PROJECT # 0194096-0015 GIS # BAC-02-052 November 22 2013 280000 320000 360000 400000 440000 Kiligiktokmik Burn ( sid (Bathurst Inlet) ik e v Rive to r) k a p Kingaok !. k è a p (Bathurst Inlet) a y A 7400000 ^_ Marine Laydown 7400000 Ekalokhiokvik Area Kilogiktok (Bathurst Inlet, Southern Arm) K i lo k 7360000 g 7360000 Tahikafalok i k (Bathurst to k Lake) ( W U U e s T T te M M rn Z Z R o o iv n n e e r e ) 1 1 2 3 7320000 7320000 George Property *# Area Tikigak Tahikafalok Nahik 7280000 (Propeller Lake) 7280000 *# Goose Property Area Nose Lake r) e iv Hanningayuk R (Beechey k Contwoyto c Lake) a B Lake ( k o y a g i n n 7240000 7240000 a H 7200000 7200000 Nu navut N orthwe st Ter ritories 2013 Archaeological Permit Area TCWR Winter Potential Development Area Road Connector (PDA) Regional Study Area (RSA) Winter Road Federal Watershed Delineation Local Study Area (LSA) Winter Road, George Tie-In Bathurst Inlet - Burnside River TCWR Winter Road Option 1 7160000 Connector Assessment Upper Back River 7160000 Area Winter Road, George Tie-In Option 2 Queen Maud Gulf - Ellice River !. Community/Settlement BIPR Winter Road Connector Upper Coppermine - Lac de Gras *# Existing Exploration Camp Haul and Access Road Central Lockhart ^_ Marine Laydown Area Proposed Infrastructure 1:875,000 Tibbitt to Contwoyto 0 20 40 Winter Road Projection: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 13N Kilometres 280000 320000 360000 400000 440000 Figure 2.2-1 Figure Figure 2.2-1 Back River Project Study Area PROJECT SETTING Table 2.4-1. Kitikmiut Place Names near the Project Area Amagok Creek Amagok means “wolf” in Inuinnaktun Beechey Lake Hanninggayuk Back River Hannigayok Propeller Lake (NE of Goose Lake) Tahikafalok Nahik Bathurst Inlet Kiligiktokmik, Kilogiktok George Lake1 Tikigak Bathurst Lake Tahikafalok Western River Kilokgiktok Source: KIA (2012). 1 This reference is not to the George Lake at the exploration camp but to a lake approximately 10 km to the southeast of the existing George camp. Samuel Hearne’s encounter with the Inuit in 1771, when he travelled to the Central Arctic on behalf of the Hudson’s Bay Company, is the first reported European contact with people in this area (Hearne 1911). Hearne also encountered a large group of Aboriginal people he called Copper Indians hunting deer (caribou) as they crossed the Coppermine River. This group provided him with information on the mouth of the river. Many of the late 19th and early 20th century accounts of Inuit life were documented during expeditions to establish Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic. In the early 1900s, Vilhjalmur Stefansson conducted several research projects amongst the Inuit. He documented much of the seasonal round of the Kitikmiut who, as well as hunting seal and whale along the coast also travelled as far south as Great Bear Lake to hunt and collect wood in the summer (Stefansson 1914). Stefansson also documented 125 Inuit camped west of the mouth of the Coppermine River in late May. The majority of this group were heading south to Dismal Lake and Dease River though a few families were going to hunt caribou around the Rae River and another group would spend the summer fishing at Bloody Falls (Stefansson 1921). According to A. P. Low, who voyaged with the Neptune in 1903, the Inuit would move south in September to hunt the barren-ground caribou only returning to the coast when enough snow had fallen to make the return trip on dog sleds (Low 1906). The intensive fur trading activities that would change the seasonal round of the Kitikmiut did not occur in the region until the 1920s when trading posts were established near Bathurst Inlet (Neatby 1984). 2.4.2 Kiligiktokmiut Traditional Knowledge Because of their geographical position near Bathurst Inlet and Beechey Lake, the Kiligiktokmiut could harvest a range of terrestrial and marine resources, most importantly caribou and ringed seal. This contrasts with the neighbouring Kitikmiut groups: the marine-focused Ocean Inuit and the terrestrial-focused Nunamiut (KIA 2012). The Kiligiktokmiut had access to the mainland Bathurst caribou herd throughout the most of year; however, during winter months only a portion of the herd wintered in the Kiligiktokmiut area around Beechey Lake, while the remainder of the herd wintered north of the Kiligiktokmiut area. The NTKP describes the movement of caribou as frequently changing and of variable distribution across the landscape; however, the herd’s main calving areas are consistently described as being in southern Bathurst Inlet and at Beechey Lake. Other species were also hunted to supplement caribou, including muskox, ground squirrels, hares, and waterfowl. Fishing was common during the spring and fall, with Arctic char being the main species fished. Campsites were often located along lakes and streams to take advantage of fishing opportunities. The Kiligiktokmiut used small shrubs for wood (KIA 2012). No important sources of copper or carving stone were noted within the Kiligiktokmiut area in the NTKP study. Traditionally, the Kiligiktokmiut were highly mobile, travelling long distances in small groups seeking widely distributed resources. They lived in temporary camps consisting of igloos in the winter and tents made from animal skins during the summer. Maps in the NTKP report show the communities of Bathurst Inlet and Omingmaktok (Bay Chimo) as focal points for travel throughout the region, with intensive use SABINA GOLD & SILVER CORP. 2-5 CUMULATIVE HERITAGE BASELINE REPORT 2013 of southern Bathurst Inlet, Bathurst Lake, the Western River and Beechey Lake for travel, gathering and camping. One informant described camping for nine nights as they travelled on foot from Beechey Lake to the community of Bathurst Inlet, a distance of approximately 160 km (KIA 2012). Kiligiktokmiut ways of life changed during the 1900s with their increasing participation in the fur trade. The Kiligiktokmiut began incorporating trips to fur trade post into their annual travels. The fur trade introduced them to new types of European goods including foods, tobacco, tools, firearms, and snow machines, as well as Anglican and Catholic missionaries. However, the first permanent community in Bathurst Inlet, called Bathurst Inlet (or Kingoak), did not exist until the establishment of a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post during the 1920s. Animal species that were previously of marginal importance to the Kiligiktokmiut, such as wolverine (KIA 2012), became more widely trapped and traditionally trapped species, such as fox, became more intensively harvested. 2.4.3 Kiligiktokmiut Land Use within the Project Area The following sections summarize Kiligiktokmiut traditional knowledge within the Project area, divided into four main geographic areas: 1) Southern Bathurst Inlet, 2) Bathurst Lake, 3) the Western River, and 4) the Goose, George, and Beechey lakes area. Southern Bathurst Inlet The NTKP study documents extensive use of the southern portion of Bathurst Inlet by the Kiligiktokmiut as a travel, resource gathering and camping area. Southern Bathurst Inlet is a main calving area for the Bathurst caribou herd, and this in turn attracts a number of other species, in particular grizzlies and wolves. An area where ringed seals were hunted is mapped in Bathurst Inlet east of the proposed Marine Laydown Area, and Bathurst Inlet is described as a well-known area for hunting wolves (KIA 2012). The NTKP study identifies a major nadlok (a narrowing in a body of water where caribou swim across during the ice-free season) in Bathurst Inlet that includes the proposed Marine Laydown Area (KIA 2012). Nadloks are important hunting and camping areas (KIA 2012). This method of hunting is described in Keith and Stewart (2005): Other hunters would be hiding in the qajaq [kayak] at the water’s edge for the caribou to enter and begin crossing the lake. Once they were committed to crossing, the hunters would move behind the animals and spear them using a caribou lance called a kaput (2005:14). Keith and Stewart also note that Diamond Jenness believed that Bathurst Inlet had a relatively large number of kayaks due to the prevalence of this hunting method (Jenness 1922; Keith and Stewart 2005). Two fur trade posts are identified in Southern Bathurst Inlet in the NTKP study. One is mapped on the first point of land on the eastern side of the inlet, several kilometres north of the mouth of the Western River. This post corresponds to historic and prehistoric archaeological site McNj-28 recorded by Rescan during baseline studies for the Project and is likely one of the earliest Hudson’s Bay Company posts in the inlet, dating to the 1920s (KIA 2012; Usher 1971). The second post is mapped on a point of land on the western side of the inlet, within the proposed Marine Laydown Area. This post has a place name associated with it (Tikighik); however, this name is not defined in the NTKP study (KIA 2012). A number of “major camps” are described as being on both sides of Bathurst Inlet, but their locations are not defined further. These camps may be associated with some of the archaeological sites that have been recorded along the shores of the inlet, as many of these have a historic component. In particular, Fishing Creek and Fishing Lake, located outside of the proposed Marine Laydown Area to the northwest and west, is identified as an important camp area and grave site (KIA 2012). 2-6 RESCAN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES LTD., AN ERM COMPANY | PROJ#0194096-0010 | REV B.1 | NOVEMBER 2013 PROJECT SETTING Bathurst Lake Bathurst Lake is described as an important camping area and caribou calving area (KIA 2012). The lake is important for trapping foxes and fishing Arctic char (KIA 2012).