Two conjectures A family of elliptic surfaces The Tate conjecture for S

The Tate conjecture for a concrete family of elliptic surfaces

Xiyuan Wang

Johns Hopkins University

November 14, 2020 (Joint work with Lian Duan)

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures A family of elliptic surfaces The Tate conjecture for S Outline

1. Two conjectures The Tate conjecture The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

2. A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s construction Geemen and Top’s conjecture

3. The Tate conjecture for S Main theorem Idea of the proof Main step

Xiyuan Wang • K : number field (eg. K = Q)

• GK : Gal(K /K ) • X : smooth over K •Z i (X ) : free abelian group Zhcodimen i irred subvar of X i i i • NS (X ) : Neron-Severi group Z (X )/ ∼alg

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Set up

Xiyuan Wang • GK : absolute Galois group Gal(K /K ) • X : smooth projective variety over K •Z i (X ) : free abelian group Zhcodimen i irred subvar of X i i i • NS (X ) : Neron-Severi group Z (X )/ ∼alg

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Set up

• K : number field (eg. K = Q)

Xiyuan Wang • X : smooth projective variety over K •Z i (X ) : free abelian group Zhcodimen i irred subvar of X i i i • NS (X ) : Neron-Severi group Z (X )/ ∼alg

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Set up

• K : number field (eg. K = Q)

• GK : absolute Galois group Gal(K /K )

Xiyuan Wang •Z i (X ) : free abelian group Zhcodimen i irred subvar of X i i i • NS (X ) : Neron-Severi group Z (X )/ ∼alg

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Set up

• K : number field (eg. K = Q)

• GK : absolute Galois group Gal(K /K ) • X : smooth projective variety over K

Xiyuan Wang i i • NS (X ) : Neron-Severi group Z (X )/ ∼alg

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Set up

• K : number field (eg. K = Q)

• GK : absolute Galois group Gal(K /K ) • X : smooth projective variety over K •Z i (X ) : free abelian group Zhcodimen i irred subvar of X i

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Set up

• K : number field (eg. K = Q)

• GK : absolute Galois group Gal(K /K ) • X : smooth projective variety over K •Z i (X ) : free abelian group Zhcodimen i irred subvar of X i i i • NS (X ) : Neron-Severi group Z (X )/ ∼alg

Xiyuan Wang The cycle class map

i i 2i GK c : NS (X ) → Het (XK , Q`(i)) .

The Tate conjecture The map

i i 2i GK c ⊗ Q` : NS (X ) ⊗ Q` → Het (XK , Q`(i)) is surjective.

Slogan Tate classes are algebraic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Tate conjecture

Xiyuan Wang The Tate conjecture The map

i i 2i GK c ⊗ Q` : NS (X ) ⊗ Q` → Het (XK , Q`(i)) is surjective.

Slogan Tate classes are algebraic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Tate conjecture

The cycle class map

i i 2i GK c : NS (X ) → Het (XK , Q`(i)) .

Xiyuan Wang is surjective.

Slogan Tate classes are algebraic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Tate conjecture

The cycle class map

i i 2i GK c : NS (X ) → Het (XK , Q`(i)) .

The Tate conjecture The map

i i 2i GK c ⊗ Q` : NS (X ) ⊗ Q` → Het (XK , Q`(i))

Xiyuan Wang Slogan Tate classes are algebraic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Tate conjecture

The cycle class map

i i 2i GK c : NS (X ) → Het (XK , Q`(i)) .

The Tate conjecture The map

i i 2i GK c ⊗ Q` : NS (X ) ⊗ Q` → Het (XK , Q`(i)) is surjective.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Tate conjecture

The cycle class map

i i 2i GK c : NS (X ) → Het (XK , Q`(i)) .

The Tate conjecture The map

i i 2i GK c ⊗ Q` : NS (X ) ⊗ Q` → Het (XK , Q`(i)) is surjective.

Slogan Tate classes are algebraic!

Xiyuan Wang Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Xiyuan Wang • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1)

Xiyuan Wang • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties

Xiyuan Wang • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces

Xiyuan Wang • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1

Xiyuan Wang • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces

Xiyuan Wang • ...

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases

Divisor case (i = 1) • Abelian varieties • K3 surfaces • Varieties with h2,0 = 1 • Hilbert modular surfaces • Elliptic modular surfaces • ...

Xiyuan Wang • Let X be a . The Kuga-Satake construction

X ` A × A

where A is an .

Rk: H2,0(X ) = 1 is a crucial input.

• The Hodge conj. + The Mumford-Tate conj.⇒ The Tate conj.

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Some remarks on the proofs

Xiyuan Wang Rk: H2,0(X ) = 1 is a crucial input.

• The Hodge conj. + The Mumford-Tate conj.⇒ The Tate conj.

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Some remarks on the proofs

• Let X be a K3 surface. The Kuga-Satake construction

X ` A × A

where A is an abelian variety.

Xiyuan Wang • The Hodge conj. + The Mumford-Tate conj.⇒ The Tate conj.

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Some remarks on the proofs

• Let X be a K3 surface. The Kuga-Satake construction

X ` A × A

where A is an abelian variety.

Rk: H2,0(X ) = 1 is a crucial input.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Some remarks on the proofs

• Let X be a K3 surface. The Kuga-Satake construction

X ` A × A

where A is an abelian variety.

Rk: H2,0(X ) = 1 is a crucial input.

• The Hodge conj. + The Mumford-Tate conj.⇒ The Tate conj.

Xiyuan Wang V ⊆ ss

Galois representations come from .

i GK y Het (XK , Q`(j)) Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Xiyuan Wang V ⊆ ss

i GK y Het (XK , Q`(j)) Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

Xiyuan Wang V ⊆ ss

Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

i GK y Het (XK , Q`(j))

Xiyuan Wang Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

i ss GK y V ⊆ Het (XK , Q`(j))

Xiyuan Wang (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

i ss GK y V ⊆ Het (XK , Q`(j)) Properties of V

Xiyuan Wang (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

i ss GK y V ⊆ Het (XK , Q`(j)) Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere.

Xiyuan Wang Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

i ss GK y V ⊆ Het (XK , Q`(j)) Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geometric Galois representations

Galois representations come from algebraic geometry.

i ss GK y V ⊆ Het (XK , Q`(j)) Properties of V (a) V unramified almost everywhere. (b) V de Rham above `.

Definition (Geometric) A Galois representation is geometric if it satisfies (a) and (b).

Xiyuan Wang The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture If a Galois representation is geometric, it comes from algebraic geometry.

Met : Pure motives → Galois representations

• The FM conj. ⇔ EssImage(Met ) = {geometric Galois rep}

• The Tate conj. ⇔ Met is fully faithful

Slogan Geometric Galois representations are motivic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

Xiyuan Wang Met : Pure motives → Galois representations

• The FM conj. ⇔ EssImage(Met ) = {geometric Galois rep}

• The Tate conj. ⇔ Met is fully faithful

Slogan Geometric Galois representations are motivic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture If a Galois representation is geometric, it comes from algebraic geometry.

Xiyuan Wang • The FM conj. ⇔ EssImage(Met ) = {geometric Galois rep}

• The Tate conj. ⇔ Met is fully faithful

Slogan Geometric Galois representations are motivic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture If a Galois representation is geometric, it comes from algebraic geometry.

Met : Pure motives → Galois representations

Xiyuan Wang • The Tate conj. ⇔ Met is fully faithful

Slogan Geometric Galois representations are motivic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture If a Galois representation is geometric, it comes from algebraic geometry.

Met : Pure motives → Galois representations

• The FM conj. ⇔ EssImage(Met ) = {geometric Galois rep}

Xiyuan Wang Slogan Geometric Galois representations are motivic!

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture If a Galois representation is geometric, it comes from algebraic geometry.

Met : Pure motives → Galois representations

• The FM conj. ⇔ EssImage(Met ) = {geometric Galois rep}

• The Tate conj. ⇔ Met is fully faithful

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture

The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture If a Galois representation is geometric, it comes from algebraic geometry.

Met : Pure motives → Galois representations

• The FM conj. ⇔ EssImage(Met ) = {geometric Galois rep}

• The Tate conj. ⇔ Met is fully faithful

Slogan Geometric Galois representations are motivic!

Xiyuan Wang n=1 Class field theory+ Classification of algebraic Hecke characters n=2 K = Q!

FM conj Geom. Galois reps Modular forms

FM conj Pure motives

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases, n = dim V

Xiyuan Wang n=2 K = Q!

FM conj Geom. Galois reps Modular forms

FM conj Pure motives

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases, n = dim V

n=1 Class field theory+ Classification of algebraic Hecke characters

Xiyuan Wang FM conj Geom. Galois reps Modular forms

FM conj Pure motives

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases, n = dim V

n=1 Class field theory+ Classification of algebraic Hecke characters n=2 K = Q!

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Known cases, n = dim V

n=1 Class field theory+ Classification of algebraic Hecke characters n=2 K = Q!

FM conj Geom. Galois reps Modular forms

FM conj Pure motives

Xiyuan Wang Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1  Same HT wts  even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Xiyuan Wang Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1  Same HT wts  even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation.

Xiyuan Wang   odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1  Same HT wts  even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

Xiyuan Wang  odd Modular forms of wt > 1 even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1 Same HT wts even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

   Distinct HT wts  

Xiyuan Wang Modular forms of wt > 1 even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1 Same HT wts even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

   odd  Distinct HT wts  

Xiyuan Wang even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1 Same HT wts even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  >  odd Modular forms of wt 1  Distinct HT wts  

Xiyuan Wang Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1 Same HT wts even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even  

Xiyuan Wang  odd Modular form of wt = 1 Same HT wts even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!  

Xiyuan Wang  odd Modular form of wt = 1 even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!   Same HT wts

Xiyuan Wang Modular form of wt = 1 even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!   odd  Same HT wts

Xiyuan Wang even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!   odd Modular form of wt = 1  Same HT wts

Xiyuan Wang Maass form with λ = 1/4

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1  Same HT wts  even

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S n = 2, Geometric Galois representations of GQ

Let c ∈ GQ be the complex conjugation. Definition (Odd)

A Galois representation r : GQ → GL2(Q`) is odd if det r(c) = −1.

  odd Modular forms of wt > 1  Distinct HT wts  even Doesn0t exists!  odd Modular form of wt = 1  Same HT wts  even Maass form with λ = 1/4

Xiyuan Wang (2) r|G is not a twist of a representation of the form Q`   ε` ∗ 0 1

where ε` is the mod-` , (3) r is not of dihedral type, (4) r is absolutely irreducible. In particular, r is odd.

Theorem (Calegari)

Let r : GQ → GL2(Q`) be a geometric Galois representation. Suppose that ` > 7, and, furthermore, that

(1) r|G has distinct Hodge-Tate weights, Q`

Then r is modular.

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Calegari’s theorem

Xiyuan Wang (2) r|G is not a twist of a representation of the form Q`   ε` ∗ 0 1

where ε` is the mod-` cyclotomic character, (3) r is not of dihedral type, (4) r is absolutely irreducible. In particular, r is odd.

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Calegari’s theorem

Theorem (Calegari)

Let r : GQ → GL2(Q`) be a geometric Galois representation. Suppose that ` > 7, and, furthermore, that

(1) r|G has distinct Hodge-Tate weights, Q`

Then r is modular.

Xiyuan Wang In particular, r is odd.

Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Calegari’s theorem

Theorem (Calegari)

Let r : GQ → GL2(Q`) be a geometric Galois representation. Suppose that ` > 7, and, furthermore, that

(1) r|G has distinct Hodge-Tate weights, Q` (2) r|G is not a twist of a representation of the form Q`   ε` ∗ 0 1

where ε` is the mod-` cyclotomic character, (3) r is not of dihedral type, (4) r is absolutely irreducible. Then r is modular.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures The Tate conjecture A family of elliptic surfaces The Fontaine-Mazur conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Calegari’s theorem

Theorem (Calegari)

Let r : GQ → GL2(Q`) be a geometric Galois representation. Suppose that ` > 7, and, furthermore, that

(1) r|G has distinct Hodge-Tate weights, Q` (2) r|G is not a twist of a representation of the form Q`   ε` ∗ 0 1

where ε` is the mod-` cyclotomic character, (3) r is not of dihedral type, (4) r is absolutely irreducible. Then r is modular. In particular, r is odd.

Xiyuan Wang (a + 1) E : Y 2 = X (X 2 + 2( + a)X + 1), a ∈ Q a t2 Define Sa Xa Ea

y y 1 j 1 h 1 Pz Pu Pt

where j : z 7→ u = (z2 − 1)/z and h : u 7→ t = (u2 − 4)/4u. Main player

S := Sa

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Elliptic surfaces

Xiyuan Wang Define Sa Xa Ea

y y 1 j 1 h 1 Pz Pu Pt

where j : z 7→ u = (z2 − 1)/z and h : u 7→ t = (u2 − 4)/4u. Main player

S := Sa

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Elliptic surfaces

(a + 1) E : Y 2 = X (X 2 + 2( + a)X + 1), a ∈ Q a t2

Xiyuan Wang Sa Xa Ea

y y 1 j 1 h 1 Pz Pu Pt

where j : z 7→ u = (z2 − 1)/z and h : u 7→ t = (u2 − 4)/4u. Main player

S := Sa

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Elliptic surfaces

(a + 1) E : Y 2 = X (X 2 + 2( + a)X + 1), a ∈ Q a t2 Define

Xiyuan Wang where j : z 7→ u = (z2 − 1)/z and h : u 7→ t = (u2 − 4)/4u. Main player

S := Sa

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Elliptic surfaces

(a + 1) E : Y 2 = X (X 2 + 2( + a)X + 1), a ∈ Q a t2 Define Sa Xa Ea

y y 1 j 1 h 1 Pz Pu Pt

Xiyuan Wang Main player

S := Sa

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Elliptic surfaces

(a + 1) E : Y 2 = X (X 2 + 2( + a)X + 1), a ∈ Q a t2 Define Sa Xa Ea

y y 1 j 1 h 1 Pz Pu Pt

where j : z 7→ u = (z2 − 1)/z and h : u 7→ t = (u2 − 4)/4u.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Elliptic surfaces

(a + 1) E : Y 2 = X (X 2 + 2( + a)X + 1), a ∈ Q a t2 Define Sa Xa Ea

y y 1 j 1 h 1 Pz Pu Pt

where j : z 7→ u = (z2 − 1)/z and h : u 7→ t = (u2 − 4)/4u. Main player

S := Sa

Xiyuan Wang S X E

y y 1 1 1 Pz Pu Pt

• Taking a good prime p, E → P1 has bad fibre at 0, ±i, and Fp q 1+a ± 1−a . • The elliptic surface X is K3 with Picard number 19 or 20 (depending on a). • dim H2(S) = 46, dim H2,0(S) = dim H0,2(S) = 3, and Picard 1 number ρ(SQ) = rank(NS (SQ)) = 37, 38, 39, or 40 (depending on a).

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Properties of S

Xiyuan Wang • Taking a good prime p, E → P1 has bad fibre at 0, ±i, and Fp q 1+a ± 1−a . • The elliptic surface X is K3 with Picard number 19 or 20 (depending on a). • dim H2(S) = 46, dim H2,0(S) = dim H0,2(S) = 3, and Picard 1 number ρ(SQ) = rank(NS (SQ)) = 37, 38, 39, or 40 (depending on a).

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Properties of S

S X E

y y 1 1 1 Pz Pu Pt

Xiyuan Wang • The elliptic surface X is K3 with Picard number 19 or 20 (depending on a). • dim H2(S) = 46, dim H2,0(S) = dim H0,2(S) = 3, and Picard 1 number ρ(SQ) = rank(NS (SQ)) = 37, 38, 39, or 40 (depending on a).

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Properties of S

S X E

y y 1 1 1 Pz Pu Pt

• Taking a good prime p, E → P1 has bad fibre at 0, ±i, and Fp q 1+a ± 1−a .

Xiyuan Wang • dim H2(S) = 46, dim H2,0(S) = dim H0,2(S) = 3, and Picard 1 number ρ(SQ) = rank(NS (SQ)) = 37, 38, 39, or 40 (depending on a).

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Properties of S

S X E

y y 1 1 1 Pz Pu Pt

• Taking a good prime p, E → P1 has bad fibre at 0, ±i, and Fp q 1+a ± 1−a . • The elliptic surface X is K3 with Picard number 19 or 20 (depending on a).

Xiyuan Wang and Picard 1 number ρ(SQ) = rank(NS (SQ)) = 37, 38, 39, or 40 (depending on a).

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Properties of S

S X E

y y 1 1 1 Pz Pu Pt

• Taking a good prime p, E → P1 has bad fibre at 0, ±i, and Fp q 1+a ± 1−a . • The elliptic surface X is K3 with Picard number 19 or 20 (depending on a). • dim H2(S) = 46, dim H2,0(S) = dim H0,2(S) = 3,

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Properties of S

S X E

y y 1 1 1 Pz Pu Pt

• Taking a good prime p, E → P1 has bad fibre at 0, ±i, and Fp q 1+a ± 1−a . • The elliptic surface X is K3 with Picard number 19 or 20 (depending on a). • dim H2(S) = 46, dim H2,0(S) = dim H0,2(S) = 3, and Picard 1 number ρ(SQ) = rank(NS (SQ)) = 37, 38, 39, or 40 (depending on a).

Xiyuan Wang 2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W`

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

Xiyuan Wang 2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W`

46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

Xiyuan Wang ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 Het (SQ, Q`(1))

Xiyuan Wang Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕

Xiyuan Wang ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S)

Xiyuan Wang 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W`

Xiyuan Wang By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

Xiyuan Wang We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`.

Xiyuan Wang where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S 2 Het (SQ, Q`(1)), ρ(SQ) = 37

(Taking semisimplification!!!)

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(S) ∼ 1 = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ W` 46 = 37 + 3 + (43 − 37)

By the construction of S, C4 y W`. We have ∼ W` = V` ⊕ V `,

where dim V` = dim V ` = 3.

Xiyuan Wang Several properties of V` ∼ • V` = V ` 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1 ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Xiyuan Wang ∼ • V` = V ` 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1 ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Several properties of V`

Xiyuan Wang 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1 ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Several properties of V` ∼ • V` = V `

Xiyuan Wang ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Several properties of V` ∼ • V` = V ` 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1

Xiyuan Wang Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Several properties of V` ∼ • V` = V ` 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1 ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Xiyuan Wang Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Several properties of V` ∼ • V` = V ` 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1 ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Geemen and Top’s construction A family of elliptic surfaces Geemen and Top’s conjecture The Tate conjecture for S Geemen and Top’s conjecture

Several properties of V` ∼ • V` = V ` 1,−1 0,0 −1,1 • h (V`) = h (V`) = h (V`) = 1 ∼ ∗ • V` = V` , i.e., V` self-dual

Conjecture (van Geemen and Top, 1995) For each a, ∼ 2 V`(−1) = δ Sym T`E for some elliptic curve E and some quadratic character δ.

Selfdual and non-selfdual 3-dimensional Galois representations, 1995

Xiyuan Wang Theorem (Duan and W., 2019) If a ≡ 2, 3 mod 5 and none of 2(1 + a) or 2(1 − a) is a square in Q, then, for a density one subset of primes `, the Tate conjecture for S is true, i.e.,

∼ 1 = 2 GQ NS (S) ⊗ Q` −→ Het (SQ, Q`(1)) .

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Statement

Xiyuan Wang i.e.,

∼ 1 = 2 GQ NS (S) ⊗ Q` −→ Het (SQ, Q`(1)) .

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Statement

Theorem (Duan and W., 2019) If a ≡ 2, 3 mod 5 and none of 2(1 + a) or 2(1 − a) is a square in Q, then, for a density one subset of primes `, the Tate conjecture for S is true,

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Statement

Theorem (Duan and W., 2019) If a ≡ 2, 3 mod 5 and none of 2(1 + a) or 2(1 − a) is a square in Q, then, for a density one subset of primes `, the Tate conjecture for S is true, i.e.,

∼ 1 = 2 GQ NS (S) ⊗ Q` −→ Het (SQ, Q`(1)) .

Xiyuan Wang Up to semisimplification

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Taking GQ-invariant part

G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

GQ V` = {0}?

Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Xiyuan Wang 2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Taking GQ-invariant part

G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

GQ V` = {0}?

Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Up to semisimplification

Xiyuan Wang Taking GQ-invariant part

G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

GQ V` = {0}?

Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Up to semisimplification

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Xiyuan Wang G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

GQ V` = {0}?

Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Up to semisimplification

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Taking GQ-invariant part

Xiyuan Wang GQ V` = {0}?

Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Up to semisimplification

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Taking GQ-invariant part

G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

Xiyuan Wang Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Up to semisimplification

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Taking GQ-invariant part

G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

GQ V` = {0}?

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Tate classes are not transcendental

Up to semisimplification

2 ∼ 1 Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (SQ) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ Tran`(X ) ⊕ V` ⊕ V `.

Taking GQ-invariant part

G G 2 GQ ∼ 1 Q Q Het (SQ, Q`(1)) = (NS (S) ⊗ Q`) ⊕ {0} ⊕ V` ⊕ V ` .

GQ V` = {0}?

Goal ss To prove ρ := V` is absolutely irreducible.

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible.

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 • (1 + 2) : ρ =∼ ψ ⊕ r,

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even

Xiyuan Wang We are done!

What is ??? ?

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even This is a contradiction.

Xiyuan Wang What is ??? ?

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even This is a contradiction. We are done!

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Odd and even

Assume that ρ : GQ → GL3(Q`) is not absolutely irreducible. ∼ • (1 + 1 + 1): ρ = χ1 ⊕ χ2 ⊕ χ3 ∼ • (1 + 2) : ρ = ψ ⊕ r, r : GQ → GL2(Q`) self-dual Calegari’s FM Theorem odd

r

??? even This is a contradiction. We are done!

What is ??? ?

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

In summary,

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1.

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

The FM conj

The Tate conj

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic

The Tate conj

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even

Xiyuan Wang self-dual

self-dual

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐===⇒ det r = 1

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Elementary idea

Remember that r is self-dual.

??? = det r trivial

Main step To prove det r = 1. In summary,

The FM conj ⇒ r is motivic ⇐⇒ r odd ⇐self-dual===⇒ det r 6= 1

The Tate conj ⇒ r is not motivic ⇐⇒ r even ⇐self-dual===⇒ det r = 1

Xiyuan Wang Since r is self-dual, det r is a quadratic character. There is an integer D, such that D det r(Frob ) = ( ), p p

for any p - D. Goal To prove D = 1 (up to a square).

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant

Xiyuan Wang There is an integer D, such that D det r(Frob ) = ( ), p p

for any p - D. Goal To prove D = 1 (up to a square).

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant

Since r is self-dual, det r is a quadratic character.

Xiyuan Wang such that D det r(Frob ) = ( ), p p

for any p - D. Goal To prove D = 1 (up to a square).

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant

Since r is self-dual, det r is a quadratic character. There is an integer D,

Xiyuan Wang Goal To prove D = 1 (up to a square).

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant

Since r is self-dual, det r is a quadratic character. There is an integer D, such that D det r(Frob ) = ( ), p p

for any p - D.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant

Since r is self-dual, det r is a quadratic character. There is an integer D, such that D det r(Frob ) = ( ), p p

for any p - D. Goal To prove D = 1 (up to a square).

Xiyuan Wang For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g), then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

• α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1. • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

Xiyuan Wang Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g), then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

• α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1. • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Xiyuan Wang then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

• α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1. • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g),

Xiyuan Wang • α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1. • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g), then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

Xiyuan Wang • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g), then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

• α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1.

Xiyuan Wang Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g), then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

• α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1. • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Determinant and trace

For g ∈ GQ,

det(λI − ρ(g)) = det(λI − ρ(g)∗).

Considering the eigenvalue {α, β, γ} of ρ(g), then

{α, β, γ} = {α−1, β−1, γ−1}.

• α = ±1, β = ±1, and γ = ±1. • αβ = 1(α 6= ±1), and γ = ±1.

Lemma If tr ρ(g 2) 6= 3 or tr ρ(g) 6= ±1, then det r(g) = 1.

Xiyuan Wang There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

Xiyuan Wang The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2

Xiyuan Wang Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves.

Xiyuan Wang • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber.

Xiyuan Wang • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry.

Xiyuan Wang • A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

Xiyuan Wang • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) !

Xiyuan Wang Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step i Trace of Frobp

There is a trace formula

#S(Fpi ) − #X (Fpi ) tr ρe−1(Frobi ) = . ` p 2 The fibers are elliptic curves. Counting points fiber by fiber. • Need input from geometry. • Still very hard to obtain an explicit answer.

• A small observation: 8|#Smfiber(Fpi ) ! • Counting the point on bad fibers carefully.

Proposition  2(1+a)   2(1−a)  2 If p = p = −1, then tr(ρ(Frobp)) = −1 mod 8.

Xiyuan Wang Proposition + Lemma ⇒ det r(Frobp) = 1, for some primes p.

Assume D is not 1, in those primes, find a p such that

D  det r(Frob ) = = −1. p p

This is a contradiction. We are done !

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step End of the proof

Xiyuan Wang Assume D is not 1, in those primes, find a p such that

D  det r(Frob ) = = −1. p p

This is a contradiction. We are done !

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step End of the proof

Proposition + Lemma ⇒ det r(Frobp) = 1, for some primes p.

Xiyuan Wang This is a contradiction. We are done !

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step End of the proof

Proposition + Lemma ⇒ det r(Frobp) = 1, for some primes p.

Assume D is not 1, in those primes, find a p such that

D  det r(Frob ) = = −1. p p

Xiyuan Wang We are done !

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step End of the proof

Proposition + Lemma ⇒ det r(Frobp) = 1, for some primes p.

Assume D is not 1, in those primes, find a p such that

D  det r(Frob ) = = −1. p p

This is a contradiction.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step End of the proof

Proposition + Lemma ⇒ det r(Frobp) = 1, for some primes p.

Assume D is not 1, in those primes, find a p such that

D  det r(Frob ) = = −1. p p

This is a contradiction. We are done !

Xiyuan Wang • Checking that r satisfies the additional conditions in Calegari’s theorem is non-trivial. • An on-going project with Ariel and Lian about compatible systems of Galois representations and hypergeometric motives. • van Geemen and Top’s conjecture? Potential automorphy.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Final remarks

Xiyuan Wang • An on-going project with Ariel and Lian about compatible systems of Galois representations and hypergeometric motives. • van Geemen and Top’s conjecture? Potential automorphy.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Final remarks

• Checking that r satisfies the additional conditions in Calegari’s theorem is non-trivial.

Xiyuan Wang • van Geemen and Top’s conjecture? Potential automorphy.

Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Final remarks

• Checking that r satisfies the additional conditions in Calegari’s theorem is non-trivial. • An on-going project with Ariel and Lian about compatible systems of Galois representations and hypergeometric motives.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step Final remarks

• Checking that r satisfies the additional conditions in Calegari’s theorem is non-trivial. • An on-going project with Ariel and Lian about compatible systems of Galois representations and hypergeometric motives. • van Geemen and Top’s conjecture? Potential automorphy.

Xiyuan Wang Two conjectures Main theorem A family of elliptic surfaces Idea of the proof The Tate conjecture for S Main step

Thank you for your listening!

Xiyuan Wang