Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme

BERG RIVER BASELINE MONITORING PROGRAMME

FINAL REPORT - VOLUME 4: Social and Cultural Aspects

DWAF Report No. P WMA 19/G10/00/2007

Edited by: BARRY CLARK

October 2007

The Freshwater Consulting Group E N V I R O N M E N T A L

BERG RIVER BASELINE MONITORING PROGRAMME

FINAL REPORT - VOLUME 4: Social and Cultural Aspects

DWAF Report No. P WMA 19/G10/00/2007

Edited by: BARRY CLARK

October 2007

The Freshwater Consulting Group E N V I R O N M E N T A L Department of Zoology University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 University of Cape Town, South Africa PO Box 34035, Rhodes Gift 7707 Cell: 082 463 0222 www.uct.ac.za/depts/zoology/anchor Tel: +27 (21) 650 4767 Tel/Fax +27 21 685 3400 Fax: +27 (21) 650 3301 [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Index

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION...... 2 1.2 SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ASSESSMENT...... 2

CHAPTER 2 - SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ASSESSMENT ...... 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION...... 4 2.2 A DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA...... 4 2.3 THE STUDY METHODOLOGY...... 4 2.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES CONSULTED ...... 5 2.5 OUTLINE OF THE SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL USES OF THE BERG RIVER.....5 2.5.1 Berg River Dam Wall to Jim Fouche Recreation Area ...... 6 2.5.2 Jim Fouche Recreation Area to Bien Donne Farm ...... 6 2.5.3 Paarl Nursery to Boschenmeer Golf Estate...... 7 2.5.4 Paarl and Mbekweni...... 8 2.5.5 Wellington to Hermon (Vleisbank)...... 8 2.5.6 Hermon to Goedverwag Bridge...... 9 2.5.7 Goedverwag Bridge to Bridgetown ...... 9 2.5.8 Bridgetown to Misverstand Dam ...... 9 2.5.9 Misverstand Dam to National Road N7 Bridge ...... 9 2.5.10 National Road N7 Bridge to Moravia Low Water Crossing and Railway Bridge...... 10 2.5.11 Moravia Low Water Crossing and Railway Bridge to Sanddrif-Klipheuwel Low Water Crossing...... 10 2.5.12 Sanddrif-Klipheuwel Low Water Crossing to Paddadraai-Doornboom Low Water Crossing ..10 2.5.13 Paddadraai-Doornboom Low Water Crossing to Saldanha-Sishen Railway Bridge...... 10 2.5.14 Saldanha-Sishen Railway Bridge to Carinus Bridge (Velddrif Bridge)...... 11 2.5.15 Carinus Bridge to Berg River Mouth...... 11 2.6 INTERVIEWEE RECOMMENDATIONS...... 12 2.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTS ...... 13 2.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 24

CHAPTER 3 - ESTUARINE FISHERIES ...... 25 3.1 INTRODUCTION...... 26 3.2 HISTORICAL FISHING ACTIVITIES IN THE BERG ESTUARY AND SURROUNDS27 3.3 FISHERY SURVEYS FOR THE BERG RIVER BASELINE MONITORING PROGRAMME: MATERIAL AND METHODS ...... 32 3.3.1 Survey Methods ...... 32 3.3.2 Catch and effort estimation...... 33

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3.4 RESULTS ...... 34 3.4.1 Survey effort...... 34 3.4.2 Fishing effort ...... 35 3.4.3 Catch composition...... 36 3.4.4 Trends in size composition, CPUE and total catch ...... 40 3.4.5 Origins of line fishers...... 43 3.5 DISCUSSION...... 43 3.6 REFERENCES...... 46

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group ii Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Index LIST OF FIGURES

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Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Index

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE Table 2.1 List of key sites and possible impacts on social and recreational activities 15

Table 3.1 Species composition, abundance and size range of fish caught by shore 37 anglers whose catches were inspected on the Berg estuary from December 2002-November 2005.

Table 3.2 Comparison between hand line and rod shore angler catch-per-unit-effort 38 (fish.angler -1.hour -1) on the Berg River estuary, December 2002-November 2005.

Table 3.3 Annual trends in the mean size of harders and elf caught by shore anglers in 40 the Berg River estuary 2003-2005.

Table 3.4 Annual trends in CPUE (fish.angler -1.hour -1) by hand line and rod shore 41 anglers in the Berg River estuary 2003-2005.

Table 3.5 Comparative statistics for estuarine line fisheries in South Africa. 44

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LIST OF APPENDICES

PAGE Appendix 4.1 47 Schedule of Interviews and Consultations with key stakeholders 48

Appendix 4.2 49 Social and Recreational assessments 50

Appendix 4.3 51 Fisheries monitoring 52

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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

The overall objectives of the Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme (BRBMP) are presented in Volume 1 of this report series. Briefly, the aims of the programme were to describe the natural and present state, including the natural variability, of those chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the river and its hydraulically linked systems (i.e. estuary, floodplains and groundwater) that are most likely to be affected by changes imposed after the construction of the Berg River Dam. The overall approach to the baseline monitoring programme, for both river and estuarine components was the initial sourcing and collation of a considerable volume of data and information already existing for the Berg River System, previously collected as part of other programmes and/or projects. Each specialist involved on the project was required to collate all available data within his/her field of expertise. The data were then used by the specialists to provide a series of situation assessments, each dealing with a different component of the Berg River or estuary. These assessments included an outline of the present ecological condition of the Berg River, as well as a description based on present knowledge of the structure and functioning of the ecosystem, both historically and in the present day. This was augmented by a field study component.

1.2 SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ASSESSMENT

The social and cultural aspects most likely to be affected by the Berg River Dam, in addition to those indirect effects felt through changes in ecosystem functions, are livelihoods, safety, and recreation. Two dedicated studies were designed and implemented to address these issues. The first focussed broadly on safety and recreation, while the second focussed in more detail on livelihoods and recreation associated with the Berg Estuary, specifically recreational and subsistence fishing activities. This includes the following two components:

 Social and Recreational Assessment (Chapter 2)  Estuarine Fisheries Assessment (Chapter 3) Each chapter provides a detailed description of the current state of the system as revealed by survey activities conducted as part of the programme as well as a summary of any historic information available on the system. Each chapter also includes conclusions and statements from the various experts (authors) regarding the natural variability observed in the system during the baseline monitoring period and from historical data, its relevance to ecological sustainability, key processes that affect the physical or biotic component(s) in question, as well as key parameters that could be used as indicators to measure future changes in the system.

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CHAPTER 2 - SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ASSESSMENT

S. JOHNSTONE

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2.1 INTRODUCTION

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2.2 A DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

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2.3 THE STUDY METHODOLOGY

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Figure 2.1 Berg River Dam wall to Hermon

2.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES CONSULTED

2.5 OUTLINE OF THE SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL USES OF THE BERG RIVER

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This section divides the study area into 15 reaches. Details for each reach are provided in the subsequent sections.

Figure 2.2 Hermon to National Road N7 bridge

2.5.1 Berg River Dam Wall to Jim Fouche Recreation Area

The La Motte Forestry Station dominates this section of the study area. Sites one and two are located within the La Motte Forestry Plantation which is a restricted area, thus limiting the social impact of a maximum release of water on human activity. The only anticipated impact could be on fly-fishers using the river, and local Wemmershoek residents using it as an informal recreation area. Site three is the most significant area in this reach as it is the location of the Jim Fouche Recreation Area, a very popular picnic area that draws people from across the Boland and Cape Metropolitan Area. This facility is owned by the La Motte Empowerment Trust. It is important to note that although it draws up to 2000 people a day in the summer period it is not used much in winter, when the major releases are planned.

2.5.2 Jim Fouche Recreation Area to Bien Donne Farm

This section (sites three to 13) is the most significant in terms of social uses of the river as it includes a large number of farms, informal recreation areas used for swimming, as well as formal and informal crossings. This section of the river is widely used for informal and recreational purposes by surrounding communities. The accompanying maps (Figures 1 - 3) indicate the sites that are used most frequently. It is important to note that it was not possible to identify all of the informal sites along the river that are used for swimming, particularly by children. A number of the farms provide access to the river for swimming purposes. This section of the river is not used for fly-fishing purposes.

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Figure 2.3 National Road N7 bridge to Laaiplek

On many of the farms in this reach, formal housing is located within 50m to 100m of the river. Discussions with residents indicate that the river is used mostly for recreational purposes in summer, namely swimming, while the crossings are used to move between sections of farms. Use is made on a daily basis of the low-level cement crossing. A major concern raised by some residents was the danger that a maximum release of water could pose to children who used sections of the river to explore and cross for schooling. The low-lying areas along the riverbank are prone to flooding in high rainfall years and major flood releases. The other important feature of this section is the large number of permanent and temporary pumps in the river. All farmers interviewed indicated concern about their pumps being washed away due to the lack of an early warning system. Farmers who are currently using an informal early warning system remove their mobile pumps in winter as floods approach. The system works by farmers relaying flood warnings by telephone.

2.5.3 Paarl Nursery to Boschenmeer Golf Estate

This reach of the river (sites 14 to 20) is significant because of the numerous private resorts, golf courses, country estates and spa. The most significant impact of a maximum release would be on the Bien Donne, Paarl Nursery and Berg River Resort. The manager of the Berg River Resort indicated that chalets located on the left bank of the Berg River were flooded in 1991 when there had been no warning about the release of water from the Wemmershoek Dam. He expressed great concern that the chalets and caravan park would be flooded in the case of simultaneous releases from the Wemmershoek and Berg River Dams. This reach of the river is also the location of a permanent Berg River Irrigation Board pump station situated adjacent to Paarl Nursery on the left bank.

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The pump station siphons are usually blocked after severe winter storms and flood releases. Removing the gravel deposits by using excavators and bulldozers normally opens the siphons.

This section of the river also contains a number of informal swimming areas that are mostly used by children. It is, however, difficult to indicate such informal areas on the attached map as they shift from time to time.

2.5.4 Paarl and Mbekweni

This section of the study area (sites 21 to 29) is significant because it incorporates the town of Paarl and includes significant human habitats, as well as industrial areas that would be impacted upon by a maximum release of water. The Drakenstein Municipality Town Engineer: Water and Sewage indicated that significant sections of the town closest to the Berg River would be impacted upon if the level of the Berg River rises above the 1:50 year flood mark. The affected areas include the Kalkoentjiesdrif, Lady Grey Street and Market Street weirs, Jan Van Riebeeck and Berg River Boulevards and sections of the Paarl industrial area. The Town Engineer raised particular concern about the need for the co-ordination of the releases of water from the Wemmershoek and Berg River Dams, as the consequences could be devastating if the river levels were high as a result of heavy rainfall in the catchment. The other major users of the river in this section are canoeists in the vicinity of the Kalkoentjiesdrif Weir. Canoeists training for the Berg River Marathon use the section of the river as far as Hermon and beyond. The town of Paarl is also the starting point for the Berg River Canoe Marathon in which canoeists require a medium water level for the full extent of the race. The Kalkoentjiesdrif weir is a popular area for fishing. The water level of the river largely determines the usage. The river has a greater attraction in summer than in winter. This section of the river (sites 20 to 28) has a large number of informal recreational areas located in the vicinity. The township of Mbekweni is significant because sections of it are located within 500m - 1000m of the Berg River. The area nearest to the river consists of both informal and formal housing with the informal housing located next to the railway line that separates the township from the sewage works and river. Although the railway line between Wellington and Mbekweni is built on the 1:100 flood line the informal housing and some formal housing could be affected by a rise in the level of the river impacting on the storm water canals draining into the Berg River. These houses are in significant danger of flooding in the case of exceptionally high rainfall, a high river level and the simultaneous releases of water from the Wemmershoek and Berg River Dams. If the river level rises significantly it will affect the Paarl Sewage works and its sewage settling ponds which in turn would impact on the storm water canals and the release of faecal matter into the Berg River itself. The stretch of the Berg River closest to the community of Mbekweni is used for a wide range of recreational, religious and cultural activities throughout the year.

2.5.5 Wellington to Hermon (Vleisbank) This section (sites 30 to 44) of the Berg River could be severely affected if the main stream of the Berg River is not cleared of debris that tends to collect in sections of it. Sections of the river are overgrown with Black Wattle (Accacia mearnsii) and patches of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The Town Engineer: Water and Sewage indicated that possible flood damage could be expected should there be a rise in the level of the Berg River along this reach. The Katryntjiesdrif Resort at Wellington has a number of low- lying chalets that would be flooded. Further along this section flooding of pumps and farmland would occur if the river rises to unusual levels.

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2.5.6 Hermon to Goedverwag Bridge –

2.5.7 Goedverwag Bridge to Bridgetown

2.5.8 Bridgetown to Misverstand Dam

2.5.9 Misverstand Dam to National Road N7 Bridge

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The Berg River with the bridges at Die Brug and the National N7 Road being among the highest across the Berg River. Areas likely to be affected would be farm equipment storage areas, water pumps and staff housing on the farms Die Brug, Kransdrif and Nuwedrif.

2.5.10 National Road N7 Bridge to Moravia Low Water Crossing and Railway Bridge This section (sites 68 to 70) of the Berg River could be severely affected by a maximum release from Wemmershoek, Berg River and Misverstand Dams due to the close proximity of housing, pump stations and vineyard to the river. Large pump stations are situated on the left and right banks of the river and would be severely damaged by debris and the rise of floodwaters. A danger point along this reach is the low water crossing below the Railway Bridge at Moravia, linking Moravia-Wittewater with the Broodkraal Estate and other farms on the left bank of the Berg River. A major danger exists for local spectators who flock to the banks of the river to observe the raging river during flooding. The possibility exists that these people might be endangering themselves. This is something that happens from the source to the sea when the river is in flood. The area is very popular during the summer months with swimming and picnicking being the major recreational activities for local people from the surrounding farms.

2.5.11 Moravia Low Water Crossing and Railway Bridge to Sanddrif-Klipheuwel Low Water Crossing

This section of the study area (sites 71 to 75) passes through the vineyards of the Lower Berg River (Nuwedrif to Platkloof) and then on to the potato growing areas of the Sandveld. Farm housing, fixed and mobile pumping stations and the low water crossings at Soetedraai and Sanddrif-Klipheuwel would be affected by flooding. This area houses the most significant potato producers in the Western Cape Province who have spent millions of Rands on infrastructure development and pump stations. The biggest threat along this reach is posed by flood releases from the Misverstand Dam when water is released without any early warning system in place. Farmers in this area generally welcome winter flooding to clean the Berg River and remove the build up of salinity and the brackish water left over from the summer months. Their biggest problem is not in the winter but in the summer months when the water levels are low and the water quality deteriorates dramatically.

2.5.12 Sanddrif-Klipheuwel Low Water Crossing to Paddadraai-Doornboom Low Water Crossing

This section (sites 76 to 77) experiences major flooding from Nuwerus to Paddadraai during the winter months. Severe flooding would affect commercial export vegetable production, staff housing, pumps, and cattle and sheep crossings as many of the farms straddle the Berg River in this area. Problems have arisen when water has been released from the Misverstand Dam without forewarning farmers of the speed and volume of water being released. This has lead to cattle and sheep either drowning or being trapped on sandbanks on the river. According to farmers interviewed substantial losses have been incurred due to the absence of an early warning system along the entire length of the Berg River.

2.5.13 Paddadraai-Doornboom Low Water Crossing to Saldanha-Sishen Railway Bridge

This section of the Berg River (sites 78 to 95) meanders through some of the largest wetlands and pans along the entire length of the river.

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2.5.14 Saldanha-Sishen Railway Bridge to Carinus Bridge (Velddrif Bridge)

2.5.15 Carinus Bridge to Berg River Mouth

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According to locals interviewed, severe flooding would arise if water was released from the Wemmershoek, Berg River and Misverstand Dams at the simultaneously into an already full river at a time of spring high tide at the coast. The spring high tide at the Berg River Mouth and in the Berg River Estuary would hold the fresh water back, causing flooding in the low lying areas such as the Cerebos Salt Works, Pelican Harbour, Port Owen and the boat building areas along the river. The concern in this reach is about the co-ordination of flood releases and an early warning system that would inform stakeholders in the riparian zone of the status of flood releases. People in the two towns welcome winter flooding as they are dependent on it to clean and open up the channel in this section of the river leading to the Berg River Mouth at Laaiplek. Their biggest problem is the quality of fresh water that enters the estuary in the summer months when the water levels are low and when water quality deteriorates dramatically. The stakeholders in this reach fear that the ecological system in the Berg River Estuary could collapse completely, the area would be turned into a salt marsh and that the eco-tourism and fishing industry would collapse due to the lack of fresh water.

2.6 INTERVIEWEE RECOMMENDATIONS

Our field investigations yielded the following recommendations:  All stakeholders living in the riparian zone of the Berg River and its tributaries need to be notified of maximum flood releases in advance through: o a flood release programme for winter and summer months and, o an early warning system that would enable stakeholders downstream to anticipate the levels of inundation that could occur. The programme needs to communicate: - how fast the water would move; - how long it would take to reach specified reaches; and, - what mitigation measures would be put in place for flooding?  The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry should pay equal attention to stakeholder concerns and issues with respect to the upstream (catchment), the middle river reaches and downstream (estuary) areas of the Berg River;  Large releases from both Wemmershoek and Berg River Dams that could cause major floods should be avoided;  The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry should keep as much water as possible out of the Berg River during periods of heavy rain and when the river has reached its maximum capacity;  Competing needs such as irrigation, water supply to the City of Cape Town, water quality and recreation should be effectively balanced to serve the Upper Berg River, the Middle Berg River and the Berg River Estuary communities. Limited flood releases should also be undertaken during the hot and dry summer months, as most of the Sandveld irrigation farmers require large volumes of water for irrigation during this period of the year and not necessary in the winter;  All downstream communities need to be consulted and informed on a quarterly basis as to what the current status of Wemmershoek and Berg River Dams are. This can be done through a special newsletter, regional radio, daily newspapers and a designated web site as most of the farmers along the entire length of the river have internet and e-mail access;  A Berg River Awareness and Education Programme should be established to inform and educate school children, farmers and farm workers from Franschhoek to Laaiplek about the annual maximum releases from the two dams and to build a water safety culture.

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 o o o o o o  o o o o

2.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTS

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Given that the releases will happen in winter, it will however, not affect certain significant users of the river, for example, recreational swimmers and fishers who tend to avoid the river in winter months. There are significant resort areas that would be affected by small to exceptional rises in the level of the river and these concerns need to be addressed with the owners and managers of the resorts. The major social impact on human habitation would be the housing of farm staff along the river and in the towns of the Drakenstein Municipality (Paarl, Mbekweni and Wellington). Special measures will have to be taken to deal with the issue of housing that is situated in close proximity to the Berg River. Strong possibilities exist that severe flooding could also effect the Paarl and Dal Josafat Industrial Parks situated on the banks of the Berg River.

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Table 2.1 List of key sites and possible impacts on social and recreational activities Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 1. Informal low water crossing below This site is located within one kilometre of the The crossing is currently located within a restricted area and is the site of Skuifraam Dam wall Skuifraam Dam wall. It is situated within the La legally used only for forestry activities. The only likely impact Motte Forestry Station. could be on fly fishers who illegally frequent that part of the river as well as forestry workers and their families using the area for informal recreational activities. 2. Franschhoek River low water This is a formal cement river crossing, leading off The crossing is currently located within a restricted area and is crossing within the La Motte the forestry road in the La Motte Station. It is legally used only for forestry activities. The only likely impact Forestry area. situated near the confluence of the Franschhoek could be on fly fishers who illegally frequent that part of the river and Berg Rivers. and forestry workers and their families using the area for informal recreational activities. 3. Jim Fouche Recreational Area. This is a major recreational site that draws up to Because the maximum release is scheduled for June-July 2000 people per day in summer. It is situated at the (winter) it is not likely to impact on many users, although the confluence of the Franschhoek and Berg Rivers on facilities is also frequented in winter as a popular braai and Route 45 leading into the Franschhoek Valley. recreational area. The right river bank could be severe impacted on and erode by floods. 4. Franschhoek Bridge and Railway This is a formal swimming area for locals who The greater impact is more likely to be in summer when the site Bridge on Route 45 cannot afford access to the Jim Fouche is frequently used, but it is also used on mild and warm weather Recreational area one hundred meters upstream. winter days. This site is also used by locals from the This area is situated directly below the Route 45 Wemmershoek forestry area for observing Berg River flooding bridges. The area is frequented throughout the during the winter months. week during summer, and especially over weekends. Access is obtained along the approaches to the bridges. 5. Klein Waterval-Riverside Resort This is very popular restaurant and picnic area and The swimming area is rarely used in winter. There is a major is a popular stop-off point for tourists and day- threat of flooding of the restaurant buildings in the case of a trippers throughout the year. It has a well-defined major release and severe winter rainfall in the catchment area. swimming and picnic area on the river. 6. Imibala Orchards (Packwood This in an informal swimming and recreational area The greater impact is more likely to be in summer when the site Farm) situated on Packwood Farm. is frequently used, but it is used also on mild and good weather winter days. 7. Imibala Orchards This is an informal recreational area only frequented This site is frequented mostly in summer but it is also used on (Confluence of Wemmershoek by local inhabitants. mild and good weather winter days. and Berg Rivers ) 8. Imibala Orchards There are major fixed water pump stations located The pumps are not utilised in winter but could be damaged in (Jericho House Farm) in the river at this site. the event of major flooding and debris movement. 9. Weltevreden Farm This crossing is situated on the Weltevreden Farm The crossing is situated near to formal housing and poses Formal cement low water and is used by farm vehicles and residents who danger to farm staff and children having to cross the river for crossing at Noordberg cross it on a daily basis. This is the formal crossing schooling during flood releases. for Noordberg residents.

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Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 10. Weltevreden Farm Formal housing estates are situated on the farm Both sites are situated on the flood plain within one hundred  Noordberg Housing (right Weltevreden. It includes formal single housing and meters of the river bank. The river is used for swimming but river bank) hostels. there is no danger of flooding of houses, except in cases of  Weltevreden Housing (left exceptional flooding. river bank 11. Kilshane Farm Situated below farms Meerlust and Riversmeet. Possible flooding of nearby housing and farm land. Water Confluence of the Dwars and There is formal housing on the farm Bien Donne pumps in this reach would be damaged or washed away in Berg Rivers within one hundred meters of the river. cases of excessive flooding and undercutting of the river bank would lead to major erosion. 12. Drakenstein Prison (formerly The Drakenstein Prison is situated on the banks of Possible flooding of two pump stations and croplands. Although Victor Verster) the Berg River. The prison one of the largest the formal recreational area has been removed the river is still vegetable producers for Boland prisons and used for recreational purposes. The major impact on this area is abstracts large quantities of water for irrigation the building of the Skuifraam Supplement Scheme. purposes. 13. Formal cement low water This crossing is situated on Bien Donne Farm. The There is major danger of flooding of the formal cement crossing crossing at Agricultural Research crossing is used by staff and is used by the Groot and the new deciduous fruit cultivars. Severe flooding could Council (ARC) on Bien Donne Drakenstein Cultural Centre for swimming and influence agricultural scientific work being conducted on this Farm. science experiments in summer. farm. The crossing is used daily. Department of Agriculture Experimental Farm 14. Low Water formal cement This area is now known as Berg Possible danger because the general area is a popular informal crossing on Berg River Farms River Farms. The area is used as an informal swimming location, but less so in winter. It also serves as a recreational site (swimming). formal crossing for vehicles, tractors and people on foot.

15. Paarl Wholesale Nursery The site consists of a wholesale nursery and farm The nursery is a big water user with a considerable water- (Simondium) land. Formal housing for workers is situated less pumping infrastructure along the river. These pumps would be than a hundred meters from the river. The river is flooded during severe flood releases. The infrastructure can be used as an informal swimming area by farm staff removed in cases of excessive flooding if the Department of and their children. Water Affairs and Forestry implemented an early warning system. 16. Berg River Irrigation Board Pump This is a permanent pump station situated adjacent The pumps would be affected by clogging of the intake siphons Station at Paarl Nursery to Paarl Nursery housing complex on the Berg from debris and gravel build-up. River.

17. Berg River Caravan Park and This is a formal recreation area utilised throughout There is major danger of flooding of low-lying chalets and Resort the year. It consists of chalets, a site for tents and a caravan sites on the left river bank. This happened in 1991 with site for caravans situated directly on the level kikuyu the major releases from Wemmershoek Dam. If the waters of grass area on the river bank. the Wemmershoek and Skuifraam Dams were simultaneously released, there would be a major impact.

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Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact ’

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 2

Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 28. Mbekweni Mbekweni has a mix of formal and informal housing. There is a strong possibility of flooding of informal and formal The informal housing is situated along the railway housing situated near the banks of the drainage canals in case line and is close to drainage canals. The formal of a dramatic rise in levels of Berg River (anything approaching housing is situated further away on higher ground. the 1:50 year flood line). 29. Florida Nursery, situated at the Low lying area prone to flooding There is a strong possibility of flooding of the nursery and the intersection of Route 44 and water pumping facilities. Route 45 next to the Berg River 30. Mbekweni - sites of cultural and The river is used for a number of cultural and Because of the large number of people living and interacting religious ceremonies religious ceremonies throughout the year. Residents with the river on a daily basis, excessive rises in the levels of the of Mbekweni also use it for swimming and general river pose a serious problem. Children and people using the recreational purposes. numerous informal crossings are also in great danger. 31. Rivermede Farm This farm is situated on the left river bank. Possible flooding of homes and farms buildings.

32. Wellington Sewerage Works These are large sewerage works with settling ponds There is a strong possibility of sewerage being released into on the Berg River. It is a low-lying area prone to Berg River due to flooding. flooding on the right river bank. 33. Katryntjiesdrif Resort This is a formal resort area on the left river bank. Some of the low-lying chalets on the Berg River could be flooded. 34. Panarama Farm This farm is situated on the right bank of the Berg Impact on farm land and farm buildings only in case of River. exceptional flooding. 35. Voelgesang Farm This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg Impact on farm land and a farm school in case of exceptional River. flooding. 36. Zeekoegat This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg The major impact would be on farm land and the farm buildings River. and pumps. 37. Haaskraal and Wasplaas This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional River. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 38. Olyfboom Farm Fleur De Lys These farms are situated on the right of the Berg Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional River. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 39. Weltevrede This farm is situated on the right bank of the Berg Impact on farm land only in case of exceptional flooding. No River. impact on farm buildings. 40. Grensplaas This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg Impact on farm land only in case of exceptional flooding. No River. impact on farm buildings. 41. Botmansdrif This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg The major impact would be on farm land and the farm buildings River. and pumps. 42. Monte Vista This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg Impact on farm land only in case of exceptional flooding. No River. impact on farm buildings. 43. Vleisbank This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg The major impact would be on farm land and the farm buildings River. and pumps. The river creates a funnel in this area as it passes under the Hermon bridge at Route 46.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 18 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 2

Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 44. Bellevue Farm This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg The major impact would be on farm buildings and pumps. River. 45. Ankergooi Farm This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg The major impact would be on farm buildings and pumps. River. 46. Magdalena and Koopmansrivier This farm is situated on the left bank of the Berg The major impact would be on farm buildings and pumps. Farms River. 47. Vorentoe and Spes Bona Farms Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Site of Impact on farm land only in case of exceptional flooding. No the proposed Voelvlei Augmentation Plant. impact on farm buildings. 48. Konstansia Farm Situated on the left bank Impact on farm land and buildings only in case of exceptional flooding. 49. Zonquasdrift low water crossing Situated on the road between the farm Zonquasdrift The impact would be on the drift; this drift is flooded as soon as and the Voelvlei village on near Route 44. the river level rises. Pump stations in this area would be flooded.

50. Moredou Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. The major impact would be on farm land, pumps and buildings. 51. Skutplaas and Hartebeeskraal Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. The major impact would be on farm land, pumps and buildings only in severe Berg River flooding.

52. Goedverwag Farm Goedverwag Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. This is The major impact of flooding could occur on the Moorreesburg Bridge formal bridge crossing over the Berg River. approach road to the bridge. This bridge links the road between Gouda and Moorreesburg. 53. Skoenmarkersfontein Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. The major impact would be on farm land, pumps and buildings only in severe Berg River levels. 54. Groenvlei Farm This farm is situated on the right bank of the Berg The impact would be on the orchards, farm buildings and pumps River. that could be flooded. 55. Arbeitsgenot Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 56. Kleindrif Farm (Vrischgewaagd) Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. This is Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional also the location for the Kleindrif railway and low flooding. Pumps and low water crossing would be impacted. water road crossing. 57. Dasdrif Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 58. Heuningberg Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 59. Drie Heuwels Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 60. Bridgetown Camp Site and Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on the NG Kerk campsite and the lower level of the ISCOR Dolomite Mine ISCOR Dolomite Mine in the case of severe flooding. Pumps and buildings would be affected. 61. Die Pont Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 19 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 2

Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 62. Vrugbaar Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impacts would be directly on farm buildings and pumps. 63. Volstruisdrif Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 64. Gousblomkraal Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 65. Misverstand Dam, Resort and Situated on the farm Misverstand (Elani). Most The impact would be on the approach roads and low water Farm activities are conducted on the left bank of the Berg crossing from the Misverstand Ongeskiktheids Road. The major River in this area. impact would be debris and sediment being transported into the dam during severe flooding. 66. Klipplaat Farm Situated on the right bank below the Misverstand Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional pump station and dam wall. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps could be impacted. 67. Die Brug Situated below the second oldest road bridge over Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional the Berg River. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps could be impacted.

68. Magdalena Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River below Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional the National Road N7 Bridge. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps could be impacted.

69. Klipheuwel Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River below the Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional National Road N7 Bridge. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps could be impacted. 70. Heimat Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 71. Moravia Railway Siding Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. This is The impact would be on the drift, which tends to flood as soon a formal railway intersection with the railway bridge as the river level rises. This is a formal road crossing for taxis spanning the Berg River at a higher level than the and other transport between Wittewater, Moravia to all the farms road crossing. The road crossing is a low water on the left bank of the Berg River. This crossing has washed crossing. away before due to major flood releases from the Misverstand Dam. 72. Broodkraal and Kliphoogte Situated on the left bank of the Berg River at Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional Moravia. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted.

73. Soetdraai Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional Soetdraai has a formal low water crossing used for flooding. Farm buildings and pumps could be impacted. The low farm traffic. water crossing is flooded in winter.

74. Platkloof and Blombos Platkloof (right) and Blombos (left) are situated on Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional opposite sides of the Berg River. flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted.

75. Bovlei and Oumuur Farms Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 20 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 2

Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 76. Sanddrif-Klipheuwel low water The farm Klipheuwel is situated on the right bank The impact would be on the drift, which tends to flood when the crossing and Sanddrif on the left bank. This is an important river level rises. Other major impacts would be on the large formal low water crossing used by farmers in the number of pumps that would be flooded in this area. area. 77. Uitvlug, Breekmuur and Tuindrif These farms are all situated below the Sanddrif and Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional Farms Klipheuwel crossing on the right and left bank of the flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. Berg River. 78 Doornboom-Paddadraai low This is a formal crossing used by Sandveld farmers. The impact would be on the drift, which tends to flood when the water crossing river level rises. 79. Vondeling Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 80. Vergesig Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 81. Steenboksfontein Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 82. Caledonia Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 83. Zoutkloof Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 84. Hazekraal Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted. 85. Jantjiesfontein Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. The major impact in this area would be a blockage of the river in this area due to alien plant material clogging the river. This would cause major flooding at Jantjiesfontein and Bergrivier Stasie. It would also create flooding upstream. 86. Rasgat Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Impact on farm land only in case of severe and exceptional flooding. Farm buildings and pumps would be impacted on. 87. Bergrivier Stasie Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. The major impact in this area would be a blockage of the river in this area due to alien plant material clogging the river.

88. Kersefontein Bridge and Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. The major impact in this area would be the flooding of the approach road approach road from Bergrivier Stasie to the Kersefontein Bridge across the Berg River. Pumps along this stretch would be impacted.

89. Helderwater Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 21 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 2

Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 90. Langrietvlei Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 91. Cloeteskraal Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 92. Olifantskraal Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding.

93. Kliphoek Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases with out causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 94. Melkplaas Farm Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 95. Saldanha-Sishen Railway Bridge Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. The only impact would come from large volumes of flood waters building up and undercutting the railway bridge that spans the Berg River. This is regarded as unlikely as this structure is properly anchored and supported. 96. Swartjiesbaai Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 97. Die Plaat Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 98. Bokkom Bedryf Lane Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Flooding of the jetties and Bokkom Houses along this stretch of Velddrif. 99. Velddrif Town Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. The area that would be impacted on is the low-lying area near the Riviera Hotel. 100. Carinus Bridge (Route 27) across Spans the Berg River between the Berg River and A major impact would be the undercutting and erosion of the Berg River at Velddrif Saldahna Municipal areas. bridge by floodwaters.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 22 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 2

Site Site identification and location Site description Likely impact 101. Cerebos Salt Works Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Flooding of the salt works and the undercutting of the embankments in this reach. 102. Port Owen (Laaiplek) Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. Flooding of the marina and housing in severe flood conditions. 103. Flaminkvlei Farm Situated on the left bank of the Berg River. Farmers along this reach generally regard the pans and wetlands as sponges that can absorb the flood releases without causing damage to farm buildings and pumps. They welcome winter flooding. 104. Laaiplek Town Situated on the right bank of the Berg River. If flood waters build up in the Berg River Estuary due to an exceptionally spring high tide at the coast and the released water cannot exit the Berg River Estuary fast enough it would flood the urban storm water infrastructure. 105. Berg River Mouth Harbour entrance to the town of Laaiplek and the If flood waters build up in the Berg River Estuary due to an place where the Berg River enters the Atlantic exceptionally spring high tide at the coast and the released Ocean. water cannot exit the Berg River Estuary fast enough it would flood the urban storm water infrastructure.

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2.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cadle, K., The Response of a Coloured Fishing Community to their Marine Resource Base, School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town, 1983 City of Cape Town Water Services, Integrated Water Resource Planning and Cape Metro Areas Bulk Water Supply Studies, August 2002 Common Ground Consulting, Berg River Dam Outlet Integration Study: Social Impact Survey, November 2000 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Inception Report: Using Water for Recreation Purposes Policy Implementation Programme: Communication, Clarification, Capacitation, Implementation and Auditing, December 2002 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Policy: Using Water for Recreational Purposes, March 2002 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Summary Planning Procedure: Sustainable Utilisation, Access and Development of Water Resources for Recreation, Tourism and Socio-Cultural Purposes, July 2001 Duxbury, John E., Outdoor Recreation: A Case Study of the Upper Berg River Basin, University of Cape Town, October 1968 Ninham Shand, Skuifraam Dam Feasibility Study, Environmental Impact Assessment Final, Volume One, November 1996 Ninham Shand, Skuifraam Dam Feasibility Study, Environmental Impact Assessment Final, Volume Two: Annexure Report, November 1996 Ninham Shand, Skuifraam Dam Feasibility Study, Main Report, February 1997 Ninham Shand, Skuifraam Dam Feasibility Study, Outlet Works Flood Release Workshop Proceedings, February 1999 Ninham Shand, Skuifraam Dam Feasibility Study, System Analysis, May 1999 Ninham Shand, Skuifraam Supplement Scheme Feasibility Study, October 1997 The National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 24 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3 - ESTUARINE FISHERIES

K. Hutchings, B.M. Clark, & L.J. Atkinson

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 25 Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

3.1 INTRODUCTION

et al per se “ ”

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

3.2 HISTORICAL FISHING ACTIVITIES IN THE BERG ESTUARY AND SURROUNDS

“” ‘– ’ “” “” “”

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‘’ ’ “” Liza richardsonii ‘ ’ “”“” “” “” L. richardsonii L. richardsonii L. richardsonii “ …… ”

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

Harders (sea) Bokkoms (river)

2500000

2000000 h s i

f 1500000 f o r e b

m 1000000 u N

500000

0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Figure 3.1 Number of fish landed by Stephan Bros. from St Helena Bay and Berg River between 1880 and 1913 (Gilchrist 1914).

Juveniles (river) Adults (sea) 300

250

200 ) s n o t ( 150 h c t a

C 100

0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Year

Figure 3.2 Catch (tonnes) landed by Stephan Bros. from St Helena Bay and Berg River between 1880 and 1913 (Gilchrist 1914). Mass of fish calculated from a conversion ratio of 5 adults kg-1 and 8 juveniles kg-1 (after Hutchings and Lamberth 2002a).

In addition to examining the quantities of L. richardsonii captured by the sea and river fisheries, Gilchrist (1914) also reported on marine fish species and eggs found in the Berg River.

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Cheilidonichtyes capensis Lithognathus lithognathus Rhabdosargus globiceps “”Galeichthys feliceps Pomatomus saltatrix L. richardsonii Gilchristella aestauria “ ”Argyrosomus japonicus Austroglossus microlepis Galeichthys feliceps ’ Jasus lalandii “” ’ “” L. richardsonii L. richardsonii Pomatomus saltatrix)

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

Dichistius capensis Lithognathus lithognathusTrachurus trachurusCyprinus carpioMugil cephalus

s e s a

h c r u p

f o r e

b m u

Average sale = 37 kg.sale-1 n = 136 ) g k (

e s a h c

r u p e

g a r e v

Figure 3.3 Seasonality of fishing effort for the Berg River gillnet fishery (as measured by the number and average size of purchases made by the fish factories) for the period, 1998-1999 (from Hutchings and Lamberth 2002a)

“” “ ”

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

juveniles Langebaan N = 99 30 adults ) 1 Mean = 293 mm 0.5 - e n i l t s ) a o % c (

0 -

y St Helena Bay m c 40 k n N = 530 . e s t

u Mean = 230 mm 8 e q n e ( r t F r o f 0 f E 40 Berg River N = 171, Mean = 217 mm 15

0 170 200 230 260 290 320 350 380 410 Total length (mm)

Figure 3.4 Length frequency distributions of L. richardsonii landed by commercial gillnet fishers in Langebaan, St Helena Bay and the Berg River in 1998/1999 (after Hutchings and Lamberth 2002b)

3.3 FISHERY SURVEYS FOR THE BERG RIVER BASELINE MONITORING PROGRAMME: MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.3.1 Survey Methods Interviews with local residents and business owners had indicated that fishing activity on the Berg estuary was strongly seasonal, with fishing effort being most intense during the summer months, lower during the shoulder seasons (Spring and Autumn) and lowest in winter. This seasonal pattern was also punctuated by brief increases in intensity during school holidays, and on weekends and public holidays. We elected, therefore, to survey catch, effort and catch-per-unit-effort of fishers operating on the Berg estuary using a stratified-random, roving creel survey design. A local resident from the area was appointed and trained to conduct the surveys. The estuary was split into 25 survey sections, each between 2 and 3 km in length (Figure 3.5). Each survey section comprised a length of river visible in its entirety from a single lookout point on one or other bank. The observer would visit a selection of these survey sections during each patrol, moving either up or down the length of the estuary. All patrols were conducted during daylight hours; each covering a period of 4 hours, during which as many zones as possible were surveyed starting at a randomly selected point on the estuary. The number of patrols conducted per month was stratified seasonally with the greatest number of patrols being conducted in summer (December-February, 9 per month), less in spring and autumn (September-November and March-May, 7 per month), and the fewest in winter (June-August, 5 per month). Dates on which the patrols were conducted were selected randomly to ensure representative coverage of weekday, weekend and holiday periods.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 32

f 5 N ri 4 ld 2 e 8 16 V 18 10 19 23 1 22 11 Kersefontein 12 6 24

k e 7 o 17 3 h p 20 li 9 15 K 13 14 21 25 Jantjiesfontein

–

3.3.2 Catch and effort estimation ’ ’

12 EiTy   EiTm i1

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n C  i i1 ei CPUEi  n

’ ’

P. saltatrix L. richardsonii

3.4 RESULTS

3.4.1 Survey effort

s y e v

r u s f o r e

b m u N

Survey section number

Figure 3.6 Number of fisheries monitoring surveys per counting section on the Berg River estuary, December 2002-November 2005. Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

3.4.2 Fishing effort Shore angling was by far the most common line fishing activity, making up 88 % of the 712 observations in total. The remaining 88 anglers observed (12 %) were fishing from small boats. Shore anglers were made up of both rod and hand line fishers, with roughly equal numbers of each (47% vs. 53%, respectively). Fishing effort was not uniformly distributed in the estuary, nor were any of the different types of line fishing activities (Figure 3.7). Shore angling effort by fishers using rod and line was concentrated in a number of zones in the lower reaches of the estuary, whereas the distribution of hand line fishing effort was bimodal with peaks in the lower and upper estuary reaches (Figure 3.7). The zones of highest intensity (>100 angler-days.year -1) corresponding with areas where it was easy to gain access to the waters edge i.e. unobstructed by vegetation or private land, and in close proximity to a road. The middle reaches of the estuary are mostly covered by private farm land where few public roads run adjacent to the estuary channel and the banks of the estuary are covered with dense stands of Phragmites, and as such are largely inaccessible to the public. Boat angling effort was most intense in the lower estuary, being confined to a few zones between the Carinus and railway bridges (survey sections 3-6) (Figure 3.7). These fishers generally target areas where water depth is greatest, seeking to catch marine migrant species only. The main public boat launching sites are also located in the lower estuary (between the mouth and the Carinus Bridge). Average total annual line fishing effort (estimated by extrapolating from instantaneous counts of the number of fishers in each survey section) was calculated as 256 boat angler days, 1 400 recreational shore angler days and 1 448 subsistence (hand line) shore angler days for the period 2003-2005.

700 Shore anglers (rods) 600

500

400

300

200

100 ) 1 - r a

e 0 y . s

y 400 a d 350 Shore anglers (handlines) d e t

a 300 m i t

s 250 e ( t

r 200 o f f

E 150

100

0 160 Boat anglers 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Section number Figure3.7 Spatial distribution of line fishing effort (estimated annual days.year-1) on the Berg River estuary, December 2002-November 2005.

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Shore anglers (rods) y

e v r

u s r e p Shore anglers (handlines) d e v

r e s

b o

r e b

m u

n e g a r e

v Boat anglers

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure3.8 Seasonal variation in line fishing effort on the Berg River estuary, December 2002- November 2005

3.4.3 Catch composition ’

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

Low numbers of Barbel (Galeichthys feliceps), White Stumpnose (Rhabdosargus globiceps), Gurnard (Cheilidonichthys capensis) and Sharptooth Catfish (Clarius gariepinus) were also recorded in the catch, whilst sporadic catches of an additional eight species were noted (Table 3.1). Table 3.1 Species composition, abundance and size range of fish caught by shore anglers whose catches were inspected on the Berg estuary from December 2002- November 2005. Species Number %N Size range Minimum (TL cm) size limit Elf Pomatomus saltatrix 1 784 55.58 10-45 30 Harder Liza richardsonii 980 30.53 16-30 - Carp Cyprinus carpio 358 11.15 14-60 - Sea barbell Galeichthys feliceps 41 1.28 15-38 - Rhabdosargus White Stumpnose globiceps 11 0.34 14-27 25 Cheilidonichthys Gurnard capensis 10 0.31 14-48 - Sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus 8 0.25 60-90 - Lithognathus White Steenbras lithognathus 4 0.12 24-36 60 Callorhynchus St Joseph shark capensis 4 0.12 52-62 - Oreochromis Tilapia mossambicus 3 0.09 20-30 - Flathead Mullett Mugil cephalus 2 0.06 30,34 - Klipvis Clinus superciliosus 2 0.06 14-22 - Rhinobatos Sand shark annulatus 1 0.03 - Stingray Myliobatus aquila 1 0.03 - Galjoen Dichistius capensis 1 0.03 32 35 TOTAL 3 210

Catches of the various species were not distributed uniformly in the estuary and the CPUE differed between hand line and rod anglers for different species in different sections of the estuary (Figure 3.9). Harders, White Stumpnose and gurnard, all marine migrant species, were caught mostly in the lower estuary, while elf, also a marine migrant, was most common in the lower estuary but also appeared in high numbers much further from the estuary mouth (Figure 3.9). Carp, an introduced freshwater species, was caught mostly in the upper and middle reaches of the estuary, while Barbel appeared in catches throughout the estuary (Figure 3.9). The remaining species comprised a variety of marine migrant species that were mostly caught in the lower estuary, and Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus and flathead Mullet Mugil cephalus which are freshwater and catadromous migrant species respectively, and prefer conditions at the head of the estuary (Figure 3.9).

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 37 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

Table3.2 Comparison between hand line and rod shore angler catch-per-unit-effort (fish.angler -1.hour -1) on the Berg River estuary, December 2002-November 2005.

Species Hand line (average CPUE) Rod(average CPUE) P value (t-test) N 360 246 Elf 1.158 1.426 0.062 Harder ** 1.711 0.034 3.71x10 -8 Carp ** 0.296 0.005 2.27x10-13 Barbel 0.017 0.076 0.089 White Stump 0.017 0.001 0.425 Gurnard * 0.002 0.019 0.046 Other sp *. 0.006 0.025 0.023 *: P<0.05 **: P<0.01

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 38 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

4 Elf

7 Harder 6 5 4 3

) 2 1 - 1 r u o h

- Carp r e l

g 1 n a . h s i f ( 7.0

E Barbel U

P 0.1 C e

g 0.05 a r e v A 0.04 White stumpnose 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.15 Gurnard

0.1

0.05

0.2 Other species 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Section number Handlines Rods

Figure 3.9 Spatial distribution of shore angler CPUE on the Berg River estuary, December 2002-November 2005. * Note axis break for Barbel.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 39 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

Rod and hand line fisher CPUE (average over three years) for Elf, Barbel and White Stumpnose did not differ significantly (Table 3.1). Subsistence hand line anglers did, however, have significantly greater catch rates than recreational shore anglers for harders and carp, whilst rod angler CPUE for gurnard and other species combined was significantly greater than that recorded for hand line fishers (Table 3.2).

3.4.4 Trends in size composition, CPUE and total catch Size ranges of all species recorded in catches are reported in Table 3.1. Most of the species captured in the Berg River, for which minimum size limits exist, were smaller than the legal minimum size limit e.g. white Stumpnose, white Steenbras and Galjoen. Interesting trends in the size composition of harder and elf catches within the estuary were observed over the duration of the survey. Although very few harders were caught by shore anglers during 2003 (n = 19), monitoring of landings by 22 gill net permit holders who were still legally active within the estuary during 2003 provided 2057 total length measurements. Subsequent to the cessation of gill netting within the estuary the contribution of the larger size classes and the mean size of harders caught by shore anglers (predominately by subsistence hand line fishers) increased significantly (Table 3.3, Figure 3.10). A similar pattern was observed for elf where the proportion of the catch below the minimum legal size decreased from 98% and 92% in gill net and shore angler catches respectively during 2003 to 56% in 2005 (Table 3.3, Figure 3.11). Table 3.3 Annual trends in the mean size of harders and elf caught by shore anglers in the Berg River estuary 2003-2005. Year n Average P n Average P TL (cm) (ANOVA) TL (cm) (ANOVA) Harders Elf 2003 2057 21.1 191 23.6 2004 812 23.2 954 29.2 2005 145 24.9 P < 0.001 633 31.1 P < 0.001

Catch rates of Elf, Harders, Barbel and total catch (all species combined) by hand line fishers all increased significantly whilst Carp CPUE, decreased significantly following the cessation of gill net fishing in 2003 (Table 3.4). Elf CPUE by rod anglers increased substantially in 2004 and 2005, but not significantly so (due to a very low sample size in 2003), whilst harder CPUE did increase significantly between 2003 and 2004/5. Total CPUE by rod shore anglers also increased substantially, although the change was not statistically significant. The estimated total annual catch of elf and harders by line fishing (rod, hand line and boat anglers) in the Berg River estuary increased from approximately two tons (15 000 fish) in 2003 to a high of 11 tons (56 000 fish) in 2004 and decreased slightly to nine tons (33 000 fish) in 2005 (Figure 3.12). In addition approximately three tons of carp and 0.2 tons of other species are landed annually by line fishers annually, equating to estimated total annual catches of five tons in 2003, 14 tons in 2004 and 11.8 tons in 2005.

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Table3.4 Annual trends in CPUE (fish.angler -1.hour -1) by hand line and rod shore anglers in the Berg River estuary 2003-2005. Elf Harder Carp Barbel White Gurnard Total Stumpnose (all sp.) Hand lines 2003 0.519 0.103 0.679 0.008 0.049 0.006 1.381 2004 1.612 3.349 0.047 0.001 0 0 5.010 2005 1.287 1.063 0.172 0.061 0 0 2.583 ANOVA P < 0.001 P < 0.01 P < 0.01 P < 0.01 NT NT P < 0.01 Rods 2003 1.105 0 0.026 0 0 0.100 1.346 2004 1.657 0.003 0 0 0 0 1.660 2005 1.383 0.071 0 0.164 0.002 0 1.628 ANOVA P > 0.05 P < 0.05 NT NT NT NT P > 0.05 NT: not tested

35 Harders- gill nets (2003) 30 n = 2057 25 20 15 10 5 0 14 Harders- shore angling (2004) n = 812 12 y c

n 10 e

u 8 q

e 6 r f 4 % 2 0 Harders- shore angling (2005) 25 n = 145 20

0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ...... 3 4 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 5 6 7 9 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Total Length class midpoint (cm)

Figure 3.10 Size composition of harders Liza richardsonii caught in the Berg River estuary, 2003-2005.

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30 Elf - gill nets (2003) 25 n = 512 98% undersize 20

0 18 Elf - shore angling (2003) 16 n = 192 92% undersize 14 12 10 8

y 6 c

n 4 e

u 2 q

e 0 r f Elf - shore angling (2004) % n = 954 20 66% undersize

0 Elf - shore angling (2005) 25 n = 633 56% undersize 20

0 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 Total Length class midpoint (cm)

Figure 3.11 Size composition of elf, Pomatomus saltatrix caught in the Berg River estuary, 2003-2005. Red arrows denote minimum legal size.

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 42 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

3.4.5 Origins of line fishers Ninety-eight percent of the 360 hand line fishers interviewed lived within 10 km of the Beg River estuary. In contrast, nearly half (42 %) of the 246 recreational rod anglers interviewed were from further afield (> 20 km from the estuary) with a substantial number (20%) having travelled from Cape Town and surrounding suburbs. Some recreational anglers had come from as far away as the Northern Cape, KwaZulu Natal (KZN) and even international countries (Germany).

) 10 s n o t (

h 8 c t a c l a

u 6 n n a d e

t 4 a m i t s

E 2

0 2003 2004 2005

Elf Harders

Figure 3.12 Estimated total annual catch of elf and harders by line fishers in the Berg River estuary, 2003-2005.

3.5 DISCUSSION

Compared to estuarine line fisheries along the Eastern Cape (average = 7 558 angler-days.year- 1) and KZN coast (average = 22 136 angler-days.year-1), annual effort on the West Coast Berg River estuary (3 104 angler-days.year-1) was low (Table 3.5). Angler catch rates in terms of number of fish caught in the Berg River estuary, however, were much higher (an order of magnitude) than those recorded for the warm temperate and subtropical systems and the estimated total catch in terms of number of fish caught was substantially greater (Table 3.5). In terms of the total annual mass of fish landed, however, the difference was not as noticeable. Line anglers in the Mgeni estuary land only one tenth of the mass of fish annually, while those in Durban land a similar mass of fish annually, and boat anglers in St Lucia landing approximately four times the mass of fish caught in the Berg River estuary (Table 3.5). The much greater annual angling effort for these three systems does still mean that CPUE in terms of mass is greater in the Berg River estuary (4.5 kg.angler-1.day-1) than in the Mgeni (0.12 kg.angler-1.day-1) and Durban harbour (0.27 kg.angler-1.day-1) and slightly lower than that recorded for St Lucia (6.24 kg.angler-day-1). This can be partially explained by the fact that the line fish catch in KZN estuaries (and in Eastern Cape estuaries) is dominated by large species such as spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii and dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, whilst smaller elf and harders dominate the catch in the Berg River estuary (James et al. 2001, Mann et al. 2002, Pradervand and Baird 2002). Linefisher CPUE recorded in the Berg River estuary was also substantially greater than that recorded for marine shore line fishery along the South African coast (0.45-1.55 kg.angler-1.day-1, Brouwer et al. 1997), suggesting that the Berg River estuary is a particularly productive angling venue.

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’ Table 3.5 Comparative statistics for estuarine line fisheries in South Africa Estuary Annual CPUE Number Total Total Source effort (fish. of catch catch (days) angler- species (number) (tons) 1.hour-1) W. Cape

E. Cape1 26

KZN et al et al. et al

– ’ “”

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The stock status of Leervis does appear to be sound, but the core distribution of this species in South African waters is limited to the east coast, and it is not naturally abundant along the South African west coast (Govender 2000). Reductions in abundance and mean size (and age) of species targeted by fisheries are frequently documented and have clear biological causes (Boehlert 1996, Jennings and Lock 1996). The converse, i.e. increases in abundance, mean size and age of fish with reductions in fishing pressure, has seldom been demonstrated and is usually restricted to areas where no take marine protected areas have been established (Alcala 1988, Alcala and Russ 1990, Bennett and Attwood 1991, Attwood and Bennett 1995). The observed increases in CPUE and the trends in size frequency composition of elf and harder catches by line fishers in the Berg River estuary suggests a degree of recovery of the estuarine fish populations. The observed trends do not, however, unequivocally indicate recovery of fish stocks. They are more likely a reflection of the large decrease in fishing mortality due to the cessation of gill net fishing, which was highly size- selective and probably removed the majority of fish larger than the optimum size at capture whilst the fishery was active. In other words, recruitment of fish into the estuary may not have increased, simply fewer are being removed by fishing. What is clear, however, is that the biomass or standing stock of fish within the estuary has increased and the population size structure has changed, with more large fish present. This will certainly facilitate stock recovery of the species that were previously captured in the gill net fishery and will benefit commercial and recreational fisheries in the adjacent marine environment (Lamberth and Turpie 2003). The ecosystem level benefits (e.g. increased food for piscivorous birds, increased uptake of nutrients leading to improvements in water quality etc.) of the increased fish abundance are also likely to be significant, and should improve overall biological functioning of the estuary. The increased abundance and size of fish within the Berg River estuary enhances the value of the system for recreational and subsistence line fishers, resulting in improved catches. Peaks in recreational angling effort (shore and boat based) on the Berg River estuary coincide with the main summer school holidays as well as with the period of peak abundance of marine migrant species, particularly elf and harders (Clark & Atkinson 2006). The fact that hand line fishing activity was high for much of the year, only decreasing significantly during the late winter months, presumably when flood waters made line fishing unproductive, lends support to the hypothesis that these fishers are subsistence harvesters who fish out of necessity rather than for pleasure. It is clear that three distinct types of line fishing have developed in the estuary. Subsistence line fishing for carp in the upper estuary reaches that is mostly undertaken by farm workers on a regular basis and has probably been going on for decades, ever since this introduced freshwater fish became abundant in the system. Subsistence hand line fishing for harders and elf in the lower estuary reaches probably also has a long history, but does appear to have become much more intensive with the cessation of commercial gill netting in 2003 (pers. obs. 1998-2005, K. Hutchings). Many of the people currently undertaking subsistence hand line angling were likely involved in the commercial gill net fishery, either as crew or assistants that helped to clean the nets of fish and have now turned to subsistence line fishing as a livelihood. Recreational angling on the Berg River estuary certainly developed along with the increased urbanization of Laaiplek-Veldrif, particularly the proliferation of holiday houses and accommodation establishments in the area. This type of line fishing also appears to have become more popular in recent years, with a large proportion of participants travelling to the Berg River estuary from outside of the area. It appears that the Berg River estuary is becoming known as a productive angling venue in response to the improved catch rates documented after the closure of the estuarine gill net fishery. Due to the large number of participants, and associated expenditure (tackle, bait, accommodation, food, travel costs), recreational fisheries have been shown to contribute significantly to regional economies (Mann et al. 2002, Lamberth and Turpie 2003, Pradervand et al. 2003). It has been shown that the demand for recreational angling is largely driven by a desire for relaxation and that the quantity of fish caught does not negatively affect the expenditure by recreational anglers (McGrath et al. 1997).

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 45 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

As a result, although the line fishery on the Berg River estuary lands substantially fewer fish than the commercial gill net fishery ever did (12-14 tons vs. 100-500 tons); the recreational and subsistence line fishery may be more valuable in terms of overall economic contribution. Indeed, an economic evaluation of the Berg River gill net fishery conducted in 2000, suggested that these fishers experienced an annual operating loss of R 5 500 (Hutchings and Lamberth 2002c). From a conservation perspective, the lower overall fishing mortality from line fishing compared with commercial gill net fishing is certainly preferable for conserving fish stocks both within the estuary and in the adjacent marine environment. This is particularly pertinent for the conservation of juvenile fish that use the estuary as a nursery area and are vulnerable to capture in the mesh size gill nets (44-54mm stretched mesh) that were used in the commercial fishery (Hutchings and Lamberth 2002b). In conclusion, an active and productive line fishery has developed in the Berg River estuary. This fishery provides several valuable services, including functioning as an important source of protein for impoverished coastal and rural subsistence fishers as well as a socially and economically important recreational activity for both locals and visitors. This study has highlighted the importance of previously unrecorded line fishing in South West Coast estuaries as well as the increase in biomass of an estuarine icthyofauna following the closure of a commercial gill net fishery.

3.6 REFERENCES

Alcala, A. C. 1988 Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundance and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio 17: 194-199. Alcala, A.C. and G. R. Russ 1990 A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 47: 40-47. Attwood, C.G. and B. A. Bennett 1995 Modelling the effect of marine reserves on the recreational shore-fishery of the South- Western Cape, South Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 16: 227-240. Baird, D., Marais, J. F. K. and C. Daniel 1996 Exploitation and conservation of angling fish species in selected South African estuaries. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwat. Ecosyst. 6: 319-330. Bennett, B. A. and C. G. Attwood 1991 Evidence for the recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 72: 173-181. Boehlert, G. W. 1996 Biodiversity and the sustainability of marine fisheries. Oceanography 9(1): 28-35. Brouwer, S. L., Mann, B. Q., Lamberth, S. J., Sauer, W. H. H. and C. Erasmus 1997 An assessment of the South African recreational shore-angling fishery. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 18: 165-175. Clark, B.M. & L.J. Atkinson 2006 Estuarine Fish. In: Clark, B.M. (Ed.) Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report. Volume 2: The Berg River Estuary. Department of Water Affairs & Forestry, South Africa, 115-156. Fennessy, S. T., McDonald, A. M., Mann, B. Q. And B. I. Everett 2003 An assessment of the recreational and commercial ski boat fishery in the Transkei. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 25: 61-78. Gilchrist, J. D. F. 1914 Destruction of fish and fish spawn by netting in the Berg River and at Knysna. Mar. Biol. Rep., Cape Tn. 2: 75-89.

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’

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Chapter 3

Morant P. D., Heydorn, H. J and J. R. Grindley 2001 Estuaries of the Cape. Part II: Synopses of available information on Individual Systems. (Eds) Morant, P. D and A. E. F. Heydorn, CSIR Environmentek, Report No. 41 Groot-Berg (CW15). CSIR Research Report 440. pp. 107. Pollock, K. H., Jones, C. M., and T. L. Brown. 1994 Angler survey methods and their applications in fishery management. Spec. Publ. Am. Fish. Soc. 25: 371 pp. Pradervand, P. and D. Baird 2002 Assessment of the recreational line fishery in selected Eastern Cape estuaries: trends in catches and effort. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 24: 87-101. Pradervand, P., Beckley, L. E., Mann, B. Q. and P. V. Radebe 2003 Assessment of the line fishery in two estuarine systems in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 25: 111-130. Sauer, W. H. H., Penney, A. J., Erasmus, C., Mann, B. Q., Brouwer, S. L., Lamberth, S. J. and T. J. Stewart 1997 An evaluation of attitudes and responses to monitoring and management measures for the South African boat-based line fishery. S Afr. J. mar. Sci. 18: 147-163. Stohr P. S. 1977 The Fisheries Development Corporation and its influence on the South African Fishing Industry. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Turpie, J. K., Beckley, L. E. and S. M. Katau 1999 Biogeography and the selection of priority areas for the conservation of South African coastal fishes. Biol. Cons. 92(2000): 59-72. Turpie, J. K., Adams, J. B., Joubert, A., Harrison, T. D., Colloty, B. M., Maree, R. C., Whitfield, A. K., Wooldridge, T. H., Lamberth, S. J., Taljaard, S. and L. Van Niekerk 2002 Assessment of the conservation priority status of South African estuaries for use in management and water allocation. Water SA. 28: 191-206. Van Sittert, L. 1992. Labour, capital and the state in the St Helena Bay fisheries c. 1856-1956. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of History, University of Cape Town, 420 pp.

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APPENDIX 4.1

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 49 Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Appendix 4.1

Schedule of Interviews and Consultations with key stakeholders

Date Name and Title of Informant Site Interviewing method 26 March 2003 Jaco Burger, Operation Manager Cerebos Velddrif One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Anton Wentzel, Chairperson Greater Velddrif Ratepayers Velddrif One on one discussion Association 26 March 2003 Bea Struwig, Tourism Officer Velddrif One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Anne du Plessis, Commodore Port Owen Yacht Club One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Ron Miller Velddrif One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Nic Mostert, Tourism Velddrif One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Max Pike, Velddrif/Berg River Conservation Association Velddrif One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Andre Eigelaar, Commodore Velddrif Yacht Club One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Schreuwen Kotze, Director Velddrif Salt Company One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Spannie Spannenburg, Chairman Velddrif/Berg River Conservation One on one discussion Association 26 March 2003 G Ehlers, Port Captain Laaiplek One on one discussion 26 March 2003 Johny Jepthas, Chairman Pelican Harbour One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Arno Tredoux, Farmer Flaminkvlei One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Jan Kotze, Farmer Swartjiesbaai One on one discussion 27 March 2003 J Kotze, Farmer Kliphoek One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Qunthus Laubscher, Farmer Cloeteskraal One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Francois Kotze, Farmer Langrietvlei One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Julian Melck, Farmer Kersefontein One on one discussion 27 March 2003 J Carstens, Farmer Hazekraal One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Andre & Kobus Brand, Farmers Doornboom One on one discussion 27 March 2003 James Barker, Farmer Caledonia One on one discussion 27 March 2003 David Waddington & Paul Marais, Fish Farmers Vergesig One on one discussion 27 March 2003 Jannie Lambrecht, Farmer Vondeling One on one discussion 28 March 2003 FGJ Bester, Farmer Klipbank One on one discussion 28 March 2003 FGJ Bester, Farmer Paddadraai One on one discussion 28 March 2003 Annes Brand, Farmer Doornboom One on one discussion 28 March 2003 Kamien van der Westhuizen, Farm Manager Breekmuur One on one discussion 28 March 2003 Fanus Kellerman, Farmer Uitvlug One on one discussion 28 March 2003 Christo Smit, Farmer Nuwerust One on one discussion 28 March 2003 Wiaan Hanekom, Farmer Sanddrif One on one discussion 28 March 2003 Oubaas & Kallie Steenkamp, Farmer Klipheuwel & Uitvlug Estate One on one discussion

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 50 Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Appendix 4.1

Date Name and Title of Informant Site Interviewing method – Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme Final Report: Volume 4, September 2007 Appendix 4.1

Date Name and Title of Informant Site Interviewing method 10 April 2003 Derek Peceur, Station Officer Drakenstein Fire & Rescue Services Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Jacque Smit, Fire Chief Riebeek-Kasteel Fire Service Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Inspector GP Cleophas, Hopefield Police SAPS Hopefield Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Inspector D Coetzee, Velddrif Police SAPS Velddrif Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Inspector WS Alkaster, Saron Police SAPS Saron Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Sgt FJ Mouton, Piketberg Police SAPS Piketberg Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Inspector MJ Smith, Riebeek-Kasteel SAPS Riebeek-Kasteel Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Inspector C van der Westhuizen, Wellington SAPS Wellington Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 R Cornelissen, Station Commissioners Office SAPS Paarl Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Captain Hofman, Franschhoek Police SAPS Franschhoek Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Johny Volmink, Principal Simondium Primary School Simondium Telephonic interview 10 April 2003 Charl Bruwer, Berg Water Project Somerset West Telephonic interview

Anchor Environmental Consultants & Freshwater Consulting Group 52 APPENDIX 4.2 List of maps

1:50 000 topographic maps

3218 CA&CC Velddrif 3318 BD Riebeek-Kasteel 3218 CD Berg Rivier 3318 DB Paarl 3218 DC Moravia 3318 DD Stellenbosch 3218 DD Piketberg 3319 CC Franschhoek 3318 BB Porterville

1: 250 000 topographic maps

3218 Clainwilliam 3319 Worcester 3319 Cape Town

1:10 000 orthophoto maps

3319 CC 21 Banghoekpiek 3318 BB 18 Sluiswyk 3319 CC 22 Centre Peak 3318 BB 19 Vier-en-Twintigriviere 3319 CC 16 Afrikaskop 3318 BB 20 Halfmanshof 3319 CC 17 Robertsvlei 3318 BB 24 Renostervlei 3319 CC 12 La Motte 3318 BB 25 Klein Bergrivier 3319 CC 11 Wemmershoek 318 BB 2 Matjiesrivier 3318 DD 15 Groot Drakenstein 3318 BB 1 Misverstand 3318 DD 10 Simondium 3218, DD 22 Serviteurskraal 3318 DD 5 Suider Paarl 3218 DD 21 Nuwedrif 3318 DB 25 Paarl 3218 DC 12 Sanddrif 3318 DB 20 Mbekweni 3218 DC 16 Breekmuur 3318 DB 15 Lady Loch 3218 DC17 Sanddrif 3318 DB 10 Malan 3218 DC 18 Bovlei 3318 DB 9 Diemerskraal 3218 DC 19 Moravia 3318 DB 4 Grensplaas 3218DC 20 Wittewater 3318 DB 24 Botmansdrif 3218 CD 11Langrietvlei 3318 DB 25 Eikeboom 3218 CD 12 Klipheuwel 3318 DB 20 Hermon 3218 CD 16 Helderwater 3318 DB 15 Rooihoogte 3218 CD 17 Bergrivier 3318 DB 10 Wolwekloof 3218 CD 18 Rasgat 3318 DB 5 Skutplaas 3218 CD 19 Zoutkloof 3318 DB 4 Langkloof 3218 CD 20 Die Brak 3318 BB 7 Volstruisdrif 3218 CD 24 Caledonia 3318 BB 12 Bridgetown 3218 CD 25 Vondeling 3318 BB 13 Heuningberg