary arc crossings. As shown by experimental evaluations, our new approach—referred to as layer-free upward crossing minimization (LFUP)—outperforms the state-of- the-art crossing minimization heuristics based on layering even if an exact algorithm for k-level crossing minimization is used. Furthermore, LFUP also outperforms the existing approaches following the idea of upward planariza- tion, that is, the approaches by Di Battista et al. [BPTT89] and Eiglsperger et al. [EKE03]. We also present two extensions for the new approach: an extension for upward planarization of directed hypergraphs and an extension for handling given port constraints, that is, drawing constraints that arise due to the prescribed positions where arcs can be connected to the drawing of the nodes. The upward planarization approach LFUP computes an upward planar representation (UPR) R of the input graph G, where crossings are modeled by dummy nodes. We introduce a new layout approach for realizing UPRs, that is, a drawing algorithm for constructing upward drawings where the arc crossings arising in the drawing are the ones modeled by the dummy nodes in R. Only few algorithms exist for realizing UPRs, most of these algorithms are based on simple ideas and originally developed for drawing planar st-graphs, hence our layout approach constitutes the first approach specialized for real- izing UPRs. It offers two main advantages over the popular Sugiyama frame- work: It benefits from the advantage of the upward planarization approach LFUP, thus producing upward drawings with significantly less arc crossings. i Therefore, the drawing quality increases considerably. Furthermore, while the upward drawings produced by layer-based drawing approaches are often un- structured and appear unnaturally flat, the new layout approach constructs upward drawings that better reflect the structure of the digraphs and give a tidier impression to the viewer. ii Zusammenfassung Die Visualisierung von gerichteten azyklischen Graphen (DAGs) geh¨ortzu den wichtigsten Aufgaben im automatischen Zeichnen von Graphen. Hierbei suchen wir f¨ureinen gegebenen DAG G eine Zeichnung von G (Aufw¨arts- zeichnung von G genannt), sodass alle Kanten als Kurven streng monoton in vertikaler Richtung steigend gezeichnet werden. Um die Lesbarkeit der Zeichnung zu erh¨ohen,sollte neben der Aufw¨artseigenschaft auch die Anzahl der Kantenkreuzungen in der Zeichnung m¨oglichst gering sein. In dieser Dissertation entwerfen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Visualisierung von gerichteten Graphen, der auf der Idee der Aufw¨artsplanarisierungbasiert. Wir stellen zuerst ein innovatives Aufw¨artsplanarisierungverfahren vor, das neue Techniken f¨urdie Berechnung aufw¨artsplanareUntergraphen und die anschließende Kanteneinf¨ugephaseeinsetzt. Vor allem werden in dem neuen Verfahren keine Schichtungstechniken zur Kreuzungsminimierung benutzt, wie wir sie aus dem Zeichenverfahren von Sugiyama et al. [STT81] oder aus dem Aufw¨artsplanarisierungsverfahren von Eiglsperger et al. [EKE03] kennen. Die Festlegung einer Schichtung kann n¨amlich zu sehr schlechten Ergebnissen f¨uhren.Folglich besitzt das neue Verfahren nicht die Nachteile der bisherigen Kreuzungsminimierungsverfahren. Experimentellen Analysen zeigen, dass das neue Aufw¨artsplanarisierungs- verfahren deutlich bessere Ergebnisse liefert als das klassische, auf Schich- tungen basierende Kreuzungsminimierungsverfahren, und dies unabh¨angig von den benutzten L¨osungsans¨atzen(heuristisch oder optimal) f¨urdie k- level Kreuzungsminimierungsphase. Auch im Vergleich mit den bekannten Aufw¨artsplanarisierungsverfahren (Di Battista et al. [BPTT89] und Eigls- perger et al. [EKE03]) zeigt sich, dass der neue Ansatz weitaus bessere Ergeb- nisse liefert. Wir stellen auch zwei Erweiterungen des neuen Ansatzes vor: eine Erweiterung zur Aufw¨artsplanarisierungvon gerichteten Hypergraphen und eine zur Unterst¨utzungvon Port Constraints. Das Ergebnis der Aufw¨artsplanarisierungist eine aufw¨artsplanareRe- pr¨asentation (UPR) — ein eingebetteter DAG, in dem Kreuzungen durch k¨unstliche Dummy-Knoten modelliert werden. Wir stellen ein Layoutver- fahren zur Realisierung solcher UPRs vor, d.h., ein Verfahren, das aus einem UPR eine Aufw¨artszeichnung konstruiert, sodass die Kantenkreuzungen in der Zeichnung zu den Dummy-Knoten des gegebenen UPR korrespondieren. Die wenigen existierenden Zeichenverfahren zur Realisierung von UPRs sind sehr einfach und wurden urspr¨unglich entwickelt, um planare st-Graphen zu zeichnen. Unser neues Verfahren stellt somit das erste Layoutverfahren dar, das speziell im Hinblick auf die Realisierung von UPRs entworfen wurde. Es bietet zwei wichtige Vorteile gegen¨uber dem etablierten Standardzeichenal- gorithmus von Sugiyama et al.: Die Zeichnungen besitzen wesentlich weniger Kreuzungen, was zur deutlichen Verbesserung der Lesbarkeit f¨uhrt. Ferner sind sie strukturierter und machen einen aufger¨aumteren Eindruck. iii iv Acknowledgment Many people supported me during the time of research. Without their help, this thesis would never have been possible. I wish to express here my gratitude to all of them. First of all, I want to thank my advisor Prof. Dr. Petra Mutzel who gave me the opportunity to work with her and her research group at TU Dortmund. I am grateful to my co-authors Carsten Gutwenger and Markus Chimani for giving valuable advices regarding upward planarization and layouts and for sharing their experience and knowledge. I also want to thank Miro Sp¨onne- mann for the fruitful cooperation and for sharing his knowledge about port constraints and orthogonal drawings. Many thanks go to Nils Kriege and Bernd Zey for proofreading parts of this thesis and Gundel Jankord for doing all the administrative work. I am very grateful to Karsten Klein, the brave fighter against “Kraut und R¨uben”, who gave me many helpful advices and who sacrificed a lot of free time for proofreading this thesis. I want to thank the members of my defense commission: Prof. Dr. Christoph Buchheim, Prof. Dr. Ernst-Erich Doberkat, Prof. Dr. Petra Mutzel, and Dr. Moritz Martens. Finally, I wish to thank my family and friends for their support. Hoi-Ming Wong Dortmund, 2011 v Variable Description a arc a˜ arc to be reinserted e arc/edge f face G graph H hypergraph L layering R upward planar representation s source sˆ super source t sink tˆ super sink U subgraph u, v nodes α hyperarc γ combinatorial embedding Γ (upward) planar embedding line segment Θ weight function τ sink-switch Notation Description D drawing u v a path from u to v u 6 v no path exists from u to v |V | cardinality of set V X(u) x-coordinate of node u Y (u) y-coordinate of node u u ≺ v Y (u) < Y (y) Abbreviation Description BFS breadth-first search DAG directed acyclic graph DFS depth-first search FUPS feasible upward planar subgraph ILP integer linear programming k-LCM k-level (multi-level) crossing minimization LFUP layer-free upward planarization SDP semidefinite programming sT -graph single source DAG UPL upward planarization layout UPR upward planar representation UIP upward insertion path Table 1: Notation vi Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Corresponding Publications . .3 1.2 Main Results . .5 1.3 Organization of the Thesis . .6 2 Preliminaries 9 2.1 Graphs . .9 2.2 Drawings and Embeddings . 11 2.3 Upward Planarity . 16 2.4 Planarization . 17 3 Upward Drawing Algorithms 21 3.1 Framework by Sugiyama, Tagawa, and Toda . 21 3.1.1 Cycle Removal . 22 3.1.2 Layer Assignment . 23 3.1.3 Crossing Minimization . 27 3.1.4 Coordinate Assignment . 32 3.1.5 Extensions . 34 3.2 Alternative Upward Drawing Algorithms . 36 3.2.1 Mixed Upward Planarization . 37 3.2.2 Dominance Drawing . 38 3.2.3 Visibility Representation . 38 4 Upward Planarization 41 4.1 Introduction . 41 4.1.1 Motivation . 42 4.1.2 Challenges . 43 4.2 Upward Planarization Algorithm . 44 4.2.1 Algorithm Overview . 44 4.2.2 Feasible Subgraph . 46 4.2.3 Arc Reinsertion . 50 4.2.4 Runtime Analysis . 66 4.3 Experimental Evaluation . 68 4.3.1 Benchmark Sets . 68 vii viii Contents 4.3.2 Evaluated Algorithms . 70 4.3.3 Comparison . 71 4.3.4 Deeper Analysis . 74 4.3.5 Runtime . 84 4.3.6 Summary . 84 4.4 Extension to Port Constraints . 86 4.4.1 Chain Substitution . 87 4.4.2 Feasible Subgraph . 87 4.4.3 Arc Reinsertion .
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