Fra Kosovo Til Kosova

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Fra Kosovo Til Kosova Bjørn Andersen Fra Kosovo til Kosóva Amerikansk og Europæisk udenrigspolitik - i Machiavelli’s og Clausewitz’ fodspor? BA FORLAG • SØBORG 1999 ISBN 87-90722-01-9 & ISSN 1600-5791 © BA Forlag, Søborg, København. 1. udgave, 1. oplag - Oktober 1999 PDF-version til internettet November 2008; kun enkelte småtinger rettet; i visse tilfælde er der sket ryk fra én side til en anden ift den oprindelige papirudgave fra 1999. Udgaven er sat op som A5, men kan også læses og skrives ud som A4. ISBN 87-90722-01-9 ISSN 1600-5791 (Albansk Historie) BA FORLAG Bjørn Andersen Valdemars Allé 63 2860 Søborg E-mail: [email protected] Webside: http://bjoerna.dk Indholdsfortegnelse FRA KOSOVO TIL KOSÓVA ......................................9 Objektivitet og bagklogskab ...............................9 Korrekt? Om sprogbrugen ................................11 Kilderne..............................................11 Dokumenter...........................................12 Hensigten med bogen ...................................13 Kosovo eller Kosóva? Bogens titel .........................15 Tak! .................................................16 Fejl og mangler ........................................17 SAMMENFATNING .............................................18 De historiske forudsætninger .............................18 De social-økonomiske forhold .............................18 Forholdet mellem Serberne og Albanerne ...................20 Den politiske scene i Kosóva .............................20 Den politiske scene i Serbien .............................22 Opdeling af Kosóva?....................................22 Væbnet konfrontation ...................................23 Situationen omkring årsskiftet 1998 / <99 ....................23 Fra Raçak til Rambouillet ................................24 NATO går i luften.......................................25 Forfølgelserne og drabene ...............................26 Miloševic.............................................27 Hvorfor gav Præsident Miloševic op? .......................27 Machiavelli og Clausewitz ................................29 Amerikansk udenrigspolitik: Intervention? ...................29 Interventionsplatformen..................................30 Vilkårene for intervention .................................30 Vestlig kultur > < andre kulturer ...........................31 Handlede NATO i humanitær nødværge? ....................31 Misforståelser og manglende vilje til at forstå.................32 Flere kulturer? Et multietnisk samfund i Kosóva? ..............32 Ruslands rolle .........................................33 Sidebemærkning om Albanien ............................33 Afsluttende - alvorligt mént - efterskrift ......................34 OPSANG TIL JYLLANDS-POSTEN ................................37 Dr. Goebbels’ børn (25.5.1999) ...........................37 Tavshed efter krigen (3.7.1999) ...........................39 Fremtidens regninger (30.7.1999) .........................42 Kort over Kosóva ..............................................43 Madeleine Albright og Hashim Thaçi i Prishtina .....................45 1. DEL: HISTORIEN ............................................47 Forhistorien frem til 2' Verdenskrig ...............................47 Indledning ............................................47 Illyrerne. Romerne. Sláverne .............................49 Slaget på Solsortesletten ................................53 Symbolerne fra Kosóva..................................55 Manøvrering ..........................................56 János Hunyadi og Djurad Brankovic ........................56 Osmannerne erobrer Serbien og Kosóva 1459 ...............57 Forholdene under Osmannerne ...........................57 Den Serbiske udvandring i 1689 ...........................61 Nationalismen udvikles - især fra 1800-tallet og frem ...........65 Det tredje Kosóva-slag, 1831 .............................65 St. Stefano-traktaten og Berliner-kongressen 1878 ............67 Prizren 10.6.1878 ......................................68 Opstande. Ungtyrkerne ..................................71 Generalopstanden i 1912 ................................73 Balkan-krigene. Den Serbiske erobring i 1912 ................75 Gavrilo Princip’s attentat. 1' Verdenskrig ....................76 Serbisk kolonisering ....................................78 Kaçak’erne ...........................................80 Ahmet Zogu...........................................81 2' Verdenskrig, Tito - og tiden frem til <98 ..........................83 Kosóva’s befrielse......................................87 Skismaet i <48 .........................................89 ’50-erne. Rankovic undertrykker Kosóva ....................90 Juli 1966: Politisk kursskifte ..............................91 <60-erne og <70-erne: Socialist Thought and Practice ...........92 Socio-økonomisk baggrund ..............................92 Uddannelse og sprog ...................................96 Nationale mindretal - Nationaliteter .........................98 Ny politik fra <71: Regionalisering. Autonomi .................98 Økonomisk politik ......................................99 1981: Studenterdemonstrationer ..........................101 1986: Sinan Hasani’s analyse ............................110 Den komplekse spiral .................................. 111 1987: Marts-strejkerne. Memorandum .....................116 1987: Ingen må slå på folket! ............................119 1988: Demonstrationer og reaktioner ......................119 1989: Autonomien ophæves .............................119 2 1990: Kosóva’s “uafhængighed” ..........................121 1991: “Illegal” folkeafstemning ...........................123 1992-1993: “Følere”? ..................................124 Helveg Petersen om Præventivt Diplomati ........................126 Krigen gennemført med andre midler ......................126 En dækkende forståelse er nødvendig .....................127 Økonomisk samarbejde? ...............................127 Økonomiske sanktioner .................................128 Respekten for international ret ...........................129 Indblanding i indre anliggender ...........................130 Nødvendigt at FN beslutter en militær intervention ............131 Der var ikke et FN-mandat for aktionen 24.3.1999 ............132 Enkeltstående tilfælde? .................................133 Nye regler er nødvendige ...............................134 Hvorfor ikke en forudgående debat? .......................134 Dansk vendepunkt og Amerikansk vendepunkt ..............135 En fungerende nationalstat er en forudsætning ..............136 Albanien - og: Kosóva ..................................136 Vigtigheden af at have en historisk forståelse ...............137 Vendepunktet: Forsommeren <98 ................................138 Amerikanerne opfatter UÇK som terrorister .................138 Vendepunkt sommeren <98..............................138 Skema over militære og politiske aktiviteter ..............139 USIPs, BACs og ICGs indflydelse.........................144 Holbrooke til Kosóva sommeren <98.......................146 Kunne Amerikanerne tro på UÇK? ........................146 UÇKs strategi ........................................147 Amerikanerne og UÇK ser fordelene i at samarbejde .........148 Militær involvering? ....................................148 OSCEs observatører...................................149 Massakren i Raçak ............................................151 Hvad var der sket? ....................................151 Walker beskylder Serberne for at have begået en massakre ....151 Den Finske ligsynsrapport ...............................152 Makedonien anerkender Taiwan .................................153 Forhandlingen? Rambouillet ...................................155 Deltagerne ...........................................155 Dagsordenen .........................................156 Forhandlingsforløbet ...................................159 3 Efterspillet i midten af marts .............................159 Årsagerne til sammenbruddet ............................160 Aftaleteksten .........................................162 De åbne militære spørgsmål? ............................164 OSCEs observatører trækkes ud .........................165 Sidste forhandlingskontakt ..............................165 Krigen ......................................................166 1' uge: 24. marts - 30. marts .............................167 Præsident Miloševic< militærstrategiske kalkyle ..............168 Operation Hestesko ....................................169 Overgang fra fase 1 til fase 2 ............................172 2' uge: 31. marts - 6. april ...............................173 3' uge: 7. april -13. april .................................174 4' uge: 14. april - 20. april ...............................176 5' uge: 21. april - 27. april ...............................176 6' uge: 28. april - 4. maj .................................177 7' uge: 5. maj - 11. maj .................................179 8' uge: 12. maj - 18. maj ................................182 9' uge: 19. maj - 25. maj ................................184 10' uge: 26. maj - 1. juni ................................185 Jedi-ridderne’s plan om en landinvasion ....................189 11' uge: 2. juni - 11. juni .................................190 Præsident Clinton mødes med de militære chefer ............190 Det Serbiske Parlament bøjer sig.........................192 Web-Nyhedsartikel 12.6. - 15.6. 1999 ......................199 Serbiske tab i Kosóva..................................202
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