EFFECTS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION ON DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY OF BUNYARUGURU SUB-COUNTY DISTRICT

BY

TUGUMENAWE FARIDA REG. NO: BDS13534111131DU

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

MAY, 2014 DECLARATION

I, TUGUMENAWE FARIDA declare that this research dissertation is my original work and has never been submitted to any University or any other Institution for any award of any degree or any other Certification.

Signed: ~

Date: . .~‘©/i~!J. ~ APPROVAL

This research dissertation has been fully supervised by me.

~......

DR. ABUGA ISAAC

Date:...~4~ DEDICATION

I heartily dedicate this report to my beloved parents Mr. Ndyanabo Abdul and Mrs. Ndyanabo Afiisa my brothers, Mohammad, Ismail AbuHussien Osma, Ibrahim, and my sisters Nabukaru Sarah, Aridah, Shadiah Shamim and my friends Elizabeth, Miriam, Judith, Shamir, Sarah, Faridah Natukunda who supported me to complete this tough course.

May the Almighty Bless them all.

Ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would wish to acknowledge the support of various people who directly and indirectly contributed to the successful completion of this research proposal. Above all, I would like to thank the almighty God for having given me this gift of life, strength and power to finish this research dissertation.

A special thanks also goes directly to my supervisor who has guided me during by preparation for the research dissertation.

iv LIST OF ACRONYMS

UN - United Nation

GoU - Government of

PEAP - Poverty Eradication Action Plan

PRSP - Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper

DRB - Domestic Relation Bill

UCL - Courts of Law

UHRC - United Human Rights Commission

UNP - United Nations Development Programme

UPDF - Uganda Peoples Defence Forces

LEM - Land and Equity Movement in Uganda

EFA - Education for All

FOWODE - Forum for Women in Democracy

V TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION

APPROVAL II

DEDICATION ‘H

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv

ACRONYMS V

LIST OFTABLES ix

ABSTRACT X

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.3 Purpose of the study 3

1.4 The Objectives of the study 3

1.4.1 Specific Objectives 3

1.5 Scope of the study 3

1.5.1 Geographical scope 3

1.5.2 Content scope 4

1.5.3 Time scope

1.6 Significance of the study 4

1.7 Limitations of the study 4

CHAPTER TWO 5

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.0. Introduction 5

2.1. Gender Discrimination 5

2.2. Causes of Gender Discrimination 6

2.3. Gender Stereotypes 6

vi 2.4. Gender Inequality .7

2.5 Education 7

2.6. Patriarchy 8

2.7 Economic 8

2.8 Effects of Gender Discrimination 10

CHAPTER THREE 14

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 14

3.0. Introduction 14

3.1. Research Design 14

3.2. Sample size 14

3.3 Research Instruments 14

3.3.1 Questionnaires 14

3.3.2 Interview guide 15

3.4. Procedure 15

3.5. Data analysis 15

3.6. Limitations of the study 15

CHAPTER FOUR 17

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 17

4.0. Introduction 17

CHAPTER FIVE 27

5.1. Discussion 27

5.2. Recommendations 29

REFERENCES 32

APPENDIX:-I QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR STUDENT 33

APPENDIX:-II QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR LOCAL 34

APPENDIX:-III - BUDGET 36

VII APPENDIX:-IV- STUDY WORK PLAN .37

VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Distribution of the Respondents 17 Table 2 Distribution of respondents showing the extent of gender discrimination 17 Table 3 Showing the extent of poverty as a cause of gender discrimination 18 Table 4 Distribution of respondents showing culture as the cause of gender discrimination 18 Table 5 Distribution of respondents showing illiteracy as one of the causes of gender discrimination 19 Table 6 Showing inferiority complex on gender discrimination 20 Table 7 Distribution of respondents showing gender blindness as a cause of gender discrimination 20 Table 8 showing religions differences as a case of gender discrimination 21 Table 9 showing poverty as the effect of gender discrimination 21 Table 10 Showing Distribution of respondents supporting early marriage as the effect of gender discrimination 22 Table 1 1 Distribution of Respondents showing Death as the effect of gender discrimination on development 23 Table 12 Distribution of respondents showing gender inequality as the effect of gender discrimination on development 23 Table 13 Distribution of respondents showing roles men play 24 Table 14 Distribution of respondents showing roles women play 24

ix ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was designed to assess the effects of gender discrimination: taking a case study of Bunyaruguru Sub county, Rubirizi district. The study was empirically conducted and such, the evidence provided has solely relied on data collection and analysis of direct Questionnaires and the interview guide and a computer based packages i.e. Excel was used to analyze the raw information.

The study was guided by the following objectives: to find out the causes of gender discrimination in Bunyaruguru Sub County. To establish the effects of gender discrimination in Bunyaruguru Sub County and to suggest appropriate measures to address the incidences of gender issues in Bunyaruguru sub county.

The research questions that guided the study were as follows; what are the causes of gender discrimination in Bunyaruguru Sub County: What are the effects of gender discrimination in Bunyaruguru Sub County; and what are measures that can be adopted to address the incidences of gender discrimination in Bunyaruguru Sub County. Rubirizi District.

Concerning the causes of gender discrimination, the research findings revealed that both the House hold Poverty and culture greatly accounts for the high rates of gender discrimination. It was equally found out that high attachment to socio-cultural beliefs also gives explanations to the escalating incidences of gender discrimination occurrence in Bunyaruguru Sub County.

However, the research finding also unearth that strong religious beliefs attachment as well as practices could also cause gender discrimination in the sub county of Bunyaruguru and this was generously being supported by a greater number of the respondents who took part in this study.

x The research findings revealed that numerous mechanisms needs to be developed and adopted in incidences of gender discrimination and its effects on gender and development are to be mitigated and these according to the study included Promotion of education for all along side Adopting some of the salient international, regional and National rights instruments relating to gender discrimination are among the most cherished measures that were favored by the respondents and this has been reflected by a generous frequency numeracy offered in favor of each options. Further still the research findings revealed that Discouraging traditional and religious beliefs and practices coupled with recognizing the basic human rights.

In the same line, some other pertinent approaches that were suggested by the respondent who took part in this study included; Mass use of the media to create awareness of the negative effects of gender discrimination, Increased civic education on the negative effects of gender discrimination is as well considered to be very vital equally, Provision of economic empowerment opportunity to poor families to avert poverty as well as Developing legislation against gender discrimination are all measures which if all are collectively and collaboratively undertaken by all the stakeholders involved will be of great help in seeing that the challenges of gender discrimination in the sub county of Bunyaruguru and the entire district are mitigated since, it has been found to have a very serious effects on gender discrimination and development.

xi CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study This study covered the background, statement of the problem, purpose, objectives, scope and significance of the study.

The frame works and convention ratified by the Uganda and other nations at International level to protect human rights. For instance the United Nations declaration on human rights, the covenant on civic and political rights, the covenant on economic, social and cultural rights and convention on the protection of the rights of women and children. There is also convention against racial discrimination which is most heating. Meanwhile, there are other international covenants on rights that are still being developed.

Take a look at “on the International Covenant on 10th December 2008, the UN adopted the optimal protocol to the international covenant on the economic, social and cultural rights, enabling the discriminated in Education and

Developmental apartments — holders to remedies and hold government accounts as on the case of other human rights. This is a great step to forward in a long campaign and one must press for all countries in the world to sign and ratify.

Meanwhile, at National level, In Uganda, chapter four (4) of the constitution of the Republic of Uganda article 20-42 is entirely dedicated to the provisions that ensure the protection and promotion of fundamental and other human rights and freedom. The provisions that ensure the protection and promotion of fundamental and other human rights and freedom. The provision range from articles (2) to (42). Article (38) of the constitution talks especially on the civic

1 rights. Article (40) on the Economic Rights while Article (42) is on the rights to access information. It is important to note that article (33) of the same constitution of Uganda is dedicated to the provision of the rights of women.

Following the fact that the government of Uganda has enacted law to protect its people from being discriminated, it shows that gender discrimination has got some negative effects on the social-economic and political development. The proposed research will try to discover the implied negative impact on gender discrimination which made the Governed the laws cited above.

At policy level, the Government of Uganda — (G0U) developed the Poverty Eradication Action Plan PEAP (1999). This is Uganda’s Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper (PRSP) PEAP is meant to guide and direct the development processes of Uganda. However, it is also important to note that PEAP is the process of being replaced with the National Plan of Uganda, PEAP has pillars which emphasizes on the inclusive of human development, Economic competitiveness in production and effective micro/macroeconomic management. The pillars of PEAP are therefore built on the premises of participation, in conclusion and equality. This is intended to protect discrimination, isolation and violation of human rights. The gender policy provides for equal opportunity, and also protects the rights of women to services and property. Other legal documents that protect rights and a guide implementation of the constitution of Uganda as the land act that aims at protecting the rights of both men and women to land and other productive resources. A part from the acts and salutes, there are proposed bills in Uganda like the Domestic Relations Bill — DRB. The purpose of this Bill is to harmonize domestic relations where gender discrimination is at a higher rate.

2 1.2 Problem statement

Gender discrimination begins at childhood, social and cultural attitudes. Despite the prevailing measures given to eliminate gender discrimination, women in Bunyaruguru Sub-county are informed of the rights and it’s against this background that the researcher felt that there most reasons to investigate the causes of effects of gender discrimination.

1.3 Purpose of the study To clearly understand why women are discriminated in all sectors of development.

1.4 The Objectives of the study (i) To find out causes of gender discrimination. (ii) To investigate effects of gender discrimination. (iii) To find possible solution to gender discrimination.

1.4.1 Specific Objectives Geographically the study was carried out in Bunyaruguru sub county, Rubirizi District in three sampled parishes of Buhweju, Kichwemba and Ndeke Parishes.

1.5 Scope of the study

1.5.1 Geographical scope

The researcher will conduct the study in all the five parishes of Runyaruguru Sub County. i.e. Kitchwamba, Rutoto And Magambo, Rubirizi Town Council, Katunguru

3 1.5.2 Content scope

The researcher contextually based on assessing the influence of domestic violence on children growth and development in Rubirizi District. Taking a case of Bunyaruguru Sub County.

1.5.3 Time scope

The study will take 6 months starting from January 2014 to June 2014. Within constrains of resources and time of the researcher.

1.6 Significance of the study (a) The study will help the researcher to attain his academic goal. (b) The study will help future the researcher who will / may be interested in researching about the related problems. (c) The academicians for future research in the same area will use the study findings.

1.7 Limitations of the study (i) What are the causes of gender discrimination? (ii) What are the effects of gender discrimination? (iii) What are the possible solutions of gender discrimination?

4 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Introduction In this chapter, the researcher used the available publications by other researchers on the same topic to enrich the research paper, Text books, Journals, newspapers, Internet and individual information from the respondents will be contacted to find out the effects of gender discrimination on development.

2.1. Gender Discrimination According to Tourelssa (2007) in his book, “girls and gender discrimination” defines gender as the act of being either a male or female.

According also to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (6th Edition) page 492, describes gender as the fact of being male or female. In the same book page 332, describes discrimination as the practice of treating somebody or a particular group of persons in the society less fairly than others.

Therefore, according to the Oxford dictionary, it puts it clear that Gender Discrimination is the act of treating less fairly the either the males or females than others.

Gender originated from the Western developed countries in the rest World War II Era, it was during this time that the world gained an insight to recognize the contributions made by the females towards economic development.

5 Gender is also the sociological difference between men and women. It is a social construction and its implication varies overtime from culture to culture. Gender describes the social roles and responsibilities that communities and societies consider appropriate for men and women, people are born as males and females. However boys and girls learn from their families how to be men and women.

2.2. Causes of Gender Discrimination According to Franzoi, L. Stephen (1976) in his book “social psychology” Discrimination is said to be manifested in different ways.

Mild form of discrimination. This can simply involve avoiding members of the group against the others. This produce actions such as denying educational and job opportunities of members of the targeted group.

Discrimination is caused by prejudice. Prejudice simply means negative attitudes directed towards social group. A person who prejudiced towards some group tend to ignore the individual qualities of it’s members and prejudges then based on the negative evaluation because is an attitude and causes to bad behaviours.

2.3. Gender Stereotypes Gender discrimination in social psychology is defined as a society’s expectation about the characteristics of females as a group and males as a group also.

Despite the many changes in the status of women that have occurred over the years, research provides little evidence of substantial changes and gender stereotypes for instance in a study company 1972 and 1988 gender stereotypes in America.

6 Bergen and John William (1991) found highly similar beliefs experienced about men and women by respondents. These gender beliefs follow similar partner in many cultures. Research by William and Deborah Best (1982) indicates that people belied in men are more dominant, independent and adventures than women and woman are believed to be more sentimental submissive.

2.4. Gender Inequality According to Gells (1975) in his book “sociology” a high degree of job market is still segregated by gender. The Worlds of “men’s work” are different as they are vastly in poor, pay and prestige. Men and women work in the same settings but hold different positions. Men manage the office while women do the clerical work.

Half of all working women are employed in occupations that are at least 80% female such as secretary, waitress and health aid.

When women go into prestigious and highly paying fields, it is usually into positions that are lower in pay, authority and states than men’s jobs in the same field. Most of the women government classified as “professional workers” are nurses, social workers, elementary school teachers and hospital technicians not physicians, lawyers or colleagues professors (though the government is trying to eliminate this).

2.5 Education Richard Gells (1995) in his book “sociology” says that participation of girls and women in Education is affected by attitudes towards their Education Domestic responsibilities, early marriage and pregnancies, gender bias in Education, materials and teacher’s sexual abuse and harassment. Gells says that low levels of literacy are adults and increasing gender discrimination at different

7 levels of Education system compound the difficulties they face in meeting their multiple responsibilities, despite being the principal provider and promoter of good health at the household level, many are illiterate, have little knowledge of health, nutrition and hygiene. Most important, women are also poorly informed about their issues of importance to them and their families, Notably their legal rights.

2.6. Patriarchy According to women in development (2003) violence against women explain that particularly is the power of fathers, are familiar, social ideological, political system in which men (by force direct pressure through ritual, traditional, low and language, customs, education and the division of labour) determine what part women shall or shall not play and which females everywhere are subsumed under the males. A patriarchy society will have laws supporting patriarchal ideologies for example many laws legitimize subordination of women not-with-standing the equality guaranteed under the constitution.

Second example is that women are generally not involved in discussion and decision making in the society and the church, often in the membership of parish councils seems to exclude women.

According to Julie A. Nelson (1996) cultures have this idea that men are more suited for intellectuals work than women. The smaller size of female brain was taken as scientific proof of intellectual inferiority in the 19th century (Bleiva 1936). The cultural salience of the idea of women as less intelligent than men in one of the undermining factors that make women economically dependant.

2.7 Economic According to the growing out of poverty (1997) the economic sphere remains in the hands of men. Men control the cash based economy, while the women

8 remain for the most part in the non-monetized subsistence sector, men are closely women that women who earn cash hand it over to their husbands and while men are usually paid in cash, women are often paid in kind for example with food, salt and soap. This makes it difficult to identify possible wage discrimination between men and women. According to growing out of poverty (1997) women’s exclusion from cash economy has far reaching the perpetuation, both because men and women’s “values” to the society tend to be measured as a function of their contribution to the monetized economy and because of ambivalent attitudes and shifting expectations towards women taking on greater responsibility for cash earnings.

According to the World Bank Country Study (1997) “Growing out of poverty” Gender divisions of the systematical rights and obligations of men and women play productive, reproductive and community management roles in the society women in contrast to men, must balance simultaneous competing claims in limited time for each of these roles. Women’s time and flexibility are therefore much more constrained than in the case for men, account must be taken of two aspects of gender division of labour.

Still in the same book, Government must be able to create a level of playing field where by both men and women are afforded equal opportunity of participation in Economic growth. This will necessitate that the government follow through with the legal reforms process that has been initiated and ensure that legal rights of women are protected so that they may benefit from their own labour and have greater access and control of Economically productive resources through literacy and Education, the government should endeavor to overcome the social and cultural behaviour which limit female access to information, technology — credit and extension services. The government must pay increased attention to investments in female labour savings technologies.

9 Engendering development (2002) argues for strategy for promoting gender equality. Reform institutions to establish equal rights for women and men, reforming legal and foundation of equal rights and equal opportunities for women and men. Because the law in many countries continues to give un equal rights of women and men, legal reforms are needed particularly in family law, protection against violence, land rights, employment and political rights. Engendering development (2002) fosters economic development to strengthen incentives for more equal resources and participation. Raising income and falling poverty levels tends to reduce gender disparities in education, health and nutrition. Higher productivity and new job opportunities often reduced gender discrimination in Employment.

2.8 Effects of Gender Discrimination According to Gender Bulletin (1999) participation of girls and women in education is affected by attitudes towards their education. Domestic responsibilities, early marriages and pregnancies. Gender bias in education materials and teaches sexual abuse and harassment. Programmes put in place to promote girls’ education are focused in awareness, raising advocacy, engendering education materials, career guidance and counseling affirmative action of promotion of girl child education.

Discrimination against girls resulting from the preference for sons leads to unfair discrimination of resources, food, access to health care services, endangers the girls current and future wellbeing. Counseling and access to sexual and reproductive health information and services for adolescence are inadequate or completely absent and young women’s right to privacy, confidentiality, respect and informed consent is often ignored and the consequences of unprotected and premature sexual relations.

10 Subordination: Analysis disagrees about the extent of women’s subordination. Some observers argue that Japanese women are still fundamentally unequal to men in status, power and wealth. It is accepted by both sexes that woman are fundamentally different from and inferior to men. Their rule in life is seen as a supporting area on their duty to develop themselves to the care of children, old people and husbands, to be patients and “endure” and but their own needs last.

Women differ to men. They giggle behind their hands, act shy cure and submissive and lower their eyes. They are taught to listen and quickly absence men to interpret mean’s feelings and anticipate their needs. Due to discrimination women fear to speak in public when women do speak, they are expected to have small voices and use the forms of “respect speech” that express hesitation. At home and at work women are the back up support, providing graceful personal services, but excluded from public life and institutional power.

Poverty. It is also clear that, women are unequal to men. Their job opportunities are much more constricted and their earnings less. Women are expected to work outside the home but they are employed in ways that keep their dependent from subordinate to men.

Unemployment Due to gender discrimination young women find it they have job alternatives, they are excluded from the corporate system of life time employment with surviving pay and are confirmed mostly to clerical jobs, with no prospect of promotion. Only a tiny percentage occupy management positions a job considered highly describe for young women in “office lady” (Called OL) especially with a prestigious company OL are selected for looks, since then duties are minimal. They do photocopying and fillings, make tea and tidy up office ladies are expected and pressured to “retire” when they marry.

11 According to Macions (1987) sociology points out that gender discrimination leads to school dropout. The problem of dropping our, quitting school before earning a high school, diploma leaves young people ill equipped for the world of work and at a high risk for poverty. This data points to the fact that many dropouts are young girls whose parents also have little schooling, creating a multi generation at cycle of disadvantage. Parents choose daughters to stay at home doing domestic work like cooking, cleaning around homes as boys go to school. Girls who drop out of school face the challenges of unemployment or get stack in a low paying job.

According to women in Development Network (2003) violence against women gives consequences in effects of gender discrimination in three parts.

Physical effect. Due to discrimination between men and women, they have fought and caused injuries which can lead to permanent disabilities and can be fatal to women.

Psychological effect. There is low self-esteem, guilt, shame and depression, feelings of bearing unjustly berated and helpless.

Spiritual effect. Women experience a hunger of human and spiritual understanding and care, a Christ like acceptance and support. They feel not appreciated in the society and not recognized in the church.

12 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Man: Adult male human being Woman: Adult female human being. Sex: Refers to biological differences that are unchangeable between man and women Gender Social construction of men and women Gender Discrimination: Is the act of treating less fairly either male or female than others. Gender stereotypes: Society’s expectation about the characteristics of females and male as a group. Wage Discrimination: Occurs when Occurs when women having similar jobs receive lower wage than men. Occupational Discrimination: Occurs when women or men are arbitrarily prohibited from entering certain occupation. Culture: is the way of behaving, thinking of reacting to situations. Patriarchy: Is male termination. Prejudice: Negative attitude directed towards people simply because they are members of a specific social group. Socialization: Is the process of which the norms and the values and behaviours of the group are learnt in order to like according to the expected standards of a group. Development: Is the process of improving standards of living. Education: Is a process of passing on knowledge, skills and attitudes to men to enable him like suitably in an environment. Early marriage: One that occurs when the person has not yet attained the minimum age for marriage (18 years for Uganda).

13 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.0. Introduction In this chapter the researcher used research design, sample size, research instruments, data analysis and procedures.

3.1. Research Design The researcher used quantitative and qualitative designs. The designs will be used in the collection and analysis of data in order to cover the subject.

3.2. Sample size The sample size was 60 respondents in total selecting 20 respondents from each parish. These parishes included Buhweju, Kichwemba and Ndeke Parishes.

3.3 Research Instruments

3.3.1 Questionnaires These questionnaires contained both close and open ended questions. Close ended questions will help the researcher in getting information from respondents while open ended questions will helps the researcher in getting detailed information in the subject matter. The questions will be designed for both men and women and local authorities who read and write.

14 3.3.2 Interview guide This was administered to men, local leaders especially women because they are the most offered. The interview guide will contained both close and open ended questions to help the researcher get the views and opinion from respondents.

3.4. Procedure The researcher got an introductory letter from the University that will introduce him to the parishes of Bunyaruguru Sub-county. The researcher will visit different parishes interviewing men and women and delivering the research questions to the respondents from Buhweju, Kichwamba and Ndege parishes after which the researcher organize and analyze data from the field.

3.5. Data analysis Data was analyzed for easy interpretation using qualitative and quantitative analysis with the help of Microsoft excel for making pie charts and tables and Microsoft word processing. These helped the researcher to come up with effects of gender discrimination on development.

3.6. Limitations of the study There was a challenge of language barrier, some respondents do not understand English. Therefore the local language will be used. Financial constraints, research requires funds for transport, stationary, typing and printing, meals, airtime and accommodation. The climatic condition of the place is not favourable for the research. There was a lot of sunshine and it is too hard for the researcher to move. Some respondents were in need of money for them to return the questionnaires. The researcher had little time hence affecting adequate information.

15 Solutions to the challenges

The Researcher did take-time to make the respondents understand the language. This will do by translating from English to Runyankore in favour of the respondents.

The researcher used the little finance he has and borrow some from friends in order to meet his needs for the research.

Though time is limited, the researcher used bodaboda to make sure that he collects adequate information within the limited time.

16 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0. Introduction The study dealt with effects of gender discrimination on development. This chapter presents the findings of the above topic. A case study of Bunyaruguru Sub-county, data was from both sexes.

Table 1 Distribution of the Respondents

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Male 24 40 Female 36 60 Total 60 100

From the table above, sex of respondents was considered, males comprising the total of 24 and the percentage of 40% while females were 36 with the percentage of 60%.

This was aimed at the views of both sexes regarding the effects of gender discrimination on development.

Table 2 Distribution of respondents showing the extent of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Existence of discrimination 58 96.6 No discrimination 2 3.4 Total 60 100

17 Majority of the respondents with a frequency of 58 and percentage of 96.6% respondents that there is gender discrimination and only a frequency of 2 respondents with a percentage of 3.4% said there is no gender discrimination.

Table 3 showing the extent of poverty as a cause of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Men 27 45 Women 33 55 Total 60 100

Respondents comprising 45% with reference of 27 were men and 55% representing a frequency of 33 women.

In this table, many women say poverty is the cause of gender discrimination because many women are poor as a result they have not been considered in the development activities. Respondents gave an example of common wealth for all that in providing what is given by the government. Local leaders consider the rich first hence leaving women behind men. Poverty also makes women depend on men a lot hence discrimination.

Table 4 Distribution of respondents showing culture as the cause of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Men 33 60 Women 27 40 Total 60 100

18 Majority of respondents with a frequency of 33 and the percentage of 60% responded that culture causes discrimination and a frequency of 27 representing the percentage of 40% were women showing culture as the cause of gender discrimination. Respondents said that culture determines that men and women do not compete for the same occupation. Occupation was limited to their family roles, which are differentiated by sex and involved rigid and clear out gender related division of labour.

Table 5 Distribution of respondents showing illiteracy as one of the causes of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Male 2 3.4 Female 58 96.6 Total 60 100

Majority of respondents with a frequency of 58 and the percentage of 96.6% responded that there is gender discrimination due to high level of illiteracy and only a frequency of 2 representing a percentage of 3.4% said gender discrimination is due to illiteracy

Respondents said that 20% of 100% go to school at an appropriate age. That due to traditional views parents believe that as far as girls are concerned, marriage is better than further education.

The perception that the education is of little value is deep-rooted and gender based in the developing world. Respondents gave examples that a family which can afford school fees for only one child is likely to send a boy to school instead of a girl. Parents also choose a girl if they need someone at home to fetch water, collect fire wood and do some house work.

19 Lastly, respondents said that parents withdraw girls from school early (in adolescence) as the marriage approaches. Such discrimination have excluded millions of girls from or condemned them to education of very poor quality.

Table 6 Showing inferiority complex on gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Men 28 46.6 Women 32 53.4 Total 60 100

Respondents comprising of 46.6% with reference to 28 were men and 53.4% with frequency of 32 were women. Respondents said that there is a general assumption that women are lazy and cannot take managerial decisions. Women are not themselves, they fear some jobs.

Respondents said to some women do not believe in themselves but to their husbands as a result men look down women and refuse them to work.

When women are asked to work, they choose to take care of the children. Also that due to inferiority complex of women, men have a direct pride subject themselves under the authority control of a female headship.

Table 7 Distribution of respondents showing gender blindness as a cause of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Male 28 43.4 Female 32 56.6 Total 60 100

20 According to the table, 28 men with the percentage of 46.6 said that gender discrimination is caused by gender blindness and 32 women with the percentage of 53.4 also said that gender blindness is the cause of discrimination. Respondents said that both men are blind about gender they do not know their rights, their roles as individuals.

Table 8 showing religions differences as a case of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Men 22 36.6 Women 38 63.4 Total 60 100

With the above 22 men gave the researcher religious as a cause of gender discrimination and defined religion as any set of institutionalized beliefs and practices that deal with the ultimate meaning of life.

Table 9 showing poverty as the effect of gender discrimination

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Men 20 33.4 Women 40 66.6 Total 60 100

Out of 60 respondents, only 20 men with the percentage of 33.4 said the effect of gender discrimination is poverty and 40 women out of 60 gave poverty as the effect of gender discrimination.

Respondents said that people are discriminated reasons for example that women are weak and have limited knowledge on certain things. That is why most women are poor because of being discriminated.

21 Most women are discriminated right from childhood, for example that when parents are giving share to their children they discriminate girls from getting equal shares. Also in marriage, women are discriminated from owning property. They till land, plant crops, harvest but they do not own land themselves as they cannot control an economy.

Discrediting human dignity was also seen as one of the effects of gender discrimination by the respondents. Some of the traditional values and practices among the Bakiga like women not eating chicken, women supposed to do kitchen work dehumanizes human dignity. It should be observed that these practices do not only affect females but both sexes depending on the society.

Gender gap in education was also seen as the effect of gender on development in Bunyaruguru Sub-county, Rubirizi District. It was observed that male in the Sub-county are given more priority to attain formal education than female. However this set the basis for high rate of illiteracy rate in the society and analysis shows that illiteracy has far reaching effect on development.

Formation of the population of untrained consumers. When the majority are denied excess to formal education on the basis of being both male or female. It has an implication in the development of the society. This category of people do not adequately plan for the utilization of the available resources often they would simply consume what is available without saving therefore no investments would take place in that particular society (Bakiga). Table 10 Showing Distribution of respondents supporting early marriage as the effect of gender discrimination.

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Male 32 53.4 Female 28 46.6 Total 60 100

22 Respondents comprising of 53.4% with the reference of 32 were males and 46.6% with the reference of 28 were females. They said that early marriage affects many girls in the area but also affects boys to a lesser extent. They also gave the causes of early marriage as poverty, illiteracy and that is at times considered as the source of income. They also pointed out that due to immaturity, young married girls are more vulnerable to exploitation. They are required to carry out heavy domestic work, still children themselves.

Table 11 Distribution of Respondents showing Death as the effect of gender discrimination on development

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Male 28 46.6 Female 32 53.4 Total 60 100

Respondents comprising of 46.6% with the reference 28 were men who gave death as one of the effects of gender discrimination on development. Among the 28 men, 2 explained death as dying (ending life on earth) 53.4% representing 32 female also emphasized that death is one of the effects of gender discrimination.

Table 12 Distribution of respondents showing gender inequality as the effect of gender discrimination on development.

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Male 23 38.4 Female 37 61.6 Total 60 100

23 From the above table, 23 males with the percentage of 38.4% and 37 female with the percentage of 61.6% said gender inequality is the effect of gender discrimination in development. Respondents also said that the poor especially women are discriminated when they are recruiting employees. This makes the poor remain poorer and rich become richer hence that only that the discriminated group remains behind hence gender inequality.

Table 13 Distribution of respondents showing roles men play

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Family heads 15 25 Making decision 15 25 Planning 15 25 Selling Agricultural products 10 16.6 Paying Schools fees 5 8.4 Total 60 100

According to the table above, majority of respondents said that men are heads of decision makers with the percentage of 25% while others said men are planners with the percentage of 25%, sells Agricultural products at 16.6% and paying school fees for their children at 8.4%. if was noted that men like paying school fees for boys than for girls. Table 14 Distribution of respondents showing roles women play

Category Number of respondents Percentage (%) Cooking 30 50 Fetching water 14 23.4 Caring for children 5 8.3 Digging 5 8.3 Clean home 6 10 Total 60 100

24 Roles women play were considered as an important factor in finding causes and effects of gender discrimination. Respondents were asked what the government has done to eliminate gender discrimination and they stated it out that the government has tried to promote women’s economic rights and independence including access to employment, appropriate working conditions and control over economic resources.

The government has also tried to recognize women in decision making like leaving particular seats for women in government from the grass root local council one to parliament.

They also mentioned that the government is supporting programmes and policies that recognize women’s vital roles and strengthen in ensuring of food.

They also mentioned that the government is using educational programmes, media, companies, schools and community education programmes to raise awareness about gender equality and non-stereotyped gender roles of women and men within the family unit.

Finally respondents said that the government has of recent supported women to join international organization like Food and Agricultural Organizations (FAQ).

25 Graph 1:- Contribution of men and women to Agricultural development according to the data collected.

According to the above graph, women are left to do a lot of work while men are there resting. Women are supposed to fill the land, do the planting of crops, weed and when it reaches the time of harvesting, then men come in to help on what they have met not been toiling for the reason being, they want to know the amount of yield they have got during that season.

After harvesting, it is now the men supposed to make the decision for the harvest, they are the ones now supposed to decide the harvest, they are one for the home use and the one for self. After selling the produce, most men in Kitumba Sub-county take this money in bars leaving the women at home suffering. The most crops grown on large scale in the area are sorghum, cabbages, time in bars taking their local brew known as Muramba got from sorghum. Other men have also got a chance to use this money from the women’s labour to many other wives, that’s one of the reasons why the area is over populated. The land tenure of the place is fragmented due to high population growth.

26 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1. Discussion According to the respondents, unemployment is the major effect of gender discrimination on development; young women find they have few job alternatives. Women are excluded from the co-operate system of lifetime employment with society pay, they said women are restricted on certain jobs like being managers hence their earnings are less thus poverty.

Most of the respondents said that due to gender discrimination, mostly on ladies, it has brought about early marriages. This comes as a result of boys taking the first chance to attain education while the girls are supposed to stay home and do some work at home, hence the girls get exhausted with home and find ways of leaving the home and the only and best alternative is getting married.

They also found underutilization of talents (skills) as one of the effect of gender discrimination on development. Due to gender discrimination, the vast talents that could have been utilized for the development of the society is left out. In Bunyaruguru Sub-county, Rubirizi District in Ugandan since the female constitutes a larger proportion of the population. It implies that they form a large percentage of the available talent pool that could be utilized in leadership, decision making and economic productivity to complement the males in the economic development cycle.

High dependence ratio and low productivity. This usually arises when a smaller proportion of the working population has to economically support the majority who are dependents in the society. In Uganda, the sex ratio has indicated that there are more females than males by implication, the female form a significance consumer base. However, they have low purchasing power. This

27 has an implication on development since consumption rate will be greater than savings and therefore investments will not take place hence the society is bound to rotate in the vicious cycle of poverty.

Respondents also gave gender gap in education as one of the effects of gender discrimination on development. In Uganda, the settings are usually that males should be given more priority to attain formal education than the females. However these set the basis for high illiteracy rate in the contemporary society. Analysis has shown that illiteracy has far reaching effect on the development of the society for instance the high fertility rate among women has its route in lack of formal education, similarly, the absence of commercialized farming in the area is highly associated with law interesting ratios. A combination of high fertility and low income is an indication of poverty and under development.

High rate of stress. Due to gender discrimination organizational politics became a common press. This kind of politics takes the form of power struggle and unequal resource allocation among members of the organization. When productive roles combine with this form of politics, the victims is exposed to anxiety, stress, trauma which all have implication one ones performance at work. More significantly, a combination of these factors directly affects ones health status hence determining his or her life expectancy.

They also identified one as “Barrier to achievement” gender discrimination prevents the victims from achieving his/her desired goals particularly along professional lines. This failure usually occurs due to discriminative practices like denying the victim access to progressive opportunities and being pessimistic of ones performance. Similarly failure to achievement may occur when an individual is presented stereotypical challenges to face.

Discrediting human dignity. Some of the traditional values and practices that are undertaken by the Bakiga are discrediting and dehumanizing human

28 dignity. Consequently the performance of these rituals (like prolonging women’s clitoris) instill inferiority complex in the affected individual consequently hiring their performance in development.

5.2. Recommendations Uganda is a patriarchal society where by the male are the dominant players in decision making and the females are sub-ordinates to them, consequently. It is the females who shoulder most of the productive and reproductive roles. Inspire of female’s participation in development activities, their efforts are not recognized. Therefore, the aim of Uganda’s gender policy is to guide and direct at all levels of planning, resource allocation and implementation of programmes from a gender perspective basically this is to ensure equity in access and benefits by males and females.

The 1995 Uganda constitution lays out strategies for averting gender discrimination. Most of these strategies are embedded under the affirmative action. The affirmative action are basically what the state intends to do about the status of the oppressed kind of people. In Uganda these include, females, children and marginalized groups of persons. This constitution stipulates the following in relation to curbing down inequality and gender discrimination.

In advocating for equality, the constitution prohibits gender based discrimination in all aspects of Uganda’s special economic and political rights. Implementation of this is in line with the United Nations Convention (UNC) on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against the women (CEDAW). It requires that all signatory governments take necessary action to ensure that the females enjoy this equality.

Article 180 of the 1995 Uganda constitution explains representation in the local government. It states that one third (1/3) of membership of the local

29 government council (LC) shall be reserved for the females. This provision is to ensure that females achieve participation in decision making right from grass root level. Meanwhile, within the decentralized agenda, there is an obligation to achieve gender responsive planning. This is through interpreting gender issues into National, District and Sectoral Development Plans. It is also achieved by fostering gender awareness among local politicians and District staffs in order to enable them address gender issues.

According to the Local Government Act 1997, the provision is that 30% of the seats on local council be reserved for female. This Act also established the secretaries for women on village and parish councils holder to incorporate the female in decision making.

Article 78 of the same constitution stipulates parliamentary composition and it reserves a seat for a common representative from each District. However any female who is capable to compete with other candidates at ordinary constituency level is free to do so. As an affirmative action, this was necessary due to the uncertainty about the number of female who may be elected at the constituency level.

Article 21 of the constitution also affirms equality and freedom from discrimination. This chapter on Human Rights Proclaims equality of all persons (male and female) before and under the law. It clearly states that a person should not be treated differently on the basis of his/her sex, colour, ethnic background, religious affiliation as well as political opinion. It is also against those cultures that directly inflict pain on individuals or reduces human dignity. In education sector, the following recommendations have been made. That the government should aim at gradually instituting universal compulsory primary education. This should be with special regard to enrolling both boys and girls and ensuring that they are maintained in school. Implementation of 30 this is in line with the Millennium Development Goal No. 2 currently, universal secondary education has also been employed. Meanwhile in higher education, the female are benefiting from additional 1.5 points at the time of intake into the universities and tertiary institutions. This is a means of smoking equality in the enrollment in higher institution of learning and also motivates young female to stay in school.

The basis co-curricular education should rotate along cultural adjustments and vocation. Therefore school curriculum should be designed in the light of gender demands and concerns to avoid stereotyping.

This should integrate family life education and life skills in its system. Under the family life education, the children must be taught on how to share roles as long as laws on inheritance and property ownership are concerned.

More qualified females should be promoted to higher positions of responsibilities in their respective professions. These would provide more role models and encourage positive attitudes towards female education and leadership. There should also be promotion of women economic independent including employment and eradication of the persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women. Government should draw up and implement adult literacy programmes to promote women’s participation in political life. There should be provision of women equal access to economic resources including credit, science and technology in order to advance and empower women. There should be empowerment and advancement of women by the government including rights of thought, conscience, religion and belief. The government should therefore create a climate of tolerance for the rights of all people especially women.

31 REFERENCES

A world Bank Country Study (1993), Growing out of Poverty, Washington USA.

Richard Gells (1995), Sociologz1’ an introduction 7th Edition, New York Stephen (1996) Sociologzj Annual Edition, USA.

Franzio L. Stephen (1996)Sociology Annual Edition USA.

A World Bank Policy Research Report (2002) Engendering Development, Washington USA.

Trainers Manual (2003) Violence Against Women,Nairobj Kenya.

Duskin (2000—2001)Sociology 29th Edition, United States of America.

Gender Bulletion (1999)Ministry of Gender Labour and Development, Canada.

Kurt Finsterbursech (1986) Sociologzj 7th Edition USA.

Key Issues in the MDGs (2006) Facing Challenges of Sustainable Development.

Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against Women (2000) United Nations Conventions on Discrimination Against Women.

IssaToure (2007) Girls and Gender Discrimination, Nairobi-Kenya.

32 APPENDIX:-I QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR STUDENT

Dear Respondents, I am Thgumenawe Farida Kampala International University persuing a Bachelor’s Degree in Development Studies.

As part of my study, I am carrying out a research “EFFECTS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION ON DEVELOPMENT” your Sub-county has been my area of great concern.

I therefore seek for your ideas and views concerning the different questions asked on this questionnaire. Your views will be felt with confidentiality.

PART I:- PERSONAL BIO DATA Tick in the appropriate box below;

Name (Optional) Sex (Male, Female)

Age: 5-18 19-35 and above ____

Marital status: Single _____ married _____ Divorced _____

Religion, Christian _____ Muslim _____ Others _____

Educational level

Occupation

Village Parish

Sub-county

Thank you May God guide you as you answer

33 APPENDIX:-II QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR LOCAL

1. In your own opinion, how to you understand by the meaning of Gender Discrimination.

2. Have you ever experienced Gender Discrimination either in your home or at local government level?

3. If yes, what type of gender discrimination did you experience?

4. What do you think are the course of gender Discrimination?

5. Do men and women play equal roles in your Village, Parish, Sub-county

level respectively? _____ Yes I I No I (tick appropriate) 6. (a) What are the roles played by men? (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (b) What are the roles played by women? (Examples). (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

7. Is the Government of Uganda providing measures to eliminate causes of Gender Discrimination in your area?

Yes L No _____ (tick appropriate) 8. If yes, what has the Government done to eliminate gender Discrimination?

34 (i) (ii) (iii). (iv) (v) (vi) 9. A part from the Government, is there any Organization or movement that have lied to help women? Mention at least three? (i) (ii) (iii) 10. How have they tried to help the women in your Area?

11. In your own opinion, suggest possible solutions that can be employed to carb down Gender Discrimination in your Sub-county? (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Thank you “May the Almighty God highly bless you”

35 APPENDIX:-III - BUDGET

ITEM QUANTITY AMOUNT Stationery 2 reams of papers 30,000/= Transport 2 routes 160,000/= Meals 20 meals 40,000/= Typing and Printing 4 copies of dissertation 40,000/= Binding 4 copies 120,000/= Photocopying 4 copies 10,000/= Communication Airtime 25,000/= Accommodation Lodge (4 days) 40,000/= Miscellaneous 40,0O0/~ TOTAL 500,000/=

36 APPENDIX:-IV- STUDY WORK PLAN

Activity Description Time frame

Proposal writing and December 2012 — submission Feb 2013

Data collection Distribution of questionnaires, Feb — April 2013 interviews and getting data

Data analysis, April — May 2013 Research writing, editing and submission

37