The Ancient City Arjan Zuiderhoek Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19835-6 — The Ancient City Arjan Zuiderhoek Index More Information

Index

aediles, 92, 138, 175 Augusta Praetoria, 61 Aegina, 145 augustales, 102, 124, 129 ager, 37, 67 autonomy, as characteristic of the polis, 158 agora, 29–30, 65, 67, 69, 86, 146 and forum in late antique cities, 184 banquet, public, 94 Athenian, 69, 142, 188 basilica, 65 agoranomoi, 92, 138, 175 baths, 146 agricultural productivity, 24 benefactors, public, 94, 180 in Classical Greece, 115 bishop and clergy, role in late antique cities, 174–5, agriculture, 11–12, 20, 50, 55, 77, 106, 109, 113, 118, 180–1 126, 134 bourgeoisie, 13 in city and suburban areas, 133 in medieval and early modern Europe, 106 agro-towns, 45 Alba Fucens, 59 capitalism, 10–12, 14, 43, 107, 130–1 Alexandria, Egypt, 3, 22, 58, 145 Carthage, 7, 76, 145 amphitheatres, 65, 96 Celaenae-Apamea, 38, 141 ancient city, concept of, 1, 8 cemeteries, 30 ancient economy, Finley’s model of, 11, 17 censors animals, in cities, 133 at Rome, 92 annona, 145 urban, 143 Antioch, Syria, 3, 51, 145 census classes, Roman, 110, 126 Aphrodisias, 171 Central Place Theory, 51 aqueducts, 146 charity, 181 arboriculture, 40 chattel slaves, 111 archaeological surface surveys, results of, 38 children, 96, 102, 110 Archaic polis, 3, 26 chora, 37–8, 41, 49, 51 Archaic Rome, 26, 28–9 churches, 184 archons, 92 circus, 97 Areopagus, 88 cities and states, 149, 159 Argos, 24, 29, 31, 89 citizen community, 20 associations, 13, 18, 138, 147, 189 citizens, 110 at Athens, 121 diﬀerentiation among citizens in poleis, 114 in Hellenistic poleis, 122 citizenship, 8, 11–12, 19, 28, 78, 146, 181 professional, 102, 140 Greek, 26 Roman professional, 126 origin of, 26 Roman professional, organisation of, 125 Roman, 26, 28, 83 asty, 37 city and country, 37 Athens, 24, 27, 29–30, 46, 49, 54, 58, 66, 68, 87, in late antiquity, 176 89, 96, 109, 133, 141–2, 144–5, 188–9 literary representations of, 41 grain supply of, 49 city council, 78, 86–7, 153 magistrates at, 90 at Sparta, 82, 88

221

222 Index

city council (cont.) crystallisation of the polis, 23 replacement by ‘notables’ in late antique cities, cult rituals, 95 173 curatores rei publicae, 172 city councillors, 93, 102–3, 122, 129, 156 cursus honorum, 92 city plan, 3 customs dues, 142 ‘organic’, 57 Cyrene, 30, 97, 189 orthogonal (‘Hippodamian’), 33, 57, 59 city walls, 1, 29, 40, 67, 183 dairy farming, 50, 133 city, definition of, 4 decline density, 4 of cities, 167, 188 Greek and Roman definition, 7 of the Roman Empire, 167 legal and political criteria, 7 defensor civitatis, 173 population, 4 Delos, 142 population makeup, 5 demand, seasonality of, 138 universal concept of urbanism, 7 demes, 37, 121 city-state, 149, 159 democracy, 11, 82, 89, 189 and macro-state, 150 Athenian, 79 city-state cultures, 150 in the Roman Republic, 84, 190 civic identity, 94 democracy, Athenian civic ideology, Athenian, 112 reality of, 80 civic model of society, 180, 182 democratic cities, 79 civic munificence, 101, 103 demographic volatility in late antiquity, 182 and social mobility, in Classical poleis, 119 civic political institutions, 78 and social mobility, in Roman cities, 128 civic politics, 78, 189 dispersed cities, 5 Christianization of, 176 distributions, 95, 102 in late antiquity, 169 of grain, 145 civic ritual, 94 diversity, within status groups, 110 civil society, 19 division of labour, 134 civitates peregrinae, 7, 84 Dreros, 30 cohesion, civic, 99 archaic law, 27, 90 collective practices, 95–6 duoviri, 92 collegia. See associations collegia magistrates, 129 economic growth, 44 colonia. See colonies in Archaic and Classical Greece, 116 Colonia Agrippina, 61 elections colonies Roman, 85 Greek, 21, 32 elitist school in political theory, 79, 157 Latin, 83 emperors, Roman, 51 Roman, 7, 22, 34, 84, 92, 187 empire, Athenian, 33 colonisation, Archaic Greek, 25, 32, 187 Emporiae, 70 concentration of wealth, in democratic Athens, 116 Ephesus, 68, 98, 102, 145, 183 construction, 138 ephors, 82, 92 consuls, 91–2, 155 Epidaurus, 143 consumer city, 11, 13–14, 44, 132, 188 equality, political, 12 criticism of the model, 44 and economic growth, 117 Erdkamp’s model of, 46 Erythrai, 163 cooperation, between citizens and non-citizens in ethnos, 13, 16–17, 25, 160 the polis, 112 Etruscan cities, 28, 83 Corinth, 27, 31, 144–5 European urban exceptionalism, 107 Cosa, 59 Council of 500, 79, 87 factories, 137–8 council of elders, 88 failed poleis, 29 created cities, 21 farmers, 108, 115 cross-town traffic, 70 Ferentinum, 102

Index 223

fertility, 5, 74 Hellenistic, 34, 51 festivals, 40, 94, 103, 189 in Archaic Rome, 28, 82 gifts towards, 104 kitchen gardens, 40, 133 tax remissions during, 143 koinon, 18, 158, 160 Finley, Moses Korykos, 135, 179 model of ancient city, 9, 11, 44, 131 Kyme, 94, 102 spectrum of statuses model, 111 Kyzikos, 142 food supply, urban, 144, 189 formalisation of the polis, 23, 28 landownership, in Attica, 116 forum, 29–30, 65, 67, 86, 146 Laodicea, 139 foundation of cities, 51 Latium Vetus, 25 Hellenistic, 34 cities in, 83 Roman, 34 leisure class, at Athens, 114 founder, colonial, 33 liberti. See freedmen free spaces, in the Greek polis, 120 liturgies, at Athens, 104 freedmen, 11, 13, 44, 96, 102, 110, 189 liturgy-class, at Athens, 114 at Athens, 112 livestock breeding, 50 economic role in the polis, 112 Lydian kingdom, 159 Roman, 123 Roman, diﬀerentiation among, 123 Macedon, kingdom of, 54, 159 Fustel de Coulanges, 9, 68 magistracies categorisation of, 92 games, 95–7, 104, 110, 184 in Republican Rome, 83 grain, 139 magistrates, 78, 155 import of, 144 election of, 91 grain funds, municipal, 145 power of, 91 gymnasium, 65, 146 rules and regulations concerning, 90 manufacture, 13, 48, 131–2, 188 Hellenistic kings and cities, relationship specialised, 134 between, 162 manufacture and commerce, elite involvement helots, 82 in, 137 Hierapolis, 139 manufacturers, 108, 143 hinterland, 6, 49, 133 market dues, 142 Hippodamus of Miletus, 59 Megara, 30, 145 Homeric basileis, 22 Megara Hyblaea, 30, 33, 59 Homeric polis, 22 memory, civic, 97 homoioi, 82 Metapontum, 30 honestiores, 122 metoikion, 120, 142 Honoratiorenschicht, 79, 81 metoikoi. See resident foreigners horticulture, 40, 50, 133 middle class, 11, 129 humiliores, 122 dominating the Athenian assembly, 80 in medieval and early modern European cities, 106 identity, collective, 97 or bourgeoisie, absence in ancient cities, 107 imperium, 91–2, 155 middling groups, 31, 86, 108, 130, 189 Industrial Revolution, 12, 14, 107, 131 in the Classical polis, 118 insula, 61, 72, 137 Roman, economic basis of, 126 Iron Law of Oligarchy, 79, 189 Roman, or plebs media, not a bourgeoisie/ Ithaca, 7, 24 middle class, 127 size at Athens, 115 jury courts, 79 size of, in fourth century BCE Greek world, 115 size of, in Roman Empire, 124 Kaunos, 142 middling ideology, in Archaic Greece, 117 kingdoms, Hellenistic, 162 Miletus, 59, 139 kings mixed constitution, 82, 84 at Sparta, 82 monarchy, 82

224 Index

monopoly of violence, 152, 154 Greek, 28, 42, 79, 153 mortality, 5, 74 in Roman cities, 90 seasonal, 76 Roman, 85, 155 municipal charters, Roman, 90 Sparta, 82 municipium, 7, 34, 83, 92 post-Classical polis, 187 Latin, 84 monumentalisation of, 65 Myra, 142 oligarchisation of, 81, 160, 189 popular politics in, 81, 161 naturalisation, in Greek poleis, 112, 120 post-Roman urban continuity, model of, 184 nauarchs, 92 praetors, 91–2, 155 Nemausus, 38, 141 predation, 147, 166, 175 Nicaea, 144 price regulation, 145 non-citizens in the polis, social diﬀerentiation, 112 Priene, 59 probouleusis, 88 Oenoanda, 38, 40 processions, 95–6, 104 oligarchic poleis, 80 at imperial Ephesus, 98 oligarchy, 82, 89 producer city, 11, 14, 43 in the Roman Republic, 84 property rights, 146 olive oil, 139 property, urban, 137 Olynthus, 59 public banquet Orcistus, 7 Greek, 101 ordo decurionum, 103, 124 Roman, 101 decline of, in late antique cities, 170 public buildings, 57–8, 143 ordo equester, 107, 122 gifts towards, 104 ordo senatorius, 122 in late antique cities, 183 origins of the ancient city, 20, 187 public honours, 104 Ostia, 70 public slaves, 111

Palmyra, 142 quaestors, 92 Parthenon, 68, 143 quattuorviri, 92 participation, 78 participation, political, 12 rank-size model, 52 economic eﬀects, 19, 146 resident foreigners, 11, 13, 44, 95, 102, 110, 142, 189 participatory ideal (of the polis), 79 at Athens, 112 pastoralism, 50 Athenian, integration of, 121 patronage, 78, 84 economic role in the polis, 112 civic, 165 participation in festivals, 96 Pergamon, 68 privileges of, in Classical poleis, 120 Pericles, citizenship law of, 120 retailers, 108, 142 perioikoi, 82 revenues, of cities, 141 Persia, confrontation of the Greeks with, 160 Rhodes, 141 philoi, 81, 162 Roman emperors and cities, relationship Piraeus, 59, 145 between, 163 plebs media, 125, 189 Roman provincial city, 3, 42 as origin of collegia membership, 126 Roman Republic, 51, 66, 151 Pnyx, 66, 86 Rome, City of, 30, 46, 54, 68–9, 76, 133, 141, 144, polis membership, concept of, 120 187–8 polis/civitas as a stateless society, 151–2, 190 food supply of, 50 and collective practices, 100 immigration into, 73 political autonomy, 16 material appearance after Augustus, 66 political systems, 79 public building, 144 Pompeii, 62, 69–70, 85, 90, 133, 136, 143, 186–8, 190 Samos, 145 popular assembly, 78, 89 Scheria, 28 at Athens, 89 Selinous, 59 City of Rome, 28, 83, 89 Selymbria, 145

Index 225

Senate interregional, 139 in Archaic Rome, 82 traders, 108, 143 in Republican Rome, 83–4, 87–8, 155 trades and crafts, geographical clustering of, 140 senatusconsulta, 88 transaction costs, 48, 138, 175 service city, 13 tribunes of the plebs, 92 service providers, 108, 143 Troy, 7, 23 service provision, 132 sewers, 72, 146 urban disease environment, 18, 72, 76 ship-building, 138 urban ecology, 18 Silchester, 70 urban economy, 131, 188 sitonai, 92 in late antiquity, 178 slavery, 11 intervention by civic authorities, 140 slaves, 11, 13, 44, 96, 111, 113, 142, 182 urban excess mortality, 17 economic role in the polis, 112 ‘urban graveyard’ theory, 5, 72–3 social hierarchy, civic, 101 criticism of, 74 social mobility, 106, 108 urban landscape, 5, 7, 18, 20, 56–7, 86, 133, 188 among non-citizens in Classical poleis, 119 differences between Greek and Roman, 65 in Roman cities, 128 in late antiquity, 183 in the Classical polis, 118 meaning of, 67 Solon, reforms of, 27–8, 110, 114, 145 origin of typical Greco-Roman, 28 Sparta, 8, 24, 27, 29, 33, 54, 82, 89, 109, 119, 151 urban living conditions, 71 specialisation, 134, 179, 188 urban network, 4, 50, 54, 188 horizontal, 134, 139 ‘top-heavy’, 35, 52 occupational, 5, 21, 135 Urban Revolution, Childe’s model of, 6, 20, 57, vertical, 134, 138 186 specialist cities, 139 urban society, 106 spread of cities, 20, 32 stratification, 106 stasis, 156 urban space, 18 state and society, in the polis, 109 innovative approaches to, 71 state formation, cities and, 20 urban street networks, 70 state, definition of, 149, 157 urban systems, 14, 52 status groups, at Athens, 111 urbanisation, 3, 5, 35, 137, 187–8 strategoi, 92 as proxy for agricultural productivity, 55 stratification urbanism, comparative study of, 2 in Roman imperial cities, 122 urbs, 37, 67 in the Classical polis, 111 streets, 58, 67, 70 Veii, 141 suburban areas, 40, 133 villages, 1, 37–8, 41, 50, 149 synoecism, 24 political institutions, 40 Von Thünen’s model of agricultural location, Tarsus, 139 50 taxation voting civic control over, in late antiquity, 177 at Athens, 89 direct, 141 in Sparta, 89 indirect, 142 temples, 29–30, 58, 65, 146 Weber, Max, model of ancient city, 9–10, 44 Teos, 142 wholesale traders, 142 Termessos, 68 wine, 139 territorium, 37, 41, 49, 51 wives, of citizens, 110 textile manufacture, 139 women, 96, 102, 113, 142 Thasos, 141 wool production, 139 theatres, 86, 96, 146 workshops, 62, 136, 138, 189 Thera, 97 location of, 136 Tifernum, 38 public, 141 trade, 13, 48, 131–2, 188 Roman, 127