United States In cooperation with Department of West Virginia Agricultural Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Soil Survey of Station Natural Berkeley County, Resources Conservation Service West Virginia
3
How to Use This Soil Survey
General Soil Map
The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.
To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.
Detailed Soil Maps
The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.
To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and go to that sheet.
Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Go to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.
The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4
This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1994. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Eastern Panhandle Soil Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Cover: Sleepy Creek Lake, an impoundment of Meadow Branch in Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area. It is an excellent largemouth bass fishery. Calvin channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, and Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony, are on the adjacent uplands.
Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 5
Contents
Cover ...... 1 CaB—Calvin channery loam, 3 to How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 8 percent slopes ...... 43 Contents ...... 5 CaC—Calvin channery loam, 8 to Foreword ...... 9 15 percent slopes ...... 45 General Nature of the County ...... 11 CaD—Calvin channery loam, 15 to Settlement and Population ...... 11 25 percent slopes ...... 46 Farming ...... 11 CaE—Calvin channery loam, 25 to Transportation and Industry ...... 12 35 percent slopes ...... 48 Relief and Drainage ...... 12 CaF—Calvin channery loam, 35 to Climate ...... 13 65 percent slopes ...... 49 Water Supply ...... 13 CbB—Caneyville silt loam, 3 to 8 percent How This Survey Was Made ...... 13 slopes ...... 51 Map Unit Composition ...... 15 CcC—Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to General Soil Map Units ...... 17 15 percent slopes ...... 53 Soil Descriptions ...... 17 CcD—Caneyville silty clay loam, 15 to 1. Buchanan-Poorhouse ...... 17 25 percent slopes ...... 54 2. Calvin ...... 18 CeB—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 3 to 3. Dekalb-Hazleton ...... 18 8 percent slopes ...... 56 4. Downsville ...... 20 CeC—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 8 to 5. Duffield-Ryder-Nollville ...... 21 15 percent slopes ...... 58 6. Hagerstown-Funkstown ...... 22 CgB—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to 7. Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo...... 23 8 percent slopes ...... 61 8. Pecktonville-Blackthorn-Caneyville ...... 25 CgC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to 9. Swanpond-Carbo-Opequon ...... 26 15 percent slopes ...... 63 10. Urban Land ...... 27 ChC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to 11. Weikert-Berks-Clearbrook ...... 27 15 percent slopes, very rocky ...... 66 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 ChE—Carbo-Opequon complex, 15 to Soil Descriptions ...... 29 35 percent slopes, very rocky ...... 69 At—Atkins silt loam ...... 29 CkB—Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent BkE—Blackthorn very gravelly loam, 15 to slopes ...... 71 35 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 31 CmB—Clearbrook channery silt loam, 0 to BpE—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly 8 percent slopes ...... 73 loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes, CrB—Clearbrook-Berks channery silt extremely stony ...... 32 loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 74 BpF—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly Cs—Combs fine sandy loam...... 77 loams, 35 to 45 percent slopes, DaC—Dekalb channery loam, 8 to extremely stony ...... 34 15 percent slopes ...... 78 BuB—Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to DaD—Dekalb channery loam, 15 to 8 percent slopes ...... 36 25 percent slopes ...... 79 BuC—Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to DaE—Dekalb channery loam, 25 to 15 percent slopes ...... 38 35 percent slopes ...... 81 BxC—Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent DkC—Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to slopes, extremely stony ...... 39 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 83 BxE—Buchanan loam, 15 to 35 percent DrE—Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to slopes, extremely stony ...... 41 25 percent slopes, rubbly ...... 84 6
DsB—Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to HsE—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 15 to 8 percent slopes ...... 85 35 percent slopes, extremely stony ..... 127 DsC—Downsville gravelly loam, 8 to HsF—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to 15 percent slopes ...... 88 65 percent slopes, extremely stony ..... 129 DsD—Downsville gravelly loam, 15 to Hu—Huntington silt loam ...... 130 25 percent slopes ...... 89 La—Lappans (marl) loam...... 132 DuB—Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent Ln—Lindside silt loam ...... 134 slopes ...... 90 MhA—Monongahela silt loam, 0 to DuC—Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 3 percent slopes ...... 135 slopes ...... 92 MhB—Monongahela silt loam, 3 to DyB—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 137 8 percent slopes ...... 94 MhC—Monongahela silt loam, 8 to DyC—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 139 15 percent slopes ...... 95 MoB—Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to Dz—Dunning silt loam...... 97 8 percent slopes ...... 141 Fa—Fairplay (marl) silt loam ...... 98 MrB—Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent Fk—Funkstown silt loam ...... 100 slopes ...... 142 FnA—Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded ...... 101 MrC—Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to FsA—Funkstown gravelly silt loam, 15 percent slopes ...... 144 nonflooded...... 102 PeB—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to HbA—Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 145 3 percent slopes ...... 104 PeC—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 8 to HbB—Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes ...... 147 8 percent slopes ...... 105 PeD—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 15 to HbC—Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 148 15 percent slopes ...... 107 PgC—Pecktonville very gravelly loam, HcB—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely 8 percent slopes ...... 109 stony...... 150 HcC—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to Ph—Philo silt loam ...... 151 15 percent slopes ...... 111 PoA—Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent HcD—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to slopes ...... 153 25 percent slopes ...... 113 PoB—Poorhouse silt loam, 3 to 8 percent HdB—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to slopes ...... 154 8 percent slopes ...... 114 Ps—Pope fine sandy loam ...... 156 HdC—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 8 to Px—Pope silt loam ...... 158 15 percent slopes ...... 116 Qm—Quarry, limestone ...... 159 HdD—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 15 Qs—Quarry, shale ...... 159 to 25 percent slopes ...... 118 ReF—Rock outcrop-Opequon complex, HgC—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop 25 to 60 percent slopes ...... 160 complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes ...... 120 RnB—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, HgE—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 161 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 122 RnC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, HkF—Hazleton-Berks channery loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 163 35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely RnD—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, stony...... 125 15 to 25 percent slopes ...... 165 7
RvC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, Classification of the Soils ...... 213 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky ...... 167 Taxonomic Units and Their Morphology ...... 213 SwA—Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent Atkins Series ...... 214 slopes ...... 169 Berks Series...... 215 SwB—Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent Blackthorn Series ...... 215 slopes ...... 171 Buchanan Series ...... 217 TyA—Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent Calvin Series ...... 218 slopes ...... 173 Caneyville Series ...... 219 TyB—Tygart silt loam, 3 to 8 percent Carbo Series ...... 220 slopes ...... 175 Clearbrook Series ...... 220 Ua—Udorthents, smoothed ...... 176 Combs Series ...... 221 Ub—Urban land ...... 177 Dekalb Series ...... 222 UkC—Urban land-Berks complex, 0 to Downsville Series ...... 223 15 percent slopes ...... 178 Duffield Series ...... 224 UvC—Urban land-Carbo-Endcav complex, Dunning Series ...... 225 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 179 Endcav Series ...... 226 UwC—Urban land-Hagerstown complex, Fairplay Series ...... 226 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 181 Funkstown Series ...... 228 W—Water ...... 182 Hagerstown Series ...... 228 WbB—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams Hazleton Series ...... 229 complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 182 Huntington Series ...... 230 WbC—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, Lappans Series ...... 231 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 184 Lindside Series ...... 232 WbD—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, Monongahela Series ...... 233 15 to 25 percent slopes ...... 186 Murrill Series ...... 234 WkF—Weikert-Berks very channery silt Nollville Series ...... 235 loams, 25 to 70 percent slopes ...... 188 Opequon Series ...... 236 Prime Farmland ...... 191 Pecktonville Series ...... 237 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 193 Philo Series ...... 238 Crops and Pasture ...... 193 Poorhouse Series ...... 239 Yields per Acre ...... 194 Pope Series ...... 240 Land Capability Classification ...... 195 Ryder Series ...... 241 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 197 Swanpond Series ...... 242 Recreation ...... 199 Tygart Series ...... 243 Wildlife Habitat ...... 201 Udorthents ...... 244 Engineering ...... 202 Weikert Series ...... 244 Building Site Development ...... 202 Formation of the Soils ...... 247 Sanitary Facilities ...... 203 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 247 Construction Materials ...... 204 Parent Material, Time, and Climate ...... 247 Water Management ...... 205 Living Organisms ...... 247 Soil Properties ...... 209 Topography ...... 247 Engineering Index Properties ...... 209 Morphology of the Soils ...... 248 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 210 Geology ...... 248 Soil and Water Features ...... 211 References ...... 251 8
Glossary ...... 253 Table 8.—Woodland Management and Tables ...... 265 Productivity ...... 277 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 266 Table 9.—Recreational Development ...... 285 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 294 Fall ...... 267 Table 11.—Building Site Development ...... 301 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 267 Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 310 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Table 13.—Construction Materials ...... 319 Extent of the Soils ...... 268 Table 14.—Water Management ...... 326 Table 5.—Prime Farmland ...... 270 Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 333 Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 271 Properties of the Soils ...... 352 Table 7.—Capability Classes and Table 17.—Soil and Water Features ...... 361 Subclasses ...... 276 Table 18.—Classification of the Soils ...... 366
Issued 2002 9
Foreword
This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in Berkeley County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.
William J. Hartman State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service 10
Morgantown Martinsburg 144 miles Baltimore, MD 81 miles 255 miles Parkersburg Washington, DC 80 miles Winchester, VA 23 miles 296 miles
✪ CHARLESTON
Location of Berkeley County in West Virginia. 11
Soil Survey of Berkeley County, West Virginia
By James W. Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service
Fieldwork by James W. Bell, Mary Ellen M. Cook, Luis A. Hernandez, and S. Jason Teets, Natural Resources Conservation Service
Map finishing by Timothy Prescott, Denise Donelson, Linda Handley, and Debra Murphy, Natural Resources Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station
BERKELEY COUNTY is in the eastern panhandle of Norborne Berkeley (Baron de Botetourt), who was the West Virginia (see map on page 10). It has an area Colonial Governor of Virginia from 1768 to 1770. of 205,900 acres, or approximately 322 square miles. In about 1726, Colonel Morgan Morgan founded the The county is bounded on the north by the Potomac first permanent settlement when he built a log cabin River, which separates it from Washington County, near what is now Bunker Hill. German and Scots-Irish Maryland; on the east by Jefferson County, West immigrants from the northern colonies next settled in Virginia; on the west by Morgan County, West Virginia; the area. They were attracted by the fertile soils, and on the south by Frederick County, Virginia. The flowing springs, and abundant game in the eastern three-fifths of the county is part of the smooth, Shenandoah Valley. fertile Shenandoah Valley. The landscape in the Martinsburg, the county seat, was founded by western two-fifths of the county is characterized by Adam Stephen and named in honor of Thomas Bryan narrow valleys and steep, rugged mountains. Martin, a nephew of Lord Fairfax and member of the This soil survey updates the survey of the county Virginia House of Burgesses. It was incorporated in that was completed in 1960 (Gorman, Pasto, and 1778. Crocker 1966). It provides additional information and In 1990, Berkeley County had a population of has a more recent aerial photobase. 59,253, which ranked as the eighth largest population in West Virginia (West Virginia State Senate 1992). In General Nature of the County recent years, it has experienced a significant influx of people from the urban centers to the east. It is now This section provides general information about considered to be part of the Greater Baltimore- Berkeley County. It describes settlement and Washington, DC, metropolitan area. The population of population, farming, transportation and industry, relief Martinsburg, the largest town in the county, was and drainage, climate, and water supply. 14,073 in 1990.
Settlement and Population Farming
Berkeley County was formed in 1772 from the In 1997, the county had 509 farms, averaging about northern third of Frederick County by an Act of the 143 acres in size. The total acreage of farmland was Virginia Assembly (Doherty 1972). It was named for 72,603, which was down from 80,255 acres in 1987 12 Soil Survey
(USDA 1999; U.S. Department of Commerce 1994). Creek and its tributaries—Dry Run, Evans Run, Hoke About 37 percent of the farms in the county were Run, Middle Creek, Mill Creek, Sylvan Run, and operated on a full-time commercial basis. Cropland Tuscarora Creek. In addition, significant areas are and pasture made up about 29 percent of the county. drained by Harland Run and Rockymarsh Run, which Most of the farmland is in the Shenandoah Valley. flow directly into the Potomac River. Farming and the acreage used for farming have The part of the valley that is underlain by limestone declined in recent years because of an increase in is characterized by gently sloping and strongly sloping, urbanization. low upland ridges. These ridges are shallowly The total market value of all farm products sold in dissected by nearly level valleys, depressions, and Berkeley County in 1997 was $17,114,000. The intermittent drainageways. In many areas the slopes principle sources of farm income were fruit, dairy are complex, giving the landscape an undulating products, beef, hogs, and poultry. The county was the appearance. Sinkholes are common in many areas. number one producer of fruit, chiefly apples and Surface water often disappears underground through peaches, in West Virginia. sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone bedrock. Intermittent drainageways commonly do not Transportation and Industry have a defined channel. The part of the valley that is underlain by shale is Interstate 81 and U.S. Route 11 are the main characterized by gently sloping and strongly sloping highways that run north and south through the county. ridgetops and steep and very steep side slopes. The They run roughly parallel to each other through the landscape is strongly dissected by intermittent and Shenandoah Valley. Interstate 81 has seven perennial streams. The flood plains along streams are interchanges in the county. State Routes 45, 51, and 9 generally narrow. are the main east-west thoroughfares in the county. North Mountain is a prominent landscape feature Two major railroads serve the county, along with that marks the western flank of the Shenandoah Amtrak passenger service and a commuter rail Valley. It rises dramatically from 400 to 1,000 feet service from Martinsburg. The Eastern Regional above the valley floor to the east. It bisects the county Airport, located south of Martinsburg, provides service completely from north to south and is broken by gaps to private airplanes. through which the major east-west roadways run. The The county has a diverse economy. Goods most prominent gap is at Hedgesville in the northern manufactured in the county include bricks, cement, part of the county, where State Route 9 breaches the cookware, fiberglass products, and prefabricated mountain. homes. The manufacture of apple products also To the west of North Mountain, the landscape is contributes to the economy. Limestone continues to be characterized by narrower valleys and low ridges quarried in several locations. The county is a center for underlain by Devonian and Silurian age shales and product supply and distribution because of its limestones and by higher, prominent ridges formed by accessibility to the interstate highway system. Mississippian and Devonian age sandstones. Most of this area is drained by Back Creek and its tributaries— Relief and Drainage Elk Branch and Tilhance Creek. These drainageways form a trellis pattern, which is typical in the Northern Berkeley County lies completely within the Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys physiographic Appalachian Ridges and Valleys physiographic province. Broad areas of nearly level flood plains and province (Austin 1965). The major landforms consist of alluvial terraces are along Back Creek. a series of parallel ridges and valleys that have a The shale uplands are strongly dissected and have southwest-northeast orientation. The county is drained low, narrow to broad, gently sloping or strongly sloping by the Potomac River and its tributaries. The lowest ridgetops and steep or very steep side slopes. The elevation in the county is 340 feet, where the Potomac streams dissecting these uplands have narrow flood River leaves the county. plains. The relief from the flood plains to the ridgetops The eastern three-fifths of the county is located generally ranges from 100 to 300 feet. within the Shenandoah Valley, which is part of the The limestone forms a narrow valley that has Great Valley of the Appalachians that extends from strongly sloping valley sides. This valley is surrounded Georgia to New York. The average elevation in the by low, rather broad sandstone ridges, including Ferrel Shenandoah Valley is about 650 feet. The valley is and Wilson Ridges. underlain by Ordovician and Cambrian age limestones Third Hill and Sleepy Creek Mountains dominate and shales. Most of the valley is drained by Opequon the landscape along the western edge of the county. Berkeley County, West Virginia 13
These mountains are very steep and rugged and are 63 percent of the time in summer and 52 percent in capped by hard sandstone that outcrops in many winter. The prevailing wind is from the west-northwest. areas along their crest. They rise about 1,000 to 1,600 Average windspeed is highest, 11 miles per hour, in feet above the flood plain of Back Creek to the east. March. 1 About 5 /2 miles north of the West Virginia-Virginia State line, the mountains are united at “Locks of the Water Supply Mountain.” Directly southeast of this point, along the Most parts of the county have an adequate water crest of Third Hill Mountain is “Shanghai Beacon,” supply from wells, springs, or streams. Drilled wells which at 2,172 feet is the highest point in the county. commonly supply domestic water systems in rural The high, narrow valley between Sleepy Creek and areas. Sources of water for public water-supply Third Hill Mountains is drained by Meadow Branch, systems include abandoned limestone quarries, large which is impounded near its headwaters to form limestone springs, and drilled wells (fig. 1). Farm Sleepy Creek Lake. ponds often supply water for livestock and fire Climate protection in rural areas. There is an abundance of springs in the county. The springs are most numerous Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation and most productive in the areas of limestone. for the survey area as recorded at Martinsburg in the The primary source of water for most domestic and period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows probable dates of public water-supply systems is ground water. The the first freeze in the fall and the last freeze in spring. ground water of the county can be divided into two Table 3 provides data on the length of the growing categories in accordance with its rock source. The two season. principal types of rocks from which water is obtained In winter, the average temperature is 32 degrees F are carbonate rocks, mostly limestone and dolomite, and the average daily minimum temperature is 23 and noncarbonate rocks, mostly shale (Beiber 1961). degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which In those areas underlain by limestone, the supply of occurred at Martinsburg on January 17, 1982, is -13 ground water is generally abundant, but the depth to degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 73 good water-bearing strata varies and water levels are degrees and the average daily maximum is 85 subject to a rapid and wide range of seasonal degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred at fluctuations. The average depth of wells in these areas Martinsburg on July 11, 1936, is 112 degrees. is about 150 to 200 feet, but some wells may be much Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They deeper. The ground water obtained from limestone are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, sources generally is very hard. It is high in dissolved growing degree days accumulate by the amount that calcium and magnesium but generally is low in iron. the average temperature each day exceeds a base The ground water in the areas underlain by temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly limestone is especially vulnerable to contamination accumulation is used to schedule single or successive from poor land use practices. Precautions should be plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring taken to prevent pollutants from entering the ground and the first freeze in fall. water through sinkholes and solution channels in the The total annual precipitation is 37.54 inches. Of limestone bedrock this, about 20.38 inches, or 54 percent, usually falls in The yield of ground water in areas underlain by April through September. The growing season for most shale generally is less than that in areas underlain by crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day limestone, but the depth to and yield of the ground rainfall during the period of record was 4.15 inches at water generally are dependable. Most wells in these Martinsburg on October 15, 1942. Thunderstorms areas are 100 to 150 feet deep. The ground water from occur on about 28 days each year, and most occur in shale sources generally is hard and often is high in July. iron and sometimes high in sulfur. The average seasonal snowfall is 25.3 inches. The Farm ponds in areas underlain by limestone are greatest snow depth at any one time during the period subject to seepage and have a high failure rate. Many of record was 37 inches. On an average, 7 days per ponds can be successfully built in areas underlain by year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The shale if dams are constructed across drainageways. number of such days varies greatly from year to year. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on record is 26 inches. How This Survey Was Made The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the This survey was made to provide information about average at dawn is about 77 percent. The sun shines the soils in the survey area. The information includes a 14 Soil Survey
Figure 1.—An abandoned limestone quarry used as a source of water for a public water-supply system.
description of the soils and their location and a soils in the survey area and relating their position to discussion of the suitability, limitations, and specific segments of the landscape, a soil scientist management of the soils for specified uses. Soil develops a concept, or model, of how the soils were scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the of slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the accuracy the kind of soil at a specific location on the kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the landscape. soil profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface into one another as their characteristics gradually down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots soil scientists must determine the boundaries between and other living organisms and has not been changed the soils. They can observe only a limited number of by other biological activity. soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, The soils in the survey area occur in an orderly supplemented by an understanding of the soil- pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief, landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to of soil is associated with a particular kind of landscape determine the boundaries. or with a segment of the landscape. By observing the Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the Berkeley County, West Virginia 15
soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, boundaries accurately. reaction, and other features that enable them to Some of the boundaries on the soil maps of identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey Berkeley County do not match those on the soil maps area and determining their properties, the soil of Jefferson and Morgan Counties, West Virginia, or scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes Frederick County, Virginia, and some of the soil names (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each and descriptions do not fully agree. The differences taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with are a result of improvements in the classification of precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a soils, particularly modifications or refinements in soil basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. series concepts. Also, there may be differences in the The system of taxonomic classification used in the intensity of mapping or in the extent of the soils within United States is based mainly on the kind and the survey area. character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists Map Unit Composition classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the individual soils with similar soils in the A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an same taxonomic class in other areas so that they area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area could confirm data and assemble additional data dominated by two or three kinds of soil. A map unit is based on experience and research. identified and named according to the taxonomic While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a of the soils in the area generally are collected for taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, scientists interpret the data from these analyses and the soils are natural objects. In common with other tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in the soil properties to determine the expected behavior their properties. Thus, the range of some observed of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a of the soils are field tested through observation of the taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic soils in different uses under different levels of class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including management. Some interpretations are modified to fit areas of soils of other taxonomic classes. local conditions, and some new interpretations are Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soil or developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled soils for which it is named and some soils that belong from other sources, such as research information, to other taxonomic classes. These latter soils are production records, and field experience of specialists. called inclusions or included soils. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels Most inclusions have properties and behavioral of management are assembled from farm records and patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and soil. management. These are called noncontrasting Predictions about soil behavior are based not (similar) inclusions. They may or may not be only on soil properties but also on such variables mentioned in the map unit descriptions. Other as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions inclusions, however, have properties and behavior are predictable over long periods of time, but they divergent enough to affect use or require different are not predictable from year to year. For example, management. These are contrasting (dissimilar) soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree inclusions. They generally occupy small areas and of accuracy that a given soil will have a high cannot be shown separately on the soil maps because water table within certain depths in most years, of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions of but they cannot assure that a high water table will contrasting soils are mentioned in the map unit always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been date. observed and consequently are not mentioned in the After soil scientists located and identified the descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, complex that it was impractical to make enough they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial observations to identify all of the kinds of soil on the photographs and identified each as a specific map landscape. 16
The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way management requirements. The delineation of such diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data. landscape segments on the map provides sufficient The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure information for the development of resource plans, but taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive landscape into segments that have similar use and uses in small areas. 17
General Soil Map Units
The general soil map at the back of this publication Minor soils—22 percent (including the somewhat shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of excessively drained Weikert soils, the well soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the drained Berks and Murrill soils, the moderately general soil map is a unique natural landscape. well drained Swanpond soils, and the Typically, it consists of one or more major soils and somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils) some minor soils. It is named for the major soils. The Soil Characteristics soils making up one unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. Buchanan The general soil map can be used to compare the Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas underlain by very dark gray loam of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam areas where the soils are not suitable can be Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next identified. part—light yellowish brown gravelly loam that has Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable strong brown mottles; next part—strong brown for planning the management of a farm or field or for gravelly loam mottled in shades of red, brown, and selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. gray; lower part—strong brown, firm and brittle The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place gravelly loam mottled in shades of yellow, gray, in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics and red that affect management. Depth: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Soil Descriptions Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet Slope: 3 to 35 percent Parent material: Material weathered from acid 1. Buchanan-Poorhouse sandstone and shale Nearly level to steep, moderately well drained and Poorhouse somewhat poorly drained soils that have a medium Surface layer: Light olive brown silt loam textured or fine textured subsoil and formed in material Subsoil: Yellowish brown to brown silty clay or clay weathered from acid sandstone, shale, or limestone; mottled in shades of gray and brown on uplands Depth: Very deep Setting Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to These soils are mainly on slightly concave 1.5 feet footslopes and toeslopes of North Mountain, Third Hill Slope: 0 to 8 percent Mountain, and Sleepy Creek Mountain. Slopes range Parent material: Material weathered from limestone from 0 to 35 percent. Many areas of the Buchanan mixed with some colluvial material soils have an extremely stony surface. Composition Use and Management Extent of the general soil map unit: 7 percent Most areas of the Buchanan soils are wooded. Most Percentage of components in the map unit: areas of the Poorhouse soils have been cleared and Buchanan soils—68 percent are used for pasture or hay. Some areas are used as Poorhouse soils—10 percent cropland or for orchards. 18 Soil Survey
Cropland Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than The Buchanan soils are suited to cropland if the 6 feet surface is free of stones. The Poorhouse soils are Slope: 3 to 65 percent suited to cropland if they are adequately drained. The Parent material: Material weathered from reddish hazard of erosion is slight or moderate in most areas. brown, fine grained sandstone and shale Pasture and Hayland Use and Management These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Most of the gently sloping and strongly sloping Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod areas have been cleared and are used for pasture or and preventing overgrazing are major pasture hay. Cultivated crops are grown in a few areas. Almost management concerns. Because of the seasonal all of the moderately steep to very steep hillsides are wetness, these soils are better suited to grasses than forested. The woodland consists mainly of the oak- to legumes. hickory and Virginia pine-pitch pine forest types. Woodland Cropland These soils have moderately high potential Droughtiness and the slope are the main limitations productivity for trees. The seasonal wetness is a affecting crop production. limitation affecting logging operations. Pasture and Hayland Community Development Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod The seasonal wetness is the main limitation and preventing overgrazing are major pasture affecting community development. management concerns. The droughtiness limits forage production during midsummer. 2. Calvin Woodland Gently sloping to very steep, well drained, These soils have moderate or moderately high moderately deep soils that have a medium textured potential productivity for woodland. Erosion is a hazard subsoil and formed in material weathered from reddish affecting logging operations. brown, fine grained sandstone and shale; on uplands Community Development Setting The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations These soils are on convex ridges, nose slopes, and affecting community development. side slopes in the western part of the county. Slopes range from 3 to 65 percent. 3. Dekalb-Hazleton Composition Gently sloping to very steep, somewhat excessively Extent of the general soil map unit: 4 percent drained and well drained soils that have a medium Percentage of components in the map unit: textured subsoil and formed in material weathered Calvin soils—87 percent from acid sandstone and shale; on uplands Minor soils—13 percent (including the well drained Berks soils, the somewhat excessively drained Setting Dekalb soils, and the somewhat poorly drained These soils are on the convex ridgetops Clearbrook soils on uplands; and the poorly and convex to slightly concave side slopes of drained Atkins soils, the moderately well North Mountain (fig. 2), Third Hill Mountain, and drained Philo soils, and the well drained Pope Sleepy Creek Mountain. Slopes range from 3 to soils on narrow flood plains) 65 percent. Soil Characteristics Composition Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter underlain by very dark brown channery loam Extent of the general soil map unit: 7 percent Subsoil: Reddish brown very channery loam Percentage of components in the map unit: Depth: Moderately deep Dekalb soils—41 percent Berkeley County, West Virginia 19
Figure 2.—A typical area of the Dekalb-Hazleton general soil map unit, including North Mountain, in the background. The alluvial soils in the foreground are along Back Creek. They are in an area of the Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo general soil map unit.
Hazleton soils—39 percent Subsurface layer: Grayish brown very channery sandy Minor inclusions—20 percent (including the loam somewhat excessively drained Weikert soils, Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very channery the well drained Berks and Calvin soils, and sandy loam; lower part—yellowish brown areas of rock outcrop) extremely flaggy sandy loam Depth: Moderately deep Soil Characteristics Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Dekalb 6 feet Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Slope: 3 to 65 percent underlain by very dark brown channery sandy Parent material: Material weathered from acid loam sandstone and some interbedded shale 20 Soil Survey
Hazleton limestone have sinkholes. Slopes range from 3 to 25 percent. Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter underlain by very dark brown gravelly loam Composition Subsurface layer: Dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Extent of the general soil map unit: 1 percent Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very gravelly Percentage of components in the map unit: loam; next part—strong brown very gravelly loam; Downsville soils—84 percent lower part—strong brown very gravelly sandy Minor soils—16 percent (including the well drained loam Hagerstown, Murrill, and Berks soils on Depth: Very deep adjacent uplands; and the moderately well Drainage class: Well drained drained Monongahela soils on the lower river Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than terraces) 6 feet Slope: 15 to 65 percent Soil Characteristics Parent material: Material weathered from acid Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown gravelly loam sandstone and shale Subsoil: Upper part—brown gravelly loam; lower Use and Management part—yellowish red very gravelly loam and yellowish red very gravelly sandy clay loam Most areas are forested. A few small areas are Depth: Very deep used for orchards or pasture. The woodland consists Drainage class: Well drained mainly of the oak-hickory and Virginia pine-pitch pine Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than forest types. 6 feet Cropland Slope: 3 to 25 percent Parent material: Material washed from upland soils Most areas are not suited to cropland. The slope and the stones on the surface make cultivation Use and Management impractical. Many areas have been cleared and are used for Pasture and Hayland crops, hay, or community development. Some areas are forested. The woodland consists of the oak-hickory Most areas are not suited to hay and are difficult to and mixed hardwood forest types. manage for pasture. The slope and the stones on the surface are the main limitations. Cropland Woodland Most areas are suited to cropland. The gently sloping areas are prime farmland. The hazard Potential productivity is moderate on south aspects of erosion is moderate or severe in unprotected and moderate or moderately high on north aspects. areas. The slope is the main limitation affecting logging operations. Pasture and Hayland Community Development These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Many areas are not suited to development because and preventing overgrazing are major pasture of the very steep slope. The depth to bedrock is an management concerns. additional limitation in areas of the Dekalb soils. Woodland 4. Downsville These soils have moderately high potential productivity for trees. Erosion on logging roads and Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained skid trails is a management concern. soils that have a medium textured subsoil and formed Community Development in material washed from upland soils; on high river terraces The slope is the main limitation affecting community development. In some areas solution channels in the Setting underlying limestone bedrock increase the hazard of These soils are on old river terraces high above the ground-water pollution from septic tank absorption Potomac River. Some areas that are underlain by fields. Berkeley County, West Virginia 21
5. Duffield-Ryder-Nollville Nollville soils—25 percent Minor soils—11 percent (including the very deep Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained, Hagerstown soils and the shallow Opequon moderately deep to very deep soils that have a soils on uplands; the moderately well drained medium textured subsoil and formed in material Funkstown soils along upland drainageways; weathered from interbedded limestone and limy shale; and the moderately well drained Lindside soils on uplands on flood plains) Setting Soil Characteristics These soils are on convex, parallel ridges of low Duffield relief in the Great Valley of the Appalachians (fig. 3). They are prominent on Apple Pie Ridge. Limestone Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt outcrops are common in some areas. Slopes range loam from 3 to 25 percent. Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown channery silt loam; lower part—yellowish brown to dark Composition yellowish brown silty clay loam or silty clay Extent of the general soil map unit: 5 percent Depth: Very deep Percentage of components in the map unit: Drainage class: Well drained Duffield soils—32 percent Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Ryder soils—32 percent 6 feet
Figure 3.—A typical area of the Duffield-Ryder-Nollville general soil map unit. A large acreage of these soils is used for orchards. North Mountain is on the left side of the photograph. It is in an area of the Dekalb-Hazleton general soil map unit. 22 Soil Survey
Slope: 3 to 15 percent Community Development Parent material: Limestone In some areas solution channels and fractures in Ryder the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground- water pollution from septic tank absorption fields. The Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt depth to bedrock is a limitation on homesites in areas loam of the Ryder and Nollville soils. Subsoil: Strong brown channery silt loam Depth: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained 6. Hagerstown-Funkstown Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Very deep, well drained and moderately well Slope: 3 to 25 percent drained, nearly level to steep soils that have a medium Parent material: Interbedded limestone and limy shale textured or fine textured subsoil and formed in material weathered from limestone; on uplands and along Nollville upland drainageways Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt Setting loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown channery silty These soils are on broad, rolling uplands that are clay loam; lower part—strong brown silty clay shallowly dissected by narrow drainageways. Depth: Deep Limestone outcrops are common throughout the map Drainage class: Well drained unit. Sinkholes also are common. Many large springs Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than are in the unit. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. 6 feet They are generally short and often complex, giving the Slope: 3 to 25 percent landscape an undulating appearance. Parent material: Interbedded limestone and limy Composition shale Extent of the general soil map unit: 26 percent Use and Management Percentage of components in the map unit: Most areas have been cleared. A large acreage is Hagerstown soils—52 percent used for orchards. These soils are also used for Funkstown soils—9 percent cultivated crops, hay, and pasture. A small acreage Minor inclusions—39 percent (including the well supports mixed hardwoods. Some areas have been drained Duffield soils on ridges and hillsides; used for community development. the moderately well drained Swanpond soils on head slopes and in upland depressions; the Cropland well drained Murrill soils on the toeslopes of Most areas are suited to cropland. The gently North Mountain; the shallow Opequon soils on sloping areas are prime farmland. The hazard rocky uplands; the well drained Combs soils on of erosion is moderate or severe in unprotected the flood plain along the Potomac River; the areas. well drained Lappans soils and the very poorly drained Fairplay soils on narrow flood plains Pasture and Hayland below limestone springs; and areas of These soils are suited to pasture and hayland. limestone outcrops) Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Soil Characteristics management concerns. Ponds constructed for Hagerstown livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. Surface layer: Brown silt loam Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silt loam; next Woodland part—yellowish red and strong brown silty clay; These soils have moderately high potential next part—yellowish red and strong brown silty productivity for trees. Erosion on logging roads and clay loam; lower part—strong brown and dark skid trails is a management concern. yellowish brown silty clay loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 23
Depth: Very deep 7. Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Nearly level to strongly sloping, well drained and 6 feet somewhat poorly drained, very deep soils that have a Parent material: Limestone medium textured or fine textured subsoil; formed in material washed from upland soils that are underlain Funkstown mainly by acid shale and sandstone; on flood plains Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam and terraces Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown gravelly loam; Setting next part—yellowish brown very gravelly loam; lower part—strong brown and brownish yellow These soils are mainly on the flood plain and low clay stream terraces along Back Creek in the western Depth: Very deep part of the county (fig. 4). Slopes range from 0 to Drainage class: Moderately well drained 15 percent. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to Composition 3.5 feet Parent material: Local alluvial or colluvial material Extent of the general soil map unit: 4 percent washed from upland soils that are underlain by Percentage of components in the map unit: limestone Monongahela soils—33 percent Pope soils—18 percent Use and Management Tygart soils—17 percent Philo soils—14 percent About 70 percent of this unit has been cleared of Minor soils—18 percent (including the poorly trees and is used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay, drained Atkins soils on flood plains; the pasture, or community development. The remaining somewhat excessively drained Weikert soils, wooded areas include up to 30 percent limestone the well drained Berks soils, and the somewhat outcrops. They support hardwoods or hardwoods poorly drained Clearbrook soils on the adjacent mixed with eastern redcedar. shale uplands; and the moderately well drained Cropland Buchanan soils on concave footslopes) Most areas are suited to cultivated crops. Many Soil Characteristics areas of prime farmland are in this unit. Sinkholes and Monongahela solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution. Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; next Pasture and Hayland part—dark yellowish brown silt loam mottled in Most areas are suited to pasture and hay. Ponds shades of brown and gray; next part—light olive constructed for livestock water are susceptible to brown, firm and brittle silt loam mottled in shades seepage and have a high failure rate. of brown and gray; lower part—yellowish brown clay loam that has gray mottles Woodland Depth: Very deep These soils have moderately high potential Drainage class: Moderately well drained productivity for trees. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet Community Development Slope: 0 to 8 percent The depth to hard limestone bedrock is a limitation Parent material: Material washed from upland soils in many areas. Sinkholes and solution channels in the that are underlain by acid shale and sandstone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Pope from septic tank absorption fields. Some areas of the Funkstown soils are subject to occasional periods of Surface layer: Brown silt loam flooding or ponding. Subsoil: Brown silt loam 24 Soil Survey
Figure 4.—A typical area of the Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo general soil map unit. The moderately well drained Monongahela soils are in the tilled area on the right side of the photograph. They are on a low stream terrace. The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are minor soils in the unit, are on the flood plain on the left side of the photograph.
Depth: Very deep Slope: 0 to 8 percent Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Material washed from upland Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than soils that are underlain by acid shale and 6 feet sandstone Slope: 0 to 3 percent Philo Parent material: Material washed from upland soils that are underlain by acid shale and sandstone Surface layer: Brown silt loam Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown silt loam; Tygart next part—yellowish brown silt loam that has a few Surface layer: Brown silt loam mottles in shades of brown and gray; lower part— Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown silt loam brown silt loam that has common or many mottles mottled in shades of brown and gray; next part— in shades of brown and gray yellowish brown silty clay loam mottled in shades Depth: Very deep of brown and gray; next part—gray clay mottled in Drainage class: Moderately well drained shades of brown and red; lower part—gray and Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to yellowish brown silty clay 3.0 feet Depth: Very deep Slope: 0 to 3 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Parent material: Material washed from upland Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to soils that are underlain by acid shale and 1.5 feet sandstone Berkeley County, West Virginia 25
Use and Management Minor soils—15 percent (including the somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils on ridges; the Most areas have been cleared and are used for moderately well drained Buchanan soils on crops, hay, or pasture. Some areas that are frequently footslopes; and the somewhat poorly drained flooded support mixed hardwoods. Poorhouse soils in concave upland Cropland depressions) The Monongahela, Pope, and Philo soils are suited Soil Characteristics to cropland. The Tygart soils are suited to cropland if they are adequately drained. Some areas are prime Pecktonville farmland. Flooding in areas of the Pope and Philo soils Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter may occasionally damage crops. underlain by very dark grayish brown very gravelly Pasture and Hayland loam Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly loam These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Because Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silt loam; next of the seasonal wetness, the Tygart and Philo soils are part—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam; next better suited to grasses than to legumes. part—yellowish red gravelly clay mottled in shades Woodland of brown and red; lower part—yellowish red gravelly clay mottled in shades of red, yellow, and These soils have moderately high potential gray productivity for trees. The seasonal wetness may limit Depth: Very deep logging operations in areas of the Monongahela, Philo, Drainage class: Well drained and Tygart soils. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet Community Development Slope: 3 to 45 percent Parent material: Material weathered from limestone The seasonal wetness is the main limitation mixed with some material weathered from affecting community development in areas of the sandstone and chert Monongahela and Tygart soils. The Pope and Philo soils are not suited to community development Blackthorn because of the flooding. Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter underlain by very dark brown very gravelly loam 8. Pecktonville-Blackthorn-Caneyville Subsurface layer: Brown very gravelly sandy loam Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown gravelly Gently sloping to very steep, well drained, sandy loam; next part—yellowish brown very moderately deep and very deep soils that have a fine gravelly sandy loam; next part—strong brown very textured or medium textured subsoil and formed in gravelly loam; next part—red and strong brown material weathered from limestone and sandstone; on very gravelly clay; lower part—red and strong uplands brown clay Setting Depth: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained These soils are in many areas of the small Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than limestone valley and the adjacent ridges in the 6 feet western part of the county. The areas extend from Slope: 15 to 45 percent near Jones Springs northward to Ferrel Ridge. The Parent material: Material weathered from limestone soils are on gently sloping and strongly sloping, mixed with some material weathered from convex ridges and valley sides and on steep and very sandstone and chert steep, convex or slightly concave hillsides. Slopes range from 3 to 45 percent. Caneyville Composition Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam Extent of the general soil map unit: 3 percent underlain by brown silty clay loam Percentage of components in the map unit: Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silty clay that has Pecktonville soils—45 percent yellowish brown mottles; lower part—yellowish red Blackthorn soils—22 percent silty clay Caneyville soils—18 percent Depth: Moderately deep 26 Soil Survey
Drainage class: Well drained uplands. The Carbo and Opequon soils are on long, Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than narrow, slightly convex uplands. Sinkholes occur in 6 feet some areas. Limestone outcrops are common in other Slope: 3 to 25 percent areas. Slopes are generally short and often complex. Parent material: Material weathered from limestone They range from 3 to 35 percent. interbedded with thin layers of shale and siltstone Composition Use and Management Extent of the general soil map unit: 4 percent Most stony areas are forested. The woodland Percentage of components in the map unit: consists of the oak-hickory or mixed hardwood forest Swanpond soils—39 percent types. Most of the nonstony areas have been cleared Carbo soils—30 percent and are used for pasture, hay, or crops. A few small Opequon soils—15 percent areas are used for orchards. Minor soils—16 percent (including the very deep Hagerstown soils and the deep Endcav soils on Cropland uplands; the moderately well drained The nonstony, gently sloping and strongly sloping Funkstown soils along upland drainageways; Pecktonville and Caneyville soils are suited to and the shallow Weikert soils and the cropland. The hazard of erosion is moderate or severe moderately deep Berks and Clearbrook soils on in unprotected areas. Solution channels in the adjacent shale uplands) limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground- Soil Characteristics water pollution. Swanpond Pasture and Hayland Surface layer: Brown silt loam The nonstony areas are suited to pasture and Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown clay; lower hayland. The stony areas are not suited to hay and are part—yellowish brown and strong brown clay that difficult to manage for pasture. Ponds constructed for has gray mottles livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a Depth: Very deep high failure rate. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Woodland Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.5 to 3.5 feet Parent material: Limestone Potential productivity is moderately high in most areas. Carbo Community Development Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silty clay Subsoil: Strong brown and yellowish brown clay The slope is a limitation affecting community Depth: Moderately deep development in many areas of these soils. A Drainage class: Well drained seasonally wet subsoil and slow permeability are Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than additional limitations in areas of the Pecktonville soils, 6 feet and the depth to bedrock is an additional limitation in Slope: 3 to 35 percent areas of the Caneyville soils. In most areas solution Parent material: Limestone channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution from septic tank absorption Opequon fields. Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silty clay Subsoil: Yellowish brown clay 9. Swanpond-Carbo-Opequon Depth: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Gently sloping to steep, moderately well drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than and well drained, very deep to shallow soils that have 6 feet a very fine textured subsoil and formed in material Slope: 3 to 35 percent weathered from limestone; on uplands Parent material: Limestone Setting Use and Management The Swanpond soils generally are on broad, Most areas have been cleared of trees and are topographically low, slightly convex to slightly concave used for pasture or hay. A small acreage is used for Berkeley County, West Virginia 27
cultivated crops. Some areas are used for community Characteristics of Urban Land development. The wooded areas are in hardwoods or Urban land consists of areas where at least 90 hardwoods mixed with eastern redcedar. The percent of the land surface is covered by asphalt, limestone underlying this map unit is of very high concrete, or other impervious material. quality and has been extensively quarried. Both active and abandoned quarries are common throughout the Use and Management unit. This map unit has been used for industrial, Cropland commercial, and residential development. Most areas are generally suited to cultivated crops. Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone 11. Weikert-Berks-Clearbrook bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution. The high content of clay in the surface layer makes Nearly level to very steep, somewhat excessively these soils difficult to till. The Opequon soils are drained to somewhat poorly drained, shallow and droughty during the growing season. moderately deep soils that have a medium textured subsoil and formed in material weathered from acid Pasture and Hayland shale; on uplands These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Ponds Setting constructed for livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. The Weikert and Berks soils are generally on convex upland ridges, nose slopes, and side slopes Woodland that have been deeply dissected by drainageways. The Potential productivity is moderately high in areas of Clearbrook soils are generally on broad, smooth the Swanpond and Carbo soils and moderate in areas ridges and concave head slopes, mostly in the eastern of the Opequon soils. The high content of clay limits part of the county. Slopes range from 3 to 70 percent the use of logging equipment during wet periods. in areas of the Weikert and Berks soils and from 0 to 8 percent in areas of the Clearbrook soils. Community Development Composition The depth to hard limestone bedrock and a high shrink-swell potential are the main limitations affecting Extent of the general soil map unit: 37 percent community development. Sinkholes and solution Percentage of components in the map unit: channels in the bedrock increase the hazard of Weikert soils—34 percent ground-water pollution from septic tank absorption Berks soils—31 percent fields. Clearbrook soils—11 percent Minor soils—24 percent (including the poorly drained Atkins soils and the moderately well 10. Urban Land drained Philo soils on narrow flood plains) Soil Characteristics Setting Weikert This map unit consists of areas where the majority of the landscape has been altered during community Surface layer: Dark brown channery silt loam development. It is mostly in the city of Martinsburg and Subsoil: Yellowish brown very channery silt loam the surrounding area. Depth: Shallow Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Composition Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Extent of the general soil map unit: 2 percent 6 feet Percentage of components in the map unit: Parent material: Soft, rippable, acid shale Urban land—62 percent Berks Minor soils—38 percent (including areas of the very deep Hagerstown and Swanpond soils; the Surface layer: Brown channery silt loam deep Endcav soils; the moderately deep Carbo, Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown channery silt Berks, and Clearbrook soils; the shallow loam; lower part—yellowish brown and strong Opequon and Weikert soils; and Udorthents) brown very channery silt loam 28
Depth: Moderately deep woodland consists of the oak-hickory and Virginia Drainage class: Well drained pine-pitch pine forest types. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Cropland 6 feet Parent material: Soft, rippable, acid shale The gently sloping and strongly sloping areas are generally suited to cropland, but production generally Clearbrook is low. Droughtiness and low natural fertility are the main limitations. Surface layer: Brown silt loam Subsoil: Upper part—light olive brown very channery Pasture and Hayland silty clay loam that has yellowish brown and gray These soils are suited to pasture and hay. The mottles; lower part—gray extremely channery silty droughtiness limits forage production during clay loam that has yellowish brown mottles midsummer. Depth: Moderately deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Woodland Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to Potential productivity is moderate in most areas. 2.5 feet The droughtiness and the low natural fertility result in a Parent material: Soft, rippable, acid shale high seedling mortality rate in tree plantations, especially on south-facing slopes. Use and Management Community Development Most of the broad ridgetops have been cleared and are used for pasture, hay, cultivated crops, or The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations community development. Many areas are forested. A affecting community development. The seasonal high few small areas are used for orchards. The steep and water table is an additional limitation in areas of the very steep side slopes are generally forested. The Clearbrook soils. 29
Detailed Soil Map Units
The map units on the detailed soil maps at the back differ substantially from those of the major soil or soils. of this survey represent the soils in the survey area. Such differences could significantly affect use and The map unit descriptions in this section, along with management of the soils in the map unit. The included the soil maps, can be used to determine the suitability soils are identified in each map unit description. Some and potential of a soil for specific uses. They also can small areas of strongly contrasting soils are identified be used to plan the management needed for those by a special symbol on the soil maps. uses. More information on each map unit, or soil, is This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such given under the heading “Use and Management of the areas have little or no soil material and support little or Soils.” no vegetation. Urban land is an example. Each map unit on the detailed soil maps represents Miscellaneous areas are shown on the soil maps. an area on the landscape and consists of one or more Some that are too small to be shown are identified by soils for which the unit is named. a special symbol on the soil maps. A symbol identifying the soil precedes the map unit Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent name in the soil descriptions. Each description of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the includes general facts about the soil and gives the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for principal hazards and limitations to be considered in many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms planning for specific uses. used in describing the soils. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils Soil Descriptions of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. At—Atkins silt loam Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer or of the underlying material. They also Setting can differ in slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree This soil is on nearly level, slightly concave flood of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their plains, mainly along Back Creek and its tributaries use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is and, to a lesser extent, along the Potomac River and, divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on in many areas, on the backside of the flood plain the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The nearest the uplands. Most areas of the soil that have name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature not been drained previously are considered to be that affects use or management. For example, wetlands. A Federal permit may be required before Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, is a these areas are disturbed. phase of the Monongahela series. Some map units are made up of two or more major Composition soils. These map units are called soil complexes. A soil Atkins soil and similar soils: 80 percent complex consists of two or more soils, or one or more Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent soils and a miscellaneous area, in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be Representative Profile shown separately on the soil maps. The pattern and Surface layer: proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam areas. Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, is an example. Subsoil: Most map units include small scattered areas of 4 to 20 inches—gray silt loam that has strong brown soils other than those for which the map unit is named. and grayish brown mottles Some of these included soils have properties that 20 to 26 inches—light gray silt loam that has grayish 30 Soil Survey
brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown mottles • Tilling or harvesting when the soil is wet may cause 26 to 36 inches—light gray silty clay loam that has compaction and deterioration of tilth. grayish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown • The flooding may damage crops and delay fieldwork mottles in some years. • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated Underlying material: crops are grown year after year. 36 to 50 inches—light brownish gray loam that has Management measures: gray and yellowish brown mottles • Applying a system of conservation tillage, growing 50 to 70 inches—light gray, stratified gravelly silt loam green manure crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and gravelly sandy loam having brownish yellow and deferring tillage and harvest when the soil is wet mottles help to improve or maintain tilth. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and Hayland Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Available water capacity: Moderate or high legumes because of the seasonal high water table Depth to the seasonal high water table: Within a depth Management concerns: of 1 foot • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent and preventing overgrazing are major pasture chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods management concerns. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Grazing when the soil is too wet may damage the Erosion hazard: Slight sod. Stoniness: None • Unless the soil is drained, harvesting of hay is Rockiness: None commonly restricted to long, dry periods. Natural fertility: Medium • Debris may be deposited on the grassland during Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or periods of flooding. strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) above a depth of 40 Management measures: inches ranging to moderately acid (pH 5.6 to 6.0) • The hay and pasture plants that can withstand the below a depth of 40 inches wetness should be selected for planting. Surface runoff: Very slow • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep pastures in good condition. Minor Components • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Dissimilar inclusions: of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • The moderately well drained Philo soils plants. • The well drained Pope soils Woodland Similar soils: • Soils that have silty clay or clay in the subsoil Potential productivity: Moderately high for water- • Very poorly drained soils that are subject to ponding tolerant species • Soils that are frequently flooded Management concerns: • Soils that are moderately acid to neutral throughout • The use of equipment is restricted during wet periods when the soil is soft. Use and Management • The wetness may result in a high seedling mortality Uses: In many areas, the Atkins soil is wooded or the rate. acreage is idle land. Some areas are used as • The windthrow hazard is moderate because of the pasture. Some large areas along Back Creek have wetness. been drained and are used for crops. • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Cropland Management measures: Suitability: Suited if the soil has been adequately • Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill drained and gravel. Management concerns: • The tree species that can withstand the wetness • Most climatically adapted crops cannot be grown should be selected for planting. unless an adequate drainage system has been • Windthrow can be minimized by harvest methods installed. that do not leave the remaining trees widely spaced. Berkeley County, West Virginia 31
• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the upper part of the subsoil and moderate or initial plant competition in tree plantations, and moderately slow (0.2 inch to 2.0 inches per hour) spraying helps to control subsequent competition. in the lower part of the subsoil Available water capacity: Moderate Community Development Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Suitability: Not suited 6 feet Management concerns: Flooding: None • Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is Shrink-swell potential: Low in the surface layer and the not suited to building site development. upper part of the subsoil and moderate in the • Because of the flooding, the wetness, and the slow lower part of the subsoil permeability, this soil is not suited to septic tank Erosion hazard: Severe absorption fields. Slope class: Moderately steep or steep • The flooding, the wetness, and the potential for frost Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with action are severe limitations affecting the construction stones and boulders of local roads and streets. Rockiness: None Management measures: Natural fertility: Medium • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to tank absorption fields should be selected for moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) development. Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches road base that includes the installation of properly Bedrock type: Limestone designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage caused by wetness. Minor Components Interpretive Groups Dissimilar inclusions: • The moderately deep Berks and Calvin soils, which Land capability classification: IIIw are in small convex areas Woodland ordination symbol: 5W • Small areas of the moderately well drained Buchanan soils BkE—Blackthorn very gravelly loam, 15 • Small very rubbly areas of soils that have more than to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony 50 percent of their surface covered with stones and boulders Setting • Areas of limestone rock outcrop Similar soils: This soil is on moderately steep or steep, slightly • The well drained Hazleton soils concave benches on the west side of North Mountain. • Small rubbly areas of soils that have 15 to 50 Composition percent of their surface covered with stones and boulders Blackthorn soil and similar soils: 75 percent • Soils that are not stony Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Representative Profile more than 35 percent Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam Uses: All areas of the Blackthorn soil are wooded. Subsurface layer: 4 to 7 inches—brown gravelly loam Cropland Subsoil: Suitability: Not suited 7 to 12 inches—brown gravelly loam Management concerns: 12 to 65 inches—brown very gravelly loam • The slope and the stones and boulders on the surface of the soil make cultivation impractical. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and Hayland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch Suitability: Not suited to hayland; difficult to manage for to 6.0 inches per hour) in the surface layer and pasture 32 Soil Survey
Management concerns: • Low strength and the potential for frost action are • Because of the slope and the stones and boulders moderate limitations affecting the construction of on the surface of the soil, it is difficult to operate roads. conventional equipment used in applying fertilizer and • Rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere in clipping. with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Management measures: and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, pasture management concerns. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to hazard in areas where the plant cover has been control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the destroyed. ground water from pollution. Management measures: • Buildings should be designed so that they conform • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, to the natural slope of the land. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed in good condition. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or where • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results excavation has exposed the limestone bedrock. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Properly designing and strengthening footings and plants, especially legumes. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Woodland • Placing a filter fabric between the subgrade and the Potential productivity: Moderately high road base when roads are constructed helps to Management concerns: prevent the damage caused by low strength. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Interpretive Groups and skid trails. • The large stones on the surface of the soil can Land capability classification: VIIs hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. Woodland ordination symbol: 4R • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the use of logging equipment. • The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil BpE—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very may interfere with site preparation when tree seedlings gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent are planted. slopes, extremely stony • Competition from brush can delay or prevent natural Setting regeneration of desired species after trees are harvested. These soils are on moderately steep or steep, Management measures: slightly concave hillsides and benches and slightly • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building convex shoulder slopes and hillsides on Ferrell and logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding Wilson Ridges in the western part of the county. The logging roads, log landings, and areas that have Blackthorn soil is mainly in concave areas of the been cut and filled; and installing water bars and landscape, and the Pecktonville soil is mainly in the culverts. convex areas. The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical Community Development to separate them in mapping. Suitability: Poorly suited Composition Management concerns: • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Blackthorn soil and similar soils: 50 percent • Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 40 percent building site development unless extensive land Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent shaping is done. • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase Representative Profile the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by Blackthorn surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Surface layer: • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter sites for dwellings with basements. 1 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 33
Subsurface layer: acid or strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) in the lower 3 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam part of the subsoil Surface runoff: Rapid Subsoil: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 6 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Pecktonville 14 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per 24 to 35 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam hour) in the upper part of the subsoil and slow or 35 to 75 inches—red and strong brown very gravelly moderately slow (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) in the clay lower part 75 to 90 inches—red and strong brown clay Available water capacity: Moderate or high Pecktonville Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet Flooding: None Surface layer: Shrink-swell potential: High in the lower part of the 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter subsoil 1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly Erosion hazard: Severe loam Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with Subsurface layer: stones and boulders 3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam Rockiness: None Natural fertility: Low Subsoil: Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to 7 to 12 inches—strong brown silt loam moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) 12 to 17 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam Surface runoff: Rapid 17 to 32 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches brownish yellow gravelly clay Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly 32 to 48 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish high amounts of sandstone and chert yellow gravelly clay 48 to 62 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish Minor Components yellow gravelly clay that has pinkish gray mottles Dissimilar inclusions: 62 to 65 inches—red clay • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which Soil Properties and Qualities are on concave foot slopes • The moderately deep Caneyville soils Blackthorn • The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow Drainage class: Well drained Weikert soils, which are on convex hillsides Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch Similar soils: to 6.0 inches per hour) in the upper part of the • Small areas of rubbly or extremely bouldery soils subsoil and moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or hour) in the lower part of the subsoil more than 35 percent Available water capacity: Moderate • Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than covered with stones 6 feet Use and Management Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of Uses: Most areas of the Blackthorn and Pecktonville the subsoil soils are wooded. A few small areas have been Erosion hazard: Severe cleared and are used as pasture. A few areas Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with have been developed as homesites. stones and boulders Cropland Rockiness: None Natural fertility: Low Suitability: Not suited Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to Management concerns: moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) in the surface layer • The stones on the surface of the soils and the slope and upper part of the subsoil and very strongly make cultivation impractical. 34 Soil Survey
Pasture and Hayland • Because of the slope, these soils are poorly suited to building site development unless extensive land Suitability: Not suited for hay; difficult to manage for shaping is done. pasture • The high shrink-swell potential and the seasonally Management concerns: wet subsoil are additional limitations affecting building • Because of the slope and the stones on the surface site development in areas of the Pecktonville soil. of the soils, it is difficult to operate conventional • The stones and boulders may interfere with equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses landscaping. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • The slope and the slow or moderately slow pasture management concerns. permeability in the clayey layer of the subsoil are • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields in the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces areas of the Pecktonville soil. the vigor of the plant cover. • The slope, the high shrink-swell potential, and the • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe low strength of the Pecktonville soil are limitations on hazard in areas where the plant cover has been sites for local roads and streets. destroyed. Management measures: Management measures: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to in good condition. control erosion and sedimentation. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Properly designing and strengthening footings and of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of foundations can help to prevent the structural damage plants, especially legumes. caused by shrinking and swelling. Woodland • Installing a drainage system around structures that have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome Potential productivity: Moderately high the wetness. Management concerns: • Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to and skid trails. overcome the restricted permeability. • The large stones on the surface of the soils can • Providing a suitable road base that includes the hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of prevent the road damage caused by low strength and planted tree seedlings. by shrinking and swelling. • Seedling mortality may be a problem on south • Seeding and mulching roadbanks after construction aspects because of droughtiness during the summer. is completed helps to control erosion. • The stones and rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings. Interpretive Groups Management measures: Land capability classification: VIIs • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding Woodland ordination symbol: Blackthorn—4R; logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Pecktonville—4R cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts. • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for BpF—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very planting on south aspects. gravelly loams, 35 to 45 percent • Logging roads should be designed so that they slopes, extremely stony conform to the topography. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Setting initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. These soils are on very steep, slightly concave hillsides and benches and slightly convex shoulder Community Development slopes and hillsides on Ferrell and Wilson Ridges in Suitability: Poorly suited the western part of the county. The Blackthorn soil is Management concerns: mainly in concave areas of the landscape, and the • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Pecktonville soil is mainly in convex areas. The two Berkeley County, West Virginia 35
soils occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape Available water capacity: Moderate that it was impractical to separate them in mapping. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Composition Flooding: None Blackthorn soil and similar soils: 60 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 30 percent the subsoil Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Erosion hazard: Very severe Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with Representative Profile stones and boulders Blackthorn Rockiness: None Natural fertility: Low Surface layer: Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) in the surface layer 1 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam and upper part of the subsoil and very strongly Subsurface layer: acid or strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5 percent) in the 3 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam lower part of the subsoil Surface runoff: Very rapid Subsoil: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 6 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Pecktonville 14 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per 24 to 35 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam hour) in the upper part of the subsoil and slow or 35 to 75 inches—red and strong brown very gravelly moderately slow (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) in the clay lower part of the subsoil 75 to 90 inches—red and strong brown clay Available water capacity: Moderate or high Pecktonville Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet Flooding: None Surface layer: Shrink-swell potential: High in the lower part of the 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter subsoil 1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly Erosion hazard: Very severe loam Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with Subsurface layer: stones and boulders 3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam Rockiness: None Natural fertility: Low Subsoil: Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to 7 to 12 inches—strong brown silt loam moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) 12 to 17 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay Surface runoff: Very rapid loam Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 17 to 32 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that has a fairly high brownish yellow gravelly clay content of sandstone and chert 32 to 48 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish yellow gravelly clay Minor Components 48 to 62 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish Dissimilar inclusions: yellow gravelly clay that has pinkish gray mottles • The moderately deep Caneyville and Berks soils and 62 to 65 inches—red clay the shallow Weikert soils, which are in convex areas of Soil Properties and Qualities the landscape • The very deep Buchanan soils, which are on Blackthorn concave footslopes Drainage class: Well drained • Areas of rock outcrop Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch Similar soils: to 6.0 inches per hour) in the upper part of the • Rubbly or extremely bouldery soils subsoil and moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per • Soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent or hour) in the lower part of the subsoil more than 45 percent 36 Soil Survey
• Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding covered with stones logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts. Use and Management • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Uses: Nearly all areas of the Blackthorn and initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Pecktonville soils are wooded. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch Cropland pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for Suitability: Not suited planting on south aspects. Management concerns: Community Development • The stones on the surface of the soils and the slope make cultivation impractical. Suitability: Not suited Management concerns: Pasture and Hayland • Because of the very steep slope, these soils are unsuited to building site development, septic tank Suitability: Not suited for hay; difficult to manage for absorption fields, and local roads and streets. A better pasture suited soil should be selected for development. Management concerns: • Because of the slope and the stones on the surface Interpretive Groups of the soils, it is difficult to operate conventional Land capability classification: VIIs equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. Woodland ordination symbol: Blackthorn—4R; • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Pecktonville—4R and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major pasture management concerns. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases BuB—Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces 8 percent slopes the vigor of the plant cover. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Setting hazard in areas where the plant cover has been This soil is on gently sloping, slightly concave destroyed. mountain footslopes and toeslopes. Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Composition and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Buchanan soil and similar soils: 85 percent in good condition. Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Representative Profile plants, especially legumes. Surface layer: Woodland 0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Potential productivity: Moderately high Subsoil: Management concerns: 8 to 10 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam • Erosion is a severe hazard on logging roads and 10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam skid trails. 20 to 32 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam • Operating logging equipment is hazardous because that has light brownish gray mottles of the very steep slope. 32 to 42 inches—light brown, very firm and brittle very • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of gravelly loam that has light gray and strong brown planted tree seedlings. mottles • Seedling mortality may be a problem on south 42 to 65 inches—strong brown, very firm and brittle aspects because of the droughtiness during the very gravelly clay loam that has light brown and summer. strong brown mottles • The stones and chert fragments in the surface layer Soil Properties and Qualities may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings. Management measures: Drainage class: Moderately well drained; common • Logging roads should be designed so that they seepy spots during wet periods in winter and conform to the topography. spring Berkeley County, West Virginia 37
Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Pasture and Hayland hour) above the firm layer in the subsoil and slow Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the firm layer legumes because of the seasonal high water Available water capacity: Very low to moderate table Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to Management concerns: 3.0 feet • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Flooding: None and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Shrink-swell potential: Low management concerns. Erosion hazard: Moderate • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Natural fertility: Low or medium the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly the vigor of the plant cover. acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Surface runoff: Medium hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches destroyed. Minor Components • Grazing early in spring when the soil is soft and wet can damage the sod. Dissimilar inclusions: Management measures: • Small areas of the moderately deep, well drained • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, Berks soils and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep • Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils pastures in good condition. • Poorly drained soils, which are in depressions • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to • Soils that do not have a firm and brittle layer in their minimize compaction and maintain tilth. subsoil • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Similar soils: of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Soils that have stones on the surface forage plants. • Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more Woodland than 8 percent Potential productivity: Moderately high Use and Management Management concerns: • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Uses: About one-half of the acreage of the Buchanan and skid trails. soil is wooded. Most of the cleared areas are used • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of for pasture or hay. A few small areas are used for planted tree seedlings. cultivated crops or as sites for community • The use of equipment is restricted during wet development. periods because this soil is soft when wet. Cropland Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Management concerns: longer being used help to control erosion. • The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some initial plant competition in tree plantations, and crops. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas. • Because of the restricted rooting depth, crops may Community Development be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the soil dries out in summer. Suitability: Poorly suited • The wetness may delay planting in the spring. Management concerns: Management measures: • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover affecting building site development and septic tank crops, and crop residue management help to control absorption fields. erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. • The seasonal high water table and the potential for • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and other organic material help to conserve soil moisture streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement in summer. may crack under heavy loads. 38 Soil Survey
• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and 21 to 48 inches—yellowish brown, firm and brittle trafficability and may delay construction in winter and gravelly loam that has light brownish gray and spring. strong brown mottles • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. 48 to 65 inches—strong brown, very firm and brittle Management measures: gravelly loam that has light brownish gray and • The included well drained soils, which are better reddish brown mottles suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields Soil Properties and Qualities than the Buchanan soil, should be selected for development. Drainage class: Moderately well drained; seepy • Installing a drainage system around structures that spots common during wet periods in winter and have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome spring the wetness. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill hour) above the firm layer in the subsoil and slow material, which raises the site a sufficient distance (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the firm layer above the water table. Available water capacity: Very low to moderate • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high Flooding: None water table. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing Erosion hazard: Severe alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines Natural fertility: Low or medium on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) of the subsoil. Surface runoff: Rapid • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches road base that includes the installation of properly Minor Components designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage caused by wetness and frost action. Dissimilar inclusions: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Poorly drained soils, which are in depressions establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Small areas of the moderately deep Berks soils providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils control erosion and sedimentation. • Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in the subsoil Interpretive Groups Similar soils: Land capability classification: IIe • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more Woodland ordination symbol: 4A than 15 percent • Soils that have stones on the surface
BuC—Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to Use and Management 15 percent slopes Uses: Most areas of the Buchanan soil are used as Setting woodland. Some areas are used for cultivated crops or for hay and pasture. A few small areas This soil is on strongly sloping, slightly concave are used as sites for community development. mountain footslopes and toeslopes. Cropland Composition Suitability: Suited Buchanan soil and similar soils: 80 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in Representative Profile the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some crops. Surface layer: • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. 0 to 6 inches—brown gravelly loam • Because of the restricted rooting depth, some crops Subsoil: may be adversely affected by a shortage of water as 6 to 10 inches—olive brown gravelly loam the soil dries out in summer. 10 to 21 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam • The wetness may delay planting in the spring. Berkeley County, West Virginia 39
Management measures: affecting building site development and septic tank • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover absorption fields. crops, and crop residue management help to control • The slope increases the extent of excavation erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. required during the construction of roads and • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding buildings. other organic material help to conserve moisture in • The seasonal high water table and the potential for summer. frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement Pasture and Hayland may crack under heavy loads. Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and legumes because of the seasonal high water table trafficability and may delay construction in winter and Management concerns: spring. • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Management measures: management concerns. • The included well drained soils, which are better • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces than the Buchanan soil, should be selected for the vigor of the plant cover. development. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • Installing a drainage system around structures that hazard in areas where the plant cover has been have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome destroyed. the wetness. • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill spring can damage the sod. material, which raises the site a sufficient distance Management measures: above the water table. • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high pastures in good condition. water table. • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to • Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing minimize compaction and maintain tilth. alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part forage plants. of the subsoil. • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Woodland road base that includes the installation of properly Potential productivity: Moderately high designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage Management concerns: caused by wetness and frost action. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • Roads and streets should be built on the contour. and skid trails. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and planted tree seedlings. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • The use of equipment is restricted during wet control erosion and sedimentation. periods because this soil is soft when wet. Interpretive Groups Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Land capability classification: IIIe and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Woodland ordination symbol: 4A longer being used help to control erosion. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and BxC—Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent spraying helps to control subsequent competition. slopes, extremely stony Community Development Setting Suitability: Poorly suited This soil is on gently sloping or strongly sloping, Management concerns: slightly concave mountain footslopes and toeslopes. • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Seeps and springs are common in some areas. 40 Soil Survey
Composition on the footslopes of Sleepy Creek and Third Hill Mountains Buchanan soil and similar soils: 80 percent • Small areas of soils that are not stony Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • Soils that do not have a firm or very firm and brittle Representative Profile layer in the subsoil Similar soils: Surface layer: • Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter surface covered with stones and boulders 1 to 2 inches—very dark gray loam • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more Subsurface layer: than 15 percent 2 to 4 inches—light yellowish brown loam Use and Management Subsoil: Uses: Most areas of the Buchanan soil are wooded. A 4 to 13 inches—brownish yellow gravelly loam few small areas are used as pasture. 13 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loam that has strong brown mottles Cropland 21 to 30 inches—strong brown gravelly loam that has Suitability: Not suited yellowish red, pale brown, and light brownish gray Management concerns: mottles • The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil 30 to 49 inches—strong brown, firm and brittle gravelly make cultivation impractical. loam that has brownish yellow, light brownish gray, and dark red mottles Pasture and Hayland Underlying material: Suitability: Not suited to hayland; difficult to manage 49 to 65 inches—reddish brown, very firm and brittle for pasture; better suited to grasses than to gravelly loam that has gray and red mottles legumes because of the seasonal high water table Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per and preventing overgrazing are major pasture hour) above the firm or very firm layer in the management concerns. subsoil and slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases firm or very firm layer the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Available water capacity: Low or moderate the vigor of the plant cover. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate or Flooding: None severe hazard in areas where the plant cover has Shrink-swell potential: Low been destroyed. Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with spring damages the sod. stones and boulders • Because of the slope and the stones on the Rockiness: None surface of the soil, it is difficult to operate Natural fertility: Low or medium conventional equipment used in clipping and in Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly applying fertilizer. acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) Management measures: Surface runoff: Medium or rapid • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. Minor Components • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to Dissimilar inclusions: minimize compaction and maintain tilth. • Small areas of the poorly drained Atkins soils, the • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results moderately well drained Philo soils, and the well of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of drained Pope soils, which are along narrow forage plants. drainageways Woodland • Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of their surface covered with stones and boulders; mainly Potential productivity: Moderately high Berkeley County, West Virginia 41
Management concerns: overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part • The large stones on the surface of the soil can of the subsoil. hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. • Roads and streets should be built on the contour. • The use of equipment is restricted during wet • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable periods because this soil is soft when wet. road base that includes the installation of properly • Plant competition is moderate if openings are made designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage in the canopy. caused by wetness and frost action. • The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to and skid trails. control erosion and sedimentation. Management measures: Interpretive Groups • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding Land capability classification: VIIs logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Woodland ordination symbol: 4X cut and filled; and installing water bars and culverts. Community Development BxE—Buchanan loam, 15 to 35 percent Suitability: Poorly suited slopes, extremely stony Management concerns: Setting • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation affecting building site development, septic tank This soil is on moderately steep or steep, slightly absorption fields, and local roads and streets. concave mountain benches, footslopes, and toeslopes. • The slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil Seeps and springs are common in some areas. is a severe limitation on sites for septic tank absorption Composition fields. • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and Buchanan soil and similar soils: 75 percent trafficability and may delay construction in winter and Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent spring. Representative Profile • Water may seep from cutbanks during wet periods. • The slope and the potential for frost action are Surface layer: limitations on sites for local roads and streets. 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter • The wetness is an additional limitation on sites for 1 to 2 inches—very dark gray loam local roads and streets. Because this soil is soft when Subsurface layer: wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads. 2 to 4 inches—light yellowish brown loam • The stones and boulders may interfere with construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with Subsoil: landscaping. 4 to 13 inches—brownish yellow gravelly loam • Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard in 13 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loam unprotected areas on construction sites. that has strong brown mottles Management measures: 21 to 30 inches—strong brown gravelly loam that has • Installing a drainage system around structures that yellowish red, pale brown, and light brownish gray have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome mottles the wetness. 30 to 49 inches—strong brown, firm and brittle gravelly • Buildings should be designed so that they conform loam that has brownish yellow, light brownish gray, to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is and dark red mottles necessary in some areas. 49 to 65 inches—reddish brown, very firm and brittle • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from septic tank gravelly loam that has gray and red mottles absorption fields can be effective in lowering the Soil Properties and Qualities seasonal high water table. • Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing Drainage class: Moderately well drained alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to hour) above the firm or very firm layer in the 42 Soil Survey
subsoil and slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases firm or very firm layer the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Available water capacity: Low or moderate the vigor of the plant cover. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe or 3.0 feet very severe hazard in areas where the plant cover has Flooding: None been destroyed. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in Erosion hazard: Severe or very severe spring damages the sod. Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with • Because of the slope and the stones on the surface stones and boulders of the soil, it is difficult to operate conventional Rockiness: None equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. Natural fertility: Low or medium Management measures: Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid in good condition. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to minimize compaction and maintain tilth. Minor Components • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Dissimilar inclusions: of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Small areas of the moderately deep Berks and forage plants. Dekalb soils and the shallow Weikert soils, which are Woodland on adjacent convex hillsides • Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of Potential productivity: Moderately high their surface covered with stones and boulders; mainly Management concerns: on the footslopes of Sleepy Creek and Third Hill • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Mountains and skid trails. • Small areas of the well drained Hazleton soils • The large stones on the surface of the soil can • Soils that do not have a firm or very firm and brittle hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. layer in the subsoil • The use of equipment is restricted during wet Similar soils: periods because this soil is soft when wet. • Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their • Plant competition is moderate if openings are made surface covered with stones and boulders in the canopy. • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or • The stones and boulders on the surface may more than 35 percent interfere with the planting of tree seedlings. • Soils that are not stony Management measures: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Use and Management logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding Uses: Most areas of the Buchanan soil are used as logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been woodland. A few small areas are used as pasture. cut and filled; and installing water bars and culverts. Cropland Community Development Suitability: Not suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Management concerns: • The slope and the stones and boulders on the • The slope and the seasonal high water table are the surface of the soil make cultivation impractical. main limitations affecting building site development, septic tank absorption fields, and local roads and Pasture and Hayland streets. Suitability: Not suited to hayland; difficult to manage for • The slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil pasture; better suited to grasses than to legumes is a severe limitation on sites for septic tank absorption because of the seasonal high water table fields. Management concerns: • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod trafficability and may delay construction in winter and and preventing overgrazing are major pasture spring. management concerns. • Water may seep from cutbanks during wet periods. Berkeley County, West Virginia 43
• The potential for frost action is a limitation on sites Subsoil: for local roads and streets. 8 to 24 inches—yellowish red very channery silt loam • The wetness is an additional limitation on sites for 24 to 30 inches—yellowish red very channery loam local roads and streets. Because this soil is soft when 30 to 34 inches—reddish brown very channery loam wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads. Underlying material: • The stones and boulders may interfere with 34 to 35 inches—reddish brown extremely channery construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with loam landscaping. • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas on Bedrock: construction sites. 35 inches—dusky red, fractured shale Management measures: Soil Properties and Qualities • Installing a drainage system around structures that have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome Drainage class: Well drained the wetness. Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per • Buildings should be designed so that they conform hour) to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping Available water capacity: Low or moderate is necessary in most areas. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from septic tank 6 feet absorption fields can be effective in lowering the Flooding: None seasonal high water table. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing Erosion hazard: Moderate alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines Stoniness: None on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to Rockiness: None overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part Natural fertility: Low of the subsoil. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or • Roads and streets should be built on the contour. strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Surface runoff: Medium establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Bedrock type: Reddish shale, fine grained sandstone, control erosion and sedimentation. or siltstone; interbedded in some areas • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Minor Components road base that includes the installation of properly designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage Dissimilar inclusions: caused by wetness and frost action. • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils, which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone Interpretive Groups • Moderately well drained soils, which are on head Land capability classification: VIIs slopes Woodland ordination symbol: 4X • Severely eroded soils Similar soils: CaB—Calvin channery loam, 3 to • Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock 8 percent slopes • The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil Setting • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on • Stony soils gently sloping, low ridges in the western part of the • Soils in which the subsoil has a fine-earth texture of county. sandy loam Composition • Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil Calvin soil and similar soils: 95 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 5 percent Use and Management Representative Profile Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. Some Surface layer: areas have been cleared and are used for pasture 0 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam or hay. A few small areas are used for cultivated 44 Soil Survey
crops or orchards or as sites for community • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads development. and skid trails. Management measures: Cropland • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Suitability: Suited full advantage of spring rains. Management concerns: • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should areas. be selected for planting. • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or natural fertility are management concerns. planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling Management measures: mortality rate. • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop • Adequately preparing the site helps to control residue management help to control erosion and to the initial plant competition in tree plantations, maintain fertility and tilth. and spraying helps to control subsequent • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited competition. to early maturing small grain than to late maturing • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour crops, such as corn. and seeding the roads and trails when they are no • A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop longer being used help to control erosion. residue on the surface helps to conserve soil Community Development moisture. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the Suitability: Limited results of soil tests helps to ensure maximum Management concerns: production. • The bedrock may interfere with excavations for roads and foundations. In most areas, however, it is Pasture and Hayland soft enough to be excavated with conventional Suitability: Suited earthmoving equipment. Management concerns: • The bedrock may interfere with the proper • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses functioning of septic tank absorption fields on some and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major sites. pasture management concerns. • The rock fragments in the surface layer may • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases interfere with the establishment of lawns and with the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces landscaping. the vigor of the plant cover. • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on • The droughtiness limits forage production during roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially midsummer. on south aspects. • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential • The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction sites where ponds or springs can be developed sites. generally are available along nearby Management measures: drainageways. • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites Management measures: for septic tank absorption fields, installing the • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to in good condition. bedrock. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of crownvetch, should be selected for planting on forage, especially legumes. roadbanks. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Woodland establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Potential productivity: Moderately high providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Management concerns: control erosion and sedimentation. • Seedling mortality is a management concern Interpretive Groups because of the droughtiness. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Land capability classification: IIe planted tree seedlings. Woodland ordination symbol: 4F Berkeley County, West Virginia 45
CaC—Calvin channery loam, 8 to which are on head slopes and along intermittent 15 percent slopes drainageways Similar soils: Setting • Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock • The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil strongly sloping hillsides and low ridges in the western • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or part of the county. from 15 to 25 percent Composition • Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil Calvin soil and similar soils: 90 percent • Stony soils Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Use and Management Representative Profile Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. Some Surface layer: have been cleared and are used for pasture or 0 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam hay. A few small areas are used for cultivated Subsoil: crops or orchards or as sites for community 8 to 24 inches—yellowish red very channery silt development. loam Cropland 24 to 30 inches—yellowish red very channery loam 30 to 34 inches—reddish brown very channery loam Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Underlying material: • The erosion hazard is severe in unprotected areas. 34 to 35 inches—reddish brown extremely channery • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low loam natural fertility are management concerns. Bedrock: Management measures: 35 inches—fractured, dusky red shale • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop residue management help to control erosion and to Soil Properties and Qualities maintain fertility and tilth. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per to early maturing small grain than to late maturing hour) crops, such as corn. Available water capacity: Low or moderate • A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than residue on the surface conserves soil moisture. 6 feet • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Flooding: None of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production. Shrink-swell potential: Low Pasture and Hayland Erosion hazard: Severe Stoniness: None Suitability: Suited Rockiness: None Management concerns: Natural fertility: Low • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) pasture management concerns. Surface runoff: Rapid • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Bedrock type: Reddish shale, fine grained sandstone, the vigor of the plant cover. or siltstone; interbedded in some areas • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Minor Components destroyed. Dissimilar inclusions: • The droughtiness limits forage production during • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils, midsummer. which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils where ponds or springs can be developed generally • Moderately well drained to poorly drained soils, are available along nearby drainageways. 46 Soil Survey
Management measures: fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Buildings should be designed so that they conform in good condition. to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results necessary in some areas. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and forage, especially legumes. crownvetch, should be selected for planting on roadbanks. Woodland • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Potential productivity: Moderately high establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Management concerns: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Seedling mortality is a management concern control erosion and sedimentation. because of the droughtiness. Interpretive Groups • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Land capability classification: IIIe • Erosion is a hazard on logging roads and skid trails. Woodland ordination symbol: 4F Management measures: • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take full advantage of spring rains. CaD—Calvin channery loam, 15 to • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, 25 percent slopes white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should Setting be selected for planting. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling moderately steep hillsides and ridges in the western mortality rate. part of the county. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Composition initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Calvin soil and similar soils: 85 percent • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Representative Profile longer being used help to control erosion. Surface layer: Community Development 0 to 6 inches—reddish brown channery loam Suitability: Limited Subsoil: Management concerns: 6 to 24 inches—yellowish red very channery silt loam • The bedrock may interfere with excavations for 24 to 30 inches—yellowish red very channery loam roads and foundations. In most areas, however, it is 30 to 34 inches—reddish brown very channery loam soft enough to be excavated with conventional Underlying material: earthmoving equipment. 34 to 35 inches—reddish brown extremely channery • The bedrock may interfere with the proper loam functioning of septic tank absorption fields on some sites. Bedrock: • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building 34 inches—dusky red, weathered shale site development. Soil Properties and Qualities • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. Drainage class: Well drained • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially hour) on south aspects. Available water capacity: Low or moderate • The erosion hazard is severe on construction sites. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management measures: 6 feet • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for Flooding: None septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption Shrink-swell potential: Low Berkeley County, West Virginia 47
Erosion hazard: Severe Pasture and Hayland Stoniness: None Suitability: Suited Rockiness: None Management concerns: Natural fertility: Low • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) pasture management concerns. Surface runoff: Rapid • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches hazard where the plant cover has been destroyed. Bedrock type: Reddish shale, fine grained sandstone, • The droughtiness limits forage production during or siltstone; interbedded in some areas midsummer. Minor Components Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Dissimilar inclusions: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils, in good condition. which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • The moderately well drained Buchanan soil, which of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of are on footslopes and head slopes forage, especially legumes. • The moderately well drained Philo soils and the poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along Woodland drainageways Similar soils: Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; • Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock moderately high on north aspects • The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow Management concerns: Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil • Because this soil is droughty, seedling mortality is a • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent management concern, especially on south aspects. or from 25 to 35 percent • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • Stony soils planted tree seedlings. • Erosion is a hazard on logging roads and skid trails. Use and Management Management measures: Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. A few • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take small areas have been cleared and are used for full advantage of spring rains. pasture, hay, cultivated crops, or orchards. • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should Cropland be selected for planting. Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or pasture because of the hazard of erosion planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling Management concerns: mortality rate. • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the areas. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low spraying helps to control subsequent competition. natural fertility are management concerns. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Management measures: logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding • Conservation tillage, contour farming, contour logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been stripcropping, cover crops, a cropping system that cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and includes grasses and legumes, and crop residue installing water bars and culverts. management help to control erosion and to maintain Community Development fertility and tilth. • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited Suitability: Poorly suited to early maturing small grain than to late maturing Management concerns: crops, such as corn. • The slope is a severe limitation affecting building site • A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop development. This soil is poorly suited to buildings and residue on the surface conserves soil moisture. to local roads and streets unless extensive land • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results shaping is done. of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production. • The bedrock may interfere with excavations for 48 Soil Survey
roads and foundations. In most areas, however, it is Bedrock: soft enough to be excavated with conventional 34 inches—fractured, reddish brown, fine grained earthmoving equipment. sandstone • The bedrock may interfere with the proper Soil Properties and Qualities functioning of septic tank absorption fields on some sites. Drainage class: Well drained • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. hour) • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on Available water capacity: Low or moderate roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than on south aspects. 6 feet • The hazard of erosion is severe on construction Flooding: None sites. Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures: Erosion hazard: Very severe • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for Stoniness: None septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption Rockiness: None fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption Natural fertility: Low fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock and Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or the slope. strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Surface runoff: Very rapid crownvetch, should be selected for planting on Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches roadbanks. Bedrock type: Reddish, fine grained sandstone; • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, interbedded with siltstone in some areas establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Minor Components providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to control erosion and sedimentation. Dissimilar inclusions: • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils, Interpretive Groups which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone Land capability classification: IVe • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R are on footslopes and head slopes on north aspects • The moderately well drained Philo soils and the poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along drainageways CaE—Calvin channery loam, 25 to • Extremely stony soils 35 percent slopes Similar soils: • Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over Setting bedrock This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on • The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow steep hillsides in the western part of the county. Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent Composition • Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent Calvin soil and similar soils: 85 percent • Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil Representative Profile Use and Management Surface layer: Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. A few 0 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery loam small areas are used as pasture. Subsoil: Cropland 2 to 8 inches—reddish brown very channery loam Suitability: Not suited 8 to 23 inches—reddish brown very channery loam Management concerns: Underlying material: • This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops because of 23 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely channery the steep slope, the very severe hazard of erosion, loam droughtiness, and the low fertility level. Berkeley County, West Virginia 49
Pasture and Hayland cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and installing water bars and culverts. Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for pasture Community Development Management concerns: Suitability: Poorly suited • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Management concerns: and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • The steep slope and the depth to bedrock are the management concerns. main limitations affecting community development. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and • Because of the slope, this soil is generally unsuited increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. to building site development. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe • Because of the slope and the depth to bedrock, this hazard in areas where the plant cover has been soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption destroyed. fields. • The droughtiness limits forage production during • The hazard of erosion is very severe on construction midsummer. sites. • Because of the slope, it is difficult to safely operate Management measures: conventional equipment used in clipping and in • A better suited soil should be selected for applying fertilizer. development. Management measures: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to in good condition. control erosion and sedimentation. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Interpretive Groups forage, especially legumes. Land capability classification: VIIe Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R Woodland on north aspects Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; moderately high on north aspects CaF—Calvin channery loam, 35 to Management concerns: 65 percent slopes • Because the soil is droughty, seedling mortality is a management concern, especially on south Setting aspects. This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of very steep hillsides in the western part of the county. planted tree seedlings. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Composition and skid trails. Calvin soil and similar soils: 75 percent Management measures: Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take full advantage of spring rains. Representative Profile • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Surface layer: white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should 0 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery loam be selected for planting. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Subsoil: planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling 2 to 8 inches—reddish brown very channery loam mortality rate. 8 to 23 inches—reddish brown very channery loam • Adequately preparing the site helps to control Underlying material: the initial plant competition in tree plantations, 23 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely channery and spraying helps to control subsequent loam competition. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Bedrock: logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding 34 inches—fractured, reddish brown, fine grained logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been sandstone 50 Soil Survey
Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Drainage class: Well drained and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches management concerns. per hour) • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and Available water capacity: Very low to moderate increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe 6 feet hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Flooding: None destroyed. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Droughtiness limits forage production during Erosion hazard: Very severe midsummer. Stoniness: None • Because of the very steep slope, it is difficult to Rockiness: None safely operate conventional equipment used in clipping Natural fertility: Low and in applying fertilizer. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or Management measures: strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Surface runoff: Very rapid and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches in good condition. Bedrock type: Reddish, fine grained sandstone; • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results interbedded with siltstone in some areas of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Minor Components forage plants. Dissimilar inclusions: Woodland • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils, which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; • The very deep Hazleton soils, which are on concave moderately high on north aspects hillsides Management concerns: • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which • Because of the very steep slope, special care are on footslopes and benches should be taken when logging roads and log landings • The moderately well drained Philo soils and the are laid out. poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along • Operating logging equipment is hazardous because drainageways of the very steep slope. • Extremely stony soils • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Similar soils: and skid trails. • Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over • Because this soil is droughty, seedling mortality bedrock is a management concern, especially on south • The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow aspects. Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • Soils that have slopes ranging from 25 to 35 percent planted tree seedlings. • Soils that have slopes of more than 65 percent Management measures: • Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments • Cable yarding generally is safer than other logging throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil methods and causes less surface disturbance. • Because of the erosion hazard, water should be Use and Management removed from logging roads by water bars, out-sloping Uses: Nearly all areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. or in-sloping road surfaces, culverts, and drop structures. Building logging roads on the contour or on Cropland the gentler slopes and seeding logging roads, skid Suitability: Not suited trails, and log landings after the trees are logged also Management concerns: help to prevent excessive erosion. • The very steep slope and the very severe hazard of • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, erosion make tillage unsafe and impractical. white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for planting. Pasture and Hayland • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling pasture mortality rate. Berkeley County, West Virginia 51
• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Bedrock: full advantage of spring rains. 24 inches—grayish limestone • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Soil Properties and Qualities initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per Community Development hour) Suitability: Not suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management concerns: Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • The very steep slope and the depth to bedrock are 6 feet the main limitations affecting community development. Flooding: None • Because of the very steep slope, this soil is unsuited Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil to building site development. Erosion hazard: Moderate • Because of the slope and the depth to bedrock, this Stoniness: None soil is unsuited to septic tank absorption fields. Rockiness: None • The hazard of erosion is very severe on construction Natural fertility: High sites. Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Management measures: (pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the surface layer and the upper • A better suited soil should be selected for part of the subsoil and moderately acid to slightly development. alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, subsoil and in the underlying material establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Surface runoff: Medium providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches control erosion and sedimentation. Bedrock type: Limestone interbedded with thin layers of shale and siltstone Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: VIIe Minor Components Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R Dissimilar inclusions: on north aspects • Small areas of the very deep Pecktonville soils • Moderately well drained soils CbB—Caneyville silt loam, 3 to 8 percent • Areas of limestone rock outcrop slopes • Very shallow soils that are less than 10 inches deep over bedrock Setting • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex silty clay loam or silty clay uplands underlain by limestone. It is in an oblong band Similar soils: from Ferrel Ridge south to Jones Springs in the • The shallow Opequon soils western part of the county. • The deep Endcav soils • The moderately deep Carbo soils Composition • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent Caneyville soil and similar soils: 90 percent • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent 15 percent • Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface Representative Profile layer Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam Uses: Most areas of the Caneyville soil have been Subsoil: cleared and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or 7 to 15 inches—yellowish red silty clay pasture. Some are used for orchards. A few areas 15 to 22 inches—yellowish red clay that has coarse have been developed for housing, and a few small yellowish brown pockets areas are wooded. Underlying material: Cropland 22 to 24 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish brown clay Suitability: Suited 52 Soil Survey
Management concerns: of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected forage, especially legumes. areas. Woodland • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by Potential productivity: Moderately high applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; Management concerns: runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and and skid trails. fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of • Operating logging equipment during wet periods ground water and surface water by nutrients. when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. • This soil tends to be droughty during the growing Management measures: season. • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Management measures: and seeding the roads and trails when they are no • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, longer being used help to control erosion. and small grain, applying a system of conservation Community Development tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, and applying good crop residue management help to Suitability: Poorly suited prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Management concerns: tilth. • In many areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet may interfere with excavations, including those for crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of sewer lines. nutrient leaching. • The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are • Manure should be stored in a properly designed severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption storage facility. fields. • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase to early maturing small grain than to late maturing the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from crops, such as corn. septic tank absorption fields. • A system of conservation tillage that leaves • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation crop residue on the surface helps to conserve soil affecting the construction of buildings. moisture. • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when Pasture and Hayland wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads. Suitability: Suited • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Management concerns: Management measures: • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption pasture management concerns. fields on the contour, pressurizing or enlarging the • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces can help to overcome the limitations in absorption the vigor of the plant cover. areas. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed hazard in areas where the plant cover has been in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in destroyed. areas where excavation exposes the limestone • The droughtiness limits forage production during bedrock. midsummer. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and • Ponds constructed for livestock water are foundations can help to prevent the structural damage susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. caused by shrinking and swelling. Management measures: • Providing a suitable road base that includes the • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures prevent the road damage caused by low strength. in good condition. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Berkeley County, West Virginia 53
providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Bedrock type: Limestone interbedded with thin layers control erosion and sedimentation. of shale and siltstone Interpretive Groups Minor Components Land capability classification: IIIe Dissimilar inclusions: Woodland ordination symbol: 4C • Small areas of the very deep Pecktonville and Blackthorn soils • Moderately well drained soils CcC—Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to • Areas of limestone rock outcrop 15 percent slopes • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty clay Setting Similar soils: This soil is on strongly sloping, convex uplands • The deep Endcav soils underlain by limestone. It is in an oblong band from • The shallow Opequon soils Ferrel Ridge south to Jones Springs in the western • The moderately deep Carbo soils part of the county. • Soils that have a surface layer of silt loam • Soils that have a channery surface layer Composition • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or Caneyville soil and similar soils: 85 percent from 15 to 25 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Use and Management Representative Profile Uses: Many areas of the Caneyville soil have been Surface layer: cleared and are used for pasture or hay. A few 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam areas are used for cultivated crops or orchards. 4 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam that has a few Some areas have been developed as homesites, medium yellowish brown pockets and some are wooded. Subsoil: Cropland 8 to 16 inches—strong brown silty clay that has Suitability: Suited common fine to coarse yellowish brown mottles Management concerns: 16 to 28 inches—yellowish red silty clay • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected Bedrock: areas. 28 inches—unweathered, grayish limestone • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by Soil Properties and Qualities applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; Drainage class: Well drained runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and hour) fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Available water capacity: Moderate ground water and surface water by nutrients. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • This soil tends to be droughty during the growing 6 feet season. Flooding: None • In some areas limestone channers may interfere Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil with tillage. Erosion hazard: Severe Management measures: Stoniness: None • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Rockiness: None and small grain, applying a system of conservation Natural fertility: High tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral and applying good crop residue management help to (pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the surface layer and the upper prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and part of the subsoil and moderately acid to slightly tilth. alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet subsoil crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Surface runoff: Rapid and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches nutrient leaching. 54 Soil Survey
• Manure should be stored in a properly designed septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and sewer storage facility. lines. • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited • The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are to early maturing small grain than to late maturing severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption crops, such as corn. fields. • A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase residue on the surface helps to conserve soil moisture. the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Pasture and Hayland • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation Suitability: Suited affecting the construction of buildings. Management concerns: • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy pasture management concerns. loads. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces sites. the vigor of the plant cover. Management measures: • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • Buildings should be designed so that they conform hazard in areas where the plant cover has been to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is destroyed. necessary in some areas. • The droughtiness limits forage production during • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for midsummer. septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption • Ponds constructed for livestock water are fields on the contour, pressurizing or enlarging the susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields Management measures: can help to overcome the limitations in absorption • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, areas. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed in good condition. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results areas where excavation exposes the limestone of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of bedrock. forage, especially legumes. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Woodland caused by shrinking and swelling. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Management concerns: installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads prevent the road damage caused by low strength. and skid trails. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Operating logging equipment during wet periods establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Seedling mortality may be a problem because of the control erosion and sedimentation. droughtiness during the summer. Interpretive Groups Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Land capability classification: IVe and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Woodland ordination symbol: 4C longer being used help to control erosion. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling CcD—Caneyville silty clay loam, 15 to mortality rate. 25 percent slopes Community Development Setting Suitability: Poorly suited This soil is on moderately steep, convex uplands Management concerns: underlain by limestone. It is in an oblong band from • In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may Ferrel Ridge south to Jones Springs in the western interfere with excavations, including those for roads, part of the county. Berkeley County, West Virginia 55
Composition • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent or from 25 to 35 percent Caneyville soil and similar soils: 85 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Use and Management Representative Profile Uses: Most areas of the Caneyville soil have been cleared and are used as pasture or woodland. A Surface layer: few areas are used for orchards, and a few have 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam been developed as homesites. 2 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam that has a few medium yellowish brown pockets Cropland Subsoil: Suitability: Not suited 6 to 14 inches—strong brown silty clay that has Management concerns: common fine to coarse yellowish brown mottles • Because of the slope and the severe hazard of 14 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay erosion, this soil is generally unsuited to cultivated crops. Bedrock: 26 inches—unweathered, grayish limestone Pasture and Hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Not suited to hay; suited to pasture Management concerns: Drainage class: Well drained • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major hour) pasture management concerns. Available water capacity: Moderate • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces 6 feet the vigor of the plant cover. Flooding: None • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Erosion hazard: Severe destroyed. Stoniness: None • Droughtiness limits forage production during Rockiness: None midsummer. Natural fertility: High • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the surface layer and the upper Management measures: part of the subsoil and moderately acid to slightly • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures subsoil in good condition. Surface runoff: Rapid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Bedrock type: Limestone interbedded with thin layers forage, especially legumes. of shale and siltstone Minor Components Woodland Dissimilar inclusions: Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; • Small areas of the very deep Pecktonville and moderately high on north aspects Blackthorn soils Management concerns: • Moderately well drained soils • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • Areas of limestone rock outcrop and skid trails. • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of • Operating logging equipment during wet periods silty clay when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. Similar soils: • Because of the droughtiness during the summer, • The shallow Opequon soils seedling mortality may be a problem, especially on • The deep Endcav soils south aspects. • The moderately deep Carbo soils Management measures: • Soils that have a surface layer of silt loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building • Soils that have a channery surface layer logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding 56 Soil Survey
logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been • Providing a suitable road base that includes the cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to installing water bars and culverts. prevent the road damage caused by low strength. • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and planting. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or control erosion and sedimentation. planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling Interpretive Groups mortality rate. • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Land capability classification: VIe full advantage of spring rains. Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes on north aspects where possible. Community Development CeB—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 3 to Suitability: Poorly suited 8 percent slopes Management concerns: Setting • Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to buildings and to local roads and streets unless These soils are on gently sloping, slightly convex extensive land shaping is done. limestone upland ridges and hillsides that are • In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may shallowly dissected by intermittent drainageways. They interfere with excavations, including those for roads, are in the Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in some areas. septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and sewer The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the lines. landscape that it was impractical to separate them in • The depth to bedrock, the slow permeability, and the mapping. slope are severe limitations on sites for septic tank Composition absorption fields. • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase Carbo soil and similar soils: 45 percent the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from Endcav soil and similar soils: 40 percent septic tank absorption fields. Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation Representative Profile affecting the construction of buildings. • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the Carbo construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when Surface layer: wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam loads. 2 to 9 inches—silty clay that has medium strong brown • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. pockets Management measures: • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Subsoil: to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is 9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish necessary in some areas. brown clay • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for 18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption strong brown clay fields on the contour, pressurizing or enlarging the 28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown, absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields strong brown, and yellowish brown clay can help to overcome the limitations in absorption Bedrock: areas. 34 inches—hard limestone • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in Endcav areas where excavation exposes the limestone Surface layer: bedrock. 0 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Subsoil: caused by shrinking and swelling. 8 to 23 inches—strong brown clay Berkeley County, West Virginia 57
23 to 41 inches—strong brown clay that has coarse Similar soils: pockets of yellowish brown loam around • The shallow Opequon soils weathered limestone channers • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent Bedrock: 41 inches—weathered limestone Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared and are used for pasture or hay. A few areas are Carbo used for cultivated crops. Some areas are used Drainage class: Well drained as sites for community development. In a few Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) areas, the acreage is idle land or the soils are Available water capacity: Moderate wooded. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Cropland 6 feet Flooding: None Suitability: Suited Shrink-swell potential: High Management concerns: Erosion hazard: Moderate • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected Stoniness: None areas. Rockiness: None • The high clay content in the surface layer makes Natural fertility: High tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem. Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly • Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) tillage in some areas. Surface runoff: Medium • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Bedrock type: Limestone caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from Endcav manure pits. Drainage class: Well drained • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Available water capacity: Moderate or high ground water and surface water by nutrients. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management measures: 6 feet • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Flooding: None and small grain, applying a system of conservation Shrink-swell potential: High tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Erosion hazard: Moderate and applying good crop residue management help to Stoniness: None prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Rockiness: None tilth. Natural fertility: High • Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly organic material, and including grasses and legumes alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the cropping sequence help to improve soil Surface runoff: Medium structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches overcome the restricted permeability of the soils. Bedrock type: Limestone • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive Minor Components compaction and maintain tilth. Dissimilar inclusions: • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • The very deep Hagerstown soils reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. • The very deep Funkstown soils, which are subject to • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet flooding and ponding and are along intermittent crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, drainageways and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils nutrient leaching. • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of Pasture and Hayland silty clay or clay • Areas of rock outcrop Suitability: Suited 58 Soil Survey
Management concerns: limitation on sites for buildings if foundations and • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses footers are improperly constructed. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may pasture management concerns. interfere with excavations, including those for roads, • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and sewer the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces lines. Blasting may be necessary in some areas. the vigor of the plant cover. • Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate severe limitations affecting the construction of roads. hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement destroyed. cracks under heavy loads if roads are improperly • Ponds constructed for livestock water are constructed. susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Management measures: Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures for septic tank absorption fields, installing the in good condition. absorption fields on the contour, oversizing or • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results pressurizing the absorption fields, or installing of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of alternating drainfields can help to overcome the forage, especially legumes. limitations in absorption areas. • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Woodland in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Potential productivity: Moderately high sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Management concerns: limestone bedrock. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • Properly designing and strengthening footings and and skid trails. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Operating logging equipment during wet periods caused by shrinking and swelling. when the soils are soft and sticky results in excessive • Providing a suitable road base that includes the rutting. installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of prevent the road damage caused by low strength and planted tree seedlings. by shrinking and swelling. • Seedling mortality may be a problem because of • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, droughtiness during the summer. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Management measures: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour control erosion and sedimentation. and seeding the roads and trails to perennial grasses Interpretive Groups and legumes when they are no longer being used help to control erosion. Land capability classification: IIIe • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Endcav—5C initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or CeC—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 8 to planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling 15 percent slopes mortality rate. Setting Community Development These soils are on strongly sloping, convex Suitability: Poorly suited limestone upland ridges and hillsides in the Great Management concerns: Valley. Sinkholes occur in some areas. The two soils • The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption it was impractical to separate them in mapping. fields. Composition • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Carbo soil and similar soils: 55 percent by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Endcav soil and similar soils: 35 percent • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Berkeley County, West Virginia 59
Representative Profile Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Carbo Flooding: None Surface layer: Shrink-swell potential: High 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay Erosion hazard: Severe loam Stoniness: None 2 to 9 inches—silty clay that has medium strong Rockiness: None brown pockets Natural fertility: High Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly Subsoil: alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) 9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish Surface runoff: Rapid brown clay Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches 18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and Bedrock type: Limestone strong brown clay 28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown, Minor Components strong brown, and yellowish brown clay Dissimilar inclusions: Bedrock: • The very deep Hagerstown soils 34 inches—hard limestone • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of Endcav silty clay or clay Surface layer: • Areas of rock outcrop 0 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam Similar soils: • The shallow Opequon soils Subsoil: • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent 6 to 23 inches—strong brown clay or from 3 to 8 percent 23 to 41 inches—strong brown clay that has coarse pockets of yellowish brown loam around Use and Management weathered limestone channers Uses: Most areas of the map unit have been cleared Bedrock: and are used for pasture or hay. A few areas are 41 inches—weathered limestone used for cultivated crops. Some areas are used as Soil Properties and Qualities sites for community development. In a few areas, the acreage is idle land or the soils are wooded. Carbo Cropland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) Suitability: Limited; better suited to hay and pasture Available water capacity: Moderate Management concerns: Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected 6 feet areas. Flooding: None • The high clay content in the surface layer makes Shrink-swell potential: High tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem. Erosion hazard: Severe • Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of Stoniness: None tillage in some areas. Rockiness: None • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone Natural fertility: High bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from Surface runoff: Rapid manure pits. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Bedrock type: Limestone fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of ground water and surface water by nutrients. Endcav Management measures: Drainage class: Well drained • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) and small grain, applying a system of conservation Available water capacity: Moderate or high tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, 60 Soil Survey
and applying good crop residue management help to and legumes when they are no longer being used help prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and to control erosion. tilth. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade initial plant competition in tree plantations, and stabilization structures help to prevent gully spraying helps to control subsequent competition. erosion. Community Development • Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other organic material, and including grasses and legumes Suitability: Poorly suited in the cropping sequence help to improve soil Management concerns: structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are overcome the restricted permeability of the soils. severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the fields. proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone compaction and maintain tilth. bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of limitation on building sites. nutrient leaching. • In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may interfere with excavations, including those for Pasture and Hayland roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, Suitability: Suited and sewer lines. Blasting may be necessary in Management concerns: some areas. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major severe limitations affecting the construction of roads. pasture management concerns. Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases cracks under heavy loads if roads are improperly the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces constructed. the vigor of the plant cover. • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe sites. hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Management measures: destroyed. • Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites • Ponds constructed for livestock water are for septic tank absorption fields, installing the susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. absorption fields on the contour, oversizing or Management measures: pressurizing the absorption fields, or installing • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, alternating drainfields can help to overcome the and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures limitations in absorption areas. in good condition. • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the forage, especially legumes. limestone bedrock. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Woodland foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Potential productivity: Moderately high caused by shrinking and swelling. Management concerns: • Providing a suitable road base that includes the • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to and skid trails. prevent the road damage caused by low strength and • Because the soils are soft and sticky when wet, by shrinking and swelling. operating logging equipment during wet periods • Buildings should be designed so that they conform results in excessive rutting. to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of necessary in some areas. planted tree seedlings. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Management measures: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to and seeding the roads and trails to perennial grasses control erosion and sedimentation. Berkeley County, West Virginia 61
Interpretive Groups Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) Available water capacity: Low Land capability classification: IVe Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Endcav—5C 6 feet Flooding: None CgB—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to Shrink-swell potential: High 8 percent slopes Erosion hazard: Moderate Stoniness: None Setting Rockiness: None Natural fertility: High These soils are on gently sloping limestone uplands Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly in the eastern and central parts of the Great Valley. alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) Sinkholes are common in some areas. The bedrock is Surface runoff: Medium steeply tilted under the soils, and soil depth may vary Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches greatly within short distances. The two soils occur as Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and areas so intermingled on the landscape that it was New Market Limestones impractical to separate them in mapping. Opequon Composition Drainage class: Well drained Carbo soil and similar soils: 55 percent Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to Opequon soil and similar soils: 25 percent 2.0 inches per hour) Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Available water capacity: Very low or low Representative Profile Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Carbo Flooding: None Surface layer: Shrink-swell potential: High 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam Erosion hazard: Moderate 2 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay Stoniness: None Rockiness: None Subsoil: Natural fertility: High 9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly brown clay alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) 18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and Surface runoff: Medium strong brown clay Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches 28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown, Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and strong brown, and yellowish brown clay New Market Limestones Bedrock: 34 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Minor Components Opequon Dissimilar inclusions: • The very deep Swanpond soils Surface layer: • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay clay Subsoil: • Areas of limestone rock outcrop 8 to 14 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong • Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over brown clay bedrock 14 to 17 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark Similar soils: yellowish brown clay • The deep Endcav soils • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more Bedrock: than 8 percent 17 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone • Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Carbo Uses: Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture. Drainage class: Well drained Some areas are used for cultivated crops. A few 62 Soil Survey
small areas are used as sites for community • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases development or are wooded. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces the vigor of the plant cover. Cropland • The droughtiness limits forage production during Suitability: Suited midsummer. Management concerns: • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. areas. Management measures: • These soils are droughty during the growing season • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, and generally have poor tilth. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the extent and in good condition. direction of cultivation in some areas. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of may interfere with tillage and planting. forage, especially legumes. • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone Woodland bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from high manure pits. Management concerns: • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of and skid trails. ground water and surface water by nutrients. • Operating logging equipment during wet periods Management measures: when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting. • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, • Because of the droughtiness during the summer, and small grain, applying a system of conservation seedling mortality may be a problem, especially in tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, areas of the Opequon soil. and applying good crop residue management help to • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds tilth. or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon • Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better soil. suited to early maturing small grain than to late • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of maturing crops, such as corn. planted tree seedlings. • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding Management measures: other organic material help to improve tilth and • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour conserve soil moisture. and seeding the roads and trails to perennial grasses • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the and legumes when they are no longer used help to proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive control erosion. compaction and maintain tilth. • Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet roads should be graveled. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be nutrient leaching. selected for planting. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. full advantage of spring rains. • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the storage facility. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Pasture and Hayland Community Development Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Suitability: Poorly suited • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Management concerns: and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock pasture management concerns. and the high shrink-swell potential are the main Berkeley County, West Virginia 63
limitations affecting building site development, Interpretive Groups local roads and streets, and septic tank absorption Land capability classification: IIIe fields. Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Opequon— • In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it 3C can be excavated. • Low strength is an additional limitation affecting the construction of roads. Because these soils are soft CgC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy 15 percent slopes loads. • The slow permeability and the depth to bedrock are Setting severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption These soils are on strongly sloping limestone fields. upland ridges and hillsides in the eastern and central • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock parts of the Great Valley. Sinkholes are common in increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by some areas. The bedrock is steeply tilted under the surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank soils, and the depth to bedrock may vary greatly within absorption fields. short distances. The two soils occur as areas so • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, to separate them in mapping. especially on south aspects. • The hard bedrock may interfere with landscaping in Composition many areas. Carbo soil and similar soils: 50 percent • In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer Opequon soil and similar soils: 35 percent may interfere with the establishment of lawns. Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Representative Profile Management measures: Carbo • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with additional fill may be preferable to excavating the Surface layer: bedrock. 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • Properly designing and strengthening footings and loam foundations can help to prevent the structural damage 2 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay caused by shrinking and swelling. Subsoil: • Providing a suitable road base that includes the 7 to 16 inches—variegated strong brown and installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to yellowish brown clay prevent the road damage caused by low strength and 16 to 26 inches—variegated yellowish brown and by shrinking and swelling. strong brown clay • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed 26 to 32 inches—variegated dark yellowish in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the clay limestone bedrock. • Selecting deeper areas of the included soils as sites Bedrock: for septic tank absorption fields, installing the 32 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone absorption fields on the contour, pressurizing or Opequon enlarging the absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields can help to overcome the limitations in Surface layer: absorption areas. 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Subsoil: crownvetch, should be selected for planting on 6 to 12 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with brown clay straw. 12 to 15 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, yellowish brown clay establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Bedrock: control erosion and sedimentation. 15 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone 64 Soil Survey
Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Carbo Uses: Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture (fig. 5). Some are used for cultivated crops. A few Drainage class: Well drained small areas are used as sites for community Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) development or are wooded. Available water capacity: Low Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Cropland 6 feet Suitability: Limited Flooding: None Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential: High • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected Erosion hazard: Severe areas. Stoniness: None • These soils are droughty during the growing season Rockiness: None and generally have poor tilth. Natural fertility: High • Limestone rock outcrop may limit the extent and Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly direction of cultivation in some areas. alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) • In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer Surface runoff: Rapid may interfere with tillage and planting. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution New Market Limestones caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Opequon manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Drainage class: Well drained • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to and fertilizer applications can result in the 2.0 inches per hour) pollution of ground water and surface water by Available water capacity: Very low or low nutrients. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management measures: 6 feet • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Flooding: None and small grain, applying a system of conservation Shrink-swell potential: High tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Erosion hazard: Severe and applying good crop residue management help to Stoniness: None prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Rockiness: None tilth. Natural fertility: High • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion. alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) • Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better Surface runoff: Rapid suited to early maturing small grain than to late Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches maturing crops, such as corn. Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding New Market Limestones other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the Minor Components proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive Dissimilar inclusions: compaction and maintain tilth. • The very deep Swanpond soils • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, clay and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of • Areas of rock outcrop nutrient leaching. • Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes bedrock reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Similar soils: • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The deep Endcav soils storage facility. • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more Pasture and Hayland than 15 percent • Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer Suitability: Suited Berkeley County, West Virginia 65
Figure 5.—A pastured area of Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes. Eastern redcedar commonly grows in areas of these soils.
Management concerns: Woodland • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately pasture management concerns. high • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Management concerns: the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads the vigor of the plant cover. and skid trails. • The droughtiness limits forage production during • Operating logging equipment during wet periods midsummer. when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting. • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • Because of the droughtiness during the summer, susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. seedling mortality may be a problem, especially in Management measures: areas of the Opequon soil. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds in good condition. or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results soil. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of forage, especially legumes. planted tree seedlings. 66 Soil Survey
Management measures: • Properly designing and strengthening footings and • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building foundations can help to prevent the structural damage logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding caused by shrinking and swelling. logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been • Providing a suitable road base that includes the cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to installing water bars and culverts. prevent the road damage caused by low strength and • Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging by shrinking and swelling. roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed landings should be stabilized. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be limestone bedrock. selected for planting. • Selecting deeper areas of the included soils as sites • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take for septic tank absorption fields, installing the full advantage of spring rains. absorption fields on the contour, pressurizing or • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the enlarging the absorption fields, or installing alternating initial plant competition in tree plantations, and drainfields can help to overcome the limitations in spraying helps to control subsequent competition. absorption areas. • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Community Development crownvetch, should be selected for planting on roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with Suitability: Poorly suited straw. Management concerns: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock, establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and the high shrink-swell potential, and the slope are the providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to main limitations affecting building site development, control erosion and sedimentation. local roads and street, and septic tank absorption fields. Interpretive Groups • In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it Land capability classification: IVe can be excavated. Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Opequon— • Low strength is an additional limitation affecting the 3C construction of roads. Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads. ChC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to • The slow permeability and the depth to bedrock are 15 percent slopes, very rocky severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. Setting • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock These soils are on gently sloping or strongly sloping increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by ridges and hillsides in the eastern and central parts of surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank the Great Valley. Sinkholes are common in some absorption fields. areas. The bedrock is steeply tilted under the soils, • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on and soil depth may vary greatly within short distances. roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the especially on south aspects. landscape that it was impractical to separate them in • The hard bedrock may interfere with landscaping in mapping. many areas. • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere Composition with the establishment of lawns. Carbo soil and similar soils: 50 percent • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Opequon soil and similar soils: 35 percent Management measures: Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with additional fill may be preferable to excavating the Representative Profile bedrock. Carbo • Buildings should be designed so that they conform to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Surface layer: necessary in some areas. 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 67
2 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay Stoniness: None Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop Subsoil: Natural fertility: High 9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly brown clay alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) 18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and Surface runoff: Rapid strong brown clay Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches 28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown, Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and strong brown, and yellowish brown clay New Market Limestones Bedrock: Minor Components 34 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Dissimilar inclusions: Opequon • The very deep Swanpond soils Surface layer: • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay clay • Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over bedrock Subsoil: Similar soils: 7 to 14 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong • The deep Endcav soils brown clay • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more 14 to 17 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark than 15 percent yellowish brown clay • Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer Bedrock: 17 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. Some areas have been cleared and are used as pasture. Carbo Cropland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) Suitability: Not suited Available water capacity: Low or moderate Management concerns: Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • The droughtiness of these soils and the limestone 6 feet rock outcrop make cultivation impractical. Flooding: None Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: High Erosion hazard: Severe Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for Stoniness: None pasture Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop Management concerns: Natural fertility: High • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) pasture management concerns. Surface runoff: Rapid • Because of the limestone rock outcrop, it is difficult Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches in many areas to operate conventional equipment Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. New Market Limestones • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Opequon the vigor of the plant cover. Drainage class: Well drained • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to hazard in areas where the plant cover has been 2.0 inches per hour) destroyed. Available water capacity: Very low or low • The droughtiness limits forage production during Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than midsummer. 6 feet • Ponds constructed for livestock water have a high Flooding: None failure rate. Shrink-swell potential: High Management measures: Erosion hazard: Severe • Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and 68 Soil Survey
restricted use during dry periods help to keep • The depth to bedrock, the slow permeability, and, in pastures in good condition. some areas, the slope are severe limitations affecting • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results the proper functioning of septic tank absorption fields. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone forage, especially legumes. bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank Woodland absorption fields. Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high • The high shrink-swell potential and low strength are Management concerns: limitations affecting the construction of local roads and • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads streets. Because these soils are soft when wet, and skid trails. pavement cracks and buckles cracks under heavy • The rock outcrop and the clayey texture of these loads. soils limit the use of vehicular equipment. • The slope, the droughtiness, and the thin layer of • Operating logging equipment during wet periods topsoil make the establishment of lawns difficult on when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting. these soils, especially on south aspects. • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon especially on south aspects. soil. • The bedrock may interfere with landscaping. • The seedling mortality rate is high because of the • Erosion can be severe on construction sites. droughtiness. Management measures: • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • Buildings should be designed so that they conform planted tree seedlings. to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Management measures: necessary in some areas. • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with and seeding the roads and trails when they are no additional fill may be preferable to excavating the longer being used help to control erosion. bedrock. • Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging • Properly designing and strengthening footings and roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log foundations can help to prevent the structural damage landings should be stabilized. caused by shrinking and swelling. • The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should • Selecting deeper areas of the included soils as sites be considered when planning the location of roads for septic tank absorption fields, installing the and log landings. absorption fields on the contour, enlarging or • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining pressurizing the absorption fields, or installing trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow. alternating drainfields helps to overcome the • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch limitations in absorption areas. pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed selected for planting. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the full advantage of spring rains. limestone bedrock. • The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should Community Development be considered when planning the location of roads. Suitability: Poorly suited • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Management concerns: installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • The hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock interferes prevent the road damage caused by low strength and with excavations, including those for roads, septic tank by shrinking and swelling. absorption fields, foundations, and sewer lines. • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Blasting is necessary in most areas before the crownvetch, should be selected for planting on bedrock can be excavated. roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with • The slope is a limitation affecting building site straw. development in some areas. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • The high shrink-swell potential is a limitation on sites establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and for buildings if foundations and footers are improperly providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to constructed. control erosion and sedimentation. Berkeley County, West Virginia 69
Interpretive Groups Soil Properties and Qualities Land capability classification: VIs Carbo Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Opequon— Drainage class: Well drained 3C Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) Available water capacity: Low or moderate ChE—Carbo-Opequon complex, 15 to Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 35 percent slopes, very rocky 6 feet Flooding: None Setting Shrink-swell potential: High Erosion hazard: Very severe These soils are on moderately steep or steep Stoniness: None upland limestone hillsides in the eastern and central Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop parts of the Great Valley. Sinkholes are common in Natural fertility: High some areas. The bedrock is steeply tilted under the Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly soils, and soil depth may vary greatly within short alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) distances.The two soils occur as areas so Surface runoff: Very rapid intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to separate them in mapping. Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and Composition New Market Limestones Carbo soil and similar soils: 45 percent Opequon Opequon soil and similar soils: 40 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to Representative Profile 2.0 inches per hour) Available water capacity: Very low or low Carbo Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Surface layer: 6 feet 0 to 1 inch—dark yellowish brown silty clay Flooding: None loam Shrink-swell potential: High 1 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown silty Erosion hazard: Very severe clay Stoniness: None Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop Subsoil: Natural fertility: High 5 to 16 inches—variegated strong brown and Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly yellowish brown clay alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) 16 to 24 inches—variegated yellowish brown and Surface runoff: Very rapid strong brown clay Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches 24 to 30 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown, Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and strong brown, and yellowish brown clay New Market Limestones Bedrock: Minor Components 30 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Dissimilar inclusions: Opequon • The very deep Swanpond soils Surface layer: • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of 0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay clay • Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over Subsoil: bedrock 3 to 12 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong Similar soils: brown clay • The deep Endcav soils 12 to 15 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or yellowish brown clay more than 35 percent Bedrock: • Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface 15 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone layer 70 Soil Survey
Use and Management • Because of the droughtiness, seedling mortality may be a problem, especially on south aspects. Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. A few • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of small areas have been cleared and are used as planted tree seedlings. pasture. Management measures: Cropland • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding Suitability: Not suited logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Management concerns: cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and • The rock outcrop and the slope make cultivation installing water bars and culverts. impractical. • The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should Pasture and Hayland be considered when planning the location of roads and log landings. Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for • Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging pasture roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log Management concerns: landings should be stabilized. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major trees widely spaced, selective cutting, and strip cutting pasture management concerns. reduce the hazard of windthrow. • Because of the slope and the rock outcrop, it is • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch difficult to operate conventional equipment used in pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be clipping and in applying fertilizer. selected for planting. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces where possible. the vigor of the plant cover. • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe full advantage of spring rains. hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the destroyed. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • The droughtiness limits forage production during spraying helps to control subsequent competition. midsummer. • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Community Development susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. Management measures: Suitability: Poorly suited • Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and Management concerns: restricted use during dry periods help to keep • The hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock interferes pastures in good condition. with excavations, including those for roads, septic tank • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results absorption fields, foundations, and sewer lines. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Blasting is necessary in most areas before the forage, especially legumes. bedrock can be excavated. • Because of the slope, these soils are poorly suited Woodland to building site development unless extensive land Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; shaping is done. moderate or moderately high on north aspects • The high shrink-swell potential is a limitation on sites Management concerns: for buildings if foundations and footers are improperly • Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites. constructed. • The slope, the rock outcrop, the clayey texture of the • The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the slow soils, and a hazard of slippage severely limit the use of permeability are severe limitations affecting the proper vehicular equipment. functioning of septic tank absorption fields. • Operating logging equipment during wet periods • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds absorption fields. or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon • The high shrink-swell potential, low strength, and a soil. hazard of slippage are limitations affecting the Berkeley County, West Virginia 71
construction of local roads and streets. Because these Composition soils are soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles Clearbrook soil and similar soils: 80 percent under heavy loads. Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • The slope, the droughtiness, and the thin layer of topsoil make the establishment of lawns difficult on Representative Profile these soils, especially on south aspects. • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on Surface layer: roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, 0 to 9 inches—brown silt loam especially on south aspects. Subsoil: • The bedrock may interfere with landscaping. 9 to 11 inches—light olive brown very channery silty • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction clay loam that has yellowish brown and brownish sites. gray mottles Management measures: 11 to 22 inches—gray extremely channery silty clay • Buildings should be designed so that they conform loam that has yellowish brown mottles to the natural slope of the land. • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with Bedrock: additional fill may be preferable to excavating the 22 inches—soft shale bedrock. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Soil Properties and Qualities foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained caused by shrinking and swelling. Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per • An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a hour) better suited soil should be considered for onsite Available water capacity: Very low or low sewage disposal. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to • Roads should be built on the contour. 1.5 feet • The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should Flooding: None be considered when planning the location of roads. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Erosion hazard: Moderate installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Stoniness: None prevent the road damage caused by low strength and Rockiness: None by shrinking and swelling. Natural fertility: Low • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or crownvetch, should be selected for planting on strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with Surface runoff: Medium straw. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Bedrock type: Soft, acid Martinsburg Shale establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Minor Components control erosion and sedimentation. Dissimilar inclusions: Interpretive Groups • The very deep Poorhouse soils, which have a Land capability classification: VIIs subsoil of heavy clay Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—3R on south • The well drained Berks soils and the somewhat aspects and 4R on north aspects; Opequon—2R excessively drained Weikert soils, which are on the on south aspects and 3R on north aspects higher, convex part of the landscape • The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are flooded and are along drainageways and in CkB—Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent depressions slopes Similar soils: • Soils that are less than 20 inches or more than Setting 40 inches deep over bedrock This soil is on nearly level or gently sloping, • Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil concave head slopes and in broad upland depressions than is typical for the Clearbrook soil in the eastern part of the county. • Moderately well drained soils 72 Soil Survey
Use and Management Management concerns: • The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, Uses: Most areas of the Clearbrook soil are used for and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality pasture or hay. A few areas are used for cultivated rate. crops or are wooded. • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the Cropland growth of planted tree seedlings. • This soil is soft when wet and will not support heavy Suitability: Limited logging equipment. Management concerns: • Because the rooting depth is limited by the bedrock • Erosion is a moderate hazard if cultivated crops are and the seasonal high water table, trees are subject to grown. windthrow during wet periods. • The seasonal high water table is near the surface Management measures: during wet periods. It may restrict the roots of some • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, plants and delay tillage in the spring. white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low be selected for planting. natural fertility are management concerns. • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Management measures: full advantage of spring rains. • Using crop rotations that include grasses and small • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the grain, applying a system of conservation tillage, initial plant competition in tree plantations, and growing cover crops and green manure crops, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. applying good crop residue management help to • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and • Year-round logging roads and log landings require tilth. additions of roadfill and gravel. • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining to early maturing small grain than to late maturing trees widely spaced, selective cutting, and strip cutting crops, such as corn. reduce the hazard of windthrow. • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. Community Development • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive Suitability: Poorly suited compaction and maintain tilth. Management concerns: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • The wetness is a severe limitation affecting building of soil tests helps to ensure maximum crop production. site development. • The wetness and the depth to bedrock are severe Pasture and Hayland limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to • The wetness is a limitation on sites for local roads legumes because of the seasonal high water table and streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, Management concerns: pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads. • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and and preventing overgrazing are major pasture trafficability and may delay construction in winter and management concerns. spring. • Grazing during wet periods causes surface • Establishing and maintaining lawns is difficult on this compaction and poor tilth and can damage the sod. droughty soil. Management measures: • The shale bedrock generally is rippable with • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, conventional earthmoving equipment. and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. pastures in good condition. Management measures: • The hay and pasture species that can withstand the • An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a wetness should be selected for planting. better suited soil should be considered for onsite • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results sewage disposal. If an alternative system is used, it of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of should be approved by the health department. forage plants. • Installing a drainage system around structures that have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome Woodland the wetness. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill Berkeley County, West Virginia 73
material, which raises the site a sufficient distance Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or above the water table. strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Surface runoff: Medium road base that includes the installation of properly Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage Bedrock type: Soft, gray, acid Martinsburg Shale caused by wetness. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Minor Components establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Dissimilar inclusions: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Poorly drained soils that have a subsoil of heavy clay control erosion and sedimentation. • The well drained Berks soils and the somewhat Interpretive Groups excessively drained Weikert soils, which are on the higher, slightly convex part of the landscape Land capability classification: IVw • The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are flooded Woodland ordination symbol: 4W and are along drainageways and in depressions Similar soils: CmB—Clearbrook channery silt loam, 0 to • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over 8 percent slopes bedrock • Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil Setting than is typical for the Clearbrook soil • Moderately well drained soils This soil is on nearly level or gently sloping, slightly concave head slopes, in broad upland depressions, Use and Management and on interfluves, mainly in the Great Valley. Uses: Most areas of the Clearbrook soil are used for Composition pasture or hay. A few areas are used for cultivated Clearbrook soil and similar soils: 80 percent crops, and a few areas are wooded. Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Limited Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 7 inches—brown channery silt loam • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas. • The seasonal high water table is near the surface Subsoil: during wet periods. It may restrict the roots of some 7 to 13 inches—brown very channery silt loam that plants and delay tillage in the spring. has strong brown mottles • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low 13 to 22 inches—light brownish gray extremely natural fertility are management concerns. channery silty clay loam that has strong brown Management measures: mottles • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop Bedrock: residue management help to control erosion and to 22 inches—soft, rippable shale maintain fertility and tilth. • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding Soil Properties and Qualities other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive hour) compaction and maintain tilth. Available water capacity: Very low or low • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to to early maturing small grain than to late maturing 1.5 feet crops, such as corn. Flooding: None • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil of soil tests helps to ensure maximum crop production. Erosion hazard: Moderate Pasture and Hayland Stoniness: None Rockiness: None Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Natural fertility: Low legumes because of the seasonal high water table 74 Soil Survey
Management concerns: Community Development • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Suitability: Poorly suited and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Management concerns: management concerns. • The wetness is a severe limitation affecting building • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases site development. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • The depth to bedrock and the wetness are severe the vigor of the plant cover. limitations affecting the proper functioning of septic • Grazing during wet periods causes surface tank absorption fields. compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod. • The wetness is a limitation on sites for local roads • The droughtiness limits forage production during and streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, midsummer. pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads. Management measures: • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, trafficability and may delay construction in winter and and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep spring. pastures in good condition. • The underlying shale bedrock is generally rippable • The hay and pasture species that can withstand the with conventional earthmoving equipment. wetness should be selected for planting. • Establishing and maintaining lawns is difficult on this • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results droughty soil. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. forage plants. Management measures: Woodland • An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a better suited soil should be considered for onsite Potential productivity: Moderately high sewage disposal. If an alternative system is used, it Management concerns: should be approved by the health department. • The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, • Installing a drainage system around structures that and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome rate. the wetness. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill planted tree seedlings. material, which raises the site a sufficient distance • Operating logging equipment during wet above the water table. periods when the soil is soft results in excessive • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable rutting. road base that includes the installation of properly • Because the rooting depth is limited by the bedrock designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage and the seasonal high water table, trees are subject to caused by wetness. windthrow during wet periods. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Management measures: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling control erosion and sedimentation. mortality rate. • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Interpretive Groups white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for planting. Land capability classification: IVw • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Woodland ordination symbol: 4W full advantage of spring rains. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, CrB—Clearbrook-Berks channery silt and spraying helps to control subsequent loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes competition. Setting • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. • Year-round logging roads and log landings require These soils are on gently sloping, shallowly additions of roadfill and gravel. dissected shale uplands in the Great Valley. The • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining Clearbrook soil is on the less sloping, smooth trees widely spaced, selective cutting, and strip cutting ridgetops and the slightly convex saddles and head reduce the hazard of windthrow. slopes, and the Berks soil is on the more sloping, Berkeley County, West Virginia 75
slightly convex shoulder slopes and ridgetops. The two Bedrock type: Fractured and tilted, rippable shale; soils occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape mainly members of the Martinsburg Formation that it was impractical to separate them in mapping. Berks Composition Drainage class: Well drained Clearbrook soil and similar soils: 45 percent Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent to 6.0 inches per hour) Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Available water capacity: Very low or low Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Representative Profile 60 inches Clearbrook Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer: Erosion hazard: Moderate 0 to 8 inches—brown channery silt loam Stoniness: None Subsoil: Rockiness: None 8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam Natural fertility: Low that has light gray mottles Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to 19 to 24 inches—light brownish gray extremely slightly acid (pH 4.5 to 6.5) channery silty clay loam that has yellowish red Surface runoff: Medium mottles Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Bedrock type: Fractured and tilted, rippable shale; Bedrock: mainly members of the Martinsburg Formation 24 inches—soft, gray shale Minor Components Berks Dissimilar inclusions: Surface layer: • Small areas of the shallow, somewhat excessively 0 to 8 inches—brown channery silt loam drained Weikert soils Subsoil: • Small areas of the well drained Carbo and Opequon 8 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown very channery soils and the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, silt loam which are clayey and underlain by limestone bedrock 16 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Similar soils: loam • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more than 8 percent Bedrock: • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over shale 22 inches—yellowish brown, fractured shale bedrock Soil Properties and Qualities • Soils that do not have as many shale fragments in the subsoil as is typical of the Clearbrook and Berks Clearbrook soils Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Use and Management Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per hour) Uses: Most areas of the unit have been cleared and Available water capacity: Very low or low are used for pasture or hay. Some areas are used Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet for cultivated crops, orchards, or woodland or as Flooding: None sites for community development. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Cropland Erosion hazard: Moderate Stoniness: None Suitability: Suited Rockiness: None Management concerns: Natural fertility: Low • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas. Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid or very • Tillage may be delayed in the spring because of the strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) seasonal high water table in the Clearbrook soil. Surface runoff: Medium • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches natural fertility are management concerns. 76 Soil Survey
Management measures: • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover Scotch pine, white pine, and Norway spruce, should crops, and crop residue management help to control be selected for planting. erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. • Site preparation by mechanical or chemical means • Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better is necessary to control competing vegetation. suited to early maturing small grain, than to late Community Development maturing crops, such as corn. • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding Suitability: Poorly suited other organic material help to conserve soil Management concerns: moisture. • The depth to bedrock in both soils and the seasonal • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the high water table in the Clearbrook soil are severe results of soil tests helps to ensure maximum crop limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. production. Sewage effluent may come to the surface causing foul odors and unhealthy conditions. Pasture and Hayland • The wetness of the Clearbrook soil is a limitation Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to affecting building site development and construction of legumes because of the limited rooting depth and roads. It also is a limitation affecting excavation and the seasonal high water table in the Clearbrook trafficability and may delay construction in the winter soil and spring. Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils. and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction management concerns. sites. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Management measures: the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • The included deep soils, which are better suited the vigor of the plant cover. to septic tank absorption fields than the Clearbrook • Grazing during wet periods causes surface and Berks soils, should be selected for development. compaction and poor tilth and damages the • When building in areas of the Clearbrook soil, sod. installing wide reinforced footers and footer drains, Management measures: sealing the foundation walls, and backfilling with • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, porous material help to keep basements dry and to and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep prevent walls and foundations from cracking. pastures in good condition. • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results material, which raises the site a sufficient distance of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of above the bedrock and the water table. forage plants. • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable road base that includes the installation of Woodland properly designed geotextiles help to prevent the Potential productivity: Moderately high road damage caused by the wetness of the Management concerns: Clearbrook soil. • Seedling mortality is a problem because of the • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and droughtiness during the growing season. crownvetch, should be selected for planting on • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with planted tree seedlings. straw. • The wetness may limit the use of logging equipment • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, during the winter and spring in areas of the Clearbrook establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and soil. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Management measures: control erosion and sedimentation. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Interpretive Groups planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling mortality rate. Land capability classification: IIIe • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Woodland ordination symbol: Clearbrook—4W; full advantage of spring rains. Berks—4F Berkeley County, West Virginia 77
Cs—Combs fine sandy loam Similar soils: • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent Setting • Soils that have a surface layer of loam This soil is on nearly level flood plains along the Use and Management Potomac River. Uses: Most areas of the Combs soil are used for Composition cultivated crops or hay. Some are used as pasture. A few small areas are wooded. Combs soil and similar soils: 85 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland. Management concerns: Surface layer: • This soil is suited to cultivated crops, but it must be 0 to 10 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam properly protected if cultivated crops are grown year Subsurface layer: after year. 10 to 20 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Subsoil: surface water by nutrients. 20 to 53 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy • The flooding occasionally damages crops or delays loam fieldwork. Underlying material: • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many 53 to 65 inches—brown to dark brown fine sandy areas. loam Management measures: • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop Soil Properties and Qualities residue management help to maintain soil tilth and Drainage class: Well drained fertility and to control erosion. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet to 6.0 inches per hour) crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Available water capacity: Moderate or high and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than nutrient leaching. 6 feet • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: Low Erosion hazard: Slight Suitability: Well suited Stoniness: None Management concerns: Rockiness: None • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Natural fertility: High and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral pasture management concerns. (pH 5.6 to 7.3) • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Surface runoff: Slow the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the vigor of the plant cover. • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock Minor Components increases the hazards of streambank erosion and Dissimilar inclusions: water pollution. • The moderately well drained Lindside soils and the • The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the poorly drained Atkins soils, which are in sloughs and grassland. high water channels Management measures: • The well drained Huntington soils, which have a • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, higher content of silt than the Combs soil and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep • Soils that have a subsoil of loamy sand and are on pastures in good condition. natural levees • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams • Soils that do not have the thick, dark surface layer by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. that is typical of the Combs soil • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results 78 Soil Survey
of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Soil Properties and Qualities plants, especially legumes. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Woodland Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) Available water capacity: Very low Potential productivity: Moderately high Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management concerns: 6 feet • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the Flooding: None growth of planted tree seedlings. Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures: Erosion hazard: Severe • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Stoniness: None initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Rockiness: None spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Natural fertility: Low Community Development Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) Suitability: Not suited Surface runoff: Rapid Management concerns: Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • Because of the flooding, this soil is not suited to Bedrock type: Hard sandstone septic tank absorption fields or buildings. • The flooding is a severe limitation affecting local Minor Components roads and streets. Dissimilar inclusions: Management measures: • Moderately well drained soils, which are in slight • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic depressions and on head slopes tank absorption fields should be selected for Similar soils: development. • The well drained Berks soils • Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to • Stony soils prevent the damage caused by flooding. • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent Interpretive Groups or from 3 to 8 percent • Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil Land capability classification: IIw than is typical for the Dekalb soil Woodland ordination symbol: 5A • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock DaC—Dekalb channery loam, 8 to Use and Management 15 percent slopes Uses: Most areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded. A few Setting small areas have been cleared and are used as pasture. A few areas have been developed as This soil is on strongly sloping, convex ridgetops in homesites. the western part of the county. Cropland Composition Suitability: Suited Dekalb soil and similar soils: 90 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. Representative Profile • This soil is commonly droughty during the growing season. Surface layer: • The low natural fertility is a limitation in areas of this 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam soil. Subsurface layer: Management measures: 2 to 4 inches—brown channery loam • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover crops, and crop residue management help to control Subsoil: erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited 10 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam to early maturing small grain than to late maturing Bedrock: crops, such as corn. 22 inches—fractured, fine grained sandstone • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding Berkeley County, West Virginia 79
other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. Management concerns: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • The hard bedrock may interfere with excavations for crops. roads and foundations. In many areas the bedrock is too hard to be excavated with conventional equipment. Pasture and Hayland • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building Suitability: Suited site development. Management concerns: • The depth to bedrock is a severe limitation on sites • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses for septic tank absorption fields. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on pasture management concerns. roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases on south aspects. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere the vigor of the plant cover. with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Management measures: hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, destroyed. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • The droughtiness limits forage production during providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to midsummer. control erosion and sedimentation. • Water for livestock is scarce, and ponds constructed • Buildings should be designed so that they conform for livestock water are susceptible to seepage. to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Management measures: necessary in some areas. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures additional fill can help to overcome the depth to in good condition. bedrock. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption plants, especially legumes. fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock. Woodland • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and crownvetch, should be selected for planting on Potential productivity: Moderate roadbanks. Management concerns: • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Interpretive Groups and skid trails. Land capability classification: IIIe • The low natural fertility and the droughtiness result Woodland ordination symbol: 3F in a high seedling mortality rate. • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds DaD—Dekalb channery loam, 15 to or heavy snowfall. 25 percent slopes Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Setting and seeding the roads and trails when they are no This soil is on moderately steep, convex shoulder longer being used help to control erosion. slopes and hillsides in the western part of the county. • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take full advantage of spring rains. Composition • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch Dekalb soil and similar soils: 85 percent pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent planting. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Representative Profile planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling Surface layer: mortality rate. 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam Community Development Subsurface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 2 to 4 inches—brown channery loam 80 Soil Survey
Subsoil: crops, and crop residue management help to control 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. 10 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam • Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited to early maturing small grain than to late maturing Bedrock: crops, such as corn. 22 inches—fractured, fine grained sandstone • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding Soil Properties and Qualities other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) crops. Available water capacity: Very low Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Pasture and Hayland 6 feet Suitability: Suited Flooding: None Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential: Low • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Erosion hazard: Severe and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Stoniness: None pasture management concerns. Rockiness: None • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Natural fertility: Low the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly the vigor of the plant cover. acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Surface runoff: Rapid hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches destroyed. Bedrock type: Hard sandstone • The droughtiness limits forage production during Minor Components midsummer. • Water for livestock is scarce, and ponds Dissimilar inclusions: constructed for livestock water are susceptible to • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which seepage. are on footslopes Management measures: • The very deep Hazleton soils • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Similar soils: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The well drained Berks soils in good condition. • Soils that have slopes ranging from 25 to 35 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results or from 8 to 15 percent of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil plants, especially legumes. than is typical for the Dekalb soil • Stony soils Woodland Use and Management Potential productivity: Moderate Uses: Most areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded. A few Management concerns: small areas have been cleared and are used for • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads pasture or orchards. A few areas have been and skid trails. developed as homesites. • The low natural fertility and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality rate, especially on south Cropland aspects. Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, pasture because of the hazard of erosion trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds Management concerns: or heavy snowfall. • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. Management measures: • This soil commonly is droughty during the growing • Building logging roads and skid trails on the season. contour and seeding the roads and trails when • The low natural fertility is a limitation in areas of this they are no longer being used help to control soil. erosion. Management measures: • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover full advantage of spring rains. Berkeley County, West Virginia 81
• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch DaE—Dekalb channery loam, 25 to pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for 35 percent slopes planting. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Setting planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling This soil is on steep, convex shoulder slopes and mortality rate. hillsides in the western part of the county. Community Development Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Dekalb soil and similar soils: 80 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Representative Profile • The hard bedrock may interfere with excavations for Surface layer: roads and foundations. In many areas it is too hard to 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam be excavated with conventional equipment. • The slope is a severe limitation affecting building site Subsurface layer: development. 2 to 4 inches—brown channery loam • The depth to bedrock and the slope are severe Subsoil: limitations on sites for septic tank absorption 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam fields. 10 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially Bedrock: on south aspects. 22 inches—fractured, fine grained sandstone • The rock fragments in the surface layer may Soil Properties and Qualities interfere with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • The droughtiness and the slope make it difficult to Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) maintain lawns. Available water capacity: Very low Management measures: Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, 6 feet establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Flooding: None providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Shrink-swell potential: Low control erosion and sedimentation. Erosion hazard: Very severe • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Stoniness: None to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping Rockiness: None is necessary in most areas. Natural fertility: Low • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly additional fill can help to overcome the depth to acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) bedrock. Surface runoff: Rapid • Selecting areas where the soil is deeper and less Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches sloping, installing absorption fields on the contour, and Bedrock type: Hard sandstone enlarging absorption fields can help to overcome the Minor Components depth to bedrock and the slope on sites for septic tank absorption fields. Dissimilar inclusions: • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which crownvetch, should be selected for planting on are on footslopes roadbanks. • The very deep Hazleton soils • Extremely stony soils Interpretive Groups • Areas of rock outcrop Land capability classification: IVe Similar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 2R on south aspects; 3R • The well drained Berks soils on north aspects • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent 82 Soil Survey
• Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take • Stony soils full advantage of spring rains. • Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, than is typical for the Dekalb soil white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for planting. Use and Management • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Uses: All areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded. planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling mortality rate. Cropland Community Development Suitability: Not suited Management concerns: Suitability: Poorly suited • This soil is unsuited to conventional row crops Management concerns: because of the steep slope, the severe hazard of • Erosion is a very severe hazard on construction erosion, droughtiness, and the low natural fertility. sites. • The hard sandstone bedrock may interfere with Pasture and Hayland excavations for roads and foundations. In many areas Suitability: Not suited to hay; suited to pasture it is too hard to be excavated with conventional Management concerns: equipment. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • The slope is a severe limitation affecting building site and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major development. pasture management concerns. • Because of the slope and the depth to bedrock, this • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces fields. the vigor of the plant cover. • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially hazard in areas where the plant cover has been on south aspects. destroyed. • The rock fragments in the surface layer may • The droughtiness limits forage production during interfere with the establishment of lawns and with midsummer. landscaping. • Water for livestock is scarce in areas of this soil. • The droughtiness and the slope make it difficult to Management measures: maintain lawns. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Management measures: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, in good condition. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of control erosion and sedimentation. plants, especially legumes. • Buildings should be designed so that they conform to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping Woodland is necessary in most areas. Potential productivity: Moderate • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with Management concerns: additional fill can help to overcome the depth to • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads bedrock. and skid trails. • An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a • The low natural fertility and the droughtiness result better suited soil should be considered for onsite in a high seedling mortality rate, especially on south sewage disposal. aspects. • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, crownvetch, should be selected for planting on trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds roadbanks. or heavy snowfall. Interpretive Groups Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Land capability classification: VIe and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Woodland ordination symbol: 2R on south aspects; 3R longer being used help to control erosion. on north aspects Berkeley County, West Virginia 83
DkC—Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which 15 percent slopes, extremely stony are on concave head slopes • Small areas of sandstone rock outcrop Setting • Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of their surface covered with stones This soil is on gently sloping or strongly sloping, Similar soils: convex ridgetops, mainly on Third Hill and Sleepy • Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over bedrock Creek Mountains. • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent Composition • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their Dekalb soil and similar soils: 85 percent surface covered with stones Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface Representative Profile covered with stones Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Uses: Most areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded. 1 to 4 inches—very dark brown channery sandy loam Cropland Subsurface layer: 4 to 6 inches—grayish brown very channery loamy Suitability: Not suited sand Management concerns: • The stones at or near the surface of the soil make Subsoil: tilling, planting, and harvesting with conventional farm 6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery sandy equipment impractical. loam 15 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely flaggy Pasture and Hayland sandy loam Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for Bedrock: pasture 24 inches—fractured, gray sandstone Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Soil Properties and Qualities and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained pasture management concerns. Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and Available water capacity: Very low or low increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Because of the stones on the surface of the soil, it is 6 feet difficult to operate conventional equipment used in Flooding: None clipping and in applying fertilizer. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Droughtiness limits forage production during Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe midsummer. Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with • Water for livestock is scarce, and ponds constructed stones for livestock water are susceptible to seepage. Rockiness: None Management measures: Natural fertility: Low • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) in good condition. Surface runoff: Medium or rapid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with forage, especially legumes. shale and siltstone in some areas Woodland Minor Components Potential productivity: Moderate Dissimilar inclusions: Management concerns: • Moderately well drained soils, which are in shallow • The large stones on the surface of the soil can depressions hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. • Small areas of the very deep Hazleton soils • The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, 84 Soil Survey
and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality DrE—Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to rate. 25 percent slopes, rubbly • The stones on the surface and other rock fragments interfere with the planting of seedlings. Setting • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, This map unit is on narrow ridges (hogbacks of trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds sandstone rock outcrop) on North, Third Hill, and or heavy snowfall. Sleepy Creek Mountains. The Dekalb soil and the Management measures: Rock outcrop occur as areas so intermingled on the • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or landscape that it was impractical to separate them in planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling mapping. mortality rate. • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Composition full advantage of spring rains. Dekalb soil and similar soils: 70 percent • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Rock outcrop: 15 percent white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent be selected for planting. Representative Profile Community Development Dekalb Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Surface layer: • The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter building site development, septic tank absorption 1 to 3 inches—very dark gray channery sandy loam fields, excavations, and local roads and streets. In Subsurface layer: most areas the bedrock is too hard to be excavated 3 to 6 inches—brown very channery sandy loam with conventional earthmoving equipment. • The large stones may interfere with the operation of Subsoil: construction equipment. 6 to 24 inches—brownish yellow very channery sandy • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on loam roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially Underlying material: on south aspects. 24 to 34 inches—yellowish brown extremely flaggy • The large stones on the surface of the soil may sandy loam interfere with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. Bedrock: • The hazard of erosion is moderate or severe on 34 inches—fractured, gray sandstone construction sites. Rock outcrop Management measures: • Building on the bedrock and landscaping with The Rock outcrop occurs as exposed areas of additional fill may be preferable to excavating the sandstone bedrock. In some areas it forms nearly bedrock. vertical cliffs. • Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption Soil Properties and Qualities fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption Dekalb fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock. • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained crownvetch, should be selected for planting on Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) roadbanks. Available water capacity: Very low or low • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and 6 feet providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Flooding: None control erosion and sedimentation. Shrink-swell potential: Low Erosion hazard: Severe or very severe Interpretive Groups Stoniness: 15 to 50 percent of the surface covered Land capability classification: VIIs with rocks and boulders Woodland ordination symbol: 3X Natural fertility: Low Berkeley County, West Virginia 85
Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid installing water bars and culverts. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The rock outcrop should be considered when Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with planning the location of roads and log landings. shale and siltstone in some areas • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take full advantage of spring rains. Minor Components • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Dissimilar inclusions: white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should • The very deep Hazleton soils be selected for planting. Similar soils: • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes • The well drained Berks soils where possible. • Shallow soils that are less than 20 inches deep over Community Development bedrock • Soils that are on slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent Suitability: Not suited • Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent Management concerns: • Soils that have 3 to 15 percent of their surface • The moderately steep or steep slope, the common covered with stones areas of sandstone rock outcrop, and the depth to bedrock are the main limitations affecting building site Use and Management development, septic tank absorption fields, and local Uses: All areas of this map unit are wooded. roads and streets. A better suited soil should be selected for development. Cropland Interpretive Groups Suitability: Not suited Management concerns: Land capability classification: Dekalb—VIIs • The slope and the stones, boulders, and rock Woodland ordination symbol: Dekalb—2R outcrop prevent the operation of conventional farm equipment. DsB—Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to Pasture and Hayland 8 percent slopes Suitability: Not suited Setting Management concerns: • The slope and the stones, boulders, and rock This soil is on gently sloping, convex, slightly outcrop prevent the operation of conventional farm dissected, old river terraces high above the Potomac equipment. River. Sinkholes occur in some areas that are underlain by limestone. Woodland Composition Potential productivity: Moderate Downsville soil and similar soils: 85 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads and skid trails. Representative Profile • The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil Surface layer: can hinder harvesting operations and damage 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam equipment. • Short escarpments in this map unit may interfere Subsoil: with the use of harvesting equipment. 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, 18 to 30 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds 30 to 41 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay loam or heavy snowfall. 41 to 99 inches—red very gravelly sandy clay loam • The trees produced in areas of this map unit Soil Properties and Qualities generally are of low commercial value. Management measures: Drainage class: Well drained • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding hour) 86 Soil Survey
Available water capacity: Moderate or high help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than tilth. 6 feet • Maintaining sod filter strips around Flooding: None sinkholes reduces the hazard of ground-water Shrink-swell potential: Low pollution. Erosion hazard: Moderate • Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient Stoniness: None needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying Rockiness: None fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient Natural fertility: Low leaching. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or • Manure should be stored in a properly designed strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) storage facility. Surface runoff: Medium Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and Hayland Minor Components Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Small areas of the moderately well drained and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Monongahela soils pasture management concerns. • Small areas of the moderately deep Berks soils • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Small areas of the well drained Hagerstown soils the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • A few small areas of limestone rock outcrop and the vigor of the plant cover. shallow sinkholes • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate • Severely eroded soils hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Similar soils: destroyed. • Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface Management measures: layer • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more in good condition. than 8 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Use and Management of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of plants, especially legumes. Uses: Most areas of the Downsville soil have been cleared. Many areas are used as sites for Woodland community development. Some areas are used for Potential productivity: Moderately high crops, hay, or pasture. Management concerns: Cropland • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Management concerns: and skid trails. • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected Management measures: areas. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the • Sinkholes and solution channels in the areas initial plant competition in tree plantations, and underlain by limestone bedrock increase the hazard of spraying helps to control subsequent competition. ground-water pollution caused by applications of • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; runoff from feedlots; and seeding the roads and trails when they are no and seepage from manure pits. longer being used help to control erosion. • In many areas gravel and cobbles in the surface layer interfere with the use of tillage, planting, and Community Development some harvesting equipment (fig. 6). Management measures: Suitability: Well suited • Conservation tillage, contour farming, cover Management concerns: crops, a cropping sequence that includes grasses • Sinkholes and solution channels in the areas and legumes, and good crop residue management underlain by limestone bedrock increase the hazard of Berkeley County, West Virginia 87
Figure 6.—An area of Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. The gravel and cobbles in the surface layer limit the use of equipment in many areas.
ground-water pollution by surface runoff and by sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the seepage from septic tank absorption fields. limestone bedrock. • Gravel and cobbles in the surface layer may • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, interfere with the establishment of lawns and with establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and landscaping. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction control erosion and sedimentation of streams. sites. Interpretive Groups Management measures: • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Land capability classification: IIe in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Woodland ordination symbol: 4A 88 Soil Survey
DsC—Downsville gravelly loam, 8 to • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more 15 percent slopes than 15 percent Use and Management Setting Uses: Most areas of the Downsville soil are wooded. This soil is on strongly sloping, convex, slightly Many areas are used as sites for community dissected, old river terraces high above the Potomac development. Some areas have been cleared and River. Sinkholes occur in some areas that are are used for crops, hay, pasture, or orchards. underlain by limestone. Cropland Composition Suitability: Limited Downsville soil and similar soils: 85 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. Representative Profile • Sinkholes and solution channels in the areas underlain by limestone bedrock increase the hazard of Surface layer: ground-water pollution caused by applications of 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; runoff from feedlots; Subsoil: and seepage from manure pits. 5 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam • In many areas pebbles and cobbles in the surface 13 to 25 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam layer interfere with the use of tilling and planting 25 to 36 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay loam equipment and some kinds of harvesting equipment. 36 to 99 inches—red very gravelly sandy clay loam Management measures: • Conservation tillage, contour farming, cover crops, a Soil Properties and Qualities cropping sequence that includes grasses and Drainage class: Well drained legumes, and good crop residue management help to Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. hour) • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Available water capacity: Moderate or high reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient 6 feet needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying Flooding: None fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient Shrink-swell potential: Low leaching. Erosion hazard: Severe • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Stoniness: None storage facility. Rockiness: None Pasture and Hayland Natural fertility: Low Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or Suitability: Suited strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) Management concerns: Surface runoff: Rapid • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major pasture management concerns. Minor Components • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Dissimilar inclusions: the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Small areas of the moderately well drained the vigor of the plant cover. Monongahela soils • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • Small areas of the moderately deep Berks soils hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Small areas of the well drained Hagerstown soils destroyed. • A few small areas of limestone rock outcrop and Management measures: shallow sinkholes • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Severely eroded soils and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Similar soils: in good condition. • Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of layer plants, especially legumes. Berkeley County, West Virginia 89
Woodland Composition Potential productivity: Moderately high Downsville soil and similar soils: 70 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 30 percent • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Representative Profile planted tree seedlings. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Surface layer: and skid trails. 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Management measures: Subsoil: • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the 5 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam initial plant competition in tree plantations, and 13 to 25 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam spraying helps to control subsequent competition. 25 to 36 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay loam • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour 36 to 99 inches—red very gravelly sandy clay loam and seeding the roads and trails when they are no longer being used help to control erosion. Soil Properties and Qualities Community Development Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Suitability: Limited hour) Management concerns: Available water capacity: Moderate or high • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting most Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than urban uses. Land shaping is necessary in some areas. 6 feet • In areas underlain by limestone, sinkholes and Flooding: None solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase Shrink-swell potential: Low the hazard of ground-water pollution by surface runoff Erosion hazard: Severe and by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Stoniness: None • Gravel and cobbles in the surface layer may interfere Rockiness: None with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. Natural fertility: Low • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or Management measures: strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Surface runoff: Rapid to the natural slope of the land. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on the contour. They should not be installed in areas that Minor Components are near limestone rock outcrop or sinkholes or in Dissimilar inclusions: areas where excavation exposes the limestone • The well drained Hagerstown and Murrill soils bedrock. • Areas of limestone rock outcrop • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Similar soils: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to more than 25 percent control erosion and sedimentation of streams. • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer Interpretive Groups Use and Management Land capability classification: IIIe Woodland ordination symbol: 4A Uses: Most areas of the Downsville soil are wooded. Cropland DsD—Downsville gravelly loam, 15 to Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and 25 percent slopes pasture because of the hazard of erosion Management concerns: Setting • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. This soil is on moderately steep, slightly concave • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone benches and hillsides, mostly on uplands above the bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Potomac River. It formed in old alluvial deposits. caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Sinkholes occur in some areas that are underlain by manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from limestone. manure pits. 90 Soil Survey
• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of initial plant competition in tree plantations, and ground water and surface water by nutrients. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer Community Development may interfere with tillage and planting. • In some areas the rock outcrop will interfere with Suitability: Poorly suited tillage. Management concerns: Management measures: • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, • Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to and small grain, applying a system of conservation building site development unless extensive land tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, shaping is done. and applying good crop residue management help to • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution tilth. by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet absorption fields. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of with the establishment of lawns. nutrient leaching. Management measures: • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Manure should be stored in a properly designed providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to storage facility. control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the ground water from pollution. Pasture and Hayland • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Suitability: Suited to the natural slope of the land. Management concerns: • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the pasture management concerns. limestone bedrock. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and Interpretive Groups increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. Management measures: Land capability classification: IVe • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Woodland ordination symbol: 4R and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results DuB—Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of slopes plants, especially legumes. Setting Woodland This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex upland Potential productivity: Moderately high ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the Management concerns: east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the use in some areas. of logging equipment. Composition • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Duffield soil and similar soils: 90 percent Management measures: Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour helps to control erosion. Representative Profile • The grade on logging roads and skid trails should be Surface layer: kept as low as possible. 0 to 9 inches—brown silt loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Subsurface layer: cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts. 9 to 11 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 91
Subsoil: Management concerns: 11 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected 25 to 32 inches—yellowish red silt loam areas. 32 to 54 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone silty clay loam bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Underlying material: manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from 54 to 65 inches—brown and yellowish brown silt loam manure pits. Soil Properties and Qualities • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Drainage class: Well drained ground water and surface water by nutrients. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Management measures: hour) • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Available water capacity: High and small grain, applying a system of conservation Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, 6 feet and applying good crop residue management help to Flooding: None prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate tilth. Erosion hazard: Moderate • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Stoniness: None crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Rockiness: None and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Natural fertility: High nutrient leaching. Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes (pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below • Manure should be stored in a properly designed a depth of 50 inches storage facility. Surface runoff: Medium Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and Hayland Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content Suitability: Suited of silty shale Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Minor Components and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Dissimilar inclusions: pasture management concerns. • The moderately deep Ryder soils • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils, which the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces are subject to flooding and ponding and are along the vigor of the plant cover. concave upland drainageways • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate • Areas of limestone rock outcrop hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Similar soils: destroyed. • The very deep Hagerstown soils • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • The deep Nollville soils susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer Management measures: • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures 15 percent in good condition. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Use and Management of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been forage, especially legumes. cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards. Woodland It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many areas have been developed as homesites. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Cropland • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. planted tree seedlings. 92 Soil Survey
Management measures: Representative Profile • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Surface layer: initial plant competition in tree plantations, and 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Subsurface layer: Community Development 7 to 11 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Suitability: Limited Subsoil: Management concerns: 11 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in 25 to 32 inches—yellowish red silt loam some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank 32 to 54 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown absorption fields. silty clay loam • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Underlying layer: by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. 54 to 65 inches—brown and yellowish brown silt loam • The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a Soil Properties and Qualities limitation affecting the construction of buildings. • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the Drainage class: Well drained construction of roads. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. hour) Management measures: Available water capacity: High • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or 6 feet sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Flooding: None limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate deepest areas of this soil. Erosion hazard: Severe • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Stoniness: None foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Rockiness: None caused by shrinking and swelling. Natural fertility: High • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral installation of properly designed geotextiles helps (pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and to prevent the road damage caused by low strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below strength. a depth of 50 inches • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Surface runoff: Rapid establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content control erosion and sedimentation. of silty shale Interpretive Groups Minor Components Land capability classification: IIe Dissimilar inclusions: Woodland ordination symbol: 5A • The moderately deep Ryder soils • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils, which are subject to flooding and ponding and are along DuC—Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent concave upland drainageways slopes • Areas of limestone rock outcrop Similar soils: Setting • The well drained Hagerstown soils This soil is on strongly sloping, convex upland • The deep Nollville soils ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or in some areas. from 15 to 25 percent Composition Use and Management Duffield soil and similar soils: 85 percent Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards. Berkeley County, West Virginia 93
It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results areas have been developed as homesites. A few of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of small areas are used as woodland. The trees in forage, especially legumes. the wooded areas are mixed hardwoods. Woodland Cropland Potential productivity: Moderately high Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Management concerns: • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected and skid trails. areas. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone planted tree seedlings. bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Management measures: caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from and seeding the roads and trails when they are no manure pits. longer being used help to control erosion. • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of initial plant competition in tree plantations, and ground water and surface water by nutrients. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Management measures: Community Development • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and small grain, applying a system of conservation Suitability: Limited tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Management concerns: and applying good crop residue management help to • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and • The slope is a moderate limitation on sites for septic tilth. tank absorption fields. • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade • The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion. some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet absorption fields. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution nutrient leaching. by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. construction of buildings. • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a storage facility. limitation on building sites. • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the Pasture and Hayland construction of roads. Suitability: Suited Management measures: Management concerns: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to pasture management concerns. control erosion and sedimentation. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or the vigor of the plant cover. sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the hazard in areas where the plant cover has been deepest areas of this soil. destroyed. • Buildings should be designed so that they conform • Ponds constructed for livestock water are to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. necessary in some areas. Management measures: • Properly designing and strengthening footings and • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, foundations can help to prevent the structural damage and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures caused by shrinking and swelling. in good condition. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the 94 Soil Survey
installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Minor Components prevent the road damage caused by low strength. Dissimilar inclusions: Interpretive Groups • The moderately deep Ryder soils • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that Land capability classification: IIIe are subject to flooding and ponding; along concave Woodland ordination symbol: 5A upland drainageways • Areas of limestone rock outcrop DyB—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to Similar soils: 8 percent slopes • The deep Nollville soils • The very deep Hagerstown soils Setting • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex upland • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur Use and Management in some areas. Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been Composition cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards. It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many Duffield soil and similar soils: 90 percent areas have been developed as homesites. Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam • The rock fragments in the surface layer can interfere Subsoil: with cultivation, but generally they are not a problem. 9 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected 15 to 36 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam areas. 36 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone 51 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution that has pockets of coarse brownish yellow silt caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and loam manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Soil Properties and Qualities • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Drainage class: Well drained fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per ground water and surface water by nutrients. hour) Management measures: Available water capacity: High • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than and small grain, applying a system of conservation 6 feet tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Flooding: None and applying good crop residue management help to Shrink-swell potential: Moderate prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Erosion hazard: Moderate tilth. Stoniness: None • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Rockiness: None crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Natural fertility: High and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral nutrient leaching. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. a depth of 50 inches • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Surface runoff: Medium storage facility. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and Hayland Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content of silty shale Suitability: Suited Berkeley County, West Virginia 95
Management concerns: foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses caused by shrinking and swelling. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Providing a suitable road base that includes the pasture management concerns. installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases prevent the road damage caused by low strength. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, the vigor of the plant cover. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to hazard in areas where the plant cover has been control erosion and sedimentation. destroyed. Interpretive Groups • Ponds constructed for livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a high failure Land capability classification: IIe rate. Woodland ordination symbol: 5A Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures DyC—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 8 to in good condition. 15 percent slopes • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Setting of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of forage, especially legumes. This soil is on strongly sloping, convex upland ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the Woodland east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur Potential productivity: Moderately high in some areas. Management concerns: Composition • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Duffield soil and similar soils: 85 percent Management measures: Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Representative Profile initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam Community Development Subsoil: Suitability: Limited 7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam Management concerns: 15 to 36 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam • The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in 36 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank 51 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam absorption fields. that has pockets of coarse brownish yellow silt • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone loam bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Soil Properties and Qualities by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. • The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a Drainage class: Well drained limitation affecting building site development. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the hour) construction of roads. Available water capacity: High • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than with the establishment of lawns. 6 feet • Erosion on construction sites is a moderate hazard. Flooding: None Management measures: Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Erosion hazard: Severe in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Stoniness: None sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Rockiness: None limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the Natural fertility: High deepest areas of this soil. Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral • Properly designing and strengthening footings and (pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and 96 Soil Survey
strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, a depth of 50 inches and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Surface runoff: Rapid nutrient leaching. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. of silty shale • Manure should be stored in a properly designed storage facility. Minor Components Pasture and Hayland Dissimilar inclusions: • The moderately deep Ryder soils Suitability: Suited • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that Management concerns: are subject to flooding and ponding; along concave • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses upland drainageways and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Areas of limestone rock outcrop pasture management concerns. Similar soils: • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • The very deep Hagerstown soils the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • The deep Nollville soils the vigor of the plant cover. • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or hazard in areas where the plant cover has been from 15 to 25 percent destroyed. • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Use and Management susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been Management measures: cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures areas have been developed as homesites. A few in good condition. small areas are used as woodland. The trees in • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results the wooded areas are mixed hardwoods. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of forage, especially legumes. Cropland Woodland Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Potential productivity: Moderately high • The rock fragments in the surface layer can interfere Management concerns: with cultivation, but generally they are not a problem. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected planted tree seedlings. areas. Management measures: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone • Adequately preparing the site helps to control bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution the initial plant competition in tree plantations, caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and and spraying helps to control subsequent manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from competition. manure pits. Community Development • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Suitability: Limited ground water and surface water by nutrients. Management concerns: Management measures: • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, • The slope is a moderate limitation on sites for septic and small grain, applying a system of conservation tank absorption fields. tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, • The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in and applying good crop residue management help to some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and absorption fields. tilth. • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion. by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet absorption fields. Berkeley County, West Virginia 97
• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the light gray and light brownish gray mottles construction of buildings. 40 to 48 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light • The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a gray mottles limitation on sites for buildings. Underlying material: • Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the 48 to 70 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam construction of roads. Management measures: Soil Properties and Qualities • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Drainage class: Poorly drained establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Available water capacity: High control erosion and sedimentation. Depth to the seasonal high water table: Within a depth • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed of 6 inches in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the chance in any year) for brief periods limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate deepest areas of this soil. Erosion hazard: Slight • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Stoniness: None to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Rockiness: None necessary in some areas. Natural fertility: High • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly foundations can help to prevent the structural damage alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) caused by shrinking and swelling. Surface runoff: Slow • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to prevent the road damage caused by low strength. Minor Components Interpretive Groups Dissimilar inclusions: • The moderately well drained Lindside soils Land capability classification: IIIe • Soils that do not have the thick, dark surface layer Woodland ordination symbol: 5A typical of the Dunning soil Similar soils: Dz—Dunning silt loam • The very poorly drained Fairplay soils • Soils that are not clayey in the subsoil and Setting underlying material This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along Use and Management Opequon Creek and its tributaries in the Great Valley. Uses: Most areas of the Dunning soil have been Most areas of the soil that have not been drained cleared and are used for pasture or hay. Some previously are considered to be wetlands. A Federal areas have been drained and are used as permit may be required before these areas are cropland. Many areas are used as woodland. The disturbed. trees in the wooded areas are mixed hardwoods. Composition Cropland Dunning soil and similar soils: 85 percent Suitability: Suited Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Management concerns: Representative Profile • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated crops are grown year after year. Surface layer: • Most climatically adapted crops cannot be grown 0 to 10 inches—black silt loam unless an adequate drainage system is installed. 10 to 16 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam that • The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the has brown mottles spring. Subsoil: • The flooding occasionally delays fieldwork or 16 to 21 inches—dark gray silty clay that has light damages crops. olive brown mottles • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in some 21 to 40 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has areas. 98 Soil Survey
Management measures: • The tree species that can withstand the wetness • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop should be selected for planting. residue management help to control erosion and to • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining maintain fertility and tilth. trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow. • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of initial plant competition in tree plantations, and ground water and surface water by nutrients. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to Community Development prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. Suitability: Not suited Pasture and Hayland Management concerns: Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to • Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is legumes because of the seasonal high water not suited to building site development. table • Because of the flooding, the wetness, and the slow Management concerns: permeability, this soil is not suited to septic tank • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod absorption fields. and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • The flooding, low strength, and the wetness are management concerns. severe limitations affecting the construction of local • Grazing during wet periods causes surface roads and streets. compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod. Management measures: • The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic grassland. tank absorption fields should be selected for • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock development. increases the hazards of streambank erosion and • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable water pollution. road base that includes the installation of properly Management measures: designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, caused by low strength and wetness. and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep Interpretive Groups pastures in good condition. • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to Land capability classification: IVw minimize compaction and maintain tilth. Woodland ordination symbol: 5W • The hay and pasture plants that can withstand the wetness should be selected for planting. • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams Fa—Fairplay (marl) silt loam by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. Setting • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of This soil is on nearly level flood plains below forage plants. limestone springs in the Great Valley. Most areas of the soil that have not been drained previously are Woodland considered to be wetlands. A Federal permit may be required before these areas are disturbed. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Composition • The use of equipment is restricted during wet Fairplay soil and similar soils: 90 percent periods because this soil is soft when wet. Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent • The seasonal high water table may restrict the rooting depth of some trees, resulting in a high Representative Profile seedling mortality rate and windthrow. Surface layer: • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown marly silt loam planted tree seedlings. that has common yellowish brown mottles • Plant competition is severe if openings are made in 6 to 15 inches—very dark gray marly silt loam that has the canopy. common light olive brown mottles Management measures: • Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill Subsoil: and gravel. 15 to 23 inches—dark gray marly silt loam that has Berkeley County, West Virginia 99
common light olive brown mottles surface of the soil restricts the rooting depth of many plants. Underlying material: 23 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown marly loam that Pasture and Hayland has common light olive brown mottles Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for 30 to 36 inches—dark grayish brown marly loam that pasture because of the wetness; better suited to has common olive yellow mottles grasses than to legumes because of the seasonal 36 to 39 inches—very dark gray marly silt loam that high water table has common light brownish gray and few olive Management concerns: brown mottles • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod 39 to 49 inches—gray marly loam that has common and preventing overgrazing are major pasture light brownish gray and few light olive brown management concerns. mottles • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in 49 to 65 inches—grayish brown marly loam that has spring damages the sod. common light brownish gray and few light olive • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock brown mottles increases the hazards of streambank erosion and Soil Properties and Qualities water pollution. Management measures: Drainage class: Very poorly drained • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, Permeability: Slow to moderately rapid (0.06 inch to and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep 6.0 inches per hour) pastures in good condition. Available water capacity: High • Pasture plants that can withstand the flooding, the Depth to the seasonal high water table: Within a depth ponding, and the wetness should be selected for of 6 inches planting. Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent • Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the chance of flooding in any year) soil is firm. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to Erosion hazard: Slight streams by livestock should be limited to protected Stoniness: None crossings. Rockiness: None • Applications of fertilizer generally are necessary to Natural fertility: High increase the amount of available nutrients in the soil. Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or Applications of lime generally are not needed. moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4) Surface runoff: Slow or ponded Woodland Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Potential productivity: Moderately high for water- Minor Components tolerant species Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: • Because of the wetness, the seedling mortality rate, • The well drained Lappans soils and plant competition, trees generally are not planted • The moderately well drained Lindside soils in areas of this soil. Similar soils: • The use of vehicular equipment may be limited • The poorly drained Dunning soils because of the wetness. • Soils that have a thick, organic surface layer Management measures: Use and Management • The tree species that can withstand the wetness should be selected for planting. Uses: Most areas of the Fairplay soil have been cleared and are used as pasture. Some areas are Community Development ponded and used for growing watercress. Some are wooded. Suitability: Not suited Management concerns: Cropland • Because of the flooding, the ponding, and the Suitability: Not suited wetness, this soil is unsuited to building site Management concerns: development, septic tank absorption fields, and local • This soil is not suited to conventional row crops roads and streets. A better suited soil should be because of the wetness. Water ponded on the selected for development. 100 Soil Survey
Interpretive Groups the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which are on the slightly higher, convex part of the Land capability classification: Vw landscape Woodland ordination symbol: 4W • Areas of Funkstown soils that are not subject to flooding or ponding; on the slightly higher, linear part Fk—Funkstown silt loam of the landscape • Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock Setting • Areas of limestone rock outcrop Similar soils: This soil is in nearly level, slightly concave upland • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent drainageways in the Great Valley. It is in areas that • Well drained soils have no defined stream channels. Sinkholes are common in some areas. Use and Management Composition Uses: Most areas of the Funkstown soil are used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. A few Funkstown soil and similar soils: 70 percent areas are wooded. Dissimilar inclusions: 30 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland. Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated Subsoil: crops are grown year after year. 11 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam • The flooding may occasionally damage crops or 16 to 27 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam delay fieldwork. 27 to 47 inches—variegated strong brown and • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock brownish yellow clay increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused 47 to 65 inches—variegated brownish yellow and by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; strong brown clay runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. • This soil is poorly suited to fruits, nuts, and berries Soil Properties and Qualities because of the poor air drainage, which increases the Drainage class: Moderately well drained chance for frost damage. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Management measures: hour) • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop Available water capacity: High residue management help to control erosion and to Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet maintain fertility and tilth. Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 10 to 50 percent • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and chance in any year) for brief periods by runoff fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of from higher, adjacent uplands; ponded for longer ground water and surface water by nutrients. periods of time in some areas • Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying the subsoil fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient Erosion hazard: Slight leaching. Stoniness: None • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Rockiness: None reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Natural fertility: High • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral storage facility. (pH 5.6 to 7.3) Pasture and Hayland Surface runoff: Slow Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Well suited Bedrock type: Limestone Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Minor Components and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Dissimilar inclusions: pasture management concerns. • The well drained Hagerstown and Duffield soils and • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Berkeley County, West Virginia 101
the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Representative Profile the vigor of the plant cover. Surface layer: Management measures: 0 to 8 inches—dark brown silt loam • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, 8 to 14 inches—brown silt loam and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. Subsurface layer: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results 14 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Subsoil: plants, especially legumes. 19 to 30 inches—brown silt loam Woodland 30 to 40 inches—strong brown gravelly loam 40 to 65 inches—yellowish red clay Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Soil Properties and Qualities • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Drainage class: Moderately well drained planted tree seedlings. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Management measures: hour) • Adequately preparing the site helps to control Available water capacity: High the initial plant competition in tree plantations, Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet and spraying helps to control subsequent Flooding: None competition. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of Community Development the subsoil Erosion hazard: Slight Suitability: Not suited Stoniness: None Management concerns: Rockiness: None • Because of the flooding and the ponding, this soil Natural fertility: High generally is not suited to buildings and septic tank Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral absorption fields. (pH 5.6 to 7.3) • The flooding and the ponding are severe limitations Surface runoff: Slow on sites for local roads and streets. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management measures: Bedrock type: Limestone • Areas of the included soils that are not subject to flooding should be selected for development. Minor Components • In many areas buildings and roads can be Dissimilar inclusions: constructed on well compacted fill material, which • Areas of Funkstown soils that are subject to shallow raises the site above the level of flooding or ponding. flooding or to ponding for brief periods; along Culverts are needed to maintain the natural drainage drainageways and in depressions system. • The well drained Hagerstown and Duffield soils and Interpretive Groups the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which are on the slightly higher, convex part of the landscape Land capability classification: IIw • Soils that are less than 60 inches over bedrock Woodland ordination symbol: 5A • Areas of limestone rock outcrop Similar soils: FnA—Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer Setting Use and Management This soil is on nearly level, smooth, topographically Uses: Most areas of the Funkstown soil are used for low uplands in the Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. A few some areas. small areas are wooded or are used as sites for community development. Composition Cropland Funkstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland. 102 Soil Survey
Management concerns: Community Development • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated Suitability: Poorly suited crops are grown year after year. Management concerns: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused affecting building sites, septic tank absorption fields, by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; and local roads and streets. runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock pits. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of absorption fields. ground water and surface water by nutrients. • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on • Poor air drainage limits the use of this soil for sites for dwellings with basements. orchards. Management measures: Management measures: • The included Hagerstown and Duffield soils, which • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop are better suited to buildings and septic tank residue management help to control erosion and to absorption fields than the Funkstown soil, should be maintain fertility and tilth. selected for development. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill, crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, which raises the site a sufficient distance above the and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of water table. nutrient leaching. • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the • Manure should be stored in a properly designed limestone bedrock. storage facility. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Pasture and Hayland establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Suitability: Suited control erosion and to protect the ground water from Management concerns: pollution. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Interpretive Groups pasture management concerns. Land capability classification: IIw • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Woodland ordination symbol: 5A the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces the vigor of the plant cover. Management measures: FsA—Funkstown gravelly silt loam, • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, nonflooded and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. Setting • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results This soil is on nearly level, smooth, topographically of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of low uplands in the Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in forage, especially legumes. some areas. Woodland Composition Potential productivity: Moderately high Funkstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Representative Profile Management measures: Surface layer: • Adequately preparing the site helps to control 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly silt loam the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent Subsoil: competition. 10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 103
26 to 65 inches—variegated strong brown and red silty • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure clay and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of ground water and surface water by Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • This soil is limited as a site for orchards because Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per frost pockets can cause crop damage. hour) Management measures: Available water capacity: High • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet residue management help to control erosion and to Flooding: None maintain fertility and tilth. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet the subsoil crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Erosion hazard: Slight and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Stoniness: None nutrient leaching. Rockiness: None • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Natural fertility: High reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral • Manure should be stored in a properly designed (pH 5.6 to 7.3) storage facility. Surface runoff: Slow Pasture and Hayland Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bedrock type: Limestone Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Minor Components • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Dissimilar inclusions: and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Areas of Funkstown soils that are subject to shallow pasture management concerns. flooding or to ponding for brief periods; along • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases drainageways and in depressions the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • The well drained Hagerstown and Duffield soils and the vigor of the plant cover. the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which Management measures: are on the slightly higher, convex part of the landscape • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Areas of limestone rock outcrop in good condition. Similar soils: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Soils that have a very gravelly surface layer of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of forage, especially legumes. Use and Management Woodland Uses: Most areas of the Funkstown soil are used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. A few Potential productivity: Moderately high areas are wooded or are used as sites for Management concerns: community development. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Cropland Management measures: Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Management concerns: initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated spraying helps to control subsequent competition. crops are grown year after year. Community Development • In some areas large numbers of rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere with planting and Suitability: Poorly suited cultivation. Management concerns: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution on sites for buildings, septic tank absorption fields, and caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and local roads and streets. manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock manure pits. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by 104 Soil Survey
surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank mottles and many very dark gray stains of iron absorption fields. and manganese oxide • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere Underlying layer: with landscaping and establishment of lawns. 63 to 71 inches—variegated yellowish brown, brown, Management measures: and yellowish red silty clay loam • The included Hagerstown and Duffield soils, which are better suited to buildings and septic tank Soil Properties and Qualities absorption fields than the Funkstown soil, should be Drainage class: Well drained selected for development. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill hour) material, which raises the site a sufficient distance Available water capacity: Moderate or high above the water table. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed 6 feet in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Flooding: None sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil limestone bedrock. Erosion hazard: Moderate • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Stoniness: None establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Rockiness: None providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Natural fertility: Medium or high control erosion and to protect the ground water from Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral pollution. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) Interpretive Groups Surface runoff: Medium Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Land capability classification: IIw Bedrock type: Limestone Woodland ordination symbol: 5A Minor Components HbA—Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to Dissimilar inclusions: 3 percent slopes • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that Setting are subject to flooding and ponding; in shallow, intermittent drainageways and in sinkholes This soil is on nearly level, slightly convex uplands • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur in the eastern and central parts of the Great Valley. It singly or in parallel ridges is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow drainageways. Sinkholes occur in some areas. Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near Composition limestone rock outcrop Similar soils: Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent • Soils that are not as red in the subsoil as is typical of the Hagerstown soil Representative Profile Use and Management Surface layer: 0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been cleared and are used for cultivated crops, Subsurface layer: orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for 10 to 17 inches—strong brown silt loam community development. A few small areas are Subsoil: wooded. 17 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has Cropland common very dark gray stains and concretions of iron and manganese oxide Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland. 26 to 45 inches—reddish brown silty clay that has Management concerns: many very dark gray stains and concretions of iron • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated and manganese oxide crops are grown year after year. 45 to 63 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock Berkeley County, West Virginia 105
increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused Community Development by applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers; Suitability: Limited runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Management concerns: • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by ground water by nutrients. seepage from septic tank absorption fields. • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. cultivation in some areas. • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction • Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement orchards. cracks and buckles under heavy loads. Management measures: • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, sites for buildings. and small grain, applying a system of conservation • In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, bedrock may limit excavations, including those for and applying good crop residue management help to roads, septic tank absorption fields, and foundations. prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it tilth. can be excavated. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Management measures: crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or nutrient leaching. sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes limestone bedrock. reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the • Manure should be stored in a properly designed installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to storage facility. prevent the road damage caused by low strength. Pasture and Hayland • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Suitability: Well suited caused by shrinking and swelling. Management concerns: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to pasture management concerns. control erosion and sedimentation. • Ponds constructed for livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. Interpretive Groups Management measures: Land capability classification: I • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Woodland ordination symbol: 5C and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results HbB—Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of 8 percent slopes plants, especially legumes. Setting Woodland This soil is on gently sloping, convex limestone Potential productivity: Moderately high uplands in the eastern and central parts of the Great Management concerns: Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent • Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment, drainageways. Sinkholes are common in some areas. especially during wet periods. Composition • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 85 percent Management measures: Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. Representative Profile • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Surface layer: spraying helps to control subsequent competition. 0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam 106 Soil Survey
Subsurface layer: • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent. 10 to 17 inches—strong brown silt loam • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent Subsoil: Use and Management 17 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been common very dark gray stains and concretions of cleared and are used for cultivated crops, iron and manganese oxide orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for 26 to 45 inches—reddish brown silty clay that has community development. A few small areas are many very dark gray stains and concretions of iron wooded. and manganese oxide 45 to 63 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow Cropland mottles and many very dark gray stains of iron Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. and manganese oxide Management concerns: Underlying layer: • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected 63 to 71 inches—variegated yellowish brown, brown, areas. and yellowish red silty clay loam • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused Soil Properties and Qualities by applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers; Drainage class: Well drained runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and hour) fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Available water capacity: Moderate or high ground water by nutrients. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of 6 feet cultivation in some areas. Flooding: None • Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil orchards in some areas. Erosion hazard: Moderate Management measures: Stoniness: None • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Rockiness: None and small grain, applying a system of conservation Natural fertility: Medium or high tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral and applying good crop residue management help to (pH 5.1 to 7.3) prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Surface runoff: Medium tilth. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Bedrock type: Limestone crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Minor Components nutrient leaching. Dissimilar inclusions: • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow, • Manure should be stored in a properly designed intermittent drainageways and in sinkholes storage facility. • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils Pasture and Hayland • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty clay loam or silty clay Suitability: Suited • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur Management concerns: singly or in parallel ridges • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near pasture management concerns. limestone rock outcrop • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • The deep Endcav soils the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Similar soils: the vigor of the plant cover. • The well drained Duffield soils on ridges • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • Soils that are not as red in the subsoil as is typical of susceptible to seepage and have a high failure the Hagerstown soil rate. Berkeley County, West Virginia 107
Management measures: • Properly designing and strengthening footings and • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, foundations can help to prevent the structural damage and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures caused by shrinking and swelling. in good condition. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to plants, especially legumes. control erosion and sedimentation. Interpretive Groups Woodland Land capability classification: IIe Potential productivity: Moderately high Woodland ordination symbol: 5C Management concerns: • Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment, especially during wet periods. HbC—Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of 15 percent slopes planted tree seedlings. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Setting and skid trails. This soil is on strongly sloping uplands in the Great Management measures: Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. drainageways. Shallow sinkholes occur in some areas. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Composition spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that Representative Profile have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and Surface layer: legumes. 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam Community Development Subsurface layer: Suitability: Limited 7 to 14 inches—strong brown silt loam Management concerns: Subsoil: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 14 to 23 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by common very dark gray stains and concretions of seepage from septic tank absorption fields. iron and manganese oxide • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. 23 to 42 inches—reddish brown silty clay that has • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction many very dark gray stains and concretions of iron of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement and manganese oxide cracks and buckles under heavy loads. 42 to 60 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation mottles and many very dark gray stains of iron affecting the construction of buildings. and manganese oxide • In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock may limit excavations, including those for Underlying layer: roads, septic tank absorption fields, and foundations. 60 to 68 inches—variegated yellowish brown, brown, In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it and yellowish red silty clay loam can be excavated. Soil Properties and Qualities • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Management measures: Drainage class: Well drained • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or hour) sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Available water capacity: Moderate or high limestone bedrock. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Providing a suitable road base that includes the 6 feet installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Flooding: None prevent the road damage caused by low strength. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil 108 Soil Survey
Erosion hazard: Severe tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Stoniness: None and applying good crop residue management help to Rockiness: None prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Natural fertility: Medium or high tilth. Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade (pH 5.1 to 7.3) stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion. Surface runoff: Rapid • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil Bedrock type: Hard limestone; interbedded with structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding sandstone in some areas crops. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Minor Components crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Dissimilar inclusions: and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that nutrient leaching. are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes drainageways and in sinkholes reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The deep Endcav soils storage facility. • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow Pasture and Hayland Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near limestone rock outcrop Suitability: Suited • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of Management concerns: silty clay • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major singly or in parallel ridges pasture management concerns. Similar soils: • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Duffield soils, which are on ridges the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer the vigor of the plant cover. • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe from 15 to 25 percent hazard in areas where the plant cover has been destroyed. Use and Management • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. cleared and are used for cultivated crops, Management measures: orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, community development. A few small areas are and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures wooded. in good condition. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Cropland of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Suitability: Suited plants, especially legumes. Management concerns: Woodland • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected areas. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Solution channels in the bedrock increase the Management concerns: hazard of ground-water pollution caused by • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers. and skid trails. • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • Operating logging equipment during wet periods fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. ground water and surface water by nutrients. • Competition from undesirable weeds may slow the • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of growth of planted tree seedlings. cultivation in some areas. Management measures: Management measures: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding and small grain, applying a system of conservation logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Berkeley County, West Virginia 109
cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and HcB—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to installing water bars and culverts. 8 percent slopes • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control Setting the initial plant competition in tree plantations, This soil is on gently sloping, convex limestone and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. upland ridges or hillsides in the Great Valley. It is in Community Development areas dissected by shallow, intermittent drainageways. Sinkholes occur in some areas. Suitability: Limited Management concerns: Composition • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent site development. Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by Representative Profile seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Surface layer: • In some areas restricted permeability is a 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay limitation. loam • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement Subsoil: cracks and buckles under heavy loads. 7 to 31 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation brown silty clay affecting the construction of buildings. 31 to 65 inches—yellowish red silty clay • In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone Soil Properties and Qualities bedrock may limit excavations, including those for roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and Drainage class: Well drained sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock must be Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per blasted before it can be excavated. hour) • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction Available water capacity: Moderate or high sites. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management measures: 6 feet • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Flooding: None to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil necessary in some areas. Erosion hazard: Moderate • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Stoniness: None in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Rockiness: None sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Natural fertility: Medium or high limestone bedrock. Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral • Providing a suitable road base that includes the (pH 5.1 to 7.3) installation of properly designed geotextiles helps Surface runoff: Medium to prevent the road damage caused by low Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches strength. Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Minor Components foundations can help to prevent the structural damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Dissimilar inclusions: • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. are in shallow, nearly level depressions and on head • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, slopes establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow, control erosion and sedimentation. intermittent drainageways and in sinkholes • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of Interpretive Groups silty clay or clay Land capability classification: IIIe • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur Woodland ordination symbol: 5C singly or in parallel ridges 110 Soil Survey
• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive limestone rock outcrop compaction and maintain tilth. • The deep Endcav soils Pasture and Hayland Similar soils: • The well drained Duffield soils Suitability: Suited • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent Management concerns: • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Use and Management pasture management concerns. Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture. A the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces few small areas are used for orchards, as the vigor of the plant cover. woodlots, or as sites for community development. • Ponds constructed for livestock water are susceptible to seepage and are often unsuccessful. Cropland Management measures: Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Management concerns: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected in good condition. areas. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution forage, especially legumes. caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Woodland manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Potential productivity: Moderately high • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Management concerns: fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of • Operating logging equipment during wet periods ground water by nutrients. when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. • The high clay content in the surface layer makes • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem. planted tree seedlings. • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads tillage in some areas. and skid trails. • Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for Management measures: orchards in some areas. • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. Management measures: • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, initial plant competition in tree plantations, and and small grain, applying a system of conservation spraying helps to control subsequent competition. tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building and applying good crop residue management help to logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that tilth. have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet legumes. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Community Development and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient leaching. Suitability: Limited • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Management concerns: reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone • Manure should be stored in a properly designed bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution storage facility. by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. • Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. organic material, and including grasses and legumes • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction in the cropping sequence help to improve soil of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and cracks under heavy loads if roads are improperly overcome the restricted permeability of the soils. constructed. Berkeley County, West Virginia 111
• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per affecting the construction of buildings. hour) • In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock Available water capacity: Moderate or high may interfere with excavations, including those for Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and 6 feet sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock has to be Flooding: None blasted before it can be excavated. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Erosion hazard: Severe Management measures: Stoniness: None • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Rockiness: None in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Natural fertility: Medium or high sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral limestone bedrock. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) • Enlarging the absorption area and backfilling with Surface runoff: Rapid gravel help to overcome the restricted permeability. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Minor Components prevent the road damage caused by low strength. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Dissimilar inclusions: foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which caused by shrinking and swelling. are in depressions and on head slopes • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and that are flooded or ponded; along shallow providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to drainageways control erosion and sedimentation. • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty clay or clay Interpretive Groups • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur Land capability classification: IIe singly or in parallel ridges Woodland ordination symbol: 5C • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near limestone rock outcrop HcC—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to • The deep Endcav soils 15 percent slopes Similar soils: • The well drained Duffield soils Setting • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or This soil is on strongly sloping, convex upland from 15 to 25 percent limestone ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent Use and Management drainageways. Sinkholes occur in a few areas. Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been Composition cleared and are used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent community development. A few small areas are Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent wooded. Representative Profile Cropland Surface layer: Suitability: Suited 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam Management concerns: Subsoil: • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected 6 to 29 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong areas. brown silty clay • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 29 to 65 inches—yellowish red silty clay increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Soil Properties and Qualities manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from Drainage class: Well drained manure pits. 112 Soil Survey
• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Woodland fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Potential productivity: Moderately high ground water and surface water by nutrients. Management concerns: • The high clay content in the surface layer • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads makes tillage difficult and soil compaction a and skid trails. problem. • Operating logging equipment during wet periods • Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. cultivation in some areas. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Management measures: planted tree seedlings. • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Management measures: and small grain, applying a system of conservation • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by and applying good crop residue management help to seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and tilth. legumes. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of initial plant competition in tree plantations, and nutrient leaching. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Community Development • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Suitability: Limited storage facility. Management concerns: • Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock organic material, and including grasses and legumes increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by in the cropping sequence help to improve soil seepage from septic tank absorption fields. structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. overcome the restricted permeability of the soil. • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations also • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on helps to minimize the loss of nutrients and provide sites for buildings. nitrogen for use by succeeding crops. • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive may crack under heavy loads. compaction and maintain tilth. • In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock may interfere with excavations, including those for Pasture and Hayland roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and Suitability: Suited sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock has to be Management concerns: blasted before it can be excavated. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Management measures: pasture management concerns. • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the the vigor of the plant cover. limestone bedrock. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on hazard in areas where the plant cover has been the contour. destroyed. • Enlarging the absorption area and backfilling with Management measures: gravel help to overcome the restricted permeability. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Buildings should be designed so that they conform and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is in good condition. necessary in some areas. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Properly designing and strengthening footings and of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of foundations can help to prevent the structural damage plants, especially legumes. caused by shrinking and swelling. Berkeley County, West Virginia 113
• Providing a suitable road base that includes Minor Components the installation of properly designed geotextiles Dissimilar inclusions: helps to prevent the road damage caused by low • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow strength. Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, limestone rock outcrop establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • The deep Endcav soils providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of control erosion and sedimentation. silty clay or clay Interpretive Groups • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur singly or in parallel ridges Land capability classification: IIIe Similar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 5C • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent or from 25 to 35 percent HcD—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to Use and Management 25 percent slopes Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been Setting cleared and are used as pasture. A few small areas are used as cropland or woodland or for The soil is on moderately steep hillsides in the orchards. Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in a few areas. Cropland Composition Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent pasture because of the hazard of erosion Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent Management concerns: Representative Profile • The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected areas. Surface layer: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused Subsoil: by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; 5 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. brown silty clay • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and 28 to 65 inches—yellowish red silty clay fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of ground water and surface water by nutrients. Soil Properties and Qualities • The high clay content in the surface layer makes Drainage class: Well drained tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of hour) cultivation in some areas. Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures: Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, 6 feet and small grain, applying a system of conservation Flooding: None tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil and applying good crop residue management help to Erosion hazard: Severe prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Slope class: Moderately steep tilth. Stoniness: None • Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other Rockiness: None organic material, and including grasses and legumes Natural fertility: Medium or high in the cropping sequence help to improve soil Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and (pH 5.1 to 7.3) overcome the restricted permeability of the soil. Surface runoff: Rapid • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations also Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches helps to minimize the loss of nutrients and provide Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone nitrogen for use by succeeding crops. 114 Soil Survey
• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Management concerns: crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by nutrient leaching. seepage from septic tank absorption fields. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on storage facility. sites for buildings. • Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement compaction and maintain tilth. may crack under heavy loads. • In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock Pasture and Hayland may interfere with excavations, including those for Suitability: Suited roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and Management concerns: sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock has to be • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses blasted before it can be excavated. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. pasture management concerns. Management measures: • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or the vigor of the plant cover. sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe limestone bedrock. hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on destroyed. the contour. Management measures: • Enlarging the absorption area and backfilling with • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, gravel help to overcome the restricted permeability. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Buildings should be designed so that they conform in good condition. to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results is necessary in most areas. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Properly designing and strengthening footings and plants, especially legumes. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Woodland • Providing a suitable road base that includes Potential productivity: Moderately high the installation of properly designed geotextiles Management concerns: helps to prevent the road damage caused by low • Operating logging equipment during wet periods strength. when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Slippage is a hazard on the moderately steep slopes establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and when the soil is wet and soft. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads control erosion and sedimentation. and skid trails. Interpretive Groups • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Land capability classification: IVe Management measures: Woodland ordination symbol: 5C • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour and seeding the roads and trails when they are no HdB—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to longer being used help to control erosion. 8 percent slopes • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Setting initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex limestone uplands in the Great Valley. It is in areas Community Development dissected by shallow, intermittent drainageways. Suitability: Limited Sinkholes occur in some areas. Berkeley County, West Virginia 115
Composition orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for community development. A few small areas are Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent wooded. Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 9 inches—brown gravelly silt loam • The hazard of erosion is moderate. Subsoil: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 9 to 15 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused 15 to 65 inches—red clay by applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. Soil Properties and Qualities • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Drainage class: Well drained fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per ground water and surface water by nutrients. hour) • Rock fragments may interfere with tillage; however, Available water capacity: Moderate or high they are neither abundant, only about 15 to 20 percent Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than by volume, nor large enough to interfere seriously. 6 feet • Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for Flooding: None orchards in some areas. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil Management measures: Erosion hazard: Moderate • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Slope class: Gently sloping and small grain, applying a system of conservation Stoniness: None tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Rockiness: None and applying good crop residue management help to Natural fertility: Medium or high prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral tilth. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Surface runoff: Medium crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Bedrock type: Limestone nutrient leaching. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Minor Components reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Dissimilar inclusions: • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that storage facility. are subject to flooding; along shallow, intermittent Pasture and Hayland drainageways and in sinkholes • The deep Endcav soils Suitability: Suited • The moderately well drained Carbo soils and the Management concerns: shallow Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses near limestone rock outcrop and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of pasture management concerns. silty clay • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces singly or in parallel ridges the vigor of the plant cover. Similar soils: • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • The well drained Duffield soils susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer Management measures: • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. Use and Management • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of cleared and are used for cultivated crops, plants, especially legumes. 116 Soil Survey
Woodland providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to control erosion and sedimentation. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Interpretive Groups • Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment, Land capability classification: IIe especially during wet periods. Woodland ordination symbol: 5C • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads HdC—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 8 to and skid trails. 15 percent slopes Management measures: • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. Setting • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the This soil is on strongly sloping, convex limestone initial plant competition in tree plantations, and uplands in the eastern and central parts of the Great spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Valley. It is dissected by shallow, intermittent • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building drainageways. Sinkholes occur in a few areas. logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that Composition have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent legumes. Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent Community Development Representative Profile Suitability: Limited Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock loam increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Subsoil: • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. 8 to 65 inches—variegated yellowish red, red, and • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction strong brown clay of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement Soil Properties and Qualities cracks and buckles under heavy loads. • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on Drainage class: Well drained sites for buildings. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere hour) with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than bedrock may limit excavations, including those for 6 feet roads, septic tank absorption fields, and foundations. Flooding: None In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil can be excavated. Erosion hazard: Severe • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Stoniness: None Management measures: Rockiness: None • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Natural fertility: Medium or high in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral areas where excavation exposes the limestone (pH 5.1 to 7.3) bedrock. Surface runoff: Rapid • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Bedrock type: Limestone prevent the road damage caused by low strength. Minor Components • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Dissimilar inclusions: caused by shrinking and swelling. • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, are subject to flooding; along shallow, intermittent establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and drainageways Berkeley County, West Virginia 117
• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow Pasture and Hayland Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near Suitability: Suited limestone rock outcrop Management concerns: • The deep Endcav soils • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major gravelly silty clay pasture management concerns. • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and singly or in parallel ridges increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. Similar soils: • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • The well drained Duffield soils hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer destroyed. • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or • Ponds constructed for livestock water are from 15 to 25 percent susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. Management measures: Use and Management • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures cleared and are used for cultivated crops, in good condition. orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results community development. A few small areas are of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of wooded. plants, especially legumes. Cropland Woodland Suitability: Suited Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Management concerns: • The severe hazard of erosion is a major • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads management concern. and skid trails. • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock • Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment, increase the hazard of ground-water pollution especially during wet periods. caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from planted tree seedlings. manure pits. Management measures: • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding ground water by nutrients. logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and cultivation in some areas. installing water bars and culverts. • Rock fragments may interfere with tillage; however, • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. they are neither abundant, only about 15 to 20 percent • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the by volume, nor large enough to interfere seriously. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Management measures: spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Community Development and small grain, applying a system of conservation tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Suitability: Limited and applying good crop residue management help to Management concerns: prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock tilth. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet seepage from septic tank absorption fields. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. nutrient leaching. • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. cracks and buckles under heavy loads. • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The moderate or high shrink-swell potential is a storage facility. limitation on sites for buildings. 118 Soil Survey
• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock Bedrock: may limit excavations, including those for roads, septic 71 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone tank absorption fields, and foundations. In most areas Soil Properties and Qualities the bedrock has to be blasted before it can be excavated. Drainage class: Well drained • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Management measures: hour) • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Available water capacity: Moderate in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the 6 feet limestone bedrock. Flooding: None • Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil the contour. Erosion hazard: Severe • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Stoniness: None to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Rockiness: None necessary in some areas. Natural fertility: Medium or high • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to (pH 5.1 to 7.3) prevent the road damage caused by low strength. Surface runoff: Rapid • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Bedrock type: Hard limestone; interbedded with caused by shrinking and swelling. sandstone in some areas • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Minor Components establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Dissimilar inclusions: control erosion and sedimentation. • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that are subject to flooding; along shallow drainageways Interpretive Groups • The deep Endcav soils Land capability classification: IIIe • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow Woodland ordination symbol: 5C Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near limestone rock outcrop • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of HdD—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 15 to gravelly silty clay loam 25 percent slopes • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur singly or in parallel ridges Setting Similar soils: This soil is on moderately steep, convex hillsides in • Duffield soils the Great Valley. • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent Composition or from 25 to 35 percent Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent Use and Management Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been Representative Profile cleared and are used for pasture or orchards. Surface layer: Cropland 0 to 7 inches—brown to dark brown gravelly silt loam Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and Subsoil: pasture because of the hazard of erosion 7 to 42 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong Management concerns: brown silty clay • The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas 42 to 55 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong is a major management concern. brown silty clay loam • Solution channels in the bedrock increase the 55 to 71 inches—variegated strong brown and dark hazard of ground-water pollution caused by yellowish brown silt clay loam applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure. Berkeley County, West Virginia 119
• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure initial plant competition in tree plantations, and and fertilizer applications can result in the spraying helps to control subsequent competition. pollution of ground water and surface water by Community Development nutrients. • Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of Suitability: Poorly suited cultivation in some areas. Management concerns: Management measures: • The slope is a severe limitation affecting community • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, development. and small grain, applying a system of conservation • Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, building site development unless extensive land and applying good crop residue management help to shaping is done. prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and • Solution channels in the bedrock increase the tilth. hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from • Grassed waterways and diversions help to prevent septic tank absorption fields. gully erosion. • In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of cracks under heavy loads if roads are not constructed nutrient leaching. properly. • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on Pasture and Hayland sites for buildings. Suitability: Suited • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere Management concerns: with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major may interfere with excavations, including those for pasture management concerns. roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock must be the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces blasted before it can be excavated. the vigor of the plant cover. • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Management measures: hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed destroyed. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Management measures: sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, limestone bedrock. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Land shaping and installing the distribution lines in good condition. across the slope help to ensure that the absorption • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results field functions properly. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Buildings should be designed so that they conform plants, especially legumes. to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping is necessary in most areas. Woodland • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Potential productivity: Moderately high installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Management concerns: prevent the road damage caused by low strength. • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • Properly designing and strengthening footings and and skid trails. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Operating logging equipment during wet periods caused by shrinking and swelling. when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and growth of planted tree seedlings. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Management measures: control erosion and sedimentation. • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Interpretive Groups and seeding the roads and trails when they are no longer being used help to control erosion. Land capability classification: IVe • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Woodland ordination symbol: 5C 120 Soil Survey
HgC—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than outcrop complex, 3 to 15 percent 6 feet slopes Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil Setting Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe This map unit is on gently sloping or strongly Stoniness: None sloping, low ridges in the Great Valley. The limestone Rockiness: 15 percent limestone rock outcrop rock outcrop generally occurs in parallel clusters that Natural fertility: Medium or high extend in a north-south direction. Sinkholes are Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral common. The bedrock under the soils is steeply tilted, (pH 5.1 to 7.3) and soil depth may vary greatly within short distances. Surface runoff: Medium or rapid The two soils and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone to separate them in mapping. Opequon Composition Drainage class: Well drained Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 50 percent Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to Opequon soil and similar soils: 20 percent 2.0 inches per hour) Rock outcrop: 15 percent Available water capacity: Low Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Representative Profile Flooding: None Hagerstown Shrink-swell potential: High Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe Surface layer: Stoniness: None 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam Rockiness: 15 percent limestone rock outcrop Subsurface layer: Natural fertility: High 5 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) Subsoil: Surface runoff: Medium or rapid 9 to 42 inches—yellowish red clay Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches 42 to 71 inches—yellowish red silty clay Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone Bedrock: 71 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Minor Components Opequon Dissimilar inclusions: • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that Surface layer: are subject to flooding and ponding; along narrow, 0 to 5 inches—brown silty clay loam concave drainageways and in sinkholes Subsoil: • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils 5 to 18 inches—red clay • The deep Endcav soils Similar soils: Bedrock: • The moderately deep Carbo soils 18 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent Rock outcrop • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent The Rock outcrop occurs as exposed areas of hard, • Soils that have loose limestone flagstones and nonrippable limestone. channers on the surface Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Hagerstown Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. Some Drainage class: Well drained areas are used as pasture, and a few small areas Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per have been developed as homesites. In the past hour) the small areas between the rock outcroppings Available water capacity: Moderate or high were commonly cultivated. Berkeley County, West Virginia 121
Cropland • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Suitability: Not suited pasture management concerns. Management concerns: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock • This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops or fruit increase the hazard of ground-water pollution trees because of the rock outcrop, which limits the use caused by applications of herbicides and of farm machinery and makes tillage impractical. fertilizers. • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure Pasture and Hayland and fertilizer applications can result in the Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for pollution of ground water and surface water by pasture nutrients. Management concerns: • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • The rock outcrop limits the use of machinery to susceptible to seepage and have a high failure manage and improve pasture (fig. 7). rate.
Figure 7.—A pastured area of Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes. The rock outcrop hinders the management of pastures. 122 Soil Survey
Management measures: • The shrink-swell potential is a limitation affecting the • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, construction of footings, foundations, and roads. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Low strength is an additional limitation affecting the in good condition. construction of roads. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • The restricted permeability in the subsoil of the of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Hagerstown soil may prevent the proper functioning of forage. absorption fields in some areas. • The depth to bedrock and the restricted permeability Woodland in the Opequon soil are severe limitations on sites for Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high septic tank absorption fields. Management concerns: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock • The rock outcrop limits use of logging equipment. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by • The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should seepage from septic tank absorption fields. be considered when planning the location of roads • Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard on and log landings. construction sites. • Operating logging equipment during wet periods Management measures: when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting. • Buildings should be designed so that they conform • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is planted tree seedlings. necessary in some areas. • The seedling mortality rate may be high in areas of • Properly designing and strengthening footings and the Opequon soil because of droughtiness. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, caused by shrinking and swelling. trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds • Providing a suitable road base that includes the or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to soil. prevent the road damage caused by low strength and • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads by shrinking and swelling. and skid trails. • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Management measures: in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in • Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging areas where excavation exposes the bedrock because roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log of the hazard of ground-water pollution. landings should be stabilized. • Selecting areas of the deeper Hagerstown soil as • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing initial plant competition in tree plantations, and absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the spraying helps to control subsequent competition. absorption fields can help to overcome the limitations • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, in absorption areas. Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and white pine, should • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, be selected for planting in areas of the Opequon soil. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to full advantage of spring rains. control erosion and sedimentation. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Interpretive Groups logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Land capability classification: VIs cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and Woodland ordination symbol: Hagerstown—5C; installing water bars and culverts. Opequon—3C Community Development HgE—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock Suitability: Poorly suited outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent Management concerns: slopes • The nonrippable bedrock and the rock outcrop may Setting interfere with excavations, including those for roads, foundations, and absorption fields. The depth to This map unit is on moderately steep or steep bedrock can vary from less than 20 inches to more hillsides in the Great Valley. The limestone rock than 6 feet over a short distance. In most areas the outcrop generally occurs in parallel clusters that bedrock has to be blasted before it can be excavated. extend in a north-south direction. Sinkholes are Berkeley County, West Virginia 123
common. The bedrock under the soils is steeply tilted, Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone and soil depth may vary greatly within short distances. Opequon The two soils and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical Drainage class: Well drained to separate them in mapping. Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to 2.0 inches per hour) Composition Available water capacity: Low Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 40 percent Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Opequon soil and similar soils: 30 percent 6 feet Rock outcrop: 20 percent Flooding: None Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Erosion hazard: Very severe Representative Profile Stoniness: None Hagerstown Natural fertility: High Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly Surface layer: alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid 3 to 5 inches—brown silt loam Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches Subsoil: Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone 5 to 9 inches—reddish brown silty clay Minor Components 9 to 36 inches—reddish brown clay 36 to 65 inches—variegated yellowish red, red, and Dissimilar inclusions: strong brown clay • The deep Endcav soils • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of Opequon silty clay or clay Surface layer: Similar soils: 0 to 5 inches—brown silty clay loam • The moderately deep Carbo soils • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent Subsoil: • Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent 5 to 18 inches—red clay • Soils that have loose limestone flagstones and Bedrock: channers on the surface 18 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Use and Management Rock outcrop Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. A few The Rock outcrop occurs as exposed areas of hard, small areas are used as pasture. In a few areas nonrippable limestone. the acreage is idle land. Soil Properties and Qualities Cropland Hagerstown Suitability: Not suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops or fruit hour) trees because of the slope and the rock outcrop, Available water capacity: Moderate or high which limit the use of modern farm machinery and Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than make cultivation impractical. 6 feet Pasture and Hayland Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for Erosion hazard: Very severe pasture Stoniness: None Management concerns: Natural fertility: Medium or high • The slope and the rock outcrop limit the use of Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral machinery to manage and improve pasture. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches pasture management concerns. 124 Soil Survey
• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Seedlings should be mulched in areas where the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces mulching is practical. the vigor of the plant cover. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe initial plant competition in tree plantations, and hazard in areas where the plant cover has been spraying helps to control subsequent competition. destroyed. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been by applications of herbicides and fertilizers. cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and installing water bars and culverts. fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Community Development ground water and surface water by nutrients. Management measures: Suitability: Poorly suited • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Management concerns: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The slope is a severe limitation affecting most urban in good condition. uses. Extensive land shaping is necessary in most • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results areas. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock forage. and the rock outcrop may limit excavations, including those for roads, foundations, septic tank absorption Woodland fields, and sewer lines. The depth to bedrock may vary Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high from less than 20 inches to more than 6 feet over a Management concerns: short distance. In most areas the bedrock has to be • The rock outcrop limits the use of logging blasted before it is excavated. equipment. • The moderate or high shrink-swell potential is a • The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should limitation affecting the construction of footings, be considered when planning the location of roads foundations, and roads. and log landings. • Low strength is a limitation on sites for roads. • Operating logging equipment during wet periods Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement may when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting. crack under heavy loads. • Slippage is a hazard on the moderately steep and • Slippage is a hazard on the moderately steep and steep slopes when the soils are wet and soft. steep slopes when the soils are wet and soft. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock planted tree seedlings. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by • Because of the droughtiness, seedling mortality may seepage from septic tank absorption fields. be a problem, especially on south aspects of the • The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the restricted Opequon soil. permeability of the Opequon soil are severe limitations • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, on sites for septic tank absorption fields. trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds • Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard on or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon construction sites. soil. Management measures: • Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Management measures: foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging caused by shrinking and swelling. roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log • Providing a suitable road base that includes the landings should be stabilized. installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, prevent the road damage caused by low strength and Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and white pine, should by shrinking and swelling. be selected for planting in areas of the Opequon • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed soil. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the full advantage of spring rains. limestone bedrock because of the hazard of ground- • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes water pollution. where possible. • Selecting areas of the deeper Hagerstown soil as Berkeley County, West Virginia 125
sites for absorption fields, installing absorption fields Subsurface layer: on the contour, and enlarging the absorption fields can 3 to 8 inches—brown to dark brown channery loam help to overcome the limitations in absorption areas. Subsoil: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, 8 to 30 inches—strong brown very channery silt establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and loam providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to 30 to 36 inches—strong brown extremely channery control erosion and sedimentation. silt loam Interpretive Groups Bedrock: Land capability classification: VIIs 36 inches—fractured, grayish brown shale Woodland ordination symbol: Hagerstown—5C; Soil Properties and Qualities Opequon—2R on south aspects and 3R on north aspects Hazleton Drainage class: Well drained HkF—Hazleton-Berks channery loams, Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to 35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely 20.0 inches per hour) stony Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Setting 6 feet These soils are on very steep hillsides on the Flooding: None western side of North Mountain. The Hazleton soil is Shrink-swell potential: Low generally on the less sloping middle and lower parts of Erosion hazard: Very severe the hillsides, and the Berks soil is generally on the Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with more sloping shoulder slopes, nose slopes, and higher stones part of the hillsides. The two soils occur as areas so Rockiness: None intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical Natural fertility: Low to separate them in mapping. Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5) Composition Surface runoff: Very rapid Hazleton soil and similar soils: 50 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent shale and siltstone in some areas Representative Profile Berks Hazleton Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch Surface layer: to 6.0 inches per hour) 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Available water capacity: Very low to moderate 1 to 4 inches—black channery loam Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Subsurface layer: 6 feet 4 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown channery loam Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Low Subsoil: Erosion hazard: Very severe 11 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam Slope class: Very steep 15 to 37 inches—strong brown very channery loam Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with 37 to 48 inches—strong brown very channery sandy stones loam Rockiness: None Underlying material: Natural fertility: Low 48 to 65 inches—strong brown very channery sandy Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly loam acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5) Surface runoff: Very rapid Berks Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Surface layer: Bedrock type: Mainly acid shale and siltstone; 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam interbedded with sandstone in some areas 126 Soil Survey
Minor Components moderately high on north aspects Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: • Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites. • Areas of rock outcrop • Operating logging equipment is hazardous because • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which of the very steep slope. are on footslopes and benches • The large stones on the surface of the soils • The well drained Blackthorn soils that have a clayey can hinder harvesting operations and damage subsoil and are underlain by limestone; on benches equipment. Similar soils: • The limited rooting depth, the low natural fertility, and • Small areas of the shallow Weikert soils the droughtiness of the Berks soil result in a high • Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their seedling mortality rate, especially on south aspects. surface covered with stones and boulders Management measures: • The well drained, reddish Calvin soils • Because of the slope, special care should be taken • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils when logging roads and log landings are laid out and • Areas where stones cover less than 3 percent of the logging equipment is operated. Logging roads should surface be designed so that they conform to the topography. • Soils that have slopes of more than 65 percent or • Because of the erosion hazard, water should be less than 35 percent removed from logging roads by water bars, out-sloping Use and Management or in-sloping road surfaces, culverts, and drop structures. Building logging roads on the contour or on Uses: Nearly all areas of the Hazleton and Berks soils the gentler slopes and seeding logging roads, skid are wooded. trails, and log landings to perennial grasses and Cropland legumes after the trees are logged also help to prevent excessive erosion. Suitability: Not suited • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Management concerns: planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling • The very steep slope, the very severe hazard of mortality rate. erosion, and the stones on the surface of the soils • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, make cultivation impractical. white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should Pasture and Hayland be selected for planting. • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for full advantage of spring rains. pasture • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes Management concerns: where possible. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Community Development pasture management concerns. Suitability: Not suited • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and Management concerns: increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. • The very steep slope is a severe limitation affecting • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe community development. A better suited soil should be hazard in areas where the plant cover has been selected for development. destroyed. • Erosion is a very severe hazard on construction • Because of the slope and the stones on the surface sites. of the soils, it is difficult to safely operate conventional Management measures: farm equipment. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Management measures: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures control erosion and sedimentation. in good condition. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Interpretive Groups of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of forage, especially legumes. Land capability classification: VIIs Woodland ordination symbol: Hazleton—3R on south Woodland aspects and 4R on north aspects; Berks—3R on Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; south aspects and 4R on north aspects Berkeley County, West Virginia 127
HsE—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 15 to Bedrock: 35 percent slopes, extremely stony 26 inches—fractured, gray sandstone Soil Properties and Qualities Setting Hazleton These soils are on moderately steep or steep hillsides, mainly on Third Hill and Sleepy Creek Drainage class: Well drained Mountains. The Hazleton soil is on the linear or Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to concave middle and lower parts of the hillsides, and 20 inches per hour) the Dekalb soil is on convex shoulder slopes, nose Available water capacity: Moderate or high slopes, and the upper part of hillsides. The two soils Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that 6 feet it was impractical to separate them in mapping. Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Low Composition Erosion hazard: Very severe Hazleton soil and similar soils: 45 percent Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with Dekalb soil and similar soils: 40 percent stones Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Rockiness: None Natural fertility: Low Representative Profile Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly Hazleton acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) Surface runoff: Very rapid Surface layer: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf Bedrock type: Interbedded, acid sandstone, shale, and litter siltstone 1 to 4 inches—very dark brown channery loam Dekalb Subsurface layer: 4 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown channery sandy Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained loam Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) Available water capacity: Very low or low Subsoil: Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 11 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery 6 feet loam Flooding: None 15 to 37 inches—strong brown very channery Shrink-swell potential: Low loam Erosion hazard: Very severe 37 to 48 inches—strong brown very channery sandy Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with loam stones Underlying material: Rockiness: None 48 to 65 inches—strong brown very channery sandy Natural fertility: Low loam Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) Dekalb Surface runoff: Very rapid Surface layer: Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with 1 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery sandy shale and siltstone in some areas loam Minor Components Subsurface layer: Dissimilar inclusions: 2 to 4 inches—brown channery sandy loam • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which Subsoil: are on the less sloping benches and the lower part of 4 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very channery sandy hillsides loam • Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of 13 to 26 inches—brown very channery sandy loam their surface covered with stones and boulders 128 Soil Survey
• Areas of rock outcrop • The low natural fertility and the droughtiness of the • Areas of soils that are not stony Dekalb soil result in a high seedling mortality rate, Similar soils: especially on south aspects. • The well drained Berks soils, which are on nose • Competition from weeds may slow the growth slopes and are underlain by shale of planted tree seedlings in areas of the Hazleton • The well drained, reddish Calvin soils, which are on soil. convex nose slopes • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds • Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Dekalb • Areas where stones cover less than 3 percent of the soil. surface Management measures: • Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building surface covered with stones and boulders logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Use and Management cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. installing water bars and culverts. • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Cropland planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling Suitability: Not suited mortality rate. Management concerns: • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take • The slope and the stones on the surface of the soils full advantage of spring rains. make tillage impractical and unsafe. • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should Pasture and Hayland be selected for planting. Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes pasture where possible. Management concerns: • Adequately preparing the site helps to control • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and the initial plant competition in tree plantations, increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. and spraying helps to control subsequent • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe competition. hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Community Development destroyed. • Because of the slope and the stones on the surface Suitability: Poorly suited of the soils, it is difficult to operate conventional Management concerns: equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. • The slope is a severe limitation on sites for buildings, • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites septic tank absorption fields, and local roads and where ponds or springs can be developed generally streets. Extensive land shaping is necessary in most are available along nearby drainageways. areas. Management measures: • The depth to hard bedrock is a severe limitation in • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, areas of the Dekalb soil. In many areas the bedrock and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures has to be blasted before it can be excavated. in good condition. • Erosion is a very severe hazard on construction • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results sites. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Management measures: forage, especially legumes. • Selecting areas of the very deep Hazleton soil as sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing Woodland distribution lines on the contour, selecting the less Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; sloping areas for absorption fields, and land shaping moderate or moderately high on north aspects can help to overcome the limitations in absorption Management concerns: areas. • Erosion is a very severe hazard on logging sites. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • The large stones on the surface of the soils establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and can hinder harvesting operations and damage providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to equipment. control erosion and sedimentation. Berkeley County, West Virginia 129
Interpretive Groups 13 to 26 inches—brown very channery sandy loam Land capability classification: VIIs Bedrock: Woodland ordination symbol: Hazleton—3R on south 26 inches—fractured, gray sandstone aspects and 4R on north aspects; Dekalb—2R on Soil Properties and Qualities south aspects and 3R on north aspects Hazleton HsF—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to Drainage class: Well drained 65 percent slopes, extremely stony Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to 20 inches per hour) Setting Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than These soils are on very steep hillsides on Third Hill 6 feet and Sleepy Creek Mountains and on the eastern Flooding: None aspect of North Mountain. The Hazleton soil is on the Shrink-swell potential: Low linear or concave middle and lower parts of the Erosion hazard: Very severe hillsides, and the Dekalb soil is on convex shoulder Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with slopes, nose slopes, and the upper part of hillsides. stones The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the Rockiness: None landscape that it was impractical to separate them in Natural fertility: Low mapping. Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly Composition acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) Surface runoff: Very rapid Hazleton soil and similar soils: 60 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Dekalb soil and similar soils: 25 percent Bedrock type: Interbedded acid sandstone, siltstone, Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent and shale Representative Profile Dekalb Hazleton Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Surface layer: Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour) 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Available water capacity: Very low or low 1 to 4 inches—very dark brown channery loam Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Subsurface layer: Flooding: None 4 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown channery loam Shrink-swell potential: Low Subsoil: Erosion hazard: Very severe 11 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with 15 to 37 inches—strong brown very channery loam stones 37 to 48 inches—strong brown very channery sandy Rockiness: None loam Natural fertility: Low Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly Underlying material: acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) 48 to 65 inches—strong brown very channery sandy Surface runoff: Very rapid loam Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Dekalb Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with shale and siltstone in some areas Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Minor Components 1 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery sandy loam Dissimilar inclusions: Subsurface layer: • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which 2 to 4 inches—brown channery sandy loam are on the less sloping benches and the lower part of Subsoil: the hillsides 4 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very channery sandy • Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of loam their surface covered with stones and boulders 130 Soil Survey
• Areas of rock outcrop • Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots, Similar soils: trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds • The well drained Berks soils or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Dekalb • The reddish, well drained Calvin soils soil. • Stony areas where stones cover less than 3 percent Management measures: of the surface • Because of the slope, special care should be taken • Rubbly areas where stones cover 15 to 50 percent when logging roads and log landings are laid out and of the surface logging equipment is operated. Logging roads should • Soils that have slopes ranging from 25 to 35 percent be designed so that they conform to the topography. • Soils that have slopes of more than 65 percent • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding Use and Management logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. installing water bars and culverts. Cropland • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take full advantage of spring rains. Suitability: Not suited • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Management concerns: white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should • Because of the slope and the stones on the surface be selected for planting. of the soils, it is difficult to safely operate conventional • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes farm equipment. where possible. Pasture and Hayland Community Development Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for Suitability: Not suited pasture Management concerns: Management concerns: • Because of the very steep slope, these soils are not • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses suited to building site development, septic tank and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major absorption fields, or local roads and streets. A better pasture management concerns. suited soil should be selected for development. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. Interpretive Groups • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe Land capability classification: VIIs hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Woodland ordination symbol: Hazleton—3R on south destroyed. aspects and 4R on north aspects; Dekalb—2R on • Because of the very steep slope and the stones on south aspects and 3R on north aspects the surface of the soils, it is difficult to safely operate conventional equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. Hu—Huntington silt loam Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Setting and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along in good condition. Opequon Creek and its tributaries. Woodland Composition Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; Huntington soil and similar soils: 80 percent moderate or moderately high on north aspects Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Management concerns: • Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites. Representative Profile • Operating logging equipment is hazardous because Surface layer: of the very steep slope. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam • The large stones on the surface of the soils can hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. Subsoil: • The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, 11 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam and the droughtiness of the Dekalb soil result in a high 21 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam seedling mortality rate, especially on south aspects. 42 to 58 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 131
58 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam Management measures: • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop Soil Properties and Qualities residue management help to maintain soil tilth and Drainage class: Well drained fertility and to control erosion. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet hour) crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Available water capacity: High and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than nutrient leaching. 6 feet • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: Low Erosion hazard: Slight Suitability: Suited Stoniness: None Management concerns: Rockiness: None • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Natural fertility: High and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly pasture management concerns. alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Surface runoff: Slow the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the vigor of the plant cover. • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock Minor Components increases the hazards of streambank erosion and Dissimilar inclusions: water pollution. • The moderately well drained Lindside soils • The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the • The poorly drained Dunning soils grassland. • The well drained Combs soils, which have a higher Management measures: content of sand than the Huntington soil • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that do not have the thick, dark surface layer and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures that is typical of the Huntington soil in good condition. Similar soils: • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams • The well drained Lappans soils by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Use and Management plants, especially legumes. Uses: Most areas of the Huntington soil are used for Woodland cultivated crops or hay. Some areas are used as pasture. A few areas are wooded. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Cropland • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. planted tree seedlings. Management concerns: Management measures: • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the crops are grown year after year. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • The flooding occasionally damages crops or delays spraying helps to control subsequent competition. fieldwork. Community Development • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Suitability: Not suited surface water by nutrients. Management concerns: • This soil is poorly suited to orchards because of the • Because of the flooding, this soil is not suited to poor air drainage, which increases the chance for frost building site development or septic tank absorption damage. fields. • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many • The flooding is a severe limitation on sites for local areas. roads and streets. 132 Soil Survey
Management measures: Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic 20 inches per hour) tank absorption fields than the Huntington soil should Available water capacity: High be selected for development. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 4 to 6 feet • Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent prevent the damage caused by flooding. chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods Shrink-swell potential: Low Interpretive Groups Erosion hazard: Slight Land capability classification: IIw Stoniness: None Woodland ordination symbol: 5A Rockiness: None Natural fertility: High Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or La—Lappans (marl) loam moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4) Surface runoff: Slow Setting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches This soil is on nearly level flood plains along Minor Components streams fed by springs flowing from limestone bedrock in the Great Valley. Dissimilar inclusions: • The very poorly drained Fairplay soils Composition • The poorly drained Dunning soils Lappans soil and similar soils: 90 percent Similar soils: Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent • Moderately well drained soils Representative Profile Use and Management Surface layer: Uses: Most areas of the Lappans soil are used as 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown marly loam pasture. Some are used for cultivated crops or hay (fig. 8). A few small areas are forested. In some Subsurface layer: areas marl from this soil has been quarried and 7 to 13 inches—light olive brown marly sandy used as a source of agricultural lime. loam 13 to 20 inches—dark grayish brown marly sandy Cropland loam Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. Subsoil: Management concerns: 20 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown marly sandy • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated loam crops are grown year after year. 26 to 42 inches—gray marly loam that has pale brown • The flooding occasionally damages crops or delays and white mottles fieldwork. 42 to 47 inches—white marly clay loam that has gray • This soil is poorly suited to orchards because of the and pale brown mottles poor air drainage, which increases the risk of frost 47 to 54 inches—light brownish gray marly clay loam damage. that has yellowish brown mottles • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in some 54 to 64 inches—light gray marly clay loam that has areas. very pale brown mottles • Some crops may suffer deficiencies of certain 64 to 71 inches—light gray marly sandy loam that has micronutrients, such as iron and manganese, because very pale brown mottles this soil is alkaline. 71 to 78 inches—gray marly clay loam that has dark Management measures: yellowish brown mottles • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop 78 to 85 inches—light brownish gray marly clay loam residue management help to maintain soil tilth and that has light yellowish brown and white mottles fertility and to control erosion. Underlying material: • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and 85 to 99 inches—light gray marly loam fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of ground water and surface water by nutrients. Soil Properties and Qualities • Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient Drainage class: Well drained needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying Berkeley County, West Virginia 133
Figure 8.—An area of Lappans (marl) loam used for hay.
fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces leaching. the vigor of the plant cover. • Crops respond well to fertilizer. Applications of lime • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in are not needed. spring damages the sod. • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. increases the hazards of streambank erosion and water pollution. Pasture and Hayland Management measures: Suitability: Suited • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, Management concerns: and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod pastures in good condition. and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams management concerns. by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Applications of fertilizer generally are necessary to 134 Soil Survey
increase the amount of available nutrients in the soil. brown and yellowish brown mottles Applications of lime generally are not needed. Underlying material: Woodland 46 to 66 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown and grayish brown silt loam that has strong brown and Potential productivity: Moderately high white mottles Management concerns: • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Soil Properties and Qualities planted tree seedlings. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management measures: Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the 2.0 inches per hour). initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Available water capacity: High spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet Community Development Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent chance in any year) for brief periods Suitability: Not suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management concerns: Erosion hazard: Slight • Because of the flooding, this soil is not suited to Stoniness: None building site development or septic tank absorption Rockiness: None fields. Natural fertility: High • Because of the flooding, low strength, and the Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly potential for frost action, this soil is severely limited as alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8) a site for local roads and streets. Surface runoff: Slow Management measures: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields than the Lappans soil should be Minor Components selected for development. Dissimilar inclusions: • Constructing local roads and streets on raised fill • The poorly drained Dunning soils material and installing a drainage system help to • The well drained Huntington and Lappans soils overcome the limitations. • The moderately well drained Monongahela soils and Interpretive Groups the somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils, which are on small terraces and are not subject to flooding Land capability classification: IIw Similar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 5A • Soils that have a clayey subsoil • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent Ln—Lindside silt loam • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer Use and Management Setting Uses: Most areas of the Lindside soil are used for This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. A few areas are Opequon Creek and its tributaries. used as woodland. The trees in the wooded areas Composition are mixed hardwoods. Lindside soil and similar soils: 80 percent Cropland Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Suitability: Suited Representative Profile Management concerns: • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated Surface layer: crops are grown year after year. 0 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Subsoil: fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of 12 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam surface water by nutrients. 28 to 34 inches—brown silt loam • The flooding occasionally delays fieldwork or 34 to 40 inches—very dark gray silt loam that has dark damages crops. gray mottles • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in a few 40 to 46 inches—dark gray silt loam that has strong areas. Berkeley County, West Virginia 135
Management measures: • The flooding is a severe limitation on sites for local • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop roads and streets. residue management help to control erosion and to Management measures: maintain fertility and tilth. • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet tank absorption fields than the Lindside soil should be crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, selected for development. and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of • Constructing roads on raised fill material and nutrient leaching. installing a drainage system help to overcome the • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to limitations. prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. Interpretive Groups Pasture and Hayland Land capability classification: IIw Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Woodland ordination symbol: 5A legumes because of the seasonal high water table Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod MhA—Monongahela silt loam, 0 to and preventing overgrazing are major pasture 3 percent slopes management concerns. Setting • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces This soil is on nearly level, slightly convex, low the vigor of the plant cover. stream terraces (fig. 9). • Grazing during wet periods causes surface Composition compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod. • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock Monongahela soil and similar soils: 80 percent increases the hazards of streambank erosion and Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent water pollution. Representative Profile • The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the grassland. Surface layer: Management measures: 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, Subsoil: and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep 10 to 21 inches—yellowish brown silt loam pastures in good condition. 21 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam that • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams has yellowish brown and gray mottles by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. 27 to 45 inches—light olive brown, very firm and brittle • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results silt loam that has yellowish brown and gray of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of mottles forage plants. 45 to 53 inches—yellowish brown, firm and brittle clay Woodland loam that has gray mottles Potential productivity: Moderately high Underlying material: Management concerns: 53 to 65 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam that has • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of gray mottles planted tree seedlings. Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures: • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Drainage class: Moderately well drained initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per spraying helps to control subsequent competition. hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to Community Development 0.6 inch per hour) in the layer Suitability: Not suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management concerns: Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet • Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is Flooding: None not suited to building site development or septic tank Shrink-swell potential: Low absorption fields. Erosion hazard: Slight 136 Soil Survey
Figure 9.—A typical area of Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. The Monongahela silt loam is the officially designated state soil of West Virginia.
Stoniness: None Use and Management Rockiness: None Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been Natural fertility: Low cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) Cropland Surface runoff: Medium Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. Management concerns: Minor Components • The seasonal water table and the firm layer in Dissimilar inclusions: the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some • The somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils and areas crops. of poorly drained soils, which are in depressions or • The wetness commonly delays spring planting. swales • Because of the restricted rooting depth, crops may • Soils that are flooded along narrow, dissecting be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the drainageways soil dries out in summer. • Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in Management measures: the subsoil • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover Similar soils: crops, and crop residue management help to control • Well drained soils erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. Berkeley County, West Virginia 137
Pasture and Hayland • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill material, which raises the site a sufficient distance Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to above the water table. legumes because of the seasonal high water table • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption Management concerns: fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod water table. and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • Installing large absorption fields on the contour management concerns. helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases lower part of the subsoil. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable the vigor of the plant cover. road base that includes the installation of properly • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage spring damages the sod. caused by wetness and frost action. Management measures: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to pastures in good condition. control erosion and sedimentation of streams. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Interpretive Groups forage plants. Land capability classification: IIw Woodland Woodland ordination symbol: 4A Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: MhB—Monongahela silt loam, 3 to • The use of equipment is restricted during wet 8 percent slopes periods because this soil is soft when wet. • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the Setting growth of planted tree seedlings. This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex, low Management measures: stream terraces. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Composition spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Monongahela soil and similar soils: 85 percent Community Development Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Suitability: Limited Representative Profile Management concerns: Surface layer: • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation 0 to 8 inches—brown silt loam affecting building site development and septic tank absorption fields. Subsoil: • The seasonal high water table and the potential for 8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown silt loam frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and 13 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement 25 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong may crack under heavy loads. brown and light brownish gray mottles • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and 30 to 51 inches—yellowish brown, very firm and brittle trafficability and may delay construction in the winter loam that has strong brown and light brownish and spring. gray mottles • Erosion is a slight hazard on construction sites. Underlying material: Management measures: 51 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong • The included well drained soils, which are better brown and gray mottles suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for Soil Properties and Qualities development. • Installing a drainage system around structures that Drainage class: Moderately well drained have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per the wetness. hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the 138 Soil Survey
subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to 0.6 Pasture and Hayland inch per hour) in the layer Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Available water capacity: Moderate legumes because of the seasonal high water table Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet Management concerns: Flooding: None • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Shrink-swell potential: Low and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Erosion hazard: Moderate management concerns. Stoniness: None • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Rockiness: None the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Natural fertility: Low the vigor of the plant cover. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Surface runoff: Medium destroyed. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in Minor Components spring damages the sod. Management measures: Dissimilar inclusions: • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, • The well drained Berks soils, which are along upland and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep margins in some areas pastures in good condition. • The somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils, which are • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results in depressions and swales of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in forage plants. the subsoil • Severely eroded soils Woodland Similar soils: • Well drained soils Potential productivity: Moderately high • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer Management concerns: • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads than 8 percent and skid trails. • The use of equipment is restricted during wet Use and Management periods because this soil is soft when wet. Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture. growth of planted tree seedlings. Some areas are used as sites for community Management measures: development or are wooded. In some areas the • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour acreage is idle land. and seeding the roads and trails when they are no longer being used help to control erosion. Cropland • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Suitability: Suited initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Management concerns: spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in Community Development the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some crops. Suitability: Limited • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas. Management concerns: • The wetness commonly delays spring planting. • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation • Because of the restrictive rooting depth, crops may affecting building site development and septic tank be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the absorption fields. soil dries out in summer. • The seasonal high water table and the potential for Management measures: frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement crops, and crop residue management help to control may crack under heavy loads. erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding trafficability and may delay construction in winter and other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. spring. Berkeley County, West Virginia 139
• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Underlying material: Management measures: 49 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong • The included well drained soils, which are better brown and gray mottles suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields Soil Properties and Qualities than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for development. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Installing a drainage system around structures that Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the the wetness. subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to 0.6 • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill inch per hour) in the layer material, which raises the site a sufficient distance Available water capacity: Moderate above the water table. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption 3.0 feet fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high Flooding: None water table. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Installing large absorption fields on the contour Erosion hazard: Severe helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the Stoniness: None lower part of the subsoil. Rockiness: None • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Natural fertility: Low road base that includes the installation of properly Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) caused by wetness and frost action. Surface runoff: Rapid • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Minor Components providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to control erosion and sedimentation of streams. Dissimilar inclusions: • The well drained Berks soils, which are along upland Interpretive Groups margins in some areas Land capability classification: IIe • The somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils, which are Woodland ordination symbol: 4A in depressions • Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in the subsoil MhC—Monongahela silt loam, 8 to • Severely eroded soils 15 percent slopes Similar soils: • Well drained soils Setting • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more This soil is on strongly sloping, convex, low stream than 15 percent terraces. • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer Composition Use and Management Monongahela soil and similar soils: 80 percent Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent cleared and are used for hay or pasture. In some Representative Profile areas, the soil is used as cropland or the acreage is idle land. A few small areas are used as sites for Surface layer: community development or are wooded. 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam Cropland Subsoil: 6 to 8 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Suitability: Suited 8 to 23 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Management concerns: 23 to 28 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong • The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in brown and light brownish gray mottles the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some 28 to 49 inches—yellowish brown, very firm and brittle crops. loam that has strong brown and light brownish • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. gray mottles • The wetness commonly delays spring planting. 140 Soil Survey
• Because of the restrictive rooting depth, crops may Community Development be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the Suitability: Limited soil dries out in summer. Management concerns: Management measures: • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover affecting building site development and septic tank crops, and crop residue management help to control absorption fields. erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. • The seasonal high water table and the potential for • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement may crack under heavy loads. Pasture and Hayland • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to trafficability and may delay construction in the winter legumes because of the seasonal high water table and spring. Management concerns: • The slope increases the extent of excavation • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod required during the construction of roads and and preventing overgrazing are major pasture buildings. management concerns. • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases sites. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Management measures: the vigor of the plant cover. • The included well drained soils, which are better • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields hazard in areas where the plant cover has been than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for destroyed. development. • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in • Installing a drainage system around structures that spring damages the sod. have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome Management measures: the wetness. • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep material, which raises the site a sufficient distance pastures in good condition. above the water table. • Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the • Buildings should be designed so that they conform soil is firm. to the natural slope of the land. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high forage plants. water table. • Installing large absorption fields on the contour Woodland helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part of the subsoil. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Management concerns: road base that includes the installation of properly • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage and skid trails. caused by wetness and frost action. • The use of equipment is restricted during wet • Roads and streets should be built on the periods because this soil is soft when wet. contour. • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, growth of planted tree seedlings. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Management measures: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour control erosion and sedimentation. helps to control erosion. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control Interpretive Groups the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent Land capability classification: IIIe competition. Woodland ordination symbol: 4A Berkeley County, West Virginia 141
MoB—Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to • Soils that are flooded and are along narrow, 8 percent slopes dissecting drainageways • Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in Setting the subsoil Similar soils: This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex, low • Well drained soils stream terraces. • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more Composition than 8 percent • Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer Monongahela soil and similar soils: 80 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Use and Management Representative Profile Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture. Surface layer: Some areas are used as sites for community 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly loam development. In a few small areas, the soil is Subsoil: wooded or the acreage is idle land. 8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt Cropland loam 13 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Suitability: Suited 25 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong Management concerns: brown and light brownish gray mottles • The seasonal water table and the firm layer in the 30 to 51 inches—yellowish brown, very firm and brittle subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some crops. loam that has strong brown and light brownish • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas. gray mottles • The wetness commonly delays spring planting. • Because of the restricted rooting depth, crops may Underlying material: be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the 51 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong soil dries out in summer. brown and gray mottles • In some areas gravel in the surface layer may Soil Properties and Qualities interfere with tillage and planting. Management measures: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per crops, and crop residue management help to control hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to 0.6 • Leaving crop residue on the surface and inch per hour) in the layer adding other organic material help to conserve soil Available water capacity: Moderate or high moisture. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet Flooding: None Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: Low Erosion hazard: Moderate Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Stoniness: None legumes because of the seasonal high water table Rockiness: None Management concerns: Natural fertility: Low • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or and preventing overgrazing are major pasture strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) management concerns. Surface runoff: Medium • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces the vigor of the plant cover. Minor Components • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate Dissimilar inclusions: hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Berks soils, which are along upland margins in some destroyed. areas • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in • Somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils and areas of spring damages the sod. poorly drained soils, which are in depressions or Management measures: swales • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, 142 Soil Survey
and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the pastures in good condition. lower part of the subsoil. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of road base that includes the installation of properly plants. designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage caused by wetness and frost action. Woodland • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Potential productivity: Moderately high establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Management concerns: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads control erosion and sedimentation of streams. and skid trails. Interpretive Groups • The use of equipment is restricted during wet periods because this soil is soft when wet. Land capability classification: IIe • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the Woodland ordination symbol: 4A growth of planted tree seedlings. Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour MrB—Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent and seeding the roads and trails when they are no slopes longer being used help to control erosion. Setting • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and This soil is on broad, gently sloping, slightly spraying helps to control subsequent competition. concave to slightly convex footslopes and valley sides. It is underlain by limestone. Sinkholes occur in some Community Development areas. Suitability: Limited Composition Management concerns: Murrill soil and similar soils: 90 percent • The seasonal high water table is the main limitation Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent affecting building site development and septic tank absorption fields. Representative Profile • The seasonal high water table and the potential for Surface layer: frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and 0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement may crack under heavy loads. Subsoil: • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and 9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown loam trafficability and may delay construction in the winter 14 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam and spring. 24 to 55 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam • Gravel in the surface layer may interfere with the 55 to 72 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has establishment of lawns and with landscaping. red mottles • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures: • The included well drained soils, which are better Drainage class: Well drained suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for hour) development. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Installing a drainage system around structures that Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome 6 feet the wetness. Flooding: None • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill Shrink-swell potential: Low in the surface layer and material, which raises the site a sufficient distance upper part of the subsoil and moderate in the above the water table. lower part of the subsoil • Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption Erosion hazard: Moderate fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high Stoniness: None water table. Rockiness: None • Installing large absorption fields on the contour Natural fertility: Medium Berkeley County, West Virginia 143
Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to • Manure should be stored in a properly designed moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) storage facility. Surface runoff: Medium Pasture and Hayland Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bedrock type: Limestone Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Minor Components • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Dissimilar inclusions: and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • The somewhat poorly drained Poorhouse soils, pasture management concerns. which are in depressions and along drainageways • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. • The moderately deep Ryder soils and the deep • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Nollville soils, which are in small convex areas of the susceptible to seepage. unit Management measures: • Areas of limestone rock outcrop • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Similar soils: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The well drained Hagerstown soils in good condition. • Stony soils • Installing a plastic or bentonite liner helps to prevent • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more seepage from constructed ponds. than 8 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Use and Management plants, especially legumes. Uses: Most areas of the Murrill soil have been cleared Woodland and are used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for community development. Potential productivity: Moderately high A few small areas are wooded. Management concerns: • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Cropland and skid trails. Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Management concerns: planted tree seedlings. • The hazard of erosion is moderate. Management measures: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution initial plant competition in tree plantations, and caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour manure pits. and seeding the roads and trails when they are no • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and longer being used help to control erosion. fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Community Development ground water and surface water by nutrients. • In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer Suitability: Well suited may interfere with tillage and planting. Management concerns: Management measures: • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone and small grain, applying a system of conservation bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank and applying good crop residue management help to absorption fields. prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on tilth. sites for dwellings with basements. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, with the establishment of lawns. and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of • The wetness in the included Poorhouse soils is a nutrient leaching. severe limitation affecting development. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • The included Nollville and Ryder soils are reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. moderately or severely limited as sites for septic 144 Soil Survey
tank absorption fields because of the depth to upper part of the subsoil and moderate in the bedrock. lower part of the subsoil Management measures: Erosion hazard: Severe • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Stoniness: None establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Rockiness: None providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Natural fertility: Medium control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to ground water from pollution. moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Surface runoff: Rapid in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Bedrock type: Limestone limestone bedrock. Minor Components • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Dissimilar inclusions: caused by shrinking and swelling. • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils • Areas of limestone rock outcrop Interpretive Groups • The moderately deep Ryder soils and the deep Land capability classification: IIe Nollville soils Woodland ordination symbol: 4A Similar soils: • The well drained Hagerstown soils • Stony soils MrC—Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more 15 percent slopes than 15 percent Setting Use and Management This soil is on strongly sloping, convex toeslopes on Uses: Most areas of the Murrill soil are wooded. A few the eastern side of North Mountain. It is underlain by areas have been cleared and are used for limestone. Sinkholes occur in some areas. cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. Composition Cropland Murrill soil and similar soils: 90 percent Suitability: Suited Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Management concerns: • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. Representative Profile • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone Surface layer: bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution 0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from Subsoil: manure pits. 9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and 14 to 24 inches—brown gravelly loam fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of 24 to 55 inches—strong brown gravelly clay ground water and surface water by nutrients. loam • In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer 55 to 72 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that may interfere with tillage and planting. has red mottles Management measures: • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Soil Properties and Qualities and small grain, applying a system of conservation Drainage class: Well drained tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per and applying good crop residue management help to hour) prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Available water capacity: Moderate or high tilth. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet 6 feet crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Flooding: None and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Shrink-swell potential: Low in the surface layer and the nutrient leaching. Berkeley County, West Virginia 145
• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. with the establishment of lawns. • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. storage facility. Management measures: • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Pasture and Hayland to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Suitability: Suited necessary in some areas. Management concerns: • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the pasture management concerns. limestone bedrock. • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Properly designing and strengthening footings and the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces foundations can help to prevent the structural damage the vigor of the plant cover. caused by shrinking and swelling. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, hazard in areas where the plant cover has been establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and destroyed. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Management measures: control erosion and sedimentation. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Interpretive Groups and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. Land capability classification: IIIe • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Woodland ordination symbol: 4A of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of plants, especially legumes. PeB—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to Woodland 8 percent slopes Potential productivity: Moderately high Setting Management concerns: • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads This soil is on gently sloping hillsides in the small and skid trails. limestone valleys associated with Ferrel Ridge in the • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of western part of the county. planted tree seedlings. Composition Management measures: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 75 percent logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Representative Profile cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and installing water bars and culverts. Surface layer: • Adequately preparing the site helps to control 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam the initial plant competition in tree plantations, Subsoil: and spraying helps to control subsequent 7 to 11 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam competition. 11 to 48 inches—yellowish red clay 48 to 65 inches—yellowish red clay that has very pale Community Development brown mottles Suitability: Limited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting Drainage class: Well drained development. Permeability: Slow or moderately slow in the subsoil • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Available water capacity: Moderate or high by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet absorption fields. Flooding: None • The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil sites for dwellings with basements. Erosion hazard: Moderate 146 Soil Survey
Stoniness: None Pasture and Hayland Rockiness: None Suitability: Suited Natural fertility: Low Management concerns: Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Surface runoff: Medium pasture management concerns. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces high amounts of chert and sandstone the vigor of the plant cover. Minor Components Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Dissimilar inclusions: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The well drained Blackthorn soils in good condition. • Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results bedrock of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Similar soils: plants, especially legumes. • Stony soils • Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface Woodland layer Potential productivity: Moderately high • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more Management concerns: than 8 percent • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • Soils that are not seasonally wet in the lower part of and skid trails. the subsoil • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Use and Management planted tree seedlings. Management measures: Uses: About one-half of the acreage of the • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Pecktonville soil is used as woodland. Most of the and seeding the roads and trails when they are no rest is used for pasture or hay. A small acreage is longer being used help to control erosion. used for orchards. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Cropland spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. Community Development Management concerns: • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected Suitability: Poorly suited areas. Management concerns: • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by limitation affecting building site development. applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure. • The slow or moderately slow permeability and the • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and wetness in the subsoil are limitations on sites for fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of septic tank absorption fields. ground water and surface water by nutrients. • The high shrink-swell potential and low strength are • Chert in the surface layer may interfere with tillage in limitations affecting the construction of local roads and some areas. streets. These limitations may cause pavement to Management measures: buckle under heavy loads. • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere crops, a crop rotation that includes hay, and good crop with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. residue management help to control erosion and to • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. maintain fertility and tilth. Management measures: • Crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and • Properly designing and strengthening footings and small grain help to control runoff and erosion. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet caused by shrinking and swelling. crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, • Installing a drainage system around structures that and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome nutrient leaching. the wetness. Berkeley County, West Virginia 147
• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption Natural fertility: Low fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to overcome the restricted permeability. moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Surface runoff: Rapid installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches prevent the road damage caused by low strength and Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly by shrinking and swelling. high amounts of chert and sandstone • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Minor Components providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Dissimilar inclusions: control erosion and sedimentation. • The well drained Blackthorn soils Interpretive Groups • Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock Land capability classification: IIe Similar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 4A • Stony soils • Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface PeC—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 8 to layer 15 percent slopes • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 15 percent Setting • Soils that are not seasonally wet in the lower part of the subsoil This soil is on strongly sloping hillsides in the small limestone valleys associated with Ferrel Ridge in the Use and Management western part of the county. Uses: About two-thirds of the acreage of the Composition Pecktonville soil is wooded. Most of the remaining acreage is used for pasture or hay. A small Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 75 percent acreage is used for orchards. Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 6 inches—brown gravelly loam • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. Subsoil: • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase 6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by 12 to 18 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure. 18 to 43 inches—yellowish red and strong brown silty • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and clay fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of 43 to 57 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and red ground water and surface water by nutrients. clay that has very pale brown mottles • Chert in the surface layer may interfere with tillage in 57 to 65 inches—red clay some areas. Management measures: Soil Properties and Qualities • Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover Drainage class: Well drained crops, a crop rotation that includes hay, and good crop Permeability: Slow or moderately slow in the subsoil residue management help to control erosion and to (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) maintain fertility and tilth. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to small grain help to control runoff and erosion. 6.0 feet • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade Flooding: None stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion. Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Erosion hazard: Severe crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Stoniness: None and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Rockiness: None nutrient leaching. 148 Soil Survey
Pasture and Hayland have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome the wetness. Suitability: Suited • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Management concerns: to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses necessary in some areas. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption pasture management concerns. fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases overcome the restricted permeability. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Land shaping and installing the distribution lines on the vigor of the plant cover. the contour help to overcome the slope in absorption Management measures: areas. • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Providing a suitable road base that includes the and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to in good condition. prevent the road damage caused by low strength and • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results by shrinking and swelling. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, plants, especially legumes. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Woodland providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to control erosion and sedimentation. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Interpretive Groups • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Land capability classification: IIIe and skid trails. Woodland ordination symbol: 4A • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Management measures: PeD—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 15 to • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour 25 percent slopes and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Setting longer being used help to control erosion. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the This soil is on moderately steep hillsides on Ferrel initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Ridge in the western part of the county. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Composition Community Development Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 75 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent Management concerns: Representative Profile • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil and the slope are limitations affecting building site Surface layer: development. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam • The slow or moderately slow permeability, the Subsurface layer: wetness in the subsoil, and the slope are limitations on 3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam sites for septic tank absorption fields. • The high shrink-swell potential and low strength are Subsoil: limitations affecting the construction of local roads and 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam streets. These limitations may cause pavement to 16 to 22 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam buckle under heavy loads. 22 to 47 inches—yellowish red and strong brown silty • The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere clay with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping. 47 to 61 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and red • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction clay that has very pale brown mottles sites. 61 to 65 inches—red clay Management measures: Soil Properties and Qualities • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Drainage class: Well drained caused by shrinking and swelling. Permeability: Slow or moderately slow in the subsoil • Installing a drainage system around structures that (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) Berkeley County, West Virginia 149
Available water capacity: Moderate or high and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet nutrient leaching. Flooding: None Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil Erosion hazard: Severe Suitability: Suited Stoniness: None Management concerns: Rockiness: None • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Natural fertility: Low and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to pasture management concerns. moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Surface runoff: Rapid the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the vigor of the plant cover. Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly Management measures: high amounts of chert and sandstone • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Minor Components in good condition. Dissimilar inclusions: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • The well drained Blackthorn soils of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock plants, especially legumes. Similar soils: Woodland • Stony soils • Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface Potential productivity: Moderately high layer Management concerns: • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads more than 25 percent and skid trails. • Soils that are not seasonally wet in the lower part of • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of the subsoil planted tree seedlings. • Seedling mortality may be a problem on south- Use and Management facing slopes because of droughtiness during the Uses: Most of the acreage of the Pecktonville soil is summer. wooded. The rest is used for pasture or hay. Management measures: • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Cropland and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and longer being used help to control erosion. pasture because of the hazard of erosion • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Management concerns: initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase • Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure. planting on south aspects. • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Community Development fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of ground water and surface water by nutrients. Suitability: Poorly suited • Chert in the surface layer may interfere with tillage in Management concerns: some areas. • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil and the Management measures: slope are limitations affecting building site • Conservation tillage, contour farming, contour development. stripcropping, winter cover crops, a crop rotation that • The slow or moderately slow permeability, the includes hay, and good crop residue management wetness in the subsoil, and the slope are limitations help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. affecting septic tank absorption fields. • Grassed waterways and diversions help to prevent • The high shrink-swell potential, low strength, and the gully erosion. slope are limitations on sites for local roads and • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, may crack under heavy loads. 150 Soil Survey
• The rock fragments in the surface layer may Subsoil: interfere with the establishment of lawns and with 7 to 12 inches—strong brown silt loam landscaping. 12 to 17 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. 17 to 32 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and Management measures: brownish yellow gravelly clay • Properly designing and strengthening footings and 32 to 48 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish foundations can help to prevent the structural damage yellow gravelly clay caused by shrinking and swelling. 48 to 62 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish • Installing a drainage system around structures that yellow gravelly clay that has pinkish gray mottles have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome 62 to 65 inches—red clay the wetness. Soil Properties and Qualities • Buildings should be designed so that they conform to the natural slope of the land. Drainage class: Well drained • Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption Permeability: Slow or moderately slow (0.06 to fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to 0.6 inch per hour) in the subsoil overcome the restricted permeability. Land shaping Available water capacity: Moderate or high and installing the distribution lines on the contour help Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet to overcome the slope. Flooding: None • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe prevent the road damage caused by low strength and Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with by shrinking and swelling. stones and boulders • Roads should be built on the contour. Seeding Rockiness: None roadbanks after construction helps to prevent erosion. Natural fertility: Low • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Surface runoff: Medium or rapid control erosion and sedimentation. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly Interpretive Groups high amounts of chert and sandstone Land capability classification: IVe Minor Components Woodland ordination symbol: 4R Dissimilar inclusions: • The moderately deep Dekalb and Caneyville soils PgC—Pecktonville very gravelly loam, • The very deep Blackthorn soils 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely • Areas of rock outcrop stony Similar soils: • Small areas of rubbly or extremely bouldery soils Setting • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more This soil is on gently sloping or strongly sloping, than 15 percent convex ridgetops on Ferrell and Wilson Ridges in the • Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface western part of the county. covered with stones Composition Use and Management Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 85 percent Uses: Most areas of the Pecktonville soil are wooded. Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent A few small areas have been cleared and are Representative Profile used as pasture. A few areas have been developed as homesites. Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter Cropland 1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly Suitability: Not suited loam Management concerns: Subsurface layer: • The stones on the surface of the soil make 3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam cultivation impractical. Berkeley County, West Virginia 151
Pasture and Hayland construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with landscaping. Suitability: Not suited for hay; difficult to manage for • The slope, the slow or moderately slow permeability pasture in the clayey layer of the subsoil, and the wetness are Management concerns: limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. • Because of the stones and boulders on the surface • The high shrink-swell potential and the low strength of the soil, it is difficult to operate conventional are limitations affecting the construction of roads and equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer. streets. • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Management measures: and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, pasture management concerns. establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces control erosion and sedimentation. the vigor of the plant cover. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Management measures: foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, caused by shrinking and swelling. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Installing a drainage system around structures that in good condition. have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results the wetness. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption plants, especially legumes. fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to Woodland overcome the restricted permeability. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Potential productivity: Moderately high installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Management concerns: prevent the road damage caused by low strength and • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads by shrinking and swelling. and skid trails. • Seeding and mulching roadbanks after construction • The large stones on the surface of the soil can is completed helps to control erosion. hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Interpretive Groups planted tree seedlings. Land capability classification: VIIs • Seedling mortality may be a problem on south Woodland ordination symbol: 4X aspects because of droughtiness during the summer. • The stones and chert fragments in the surface layer may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings. Ph—Philo silt loam Management measures: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding Setting logging roads, log landings, and areas that have This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mostly along been cut and filled and by installing water bars and Back Creek and its tributaries in the western part of culverts. the county. • Logging roads should be designed so that they conform to the topography. Composition • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Philo soil and similar soils: 75 percent initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Representative Profile Community Development Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Management concerns: • Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard on Subsoil: construction sites. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown silt loam • The high shrink-swell potential and the wetness in 9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown silt loam the subsoil are limitations affecting building site 17 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has development. light brownish gray and dark yellowish brown • The stones and boulders may interfere with mottles 152 Soil Survey
Underlying material: management help to control erosion and maintain 29 to 48 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam fertility and tilth. that has light brownish gray and yellowish brown • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to mottles prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. 48 to 65 inches—dark grayish brown, stratified gravelly Pasture and Hayland sand and loam Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Soil Properties and Qualities legumes because of the seasonal high water Drainage class: Moderately well drained table Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Management concerns: hour) • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Available water capacity: Moderate or high and preventing overgrazing are major pasture Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet management concerns. Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Shrink-swell potential: Low the vigor of the plant cover. Erosion hazard: Slight • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock Stoniness: None increases the hazards of streambank erosion and Rockiness: None water pollution. Natural fertility: Medium • Debris may be deposited on the grassland during Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to periods of flooding. moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) • Grazing when the soil is too wet may damage the Surface runoff: Slow sod. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management measures: • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, Minor Components and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep Dissimilar inclusions: pastures in good condition. • The poorly drained Atkins soils • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams • The well drained Pope soils by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. Similar soils: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Soils that are gravelly throughout of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Soils that are frequently flooded forage plants. • Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam Woodland • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent Potential productivity: Moderately high Use and Management Management concerns: Uses: Most areas of the Philo soil are used for pasture • The use of equipment is restricted during wet or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated crops. periods because this soil is soft when wet. A few areas are wooded. • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Cropland Management measures: Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. • The tree species that can withstand the wetness Management concerns: should be selected for planting. • This soil must be properly protected if crops are • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the grown year after year. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • The flooding may occasionally damage crops and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. delay fieldwork. • Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill • The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the and gravel. spring. Community Development • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many areas. Suitability: Not suited Management measures: Management concerns: • Conservation tillage, a crop rotation that includes • Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is hay, winter cover crops, and good crop residue not suited to buildings and septic tank absorption Berkeley County, West Virginia 153
fields and is severely limited as a site for local roads Stoniness: None and streets. Rockiness: None • Excavations are unstable and are subject to caving. Natural fertility: High Management measures: Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic neutral (pH 4.5 to 7.3) in the surface layer and tank absorption fields than the Philo soil should be upper part of the subsoil and moderately acid to selected for development. slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of • Constructing roads on raised fill material and the subsoil installing a drainage system help to overcome the Surface runoff: Slow or medium wetness and prevent the damage caused by flooding. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Trench walls should be reinforced to prevent caving. Bedrock type: Limestone Interpretive Groups Minor Components Land capability classification: IIw Dissimilar inclusions: Woodland ordination symbol: 5A • The poorly drained Dunning soils, which are subject to flooding and ponding; along concave drainageways and in depressions PoA—Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils slopes • The well drained Murrill soils • Areas of rock outcrop Setting Similar soils: This soil is on nearly level, slightly concave uplands, • Soils that are 40 to 60 inches deep over bedrock mainly on the eastern toeslope of North Mountain. A • Soils that have a surface layer of loam or silty clay smaller acreage of the soil is in slight depressions loam scattered throughout the Great Valley. The soil is • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer underlain by limestone. Use and Management Composition Uses: Most areas of the Poorhouse soil have been Poorhouse soil and similar soils: 85 percent cleared. About half of the cleared acreage has Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent been drained and is used for cultivated crops or hay. The rest of the cleared acreage is in pasture. Representative Profile Some areas are wooded. Surface layer: 0 to 12 inches—light olive brown silt loam that has Cropland yellowish brown pockets Suitability: Suited if the soil is drained Subsoil: Management concerns: 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated light brownish gray and strong brown mottles crops are grown year after year. 18 to 26 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray • Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow and strong brown mottles permeability in the clayey subsoil, and draining some 26 to 54 inches—brown clay that has gray and strong areas is difficult because adequate subsurface outlets brown mottles are not available. 54 to 65 inches—gray silty clay that has dark grayish • The wetness commonly delays spring planting. brown and strong brown mottles • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Soil Properties and Qualities caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained manure. Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Available water capacity: High fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to ground water and surface water by nutrients. 1.5 feet Management measures: Flooding: None • Using crop rotations that include grasses and small Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil grain, applying a system of conservation tillage, Erosion hazard: Slight growing cover crops and green manure crops, and 154 Soil Survey
applying good crop residue management help to • The tree species that can withstand the wetness prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and should be selected for planting. tilth. Community Development • Applying a system of conservation tillage and deferring tillage when the soil is wet help to prevent Suitability: Poorly suited deterioration of tilth. Management concerns: • Deep tillage may help to increase the rate of water • The wetness and the high shrink-swell potential are infiltration and to overcome the restricted permeability limitations on sites for dwellings. if performed when the soil is dry. • The wetness and the slow permeability are • Because of the slow permeability, subsurface drains severe limitations affecting septic tank absorption should be narrowly spaced. fields. • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • The wetness, the high shrink-swell potential, and the crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, low strength are limitations on sites for local roads and and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement nutrient leaching. may crack under heavy loads. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. trafficability and may delay construction in the winter • Manure should be stored in a properly designed and spring. storage facility. Management measures: • A surface or subsurface drainage system helps to Pasture and Hayland lower the water table around buildings. Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill legumes because of the wetness material, which raises the site a sufficient distance Management concerns: above the water table. • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod • Properly designing and strengthening footings and and preventing overgrazing are major pasture foundations can help to prevent the structural damage management concerns. caused by shrinking and swelling. • Grazing during wet periods causes surface • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod. road base that includes the installation of properly Management measures: designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, caused by wetness, shrinking and swelling, and low and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures strength. in good condition. • Because a conventional septic tank absorption field • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to will not function properly in this soil, an alternative minimize compaction and maintain tilth. system, such as a mound system, or a better suited • Water-tolerant species should be selected for soil should be considered. planting. Interpretive Groups • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Land capability classification: IIIw plants. Woodland ordination symbol: 5w Woodland Potential productivity: Moderately high PoB—Poorhouse silt loam, 3 to 8 percent Management concerns: slopes • Because this soil is soft when wet, the use of logging Setting equipment is limited during wet periods. • Plant competition is severe. Competition from This soil is on gently sloping, slightly concave undesirable plants may slow the growth of planted tree uplands, mainly on the eastern toeslopes of North seedlings. Mountain. It is underlain by limestone bedrock. Management measures: Composition • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Poorhouse soil and similar soils: 80 percent spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent Berkeley County, West Virginia 155
Representative Profile Cropland Surface layer: Suitability: Suited if the soil is drained 0 to 11 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Management concerns: • The hazard of erosion is moderate. Subsoil: • Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow 11 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has permeability in the clayey subsoil, and draining some light brownish gray and strong brown mottles areas is difficult because adequate subsurface outlets 29 to 40 inches—light brownish gray clay that has are not available. yellowish brown mottles • The wetness commonly delays spring planting. 40 to 65 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has • Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone light brownish gray and strong brown mottles bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution Soil Properties and Qualities caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Available water capacity: High ground water and surface water by nutrients. Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to Management measures: 1.5 feet • Using crop rotations that include grasses and small Flooding: None grain, applying a system of conservation tillage, Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil growing cover crops and green manure crops, and Erosion hazard: Moderate applying good crop residue management help to Stoniness: None prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Rockiness: None tilth. Natural fertility: High • Applying a system of conservation tillage and Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to deferring tillage when the soil is wet help to prevent neutral in the surface layer and upper part of the deterioration of tilth. subsoil (pH 5.1 to 7.3) and moderately acid to • Deep tillage may help to increase the rate of water slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil infiltration and to overcome the restricted permeability (pH 5.6 to 7.8) if performed when the soil is dry. Surface runoff: Medium • Because of the slow permeability, subsurface drains Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches should be narrowly spaced. Bedrock type: Limestone • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Minor Components crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Dissimilar inclusions: nutrient leaching. • The poorly drained Dunning soils that are subject to • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes flooding and ponding; along concave drainageways reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. and in depressions • Manure should be stored in a properly designed • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils storage facility. • The well drained Murrill soils • Areas of rock outcrop Pasture and Hayland Similar soils: Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to • Soils that are 40 to 60 inches deep over legumes because of the wetness bedrock Management concerns: • Soils that have a surface layer of loam or silty clay • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod loam and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • Soils that have a gravelly or cobbly surface layer management concerns. • Grazing during wet periods causes surface Use and Management compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod. Uses: Most areas of the Poorhouse soil have been Management measures: cleared and are used as pasture. Some areas • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, have been drained and are used for cultivated and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures crops, orchards, or hay. A few small areas are in good condition. wooded. • Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to 156 Soil Survey
minimize compaction and maintain tilth. designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage • Water-tolerant species should be selected for caused by wetness, shrinking and swelling, and low planting. strength. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Because a conventional septic tank absorption field of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of will not function properly in this soil, an alternative plants. system, such as a mound system, or a better suited soil should be considered. Woodland • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Potential productivity: Moderately high establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Management concerns: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • The operation of logging equipment is limited during control erosion and sedimentation. wet periods. Interpretive Groups • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads and skid trails. Land capability classification: IIIw • Plant competition is severe. Competition from Woodland ordination symbol: 5w undesirable plants may slow the growth of planted tree seedlings. Management measures: Ps—Pope fine sandy loam • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Setting and seeding the roads and trails when they are no longer being used help to control erosion. This soil is on nearly level, first bottom flood plains, • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the mainly along Back Creek and its tributaries in the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and western part of the county. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Composition • The tree species that can withstand the wetness should be selected for planting. Pope soil and similar soils: 90 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Community Development Representative Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Surface layer: • The wetness and the high shrink-swell potential are 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy limitations on sites for dwellings. loam • The wetness, the high shrink-swell potential, and the Subsoil: low strength are limitations on sites for local roads and 10 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement loam may crack under heavy loads. • The wetness and the slow permeability are Underlying material: severe limitations affecting septic tank absorption 42 to 65 inches—strong brown sandy loam fields. Soil Properties and Qualities • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and trafficability and may delay construction in the winter Drainage class: Well drained and spring. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. to 6.0 inches per hour) Management measures: Available water capacity: Moderate or high • A surface or subsurface drainage system helps to Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than lower the water table around buildings. 6 feet • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a material, which raises the site a sufficient distance 50 percent chance of flooding in any year) for above the water table. brief periods • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Shrink-swell potential: Low foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Erosion hazard: Slight caused by shrinking and swelling. Stoniness: None • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable Rockiness: None road base that includes the installation of properly Natural fertility: Medium Berkeley County, West Virginia 157
Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly Pasture and Hayland acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5) Suitability: Suited Surface runoff: Slow Management concerns: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Minor Components and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major pasture management concerns. Dissimilar inclusions: • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • The poorly drained Atkins soils and the moderately the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces well drained Philo soils, which are in sloughs and the vigor of the plant cover. depressions • The flooding frequently deposits debris on the • Sand and gravel bars directly adjacent to grassland. streams • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock Similar soils: increases the hazards of streambank erosion and • The Pope soils that have a texture of silt loam water pollution. • Soils that are gravelly throughout Management measures: • Soils that have a texture of loamy sand and are • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent in good condition. • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams Use and Management by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. Uses: Most areas of this Pope soil are wooded. Some • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results areas have been cleared and are used for crops, of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of hay, or pasture. plants, especially legumes. Cropland Woodland Suitability: Suited Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Management concerns: • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of crops are grown year after year. planted tree seedlings. • The flooding frequently delays fieldwork or damages Management measures: crops. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many initial plant competition in tree plantations, and areas. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Community Development fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of ground water and nearby streams by nutrients. Suitability: Not suited • This soil is sometimes droughty during the growing Management concerns: season. • Because of the flooding, this soil is generally Management measures: unsuited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop and is severely limited as a site for local roads and residue management help to control erosion and to streets. maintain fertility and tilth. • Excavations are commonly unstable and are subject • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations to caving. helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil Management measures: structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic crops. tank absorption fields than this Pope soil should be • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to selected for development. prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. • Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to • Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient prevent the damage caused by flooding. needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying • Trench walls should be reinforced to prevent caving. fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient Interpretive Groups leaching. • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding Land capability classification: IIw other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. Woodland ordination symbol: 4A 158 Soil Survey
Px—Pope silt loam Use and Management Uses: Most areas of this Pope soil are wooded. Some Setting areas have been cleared and are used for crops, This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along hay, or pasture. Back Creek and its tributaries in the western part of Cropland the county. Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. Composition Management concerns: Pope soil and similar soils: 90 percent • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent crops are grown year after year. • The flooding occasionally delays fieldwork or Representative Profile damages crops. Surface layer: • This soil is subject to streambank erosion in some 0 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam areas. • Nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can Subsoil: result in the pollution of ground water and nearby 10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown loam streams. 20 to 40 inches—brown sandy loam Management measures: Underlying material: • Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop 40 to 65 inches—strong brown loamy residue management help to control erosion and to sand maintain fertility and tilth. • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations Soil Properties and Qualities helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil Drainage class: Well drained structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per crops. hour) • Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to Available water capacity: Moderate or high prevent excessive erosion on streambanks. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient 6 feet needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient chance of flooding in any year) for very brief leaching. periods Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: Low Erosion hazard: Slight Suitability: Suited Stoniness: None Management concerns: Rockiness: None • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Natural fertility: Medium and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or pasture management concerns. strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Surface runoff: Slow the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the vigor of the plant cover. • The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the Minor Components grassland. Dissimilar inclusions: • Unrestricted access to streams by livestock • The poorly drained Atkins soils and the moderately increases the hazards of streambank erosion and well drained Philo soils, which are in sloughs or water pollution. depressions Management measures: • Sand and gravel bars directly adjacent to streams • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Similar soils: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The Pope soils that have a texture of fine sandy in good condition. loam • Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams • Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent by livestock should be limited to protected crossings. Berkeley County, West Virginia 159
• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Properties and Qualities of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of The quarries generally have vertical walls ranging plants, especially legumes. from 15 to 100 feet or more in height. Many of the Woodland quarries are inactive and are partially filled with water. The soil material in the dump areas generally has an Potential productivity: Moderately high extremely bouldery surface. The fine-earth fraction of Management concerns: the soil generally has a high content of clay and is • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of slightly alkaline. planted tree seedlings. Some areas of the map unit are sparsely wooded Management measures: with a mixture of red cedar, black locust, tree-of- • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the heaven, and red maple. Many areas are barren. initial plant competition in tree plantations, and Slopes are gently sloping to very steep. spraying helps to control subsequent competition. Minor Components Community Development Dissimilar inclusions: Suitability: Not suited • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow Management concerns: Opequon soils, which are along the margins of this • Because of the flooding, this soil is generally map unit and in small, undisturbed areas within the unsuited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields unit and is severely limited as a site for local roads and streets. Use and Management • Excavations are commonly unstable and are subject Uses: Limestone excavated from areas of this map to caving. unit is used for road construction, for the Management measures: manufacture of cement, as a source of agricultural • Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic lime, and as a source of flux in the steel-making tank absorption fields than this Pope soil should be process. Onsite investigation is necessary to selected for development. determine the suitability of the map unit for most • Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to uses. prevent the damage caused by flooding. • Trench walls should be reinforced to prevent caving. Interpretive Groups Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: Not assigned Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned Land capability classification: IIw Woodland ordination symbol: 4A Qs—Quarry, shale Qm—Quarry, limestone Setting Setting This map unit consists of open pits from which shale has been excavated. The pits are in areas This map unit consists of open excavations from throughout the county. which limestone has been quarried. Surrounding the excavations are dump areas consisting of a mixture of Composition rock fragments and soil material that were removed Quarry, shale: 95 percent during the quarrying operation. These areas are Dissimilar inclusions: 5 percent mainly in the central and eastern parts of the Great Valley, overlying the Chambersburg and New Market Representative Profile Limestones. This map unit is considered to be a nonsoil area; Composition therefore, a representative profile is not given. Quarry, limestone: 95 percent Properties and Qualities Dissimilar inclusions: 5 percent Some areas of this unit have nearly vertical Representative Profile highwalls ranging from 5 to 30 feet in height. Shale This map unit is considered to be a nonsoil area; bedrock is exposed throughout the unit. The reaction therefore, a representative profile is not given. of the shale material ranges from extremely acid to 160 Soil Survey
strongly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5). Most areas of the unit are Soil Properties and Qualities barren or support a limited amount of vegetation. Opequon Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Dissimilar inclusions: Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to • The shallow Weikert soils and the moderately deep 2.0 inches per hour) Berks and Clearbrook soils, which are along the Available water capacity: Very low or low margins of this map unit and in small, undisturbed Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than areas within the unit 6 feet Flooding: None Use and Management Shrink-swell potential: High Uses: Shale excavated from areas of this map Erosion hazard: Very severe unit is used as a road base and for fill on Stoniness: None construction sites. Onsite investigation is Natural fertility: High needed to determine the suitability of the Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly map unit for most uses. alkaline (pH 6.1 to 7.8) Surface runoff: Very rapid Interpretive Groups Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches Land capability classification: Not assigned Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned Minor Components Dissimilar inclusions: ReF—Rock outcrop-Opequon complex, • The deep Endcav soils 25 to 60 percent slopes • The very deep Hagerstown soils Similar soils: Setting • The moderately deep Carbo soils This map unit is on very steep limestone bluffs and • Soils that have slopes of more than 60 percent hillsides along the Potomac River. The Opequon soil and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intermingled Use and Management on the landscape that it was impractical to separate Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. them in mapping. Because of the very steep slope and the very Composition severe hazard of erosion, the unit is only suited to woodland. Rock outcrop: 50 percent Opequon soil and similar soils: 40 percent Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Cropland Representative Profile Suitability: Not suited Rock outcrop Pasture and Hayland In most areas the Rock outcrop occurs as nearly Suitability: Not suited vertical limestone bluffs ranging from 10 to 80 feet in Woodland height. Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; Opequon moderately high on north aspects Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 2 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • Erosion is a very severe hazard on logging sites. • Operating logging equipment is hazardous because Subsoil: of the very steep slope. 2 to 7 inches—brown silty clay • Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential 7 to 18 inches—yellowish red clay increase the hazard of slippage. Bedrock: • Limestone bluffs in the unit may interfere with the 18 inches—limestone use of harvesting equipment. Berkeley County, West Virginia 161
• Droughtiness results in a high seedling mortality Underlying material: rate, especially on south aspects. 30 to 35 inches—yellowish brown and brown very • Windthrow is a hazard because of the depth to channery silt loam bedrock in areas of the Opequon soil. Bedrock: Management measures: 35 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, • Because of the very steep slope and the hazard of interbedded limestone and limy shale slippage, special logging methods, such as cable yarding, should be considered. Nollville • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Surface layer: Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and white pine, 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt should be selected for planting in areas of the loam Opequon soil. • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes Subsoil: where possible. 10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown channery silty clay loam Community Development 20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam Suitability: Not suited 29 to 41 inches—strong brown silty clay Management concerns: Underlying material: • Because of the very steep slope, the depth to 41 to 57 inches—strong brown very channery silty bedrock, the Rock outcrop, and a hazard of clay loam slippage, this map unit is unsuited to community development. Bedrock: 57 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, interbedded limestone and limy shale Interpretive Groups Soil Properties and Qualities Land capability classification: VIIIs Woodland ordination symbol: Opequon—2R on south Ryder aspects and 3R on north aspects Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per RnB—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, hour) 3 to 8 percent slopes Available water capacity: Moderate or high Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Setting 6 feet Flooding: None These soils are on gently sloping, convex upland Shrink-swell potential: Low ridges that are characterized by low relief. They are in Erosion hazard: Moderate the western part of the Great Valley. The two soils Stoniness: None occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that Rockiness: None it was impractical to separate them in mapping. Natural fertility: Medium Composition Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral (pH 5.1 to 7.3) Ryder soil and similar soils: 45 percent Surface runoff: Rapid Nollville soil and similar soils: 45 percent Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; mainly members of the Elbrook Formation Representative Profile Nollville Ryder Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer: Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam hour) Subsoil: Available water capacity: High 8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 19 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown channery silty 6 feet clay loam Flooding: None 162 Soil Survey
Shrink-swell potential: Low • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Erosion hazard: Moderate crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Stoniness: None and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Rockiness: None nutrient leaching. Natural fertility: Medium • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Surface runoff: Rapid storage facility. Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Pasture and Hayland Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; mainly members of the Elbrook Formation Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Minor Components • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Dissimilar inclusions: and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • The very deep Hagerstown soils pasture management concerns. • The moderately deep Carbo soils • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate • The very deep Funkstown soils that are subject to hazard in areas where the plant cover has been flooding and ponding; along concave, intermittent destroyed. drainageways • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases • Severely eroded soils the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Areas of limestone rock outcrop that occur singly or the vigor of the plant cover. in parallel ridges • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Similar soils: susceptible to seepage and have a high failure • The very deep Duffield soils rate. • Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over bedrock Management measures: • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures 15 percent in good condition. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Use and Management of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared plants, especially legumes. and are used for crop, orchards, hay, or pasture. A Woodland few areas are used as sites for community development. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Cropland • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Suitability: Suited. These soils are prime farmland. and skid trails. Management concerns: • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of • The moderate hazard of erosion is a management planted tree seedlings. concern. Management measures: • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused and seeding the roads and trails when they are no by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; longer being used help to control erosion. runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and the initial plant competition in tree plantations, fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of and spraying helps to control subsequent ground water and surface water by nutrients. competition. Management measures: Community Development • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and small grain, applying a system of conservation Suitability: Limited tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Management concerns: and applying good crop residue management help to • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by tilth. seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Berkeley County, West Virginia 163
• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic Representative Profile tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with Ryder basements. • The moderate shrink-swell potential in areas of the Surface layer: Nollville soil may be a limitation affecting the 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt construction of buildings. loam • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction Subsoil: of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil 8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under 19 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown channery silty heavy loads. clay loam • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Management measures: Underlying material: • Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites 30 to 35 inches—yellowish brown and brown very for septic tank absorption fields, installing the channery silt loam absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the Bedrock: absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to 35 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, bedrock. interbedded limestone and limy shale • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in Nollville areas where excavation exposes the limestone Surface layer: bedrock because of the hazard of ground-water 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt pollution. loam • Properly designing and strengthening footings and foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Subsoil: caused by shrinking and swelling. 10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown channery silty • Providing a suitable road base that includes the clay loam installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to 20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay prevent the road damage caused by the low strength loam of the Nollville soil. 29 to 41 inches—strong brown silty clay • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Underlying material: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and 41 to 57 inches—strong brown very channery silty providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to clay loam control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the ground water from pollution. Bedrock: 57 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, Interpretive Groups interbedded limestone and limy shale Land capability classification: IIe Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4A; Nollville—5A Ryder Drainage class: Well drained RnC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per 8 to 15 percent slopes hour) Available water capacity: Moderate or high Setting Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than These soils are on strongly sloping, convex upland 6 feet ridges that are characterized by low relief. They are in Flooding: None the western part of the Great Valley. The two soils Shrink-swell potential: Low occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that Erosion hazard: Severe it was impractical to separate them in mapping. Stoniness: None Rockiness: None Composition Natural fertility: Medium Ryder soil and similar soils: 50 percent Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Nollville soil and similar soils: 40 percent (pH 5.1 to 7.3) Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Surface runoff: Rapid 164 Soil Survey
Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. mainly members of the Elbrook Formation • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Nollville ground water and surface water by nutrients. Drainage class: Well drained Management measures: Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, hour) and small grain, applying a system of conservation Available water capacity: High tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than and applying good crop residue management help to 6 feet prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Flooding: None tilth. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade Erosion hazard: Severe stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion. Stoniness: None • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Rockiness: None crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Natural fertility: Medium and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral nutrient leaching. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Surface runoff: Rapid reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; storage facility. mainly members of the Elbrook Formation Pasture and Hayland Minor Components Suitability: Suited Dissimilar inclusions: Management concerns: • The very deep Hagerstown soils • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses • The moderately deep Carbo soils and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • The very deep Funkstown soils that are subject to pasture management concerns. flooding and ponding; along concave, intermittent • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases drainageways the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Severely eroded soils the vigor of the plant cover. • Areas of limestone rock outcrop that occur singly or • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe in parallel ridges hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Similar soils: destroyed. • The very deep Duffield soils • Ponds constructed for livestock water are • Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. bedrock Management measures: • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, from 15 to 25 percent and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures in good condition. Use and Management • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of and are used for crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. plants, especially legumes. A few areas are used as sites for community Woodland development. Potential productivity: Moderately high Cropland Management concerns: Suitability: Suited • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Management concerns: and skid trails. • The severe hazard of erosion is a major • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of management concern. planted tree seedlings. • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock Management measures: increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Berkeley County, West Virginia 165
and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Interpretive Groups longer being used help to control erosion. Land capability classification: IIIe • Adequately preparing the site helps to control Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4A; Nollville—5A the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. RnD—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, Community Development 15 to 25 percent slopes Suitability: Limited Setting Management concerns: These soils are on moderately steep, convex • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building upland ridges and hillsides that are characterized by site development. low relief. They are in the western part of the Great • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock Valley. The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by the landscape that it was impractical to separate them seepage from septic tank absorption fields. in mapping. • The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with Composition basements. Ryder soil and similar soils: 60 percent • The moderate shrink-swell potential of the Nollville Nollville soil and similar soils: 30 percent soil may be a limitation affecting the construction of Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent buildings. • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction Representative Profile of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under Ryder heavy loads. Surface layer: • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown channery silt sites. loam Management measures: • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Subsoil: to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is 8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam necessary in some areas. 19 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown channery • Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites silty clay loam for septic tank absorption fields, installing the Underlying material: absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the 30 to 35 inches—yellowish brown and brown very absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to channery silty clay loam bedrock. • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Bedrock: in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in 35 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, areas where excavation exposes the limestone interbedded limestone and limy shale bedrock because of the hazard of ground-water Nollville pollution. • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Surface layer: foundations can help to prevent the structural damage 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt caused by shrinking and swelling. loam • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Subsoil: installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to 8 to 18 inches—yellowish brown channery silty prevent the road damage caused by the low strength clay loam of the Nollville soil. 18 to 27 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, 27 to 39 inches—strong brown silty clay establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Underlying material: control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the 39 to 55 inches—strong brown very channery silty ground water from pollution. clay loam 166 Soil Survey
Bedrock: • Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over bedrock 55 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent interbedded limestone and limy shale or from 25 to 35 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Ryder Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared and are used for orchards or pasture. A few areas Drainage class: Well drained are used for hay or crops or as sites for Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per community development. hour) Available water capacity: Moderate or high Cropland Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and 6 feet pasture because of the severe hazard of erosion Flooding: None Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential: Low • The severe hazard of erosion is a major Erosion hazard: Severe management concern. Stoniness: None • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock Rockiness: None increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused Natural fertility: Medium by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. (pH 5.1 to 7.3) • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and Surface runoff: Rapid fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches ground water and surface water by nutrients. Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; Management measures: mainly members of the Elbrook Formation • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Nollville and small grain, applying a system of conservation tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Drainage class: Well drained and applying good crop residue management help to Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and hour) tilth. Available water capacity: High • Grassed waterways and diversions help to prevent Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than gully erosion. 6 feet • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Flooding: None crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Shrink-swell potential: Low and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of Erosion hazard: Severe nutrient leaching. Stoniness: None • Manure should be stored in a properly designed Rockiness: None storage facility. Natural fertility: Medium Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Pasture and Hayland (pH 5.1 to 7.3) Surface runoff: Rapid Suitability: Suited Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Management concerns: Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses mainly members of the Elbrook Formation and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major pasture management concerns. Minor Components • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and Dissimilar inclusions: increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. • The very deep Hagerstown soils • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe • The moderately deep Carbo soils hazard in areas where the plant cover has been • Severely eroded soils destroyed. • Areas of limestone rock outcrop that occur singly or Management measures: in parallel ridges • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Similar soils: and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • The very deep Duffield soils in good condition. Berkeley County, West Virginia 167
• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in plants, especially legumes. areas where excavation exposes the limestone bedrock because of the hazard of ground-water Woodland pollution. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Management concerns: foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads caused by shrinking and swelling. and skid trails. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to operation of equipment. prevent the road damage caused by the low strength • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of of the Nollville soil. planted tree seedlings. • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Management measures: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Because of the slope, special care should be taken providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to when logging roads and log landings are laid out and control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the logging equipment is operated. Logging roads should ground water from pollution. be designed so that they conform to the topography. Interpretive Groups • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been Land capability classification: IVe cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts. Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4R; Nollville— • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the 5R initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. RvC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, Community Development 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky Suitability: Poorly suited Setting Management concerns: • The slope is a severe limitation affecting community These soils are on strongly sloping, convex upland development. ridges and hillsides that are characterized by low relief. • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock They are in the Great Valley. The two soils occur as increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by areas so intermingled on the landscape that it was surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank impractical to separate them in mapping. absorption fields. Composition • The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with Ryder soil and similar soils: 50 percent basements. Nollville soil and similar soils: 40 percent • The moderate shrink-swell potential in areas of the Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Nollville soil may be a limitation affecting the Representative Profile construction of buildings. • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction Ryder of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil Surface layer: is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt heavy loads. loam • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Management measures: Subsoil: • Buildings and roads should be designed so that they 9 to 25 inches—strong brown channery silty clay loam conform to the natural slope of the land. Extensive Underlying material: land shaping is necessary in most areas. 25 to 33 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery • Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites silty clay loam for septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the Bedrock: absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to 33 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, bedrock and the slope. interbedded limestone and limy shale 168 Soil Survey
Nollville Surface runoff: Rapid Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Surface layer: Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt mainly members of the Elbrook Formation loam Minor Components Subsoil: 10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown channery silty clay Dissimilar inclusions: loam • The very deep Hagerstown soils 20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam • The moderately deep Carbo soils 29 to 41 inches—strong brown silty clay • The shallow Opequon soils • Severely eroded soils Underlying material: Similar soils: 41 to 57 inches—strong brown very channery silty • The very deep Duffield soils clay loam • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or Bedrock: from 15 to 25 percent 57 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, interbedded limestone and limy shale Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities Uses: Most areas of the Ryder and Nollville soils have been cleared and are used as pasture. Many Ryder areas are wooded. A few areas are used as sites Drainage class: Well drained for community development. Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per Cropland hour) Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Not suited Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management concerns: 6 feet • The rock outcrop makes tillage impractical. Flooding: None Pasture and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: Low Erosion hazard: Severe Suitability: Not suited for hay; limited suitability for Stoniness: None pasture Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop Management concerns: Natural fertility: Medium • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture. The Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral rock outcrop limits the use of farm machinery to (pH 5.1 to 7.3) manage and improve pasture. Surface runoff: Rapid • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales; pasture management concerns. mainly members of the Elbrook Formation • Overgrazing causes surface compaction and increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion. Nollville • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock Drainage class: Well drained increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per by applications of herbicides and fertilizers. hour) • Ponds constructed for livestock water are Available water capacity: High susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Management measures: 6 feet • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Flooding: None and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Shrink-swell potential: Low in good condition. Erosion hazard: Severe • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Stoniness: None of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop plants, especially legumes. Natural fertility: Medium • To protect the ground water from pollution, nutrients Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral in fertilizer and manure applications should not exceed (pH 5.1 to 7.3) the plant requirements. Berkeley County, West Virginia 169
Woodland prevent the road damage caused by the low strength of the Nollville soil. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Management concerns: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to and skid trails. control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of ground water from pollution. planted tree seedlings. Management measures: Interpretive Groups • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Land capability classification: VIs and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4A; Nollville—5A longer being used help to control erosion. • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and SwA—Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent spraying helps to control subsequent competition. slopes Community Development Setting Suitability: Poorly suited This soil is on nearly level, linear to slightly convex Management concerns: uplands in the Great Valley. It is in areas dissected by • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting shallow, intermittent drainageways. Sinkholes occur in community development. some areas. • The limestone rock outcrop may interfere with excavations, including those for roads, foundations, Composition and septic tank absorption fields. Swanpond soil and similar soils: 80 percent • Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from septic tank absorption fields. Representative Profile • The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic Surface layer: tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam basements. • The moderate shrink-swell potential in areas of the Subsoil: Nollville soil may be a limitation on sites for buildings. 7 to 32 inches—yellowish brown clay • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction 32 to 65 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil clay that has gray mottles is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under Soil Properties and Qualities heavy loads. • Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management measures: Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) • Buildings should be designed so that they conform Available water capacity: Moderate or high to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.5 to 3.5 feet necessary in some areas. Flooding: None • Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil for septic tank absorption fields, installing the Erosion hazard: Slight absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the Stoniness: None absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to Rockiness: None bedrock. Natural fertility: Medium or high • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8) areas where excavation exposes the bedrock because Surface runoff: Medium of the hazard of ground-water pollution. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Minor Components caused by shrinking and swelling. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Dissimilar inclusions: installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to • The well drained Hagerstown and Endcav soils, 170 Soil Survey
which are in the slightly higher positions on the Cropland landscape • The moderately deep Carbo soils, which are near Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. limestone rock outcrop and in the slightly higher Management concerns: positions on the landscape • The hazard of erosion is slight. • The somewhat poorly drained Poorhouse soils, • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock which are in depressions increase the hazard of pollution caused by • The Funkstown soils that are subject to flooding and applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers; ponding; along concave drainageways and in runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. sinkholes • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of singly or in parallel ridges ground water by nutrients. Similar soils: • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that cultivation in some areas. are not flooded • Poor air drainage limits the use of this soil for • Soils that have a channery surface layer orchards. • Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent Management measures: • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, Use and Management and small grain, applying a system of conservation Uses: Most areas of the Swanpond soil have been tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, cleared and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or and applying good crop residue management help to pasture (fig. 10). control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.
Figure 10.—A cultivated area of Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This soil is prime farmland. Berkeley County, West Virginia 171
• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet • Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, limitations affecting the construction of roads. Because and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of this soil is soft when wet, pavement cracks and nutrient leaching. buckles under heavy loads. • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by • Manure should be stored in a properly designed seepage from septic tank absorption fields. storage facility. • In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations may interfere with excavations, including those for helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding sewer lines. crops. • Erosion on construction sites is a management concern. Pasture and Hayland Management measures: Suitability: Suited • Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption Management concerns: fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses overcome the restricted permeability. and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed pasture management concerns. in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces limestone bedrock. the vigor of the plant cover. • Installing a drainage system around structures that Management measures: have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, the wetness. and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures • Properly designing and strengthening footings and in good condition. foundations can help to prevent the structural damage • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results caused by shrinking and swelling. of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • Providing a suitable road base that includes the plants, especially legumes. installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to prevent the road damage caused by low strength and Woodland by shrinking and swelling. Potential productivity: Moderately high • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Management concerns: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and • Operating logging equipment during wet periods providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. control erosion and sedimentation. • Competition from undesirable plants may slow the Interpretive Groups growth of planted tree seedlings. Management measures: Land capability classification: IIw • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. Woodland ordination symbol: 4C • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. SwB—Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Community Development Setting Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: This soil is on gently sloping limestone uplands in • The slow permeability in the subsoil and the wetness the Great Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow, limit the proper functioning of septic tank absorption intermittent drainageways. Sinkholes occur in some fields. areas. • The wetness is a limitation on sites for dwellings with Composition basements. • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a Swanpond soil and similar soils: 75 percent limitation affecting foundations and footings. Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent 172 Soil Survey
Representative Profile Management concerns: • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected Surface layer: areas. 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock Subsoil: increase the hazard of pollution caused by 7 to 35 inches—yellowish brown clay applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers; 35 to 65 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits. mottles • An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of Soil Properties and Qualities ground water by nutrients. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) cultivation in some areas. Available water capacity: High Management measures: Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.5 to • Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, 3.5 feet and small grain, applying a system of conservation Flooding: None tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops, Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil and applying good crop residue management help to Erosion hazard: Moderate prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and Stoniness: None tilth. Rockiness: None • Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet Natural fertility: Medium or high crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications, Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8) nutrient leaching. Surface runoff: Medium • Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone • Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil Minor Components structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding Dissimilar inclusions: crops. • The well drained Hagerstown and Endcav soils, • Manure should be stored in a properly designed which are in the slightly higher positions on the storage facility. landscape Pasture and Hayland • The moderately deep Carbo soils, which are near limestone rock outcrop and in the slightly higher Suitability: Suited positions on the landscape Management concerns: • The Funkstown soils that are subject to flooding and • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses ponding; along concave drainageways and in and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major sinkholes pasture management concerns. • Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases singly or in parallel ridges the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Similar soils: the vigor of the plant cover. • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that Management measures: are not subject to flooding • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures 15 percent in good condition. • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Use and Management plants, especially legumes. Uses: Most areas of the Swanpond soil have been Woodland cleared and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Potential productivity: Moderately high Management concerns: Cropland • Operating logging equipment during wet periods Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland. when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting. Berkeley County, West Virginia 173
• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and growth of planted tree seedlings. providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads control erosion and sedimentation. and skid trails. Interpretive Groups Management measures: • Logging should be deferred during wet periods. Land capability classification: IIe • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Woodland ordination symbol: 4C initial plant competition in tree plantations, and spraying helps to control subsequent competition. • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour TyA—Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent and seeding the roads and trails when they are no slopes longer being used help to control erosion. Setting Community Development This soil is on nearly level, low stream terraces, Suitability: Poorly suited mainly along Back Creek and, to a lesser extent, along Management concerns: Opequon Creek and the Potomac River. • The slow permeability in the subsoil and the wetness Composition limit the proper functioning of septic tank absorption fields. Tygart soil and similar soils: 85 percent • The wetness is a limitation on sites for dwellings with Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent basements. Representative Profile • The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a limitation affecting foundations and footings. Surface layer: • Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are 0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam limitations affecting the construction of roads. Because Subsoil: this soil is soft when wet, pavement cracks and 10 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam that buckles under heavy loads. has strong brown and brownish gray mottles • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 15 to 24 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by has gray and strong brown mottles seepage from septic tank absorption fields. 24 to 47 inches—gray clay that has yellowish brown • In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock and yellowish red mottles may interfere with excavations, including those for 47 to 59 inches—50 percent gray and 50 percent roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and yellowish brown silty clay that has yellowish red sewer lines. mottles • Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites. Management measures: Underlying material: • Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption 59 to 65 inches—gray silty clay that has yellowish fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to brown and yellowish red mottles overcome the restricted permeability. Soil Properties and Qualities • Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) limestone bedrock. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Installing a drainage system around structures that Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome 1.5 feet the wetness. Flooding: None • Properly designing and strengthening footings and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil foundations can help to prevent the structural damage Erosion hazard: Slight caused by shrinking and swelling. Stoniness: None • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Rockiness: None installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Natural fertility: Low prevent the road damage caused by low strength and Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to by shrinking and swelling. moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Surface runoff: Slow 174 Soil Survey
Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Water-tolerant species should be selected for planting. Minor Components • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Dissimilar inclusions: of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of • The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along forage plants. drainageways Woodland • The moderately well drained Monongahela soils Similar soils: Potential productivity: Moderately high • Poorly drained soils Management concerns: • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer • The use of equipment is restricted during wet • Soils that slopes of more than 3 percent periods because this soil is soft when wet. • Soils that are not as clayey in the subsoil as the • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Tygart soil planted tree seedlings. • Trees are susceptible to windthrow when the soil is Use and Management wet. Uses: Most areas of the Tygart soil are used for Management measures: pasture or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated • The tree species that can withstand the wetness crops. A few areas are forested. should be selected for planting. • Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill Cropland and gravel. Suitability: Suited if the soil is adequately drained • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the Management concerns: initial plant competition in tree plantations, and • This soil must be properly protected if cultivated spraying helps to control subsequent competition. crops are grown year after year. • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining • The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow. spring. Community Development • Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow permeability in the subsoil. Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures: Management concerns: • Conservation tillage, deferred tillage during wet • The wetness is the main limitation on sites for periods, winter cover crops, a crop rotation that buildings, especially buildings with basements. includes hay, and good crop residue management • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and help to maintain soil tilth and fertility and to control trafficability and may delay construction in the winter erosion. and spring. • The wetness and the slow permeability are Pasture and Hayland severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to fields. legumes because of the seasonal high water • Low strength and the wetness are limitations on table sites for local roads and streets. Because this soil is Management concerns: soft when wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads. • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Management measures: and preventing overgrazing are major pasture • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill management concerns. material, which raises the site a sufficient distance • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases above the water table. the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces • Installing a drainage system around structures that the vigor of the plant cover. have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in the wetness. spring damages the sod. • An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a Management measures: better suited soil should be considered for onsite • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, sewage disposal. and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable pastures in good condition. road base that includes the installation of properly • Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage soil is firm. caused by low strength and wetness. Berkeley County, West Virginia 175
• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Surface runoff: Medium establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to Minor Components control erosion and sedimentation. Dissimilar inclusions: Interpretive Groups • The moderately deep Clearbrook soils Land capability classification: IIIw • The moderately well drained Monongahela soils Woodland ordination symbol: 4W • The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along drainageways Similar soils: TyB—Tygart silt loam, 3 to 8 percent • Poorly drained soils slopes • Soils that have a gravelly surface layer • Soils that are not as clayey in the subsoil as the Setting Tygart soil This soil is on gently sloping, low stream terraces, • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more mainly along Back Creek and, to a lesser extent, along than 8 percent Opequon Creek. Use and Management Composition Uses: Most areas of the Tygart soil are used for Tygart soil and similar soils: 80 percent pasture or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent crops. A few areas are forested. Representative Profile Cropland Surface layer: Suitability: Suited if the soil is adequately drained 0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam Management concerns: • Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected Subsoil: areas. 10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has • The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the gray, light yellowish brown, and strong brown spring. mottles • Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow 17 to 35 inches—gray silty clay that has yellowish permeability in the subsoil. brown and grayish brown mottles Management measures: 35 to 55 inches—dark gray silty clay that has strong • Conservation tillage, contour farming, deferred brown mottles tillage when the soil is wet, winter cover crops, a crop Underlying material: rotation that includes hay, and good crop residue 55 to 59 inches—light brownish gray clay that has management help to maintain soil tilth and fertility and strong brown and gray mottles to control erosion. 59 to 65 inches—gray clay that has brown, yellowish Pasture and Hayland brown, and yellowish red mottles Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to Soil Properties and Qualities legumes because of the seasonal high water Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained table Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) Management concerns: Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to and preventing overgrazing are major pasture 1.5 feet management concerns. Flooding: None • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Erosion hazard: Moderate the vigor of the plant cover. Stoniness: None • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate Rockiness: None hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Natural fertility: Low destroyed. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to • Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) spring damages the sod. 176 Soil Survey
Management measures: material, which raises the site a sufficient distance • Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system, above the water table. and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep • Installing a drainage system around structures that pastures in good condition. have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome • Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the the wetness. soil is firm. • An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a • Water-tolerant species should be selected for better suited soil should be considered for onsite planting. sewage disposal. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of road base that includes the installation of properly forage plants. designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage caused by low strength and wetness. Woodland • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Potential productivity: Moderately high establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Management concerns: providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads control erosion and sedimentation. and skid trails. Interpretive Groups • The use of equipment is restricted during wet periods because this soil is soft when wet. Land capability classification: IIIw • Competition from weeds may slow the growth of Woodland ordination symbol: 4W planted tree seedlings. • Trees are susceptible to windthrow when this soil is wet. Ua—Udorthents, smoothed Management measures: Setting • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour and seeding the roads and trails when they are no These soils are in nearly level to very steep areas longer being used help to control erosion. that have been drastically disturbed by excavating, • Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill grading, filling, or a combination of these practices. and gravel. Most areas of the soils are the result of road • Adequately preparing the site helps to control the construction, such as those along Interstate 81, or initial plant competition in tree plantations, and construction of commercial or industrial buildings, spraying helps to control subsequent competition. schools, or recreational sites, such as ball fields. • Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining Composition trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow. • The tree species that can withstand the wetness Udorthents: 90 percent should be selected for planting. Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Community Development Representative Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Because the characteristics of these soils vary so Management concerns: much, a representative profile is not given. The surface • The wetness is the main limitation on sites for layer of these soils ranges from sandy loam to clay buildings, especially buildings with basements. with a wide range in size, amount, and kind of rock • The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and fragments. Generally, the soils derived from materials trafficability and may delay construction in the winter excavated from areas underlain by limestone are and spring. clayey in texture, while the soils derived from materials • The wetness and the slow permeability are severe excavated from areas underlain by shale or sandstone limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. are loamy in texture. • Low strength and the wetness are limitations on Soil Properties and Qualities sites for local roads and streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads. Drainage class: Varies • The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction Permeability: Varies; commonly slow or very slow sites. because the soils have been compacted by heavy Management measures: equipment • Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill Available water capacity: Varies Berkeley County, West Virginia 177
Seasonal high water table: Varies Ub—Urban land Flooding: Varies Shrink-swell potential: Varies Setting Erosion hazard: Varies This map unit consists of highly developed areas, Stoniness: Varies mostly in Martinsburg and along Interstate 81. Rockiness: Varies Natural fertility: Varies Composition Reaction: In unlimed areas, varies Urban land: 90 percent Surface runoff: Varies Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Depth to bedrock: Varies from very shallow in excavated areas to very deep in filled areas Representative Profile Bedrock type: Varies; bedrock exposed in some of the Because the original soil has been disturbed, a excavated areas representative pedon is not given. Minor Components Soil Properties and Qualities Dissimilar inclusions: Most areas of this unit have been smoothed, and • The very deep Hagerstown, Duffield, Funkstown, the original soil has been disturbed, filled over, or and Swanpond soils otherwise destroyed prior to construction. The unit • The deep Nollville soils consist of areas where at least 90 percent of the • The moderately deep Berks, Carbo, and Ryder soils surface is covered by asphalt, concrete, or other • The shallow Opequon and Weikert soils impervious material (fig. 11). Examples of urban • Wet soils structures and works include industrial complexes, • Areas of rock outcrop shopping malls, business center parking lots, and • Areas of urban land buildings. • Areas that are subject to flooding Minor Components Use and Management Dissimilar inclusions: Uses: Most areas of these soils are used as interstate • The well drained Hagerstown soils rights-of-way, for commercial or industrial • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils purposes, as school grounds, or for recreation. • The shallow Opequon soils • The moderately deep Carbo soils Cropland • Small areas of the Funkstown soils that are subject Suitability: Generally not suited to flooding; along concave drainageways • Areas of rock outcrop Pasture and Hayland • Areas of Udorthents, smoothed Suitability: Generally not suited Use and Management Woodland Uses: The Urban land is used for homes, shopping Potential productivity: Varies, but generally low malls, schools, factories, roads, cemeteries, Management concerns: Because these soils railroads, and industrial facilities. commonly are compacted and have a low content Cropland of organic matter, it may be necessary to add organic matter, in the form of compost or peat Suitability: Not suited moss, to the soils when trees are planted. Pasture and Hayland Community Development Suitability: Not suited Suitability: Varies too much to rate. An onsite Community Development investigation is necessary to determine the suitability of these soils as sites for sanitary Suitability: Onsite investigation is needed to determine facilities, buildings, and other development. the limitations affecting any proposed use. Interpretive Groups Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: Not assigned Land capability classification: Not assigned Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned 178 Soil Survey
Figure 11.—An area of Urban land in Berkeley County.
UkC—Urban land-Berks complex, 0 to Berks 15 percent slopes Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—brown channery silt loam Setting Subsoil: This map unit consists of nearly level areas covered 7 to 12 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam by buildings, roads, railroads, parking lots, and other 12 to 21 inches—variegated yellowish brown and urban structures and of gently sloping or strongly strong brown very channery silt loam sloping areas of upland soils. The Urban land and the Berks soil occur as areas so intermingled on the Underlying material: landscape that it was impractical to separate them in 21 to 25 inches—variegated strong brown and mapping. yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam Composition Bedrock: 25 inches—yellowish brown shale Urban land: 45 percent Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent Urban land Representative Profile Most areas have been smoothed, and the original Urban land soil has been disturbed, filled over, or otherwise Because the original soil has been disturbed, a destroyed prior to construction. In most areas the representative profile is not given. surface is impervious to water. Examples of urban Berkeley County, West Virginia 179
structures and works include industrial complexes, • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on shopping malls, business center parking lots, and roadbanks is difficult on the droughty Berks soil, buildings. especially on south aspects. • The rock fragments in the surface layer and the Berks droughtiness make establishment of lawns difficult in Drainage class: Well drained areas of the Berks soil. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch Management measures: to 6.0 inches per hour) • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Available water capacity: Very low or low establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to 6 feet control erosion and sedimentation. Flooding: None • Sanitary facilities should be connected to public Shrink-swell potential: Low sewers and sewage treatment facilities. Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Stoniness: None crownvetch, should be selected for planting on Rockiness: None roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with Natural fertility: Low straw. Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to Interpretive Groups slightly acid (pH 4.5 to 6.5) Surface runoff: Medium or rapid Land capability classification: Not assigned Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid Martinsburg Shale UvC—Urban land-Carbo-Endcav complex, Minor Components 0 to 15 percent slopes Dissimilar inclusions: Setting • The somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils • The well drained Pope soils, moderately well drained This map unit consists of nearly level areas covered Philo soils, and poorly drained Atkins soils that are by buildings, roads, railroads, parking lots, and other subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways urban structures and of gently sloping or strongly • Areas of Udorthents, smoothed, that have been cut sloping areas in the uplands. Sinkholes are common in and filled some areas. The Urban land and the Carbo and • Severely eroded soils Endcav soils overlie the Chambersburg and New Similar soils: Market Limestones, generally in Martinsburg and the • The shallow Weikert soils surrounding area. The Urban land and the two soils • Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that • Soils that are 40 to 60 inches deep over bedrock it was impractical to separate them in mapping. Use and Management Composition Uses: This map unit is used for urban development. Urban land: 45 percent Community Development Carbo soil and similar soils: 25 percent Endcav soil and similar soils: 20 percent Suitability: Limited Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent Management concerns: • The hazard of erosion is moderate or severe on Representative Profile construction sites. Urban land • The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for septic tank absorption fields. Because the original soil has been disturbed, a • The depth to bedrock and the slope are moderate representative profile is not given. limitations affecting excavations, building site Carbo development, and construction of roads. In most areas, however, the shale bedrock is soft enough to Surface layer: be excavated with conventional earthmoving 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam equipment. 2 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay 180 Soil Survey
Subsoil: Endcav 9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish Drainage class: Well drained brown clay Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) 18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and Available water capacity: Moderate or high strong brown clay Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown, 6 feet strong brown, and yellowish brown clay Flooding: None Bedrock: Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil 34 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe Stoniness: None Endcav Rockiness: None Surface layer: Natural fertility: High 0 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) Subsoil: Surface runoff: Medium or rapid 8 to 23 inches—strong brown clay Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches; the bedrock is 23 to 41 inches—strong brown clay that has steeply tilted under this soil, and soil depth may many pockets of coarse yellowish brown vary greatly within short distances loam Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure limestone, mainly Bedrock: members of the Chambersburg and New Market 41 inches—gray limestone Formations Minor Components Soil Properties and Qualities Dissimilar inclusions: Urban land • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils Most areas have been smoothed, and the original • Areas of Udorthents, smoothed, that have been cut soils have been disturbed, filled over, or otherwise and filled destroyed prior to construction. In most areas the • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that surface is impervious to water. Examples of urban are subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways structures and works include industrial complexes, • Areas of rock outcrop shopping malls, business center parking lots, and • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of buildings. clay Similar soils: Carbo • The shallow Opequon soils Drainage class: Well drained • The very deep Hagerstown soils Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent Available water capacity: Low Use and Management Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Uses: This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, Flooding: None hay, pasture, or woodland. Most areas are used as Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil sites for community development. Open areas are Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe used mainly for lawns or home gardens. Stoniness: None Community Development Rockiness: None Natural fertility: High Suitability: Limited Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly Management concerns: alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) • The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock, Surface runoff: Medium or rapid the high shrink-swell potential, and, in some areas, the Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches; the bedrock is slope are the main limitations affecting the steeply tilted under this soil, and soil depth may construction of buildings and excavations, including vary greatly within short distances those for roads, sewer systems, and foundations. In Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and most areas the hard bedrock has to be blasted before New Market Limestones it can be excavated. Berkeley County, West Virginia 181
• The slow permeability limits the proper functioning of Hagerstown septic tank absorption fields. Surface layer: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 0 to 12 inches—brown silt loam increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from septic tank absorption fields and by Subsoil: storm-water runoff. 12 to 20 inches—strong brown silt loam • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction 20 to 42 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong of roads. brown silty clay • Erosion can be severe on construction sites. 42 to 55 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong Management measures: brown silty clay loam • Properly designing and strengthening footings and 55 to 71 inches—variegated strong brown and dark foundations can help to prevent the structural damage yellowish brown silty clay loam caused by shrinking and swelling. Bedrock: • Sanitary facilities should be connected to public 71 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone sewers and sewage treatment facilities. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Soil Properties and Qualities installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to Urban land prevent the road damage caused by low strength and by shrinking and swelling. Most areas have been smoothed, and the original • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, soil has been disturbed, filled over, or otherwise establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and destroyed prior to construction. In most areas the providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to surface is impervious to water. Examples of urban control erosion and sedimentation. structures and works include industrial complexes, shopping malls, business center parking lots, and Interpretive Groups buildings. Land capability classification: Not assigned Hagerstown Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per UwC—Urban land-Hagerstown complex, hour) 0 to 15 percent slopes Available water capacity: Moderate or high Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Setting 6 feet This map unit consists of nearly level areas covered Flooding: None by buildings, roads, railroads, parking lots, and other Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil urban structures and of gently sloping or strongly Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe sloping areas on uplands. Sinkholes are common in Stoniness: None some areas. The Urban land and the Hagerstown soil Rockiness: None are mapped mostly in Martinsburg and the Natural fertility: Medium or high surrounding area, but they occur throughout the Great Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Valley. They occur as areas so intermingled on the (pH 5.1 to 7.3) landscape that it was impractical to separate them in Surface runoff: Medium or rapid mapping. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone Composition Urban land: 40 percent Minor Components Hagerstown and similar soils: 40 percent Dissimilar inclusions: Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent • The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow Representative Profile Opequon soils • The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that Urban land are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow Because the original soil has been disturbed, a drainageways and in sinkholes representative profile is not given. • The moderately well drained Swanpond soils 182 Soil Survey
• Areas of Udorthents, smoothed, that have been cut WbB—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams and filled complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes • Areas of rock outcrop • Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of Setting silty clay These soils are on gently sloping, slightly convex, Similar soils: dissected shale uplands, mostly in the western part of • The well drained Duffield soils the county. They occur as areas so intermingled on the • Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to landscape that it was impractical to separate them in 25 percent mapping. • The deep Endcav soils Composition Use and Management Weikert soil and similar soils: 40 percent Uses: This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent hay, pasture, or woodland. Most areas are used as Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent sites for community development. Open areas are used mainly for lawns or home gardens. Representative Profile Community Development Weikert Suitability: Limited Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam • The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock Subsoil: and the slope are the main limitations affecting 6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt the construction of buildings and excavations, loam including those for roads, sewer systems, and foundations. Underlying material: • Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock 14 to 18 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by silt loam seepage from septic tank absorption fields and by Bedrock: storm-water runoff. 18 inches—dark gray to light gray, fractured shale and • Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction siltstone of roads. • Erosion can be severe on construction sites. Berks Management measures: Surface layer: • Sanitary facilities should be connected to public 0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam sewers and sewage treatment facilities. • Providing a suitable road base that includes the Subsoil: installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to 6 to 14 inches—brown very channery silt loam prevent the road damage caused by low strength. 14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Underlying material: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and 26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to silt loam control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the ground water from pollution. Bedrock: 36 inches—light olive brown and dark grayish brown, Interpretive Groups fractured shale Land capability classification: Not assigned Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned Weikert Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained W—Water Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per This map unit consists of areas inundated with hour) water for most of the year and generally includes Available water capacity: Very low rivers, lakes, and ponds. No interpretations are given Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than for this map unit. 6 feet Berkeley County, West Virginia 183
Flooding: None Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential: Low • The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected Erosion hazard: Moderate areas. Stoniness: None • Droughtiness during the growing season and the low Rockiness: None natural fertility are management concerns. Natural fertility: Low Management measures: Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to • Conservation tillage, contour farming, cover crops, moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0) a cropping sequence that includes grasses and Surface runoff: Medium legumes, and good crop residue management Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale tilth. • Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better Berks suited to early maturing small grain than to late Drainage class: Well drained maturing crops, such as corn. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch • Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding to 6.0 inches per hour) other organic material help to conserve soil moisture. Available water capacity: Very low or low • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production. 6 feet Pasture and Hayland Flooding: None Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability: Suited Erosion hazard: Moderate Management concerns: Stoniness: None • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Rockiness: None and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Natural fertility: Low pasture management concerns. Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0) the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Surface runoff: Medium the vigor of the plant cover. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The droughtiness limits forage production during Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale midsummer. • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites Minor Components where ponds or springs can be developed generally Dissimilar inclusions: are available along nearby drainageways. • The somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils, Management measures: which are in depressions and on head slopes • Proper stocking rates, a rotation grazing system, • Severely eroded soils and applications of lime and fertilizer help to keep Similar soils: pastures productive and to control runoff and erosion. • The well drained, reddish Calvin soils • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum results. bedrock Woodland • Soils that have a very channery surface layer Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high • Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent Management concerns: or more than 8 percent • The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality Use and Management rate. Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils have • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads been cleared and are used for pasture or hay. and skid trails. Some areas are wooded. A few small areas are Management measures: used for cultivated crops or orchards or as building • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or sites. planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling mortality rate. Cropland • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take Suitability: Suited full advantage of spring rains. 184 Soil Survey
• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should to separate them in mapping. be selected for planting. Composition • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes where possible. Weikert soil and similar soils: 45 percent • Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent and seeding the roads and trails when they are no Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent longer being used help to control erosion. Representative Profile Community Development Weikert Suitability: Limited Surface layer: Management concerns: 0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam • The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction sites. Subsoil: • The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for 6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt septic tank absorption fields. loam • The depth to bedrock is a moderate limitation Underlying material: affecting excavations, building site development, and 14 to 18 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery construction of roads. In most areas, however, the silt loam shale bedrock is soft enough to be excavated with conventional earthmoving equipment. Bedrock: • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on 18 inches—dark gray to light gray, fractured shale and roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, siltstone especially on south aspects. Berks • The rock fragments in the surface layer and the droughtiness make establishment of lawns difficult. Surface layer: Management measures: 0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, Subsoil: establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and 6 to 14 inches—brown very channery silt loam providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to 14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt control erosion and sedimentation. loam • Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing the Underlying material: absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the 26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to silt loam bedrock. Bedrock: • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and 36 inches—light olive brown and dark grayish brown, crownvetch, should be selected for planting on fractured shale roadbanks. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Weikert Land capability classification: IIIe Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3D; Berks—4F Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per hour) WbC—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, Available water capacity: Very low 8 to 15 percent slopes Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Setting Flooding: None These soils are on strongly sloping, convex, Shrink-swell potential: Low dissected shale uplands. The Weikert soil is on the Erosion hazard: Severe more sloping shoulder slopes and nose slopes, and Stoniness: None the Berks soil is on the less sloping ridgetops and Rockiness: None shoulder slopes. The two soils occur as areas so Natural fertility: Low Berkeley County, West Virginia 185
Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to Management measures: moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0) • Conservation tillage, contour farming, contour Surface runoff: Rapid stripcropping, cover crops, a cropping sequence that Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches includes grasses and legumes, and good crop residue Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale management help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth. Berks • Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better Drainage class: Well drained suited to early maturing small grain than to late Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch maturing crops, such as corn. to 6.0 inches per hour) • Leaving crop residue on the surface and Available water capacity: Very low or low adding other organic material help to conserve soil Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than moisture. 6 feet • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Flooding: None of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production. Shrink-swell potential: Low Pasture and Hayland Erosion hazard: Severe Stoniness: None Suitability: Suited Rockiness: None Management concerns: Natural fertility: Low • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0) pasture management concerns. Surface runoff: Rapid • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale the vigor of the plant cover. • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe Minor Components hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Dissimilar inclusions: destroyed. • The somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils, • The droughtiness limits forage production during which are on gently sloping ridgetops and on head midsummer. slopes • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites • Severely eroded soils where ponds or springs can be developed generally Similar soils: are available along nearby drainageways. • Small areas of the well drained, reddish Calvin soils, Management measures: which are in the western part of the county • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures bedrock in good condition. • Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results than 15 percent of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of forage, especially legumes. Use and Management Woodland Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils are wooded. Some areas have been cleared and are Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high used for pasture or hay. A few small areas are Management concerns: used for cultivated crops or orchards or as sites • The depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and for community development. the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality rate, especially on south aspects. Cropland • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and and skid trails. pasture because of the severe hazard of erosion Management measures: and droughtiness • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or Management concerns: planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling • The hazard of erosion is severe. mortality rate. • The droughtiness during the growing season and the • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take low natural fertility are management concerns. full advantage of spring rains. 186 Soil Survey
• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, WbD—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should 15 to 25 percent slopes be selected for planting. • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes Setting where possible. These soils are on moderately steep, convex, • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building dissected shale uplands. The Weikert soil is on the logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding more sloping shoulder slopes and nose slopes, and logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been the Berks soil is on the less sloping ridgetops and cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and shoulder slopes. The two soils occur as areas so installing water bars and culverts. intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical Community Development to separate them in mapping. Suitability: Poorly suited Composition Management concerns: Weikert soil and similar soils: 50 percent • The hazard of erosion is severe on construction Berks soil and similar soils: 35 percent sites. Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for septic tank absorption fields. Representative Profile • The depth to bedrock and the slope are moderate Weikert limitations affecting excavations, building site development, and construction of roads. In most Surface layer: areas, however, the shale bedrock is soft enough 0 to 4 inches—dark brown channery silt to be excavated with conventional earthmoving loam equipment. Subsoil: • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on 4 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very channery roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, silt loam especially on south aspects. • The rock fragments in the surface layer and Underlying material: the droughtiness make establishment of lawns 14 to 18 inches—yellowish brown, extremely friable difficult. channery silt loam Management measures: Bedrock: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, 18 inches—dark gray to light gray, fractured shale establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and and siltstone providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to control erosion and sedimentation. Berks • Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites Surface layer: for septic tank absorption fields, installing the 0 to 4 inches—dark brown channery silt absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the loam absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock and the slope. Subsoil: • Buildings should be designed so that they conform 4 to 14 inches—brown very channery silt to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is loam necessary in some areas. 14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown very channery • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and silt loam crownvetch, should be selected for planting on Underlying material: roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with 26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely straw. channery loam Interpretive Groups Bedrock: Land capability classification: IVe 36 inches—light olive brown and dark grayish brown, Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3D; Berks—4F fractured shale Berkeley County, West Virginia 187
Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Weikert Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils are wooded. Some areas are used for pasture or hay. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained A few small areas are used as sites for community Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per development. hour) Available water capacity: Very low Cropland Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than Suitability: Not suited 6 feet Management concerns: Flooding: None • The moderately steep slope, the severe hazard of Shrink-swell potential: Low erosion, droughtiness, and the low natural fertility Erosion hazard: Severe make cultivation impractical. Stoniness: None Rockiness: None Pasture and Hayland Natural fertility: Low Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to pasture moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0) Management concerns: Surface runoff: Rapid • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale pasture management concerns. Berks • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Drainage class: Well drained the vigor of the plant cover. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe to 6.0 inches per hour) hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Available water capacity: Very low or low destroyed. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • The droughtiness limits forage production during 6 feet midsummer. Flooding: None • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites Shrink-swell potential: Low where ponds or springs can be developed generally Erosion hazard: Severe are available along nearby drainageways. Stoniness: None Management measures: Rockiness: None • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, Natural fertility: Low and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to in good condition. moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0) • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results Surface runoff: Rapid of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches forage, especially legumes. Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale Woodland Minor Components Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; Dissimilar inclusions: moderate or moderately high on north aspects • Soils that are less than 10 inches deep over bedrock Management concerns: • Severely eroded soils • Erosion is a management concern on logging roads • Small areas of shale rock outcrop and skid trails. • Small areas of the Atkins, Philo, and Pope soils that • The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the are subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways operation of equipment. Similar soils: • The depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and • Small areas of the well drained, reddish Calvin soils, the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality which are in the western part of the county rate, especially on south aspects. • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over Management measures: bedrock • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding more than 25 percent logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been 188 Soil Survey
cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and WkF—Weikert-Berks very channery silt installing water bars and culverts. loams, 25 to 70 percent slopes • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling Setting mortality rate. These soils are on steep or very steep, convex, • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take dissected shale uplands. The Weikert soil is dominant full advantage of spring rains. on south aspects and on very steep shoulder slopes • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, and nose slopes, and the Berks soil is dominant on Scotch pine, white pine, and Norway spruce, should north aspects and on steep side slopes. The two soils be selected for planting. occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes it was impractical to separate them in mapping. where possible. Composition Community Development Weikert soil and similar soils: 50 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Berks soil and similar soils: 35 percent Management concerns: Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent • The hazard of erosion is severe on construction sites. Representative Profile • The depth to bedrock and the slope are severe Weikert limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. Effluent from absorption fields may surface in Surface layer: downslope areas. 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very channery • The slope is a severe limitation affecting silt loam excavations, building site development, and Subsoil: construction of roads. In most areas extensive land 2 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt shaping is necessary. The shale bedrock in most loam areas is soft enough to be excavated with conventional earthmoving equipment. Bedrock: • Establishing and maintaining vegetation on 13 inches—tilted and fractured, gray shale roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils, Berks especially on south aspects. • The rock fragments in the surface layer and the Surface layer: droughtiness make establishment of lawns difficult. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown very channery silt loam Management measures: Subsoil: • Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites, 2 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown very channery establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and loam providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to 12 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt control erosion and sedimentation. loam • Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing the Bedrock: absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the 24 inches—yellowish brown shale absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to Soil Properties and Qualities bedrock. • Buildings and roads should be designed so that they Weikert conform to the natural slope of the land. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per crownvetch, should be selected for planting on hour) roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with Available water capacity: Very low straw. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Interpretive Groups Flooding: None Land capability classification: VIe Shrink-swell potential: Low Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3R; Berks—3R Erosion hazard: Very severe on south aspects and 4R on north aspects Stoniness: None Berkeley County, West Virginia 189
Rockiness: None and the low natural fertility make cultivation Natural fertility: Low impractical. Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to Pasture and Hayland moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0) Surface runoff: Very rapid Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches pasture Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale Management concerns: • Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Berks and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major Drainage class: Well drained pasture management concerns. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch • Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases to 6.0 inches per hour) the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces Available water capacity: Very low or low the vigor of the plant cover. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than • If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe 6 feet hazard in areas where the plant cover has been Flooding: None destroyed. Shrink-swell potential: Low • The droughtiness limits forage production during Erosion hazard: Very severe midsummer. Stoniness: None • Because of the slope, it is difficult to safely operate Rockiness: None conventional equipment used in clipping and in Natural fertility: Low applying fertilizer. Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to • Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0) where ponds or springs can be developed generally Surface runoff: Very rapid are available along nearby drainageways. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Management measures: Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale • Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing, and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures Minor Components in good condition. Dissimilar inclusions: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results • The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of are on small, concave footslopes forage, especially legumes. • Small areas of the Atkins, Philo, and Pope soils that Woodland are subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways • Severely eroded soils Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects; • Areas of shale rock outcrop moderate or moderately high on north • Soils that are less than 10 inches deep over bedrock aspects Similar soils: Management concerns: • The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils • Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites. • The well drained, reddish Calvin soils, which are in • Operating logging equipment is hazardous because the western part of the county of the steep and very steep slopes. • Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over • The depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and bedrock the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality • Soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent or rate, especially on south aspects. more than 70 percent Management measures: • Because of the slope, special care should be taken Use and Management when logging roads and log landings are laid out Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils are and logging equipment is operated. Logging roads wooded. A few small areas have been cleared and should be designed so that they conform to the are used as pasture. topography. • Because of the erosion hazard, water should be Cropland removed from logging roads by water bars, out-sloping Suitability: Not suited or in-sloping road surfaces, culverts, and drop Management concerns: structures. Building logging roads on the contour or on • The steep or very steep slope, the droughtiness, the gentler slopes and seeding logging roads, skid 190
trails, and log landings to perennial grasses and Community Development legumes after the trees are logged also help to prevent Suitability: Not suited excessive erosion. Management concerns: • Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or • The steep and very steep slopes and the depth to planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling bedrock are severe limitations affecting community mortality rate. development. A better suited soil should be selected • Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take for development. full advantage of spring rains. • Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine, Interpretive Groups Scotch pine, white pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for planting. Land capability classification: VIIe • Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3R; Berks—3R where possible. on south aspects and 4R on north aspects 191
Prime Farmland
Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important cultivated land, pasture, woodland, or other land, but it farmland defined by the U.S. Department of is not urban or built-up land or water areas. It either is Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the used for food or fiber crops or is available for those Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and crops. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is supply are those needed for a well managed soil to limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes produce a sustained high yield of crops in an that responsible levels of government, as well as economic manner. Prime farmland produces the individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise highest yields with minimal expenditure of energy and use of our Nation’s prime farmland. economic resources, and farming it results in the least Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department damage to the environment. of Agriculture, is the land that is best suited to food, Prime farmland has an adequate and dependable feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. It may be supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation. The
Figure 12.—Homes constructed in an area of Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, which formerly was prime farmland. 192
temperature and growing season are favorable. The A recent trend in land use in some parts of the level of acidity or alkalinity is acceptable. Prime county has been the loss of some prime farmland to farmland has few or no rocks and is permeable to urban uses (fig. 12). The loss of prime farmland to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or other uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which saturated with water for long periods and is not generally are more erodible, droughty, less productive, frequently flooded during the growing season. The and cannot be easily cultivated. slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed The map units in the survey area that are information about the criteria for prime farmland is considered prime farmland are listed in table 5. This available at the local office of the Natural Resources list does not constitute a recommendation for a Conservation Service. particular land use. The extent of each listed map unit About 43,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly 21 is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the percent of the total acreage, meets the soil detailed soil maps at the back of this publication. The requirements for prime farmland. Many areas of this soil qualities that affect use and management are land are along Back Creek in the western part of the described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” county, but most are in the Shenandoah Valley. Most of Some soils not listed in table 5 would be classified this prime farmland is used for crops or orchards. The as prime farmland if certain limitations were overcome. crops grown on this land, mainly corn, soybeans, and For example, Atkins silt loam, Dunning silt loam, and apples, account for much of the county’s total Tygart silt loam would be considered prime farmland if agricultural income each year. they were adequately drained. 193
Use and Management of the Soils
This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of Crops and Pasture the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural Norman L. DeLawder, district conservationist, and Orland C. resources and the environment. Also, it can help to Parks, Jr., staff agronomist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. prevent soil-related failures in land uses. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, General management needed for crops and pasture conservationists, engineers, and others collect is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture extensive field data about the nature and behavioral plants best suited to the soils, including some not characteristics of the soils. They collect data on commonly grown in the survey area, are identified; the erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that system of land capability classification used by the affect various soil uses and management. Field Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained; experience and collected data on soil properties and and the estimated yields of the main crops and hay performance are used as a basis in predicting soil and pasture plants are listed for each soil. behavior. Planners of management systems for individual Information in this section can be used to plan the fields or farms should consider the detailed use and management of soils for crops and pasture; information given in the description of each soil under as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific highways and other transportation systems, and parks information can be obtained from the local office of the and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. Natural Resources Conservation Service or the It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations Cooperative Extension Service. of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent In 1997, about 59,600 acres in the survey area was construction failures caused by unfavorable soil used for crops, hay, or pasture (USDA 1999). Of this properties. total, about 5,400 acres was used for row crops, Planners and others using soil survey information mainly corn; 2,600 acres was used for close-growing can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on crops, mainly soybeans, wheat, oats, and barley; productivity and on the environment in all or part of the 17,400 acres was used as hayland; 24,200 acres was survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain in pasture; and 7,000 acres was used for orchards. or create a land use pattern in harmony with the The field crops that can be grown in the county include natural soil. corn, soybeans, sorghum/sudan, wheat, oats, rye, and Contractors can use this survey to locate barley. In recent years a considerable acreage of sources of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. farmland has been converted to nonfarm uses. The They can use it to identify areas where bedrock, total acreage for all land in farms in the county was wetness, or very firm soil layers can cause difficulty about 72,600 acres in 1997, down from about 80,300 in excavation. acres in 1987 (USDA 1999; U.S. Department of Health officials, highway officials, engineers, Commerce 1994). and others may also find this survey useful. The Most of the soils in the county respond well to survey can help them plan the safe disposal of applications of lime and fertilizer. The amount of lime wastes and locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, and fertilizer needed depends on the types of soils, campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, and trees and the cropping history, the kinds of crops to be grown, shrubs. and the desired yields. Soils that formed in material 194 Soil Survey
weathered from limestone bedrock, such as the Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses Hagerstown, Swanpond, Endcav, Duffield, and Carbo and legumes and preventing overgrazing are the main soils, generally have a higher content of the basic pasture management concerns. Overgrazing nutrients needed for plant growth than the soils that increases the runoff rate and the rate of erosion. formed in material weathered from acid shale bedrock, Maintenance of stocking rates within the grazing such as the Berks and Weikert soils. Laboratory capacity, a rotation grazing system, deferred grazing, analyses of soil samples can help to determine weed control, restricted grazing during wet periods, specific needs. and applications of lime and fertilizer are major Soil erosion is a hazard on most of the cropland in pasture management practices. the county, and controlling erosion is a major The major hay plants are alfalfa, smooth management concern. Loss of the surface layer as a bromegrass, orchardgrass, red clover, and ladino result of erosion reduces the productivity of the soil, clover. Most of the soils that formed in material the level of fertility, and the water-holding capacity of weathered from limestone, such as the Hagerstown, the soil. Erosion is especially damaging to soils that Duffield, Carbo, and Endcav soils, are suited to have a clayey subsoil, such as the Hagerstown, alfalfa and clover. Maintaining a good stand of alfalfa Swanpond, Endcav, Carbo, and Caneyville soils, and requires a high level of soil fertility and proper to soils that tend to be droughty, such as the Berks management. and Weikert soils. The main specialty crops are apples and peaches Management practices that provide a protective (fig. 13). Many of the orchards in the county are in surface cover help to control erosion by reducing the areas of the Duffield, Ryder, and Nollville soils along rate of runoff and increasing the rate of water Apple Pie Ridge in the western part of the infiltration. Examples of these management practices Shenandoah Valley. Other specialty crops include are crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and Christmas trees, cherries, plums, raspberries, truck small grain; conservation tillage; winter cover crops; crops, and watercress. The watercress is grown in and crop residue management. Engineering practices, areas of the very poorly drained Fairplay soils. such as stripcropping, grassed waterways, and Yields per Acre terracing, can be very effective in controlling erosion but are not commonly used in the county because The average yields per acre that can be expected most of the cropland has short, irregularly shaped of the principal crops under a high level of slopes. management are shown in table 6. In any given year, Improving or maintaining tilth is a management yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in concern on most of the soils used as cropland in the the table because of variations in rainfall and other county. Most of these soils have a surface layer of silt climatic factors. The land capability classification also loam and a low content of organic matter. After periods is shown in the table. of heavy rainfall, they tend to form a crust on the The yields are based mainly on the experience and surface, which reduces the rate of water infiltration and records of farmers, conservationists, and extension increases the rate of runoff and of erosion. Tilth is also agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and a management concern on soils that have a high results of field trials and demonstrations are also content of clay in the plow layer. Examples are the considered. Endcav, Carbo, and Opequon soils. If plowed when The management needed to obtain the indicated wet, these soils tend to become cloddy as they dry. As yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil a result, it is difficult to prepare a good seedbed. Tilth and the crop. Management can include drainage, can be maintained or improved by no-till planting, erosion control, and protection from flooding; the growing green manure crops, applying crop residue proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- management, adding manure, and tilling at the proper yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; soil moisture content. control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; The pasture plants that are common in the county favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, include orchardgrass, bluegrass, tall fescue, and phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each clovers. Most improved pastures consist of mixtures of crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, orchardgrass and ladino clover. Pastures of cool- and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures season plants provide most of the grazing in the the smallest possible loss. spring and fall. Warm-season grasses, such as The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity switchgrass, are being established to provide grazing of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are in the summer. likely to increase as new production technology is Berkeley County, West Virginia 195
Figure 13.—In the foreground, a young peach orchard in an area of Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. In the background is an apple orchard in an area of Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes.
developed. The productivity of a given soil compared and generally expensive landforming that would with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the change. soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major Crops other than those shown in table 6 are grown reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed substitute for interpretations designed to show because the acreage of such crops is small. The local suitability and limitations of groups of soils for office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service woodland or for engineering purposes. or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide In the capability system, soils are generally grouped information about the management and productivity of at three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit the soils for those crops. (USDA 1961). Only class and subclass are used in this survey. Land Capability Classification Capability classes, the broadest groups, are Land capability classification shows, in a general designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and Crops that require special management are excluded. narrower choices for practical use. The classes are The soils are grouped according to their limitations for defined as follows: field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their crops, and the way they respond to management. The use. criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce 196 Soil Survey
the choice of plants or that require moderate Capability subclasses are soil groups within one conservation practices. class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The the choice of plants or that require special letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of conservation practices, or both. erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained Class IV soils have very severe limitations that (fig. 14); w shows that water in or on the soil interferes reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the management, or both. wetness can be partly corrected by artificial Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, Class VI soils have severe limitations that make used in only some parts of the United States, shows them generally unsuitable for cultivation. that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or Class VII soils have very severe limitations that very dry. make them unsuitable for cultivation. In class I there are no subclasses because the soils Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only limitations that nearly preclude their use for the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the commercial crop production. soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They
Figure 14.—A cultivated area of Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, which has a moderate hazard of erosion. The land capability subclass is IIe. Berkeley County, West Virginia 197
have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, trees have died. Oak trees, the most abundant tree woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. type in the county, are the preferred food of the gypsy The acreage of soils in each capability class and moth larvae. Forest management plans should subclass is shown in table 7. The capability address how to control gypsy moths. classification of the map units in this survey area is Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. the yields table. Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. Because of the variability between soils on south aspects versus those on north aspects, dual entries Woodland Management and Productivity are given for the ordination symbol, site index, average Barbara A. McWhorter, staff forester, Natural Resources annual growth, seedling mortality rate, and plant Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. competition rating of some soils, specifically those that are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock and have About 122,900 acres, or nearly 60 percent of the slopes of more than 15 percent. North aspects are county, is forested. Most of this acreage is privately those that face the compass directions from 315 to owned. Only about 1,200 acres is noncommercial 135 degrees. South aspects are those that face the forest land (Bones 1978). The West Virginia compass directions from 135 to 315 degrees. Aspect Department of Natural Resources manages a large affects the potential productivity of sloping soils. The tract of forest land on Sleepy Creek and Third Hill soils on north aspects generally are more moist and Mountains in the western part of the county. have a higher site index than those on south aspects. The most common forest types, or natural Aspect also affects the occurrence of a tree species, associations of tree species, are the oak-hickory type, the seedling mortality rate, and the management which makes up about 62 percent of the commercial practices needed. forest land, and the Virginia-pitch pine type, which The table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. makes up about 11 percent. The maple-beech-birch Soils assigned the same ordination symbol require the type makes up about 7 percent, and the remainder of same general management and have about the same the acreage is covered by other hardwood and pine potential productivity. types. The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, The oak-hickory type is in areas throughout the indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an county. Most of the Virginia-pitch pine type is on indicator tree species. The number indicates the southern or western exposures or in areas of soils that volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which are shallow over bedrock, such as the Weikert soils. the indicator species can produce. The number 1 The maple-beech-birch type is on north aspects at the indicates low potential productivity; 2 and 3, moderate; higher elevations in the county. 4 and 5, moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very Soil properties have a strong influence on tree high; and 12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of species, tree growth, and woodland management. The the symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil depth and texture of soils, for example, affect the limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X, available water-holding capacity, which influences the stoniness or rockiness (fig. 15); W, excess water in or occurrence of a species and the rate of growth. Other on the soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted features, such as slope, stoniness or rockiness, or a rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S, clayey subsoil, influence the kinds of management sandy texture; and F, a high content of rock fragments needed. Aspect, or the direction a slope faces, also in the soil. The letter A indicates that limitations or affects tree growth and woodland management. restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has more than A large acreage of soils in Berkeley County has a one limitation, the priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, low or very low water-holding capacity, which limits the C, S, and F. potential productivity for trees. The soils in this In table 8, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the acreage are mainly the shallow Weikert soils and degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in moderately deep Berks soils, which formed in material management. weathered from shale, and the moderately deep Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will Dekalb soils, which formed in material weathered from occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where sandstone. the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire In recent years the gypsy moth has had a seriously lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have detrimental effect on the forests in the county. Large been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. acreages of trees are defoliated every year, and many Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the 198 Soil Survey
Figure 15.—A wooded area of Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony, which has a moderately high potential for production of trees. The woodland suitability group is 4X. percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate particular prevention measures are needed under indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, erosion-control measures are needed in certain the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that 1 to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that special precautions are needed to control erosion in equipment use is severely restricted either as to the most silvicultural activities. kind of equipment that can be used or the season of Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment use for more than 3 months. generally needed in woodland management or Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, normal conditions the kind of equipment and season depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. the period when the water table is high, rock Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, Berkeley County, West Virginia 199
and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that offers opportunities for outdoor recreational activities seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under (fig. 16). This State-owned land is in the western part normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 of the county, along Sleepy Creek and Third Hill percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some Mountains. Camping areas and hiking trails are problems from seedling mortality can be expected. available, as well as opportunities for hunting, fishing, Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is boating, and mountain biking. Sleepy Creek Lake, 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that which is an impoundment of Meadow Branch, is an seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra excellent largemouth bass fishery. precautions are important. Replanting may be The Potomac River and Back Creek are good necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 smallmouth bass fisheries. Opequon Creek, Mill percent. Creek, Rockymarsh Run, Tilhance Creek, and Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to Tuscarora Creek are stocked with trout each spring. which undesirable species are expected to invade and Back Creek, Opequon Creek, and the Potomac River grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The are suitable for canoeing throughout most of the year. main factors that affect plant competition are depth to The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9 the water table and the available water capacity. A according to limitations that affect their suitability for rating of slight indicates that competition from recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Planted seedlings can become established without Not considered in the ratings, but important in undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of competition may delay the establishment of desirable the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic species. Competition may hamper stand development, quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent competition can be expected to prevent regeneration and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also unless precautionary measures are applied. Adequate important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for site preparation before planting the new crop can help recreational uses by the duration and intensity of reduce plant competition. flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In The potential productivity of merchantable or planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index. the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of The site index is the average height, in feet, that flooding is essential. dominant and codominant trees of a given species In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed attain in 50 years. The site index applies to fully as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly properties are generally favorable and that limitations grown trees are those that woodland managers are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that generally favor in intermediate or improvement limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, cuttings. Also listed are other tree species, regardless design, or special maintenance. Severe means that of their potential value or growth, that commonly grow soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can on the soils. The first species listed under common be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special trees for a soil is the indicator species for that soil. It design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a generally is the most common species on the soil and combination of these measures. is the one that determines the ordination class. The information in table 9 can be supplemented by Average annual growth of some of the common trees other information in this survey, for example, is expressed as cubic feet per acre, board feet per interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in acre, or cords per acre. table 12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements and for local roads and streets in table 11. Recreation Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, Berkeley County offers a variety of recreational stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and facilities. Parks, campgrounds, golf courses, game installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp courts, picnic areas, and other facilities are available areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some to the public. vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and The Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of 200 Soil Survey
Figure 16.—The Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area provides opportunities for outdoor recreational activities. The soils in the area include those in the Buchanan, Hazleton, Calvin, and Dekalb series.
use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not and are not wet or subject to flooding during the dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders season of use. The surface is free of stones and can greatly increase the cost of constructing boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. campsites. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most or a hardpan should be considered. vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm should require little or no cutting and filling. The best when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty flooding during the period of use, and do not have when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of once a year during the period of use. They have shaping sites or of building access roads and parking moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on areas. the surface. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and Berkeley County, West Virginia 201
some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be maintained in most places, but management is difficult required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or is impractical or impossible. greens is not considered in rating the soils. The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the following paragraphs. Wildlife Habitat Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and Richard D. Heaslip, resource conservationist, Natural seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties Resources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. and features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface Berkeley County supports a large number of native layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface wildlife species because of the favorable land use stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil patterns and suitable climate. It includes large tracts of moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain woodland in Back Creek Valley and in the Sleepy and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area. These wooded Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial areas, which consist of uneven-aged stands of oak- grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and hickory-pine forest type, provide excellent habitat for features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes white-tailed deer, wild turkey, ruffed grouse, and are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, squirrels. In the Shenandoah Valley, open farmland available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, and transitional areas between woodland and flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture farmland provide habitat for cottontail rabbit, mourning are also considerations. Examples of grasses and doves, bobwhite quail, and ring-necked pheasants. legumes are fescue, orchardgrass, switchgrass, Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that bromegrass, clover, and alfalfa. is available to wildlife as food and cover. Well drained Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally soils can be used as cropland or can be forested with established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil oak-hickory types. These areas can be used by upland properties and features that affect the growth of these wildlife species. Poorly drained soils support wetland plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the vegetation, which is desirable for waterfowl habitat. surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment herbaceous plants are goldenrod, blackberry, mullein, of desirable plants. beggartick, milkweed, and ironweed. In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated Hardwood trees and woody understory produce according to their potential for providing habitat for nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. that are suitable for establishing, improving, or Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in apple, hackberry, hawthorn, blackgum, dogwood, determining the intensity of management needed for hickory, and redbud. Examples of fruit-producing each element of the habitat. shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or good are crabapple, bayberry, and hazelnut. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or properties and features that affect the growth of maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of of the root zone, available water capacity, and fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, established, improved, or maintained in most places. spruce, red cedar, and juniper. Moderately intensive management is required for Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild, satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that woody or herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet limitations are severe for the designated element or sites. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or excluded. Soil properties and features affecting 202 Soil Survey
wetland plants are texture of the surface layer, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils wetness, reaction, slope, and surface stoniness. or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in Examples of wetland plants are alder, smartweed, wild the design and construction of engineering works. millet, wildrice, cattail, rushes, sedges, and reeds. Government ordinances and regulations that Shallow water areas have an average depth of less restrict certain land uses or impose specific design than 3 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are criteria were not considered in preparing the created by dams, dikes, or other water-control information in this section. Local ordinances and structures. Soil properties and features affecting regulations should be considered in planning, in site shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, selection, and in design. surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples Soil properties, site features, and observed of shallow water areas are marshes and ponds. performance were considered in determining the The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil in the following paragraphs. survey, determinations were made about grain-size Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark, collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous available water capacity, and other behavioral plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild characteristics affecting engineering uses. turkey, ruffed grouse, thrushes, woodpeckers, This information can be used to evaluate the squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, and deer. potential of areas for residential, commercial, Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife estimates of construction conditions; evaluate attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, shore birds, woodcock, muskrat, and beaver. pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank Engineering absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate Craig E. Savela, staff geologist, Natural Resources potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water This section provides information for planning land conservation; and predict performance of proposed uses related to urban development and to water small structures and pavements by comparing the management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the performance of existing similar structures on the same most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given or similar soils. for building site development, sanitary facilities, The information in the tables, along with the soil construction materials, and water management. The maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in ratings are based on observed performance of the this survey, can be used to make additional soils and on the estimated data and test data in the interpretations. “Soil Properties” section. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a Information in this section is intended for land use special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for Glossary. planning site investigations prior to design and construction. The information, however, has limitations. Building Site Development For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil Because of the map scale, small areas of different limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings soils may be included within the mapped areas of a with and without basements, small commercial specific soil. buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and The information is not site specific and does not landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if Berkeley County, West Virginia 203
soil properties and site features are generally action potential, and depth to a high water table affect favorable for the indicated use and limitations are the traffic-supporting capacity. minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established and special planning, design, or maintenance is and maintained. The ratings are based on soil needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and properties, site features, and observed performance of severe if soil properties or site features are so the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water design, significant increases in construction costs, and capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of possibly increased maintenance are required. Special salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant feasibility studies may be required where the soil growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the limitations are severe. amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established. maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Sanitary Facilities utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil observed performance of the soils. The ease of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense are considered slight if soil properties and site features layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time are generally favorable for the indicated use and of the year that excavations can be made is affected limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the soil properties or site features are not favorable for the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance indicated use and special planning, design, or of the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the caving is affected by soil texture and depth to the limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features water table. are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that Dwellings and small commercial buildings are special design, significant increases in construction structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed costs, and possibly increased maintenance are soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family required. dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are Table 12 also shows the suitability of the soils for made for small commercial buildings without use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good basements, for dwellings with basements, and for indicates that soil properties and site features are dwellings without basements. The ratings are based favorable for the use and good performance and low on soil properties, site features, and observed maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, properties and site features are moderately favorable shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause for the use and one or more soil properties or site the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to features make the soil less desirable than the soils bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil and flooding affect the ease of excavation and properties or site features are unfavorable for the use construction. Landscaping and grading that require and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. considered. Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally site features, and observed performance of the soils. limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to soil properties, site features, and observed a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large interfere with installation. stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering absorption fields, including excessively slow classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside 204 Soil Survey
seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the water table is near the surface. There must be ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite ordinances require that this material be of a certain investigation is needed. thickness. Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to used to cover compacted solid waste in an area hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to affect the ease of removing and spreading the material hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best is required to minimize seepage and contamination of cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy ground water. and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to Table 12 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes wind erosion. up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 After soil material has been removed, the soil or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are material remaining in the borrow area must be thick excavated to provide material for the embankments. enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as and observed performance of the soils. Considered in the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, plants. The surface layer generally has the best depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large workability, more organic matter, and the best potential stones, and content of organic matter. for plants. Material from the surface layer should be Excessive seepage resulting from rapid stockpiled for use as the final cover. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 13 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on cemented pans can cause construction problems, and soil properties and site features that affect the removal large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal floor. compaction, minor processing, and other standard Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is construction practices are assumed. Each soil is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and place and used in road embankments in another covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste feet high and less exacting in design than higher is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin embankments. layer of soil from a source away from the site. The ratings are for the soil material below the Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting should be considered. suitability within their profile. The table showing The ratings in table 12 are based on soil properties, engineering index properties provides detailed site features, and observed performance of the soils. information about each soil layer. This information Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a can help to determine the suitability of each layer Berkeley County, West Virginia 205
for use as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow stabilized with lime or cement is not considered in the area. ratings. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by The ratings are based on soil properties, site such properties as soil reaction, available water features, and observed performance of the soils. The capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by in place after it has been compacted and drained is slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and determined by its strength (as inferred from the toxic material. engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a potential. depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones Soils rated good contain significant amounts of and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, difficult. many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes the material is less than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for water table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In table 13, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific plant growth. purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect Water Management excavation of the material. The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source Table 14 gives information on the soil properties of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as and site features that affect water management. The indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond the thickness of suitable material, and the content of reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of properties and site features are generally favorable for grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index the indicated use and limitations are minor and are properties. easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of features are not favorable for the indicated use and clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, properties or site features are so unfavorable or so large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable difficult to overcome that special design, significant source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as increase in construction costs, and possibly increased shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and maintenance are required. gravel. This table also gives for each soil the restrictive Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation features that affect drainage, terraces and diversions, can be established and maintained. The upper 40 and grassed waterways. inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or 206 Soil Survey
embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high seepage potential in the upper 60 inches (fig. 17). The content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts seepage potential is determined by the permeability of or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other usable material. It also affects trafficability. permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the Drainage is the removal of excess surface and storage capacity of the reservoir area. subsurface water from the soil. How easily and Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that high, constructed to impound water or to protect land affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a to a high water table or depth of standing water if the source of material for embankment fill. The ratings soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and be uniformly mixed and compacted during the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to construction. bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme depth even greater than the height of the embankment acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as can affect performance and safety of the embankment. salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to outlets is not considered in the ratings. determine these properties. Terraces and diversions are embankments or a Soil material in embankments must be resistant to combination of channels and ridges constructed seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable across a slope to control erosion and conserve compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large
Figure 17.—Farm ponds constructed in areas of Hagerstown soils have a high failure rate due to seepage. Berkeley County, West Virginia 207
stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind cemented pan affect the construction of grassed erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic maintenance. substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted Grassed waterways are natural or constructed permeability adversely affect the growth and channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct maintenance of the grass after construction.
209
Soil Properties
Data relating to soil properties are collected during than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles the course of the soil survey. The data and the coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” are explained on the following pages. Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Soil properties are determined by field examination Classification of the soils is determined according to of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1993) and benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the system adopted by the American Association of followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO made and examined to identify and classify the soils 1986). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size plasticity, and compaction characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and soils have layers of contrasting properties within the A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as layer is indicated. The range in depth and information subgrade material can be indicated by a group index on other properties of each layer are given for each number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the soil series under the heading “Taxonomic Units and best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Their Morphology.” Rock fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter Texture is given in the standard terms used by the are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are weight basis. The percentages are estimates defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and determined mainly by converting volume percentage clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 in the field to weight percentage. millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 210 Soil Survey
3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and matter, and soil structure. 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the downward movement of water when the soil is field. saturated. They are based on soil characteristics Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of estimates are based on test data from the survey area soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption or from nearby areas and on field examination. fields. The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, Available water capacity refers to the quantity of and plasticity index are generally rounded to the water that the soil is capable of storing for use by nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and plants. The capacity for water storage is given in Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil 2 percentage points) across classification boundaries, layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the properties that affect the retention of water and the table. depth of the root zone. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk Physical and Chemical Properties density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics be grown and in the design and management of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey estimate of the quantity of water actually available to area. The estimates are based on field observations plants at any given time. and on test data for these and similar soils. Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of many soils, values have been verified by laboratory each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops weight, of the soil material that is less than and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for 2 millimeters in diameter. fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the corrosion. fertility and physical condition of the soil. They Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell change occurs mainly because of the interaction of potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil clay minerals with water and varies with the amount dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in operations. soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the basis of measurements of similar soils. estimated moist bulk density of each major soil If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell design is often needed. potential, available water capacity, total pore space, Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture soil indicates the pore space available for water and content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict The classes are low, a change of less than Berkeley County, West Virginia 211
3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, 6 to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 9 percent. Very high, more than 9 percent, is moderate rate of water transmission. sometimes used. Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six layer that impedes the downward movement of water factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell structure and permeability. Values of K range from potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, 0.05 to 0.69. The higher the value, the more soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly water. impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum of water transmission. average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in that can occur without affecting crop productivity over table 17, the first letter is for drained areas and the a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per second is for undrained areas. year. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from the soil at various stages of decomposition. In adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short table 16, the estimated content of organic matter is periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil flooding, nor is water in swamps and marshes. material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Table 17 gives the estimated frequency of flooding. The content of organic matter in a soil can be Frequency is expressed as none, rare, occasional, maintained or increased by returning crop residue to and frequent. None means that flooding is not the soil, including green manure crops in the planting probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under sequence, no-till planting, and applying animal waste. unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is Organic matter affects the available water capacity, nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and that it occurs infrequently under normal weather other nutrients for crops. conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs often under Soil and Water Features normal conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water The information is based on evidence in the soil features. The estimates are used in land use planning profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay that involves engineering considerations. deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff matter content with increasing depth; and little or no from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation horizon development. are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped Also considered are local information about the according to the infiltration of water when the soils are extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long- soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on duration storms. the extent of flooding based on soil data is less The four hydrologic soil groups are: specific than that provided by detailed engineering Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist flood frequency levels. mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates of water transmission. are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of in table 17 are depth to the seasonal high water table; moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or the kind of water table—that is, perched or apparent; well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to and the months of the year that the water table 212
commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It high for less than 1 month is not indicated in is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation table 17. or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during perched water table is water standing above an thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, rigid structures. water table is separated from a lower one by a dry Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced zone. electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of are indicated. A plus sign preceding the range in depth corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors indicates that the water table is above the surface of as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and the soil. The first numeral in the range indicates how electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion high the water rises above the surface. The second of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium numeral indicates the depth below the surface. content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a soil. Special site examination and design may be depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil needed if the combination of factors results in a severe borings and on observations during soil mapping. The hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more fractured, excavations can be made with trenching susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil hard or massive, blasting or special equipment layer. generally is needed for excavation. For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on extract. thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, density, permeability, content of organic matter, and acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation depth to the water table are the most important factors extract. 213
Classification of the Soils
The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories on the basis of physical and chemical properties and (USDA 1975). Beginning with the broadest, these other characteristics that affect management. categories are the order, suborder, great group, Generally, the properties are those of horizons below subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on plow depth where there is much biological activity. soil properties observed in the field or inferred from Among the properties and characteristics considered those observations or from laboratory measurements. are particle-size class, mineral content, temperature Table 18 shows the classification of the soils in the regime, depth of the root zone, consistence, moisture survey area. The categories are defined in the equivalent, slope, and permanent cracks. A family following paragraphs. name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine, differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs. forming processes and the degree of soil formation. SERIES. The series consists of soils that have Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are example is Alfisol. similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil arrangement in the profile. The texture of the surface genesis and are important to plant growth or layer or of the underlying material can differ within a properties that reflect the most important variables series. within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud, meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol). Taxonomic Units and Their GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great Morphology groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, arrangement, and degree of development of Dr. John Sencindiver, professor of agronomy, West Virginia pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, helped to prepare this section. regimes; and base status. Each great group is identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix In this section, each soil series recognized in the that indicates a property of the soil. An example is survey area is described. The descriptions are Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus arranged in alphabetic order. udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols that has a udic Characteristics of the soil and the material in which moisture regime). it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or the series in the survey area is described. The extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the detailed description of each soil horizon follows great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA 1993). Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions or great groups. Extragrades have some properties are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA 1975). Unless that are not representative of the great group but do otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions are for not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil. moist soil. Following the pedon description is the Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives range of important characteristics of the soils in the preceding the name of the great group. The adjective series. Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great The map units of each soil series are described in group. An example is Typic Hapludalfs. the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” 214 Soil Survey
Atkins Series manganese on faces of peds; common medium strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; Depth class: Very deep strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Drainage class: Poorly drained Cg—57 to 65 inches; very gravelly silty clay loam, 75 Permeability: Slow percent brown (7.5YR 5/2) and 25 percent dark Landscape position: Nearly level, slightly concave grayish brown (10YR 4/2); massive; firm, slightly flood plains sticky and slightly plastic; common patchy stains Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent of manganese or of iron and manganese on rock chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods fragments; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid. Parent material: Recent alluvial deposits washed from upland soils underlain by acid sandstone and Range in Characteristics shale Solum thickness: 25 to 60 inches Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or Fluvaquents strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) above a depth of 40 Representative Pedon inches ranging to moderately acid (pH 5.6 to 6.0) below a depth of 40 inches Atkins silt loam, in an abandoned area that was Content of rock fragments: Commonly no fragments; in previously used as cropland; about 600 feet west of places, however, 0 to 20 percent, by volume, in the Back Creek; 4,000 feet east-southeast from the solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon intersection of County Routes 7 and 18 on a bearing of 102 degrees; in the Shanghai area; USGS Tablers Ap horizon: Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 26 Hue—10YR minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 07 Value—4 or 5 minutes 15 seconds W. Chroma—1 to 3 Texture—silt loam Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations moderate fine and medium granular structure; in shades of red and low-chroma iron very friable; common fine to coarse roots; few fine depletions in shades of gray grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few fine strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; A horizon (if it occurs): slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Hue—10YR BA—8 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak Value—2 to 4 medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Chroma—1 to 3 very friable; few very fine and fine roots; few Texture—silt loam patchy stains of manganese or of iron and Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations manganese on faces of peds; many medium in shades of red and low-chroma iron grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few depletions in shades of gray fine strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; BA horizon (if it occurs): moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Hue—10YR Bg1—11 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Value—4 or 5 silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure Chroma—3 or 4 parting to weak fine and medium subangular Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silty blocky; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; clay loam common patchy stains of manganese or of iron Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations and manganese on faces of peds; many medium in shades of red and low-chroma iron strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common yellowish depletions in shades of gray brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bg horizon: Bg2—29 to 57 inches; silty clay loam, 75 percent Hue—7.5YR to 5Y or N brown (7.5YR 5/2) and 25 percent grayish brown Value—4 to 7 (10YR 5/2); weak very coarse prismatic structure Chroma—0 to 2 parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silty firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of those patchy stains of manganese or of iron and textures Berkeley County, West Virginia 215
Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations C—21 to 25 inches; variegated extremely channery in shades of red or yellowish brown silt loam, 75 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); massive; Cg horizon: friable; 70 percent shale channers; strongly acid, Hue—7.5YR to 5Y or N clear wavy boundary. Value—4 to 7 R—25 inches; yellowish brown shale bedrock. Chroma—0 to 8 Texture—loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, or the Range in Characteristics gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those textures Solum thickness: 12 to 40 inches Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches in shades of red or yellowish brown Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to slightly acid (pH 3.6 to 6.5) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 40 percent in the A Berks Series horizon, 15 to 60 percent in the B horizon, and 40 to 80 percent in the C horizon; fragments are Depth class: Moderately deep shale or siltstone Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid Ap or A horizon: Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep Hue—10YR uplands Value—3 or 4 Flooding: None Chroma—2 to 4 Parent material: Material weathered from shale or Texture—channery or very channery silt loam siltstone Bw horizon: Slope range: 3 to 70 percent Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Value—5 or 6 Dystrochrepts Chroma—4 to 6 Representative Pedon Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or the channery or very channery analogs of those Berks channery silt loam, in a pastured area of textures Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes; the pastured area was previously used as C horizon: cropland; about 1,800 feet north-northwest of the Hue—10YR or 7.5YR intersection of Routes 45/4 and 5/9 on a bearing of Value—4 to 6 356 degrees; in the Greensburg area; USGS Chroma—4 to 8 Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees Texture—silt loam, loam, or the very channery or 28 minutes 17 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53 extremely channery analogs of those textures minutes 52 seconds W. Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt Blackthorn Series loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; Depth class: Very deep 15 percent shale channers; neutral; abrupt smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid above the Bw1—7 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) 2Bt horizon and moderate or moderately slow in channery silt loam; moderate fine and medium the 2Bt horizon and below the 2Bt horizon subangular blocky structure; friable; common very Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep fine and fine roots; 30 percent shale channers; uplands on Wilson Ridge, Ferrel Ridge, and other slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. outlying areas that are underlain by limestone Bw2—12 to 21 inches; variegated very channery silt bedrock; near Jones Spring loam, 80 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and Flooding: None 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); weak Parent material: Acid, colluvial material overlying medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; siliceous limestone residuum friable; few very fine and fine roots; 40 percent Slope range: 3 to 50 percent shale channers; strongly acid; clear wavy Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic boundary. Hapludults 216 Soil Survey
Representative Pedon moderately plastic; many distinct patchy clay films on ped faces and rock surfaces; 10 percent chert Blackthorn very gravelly loam, in a wooded area of gravel; very strongly acid. Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony; about 1,650 feet Range in Characteristics west-southwest of the entrance to Camp Tomahawk Solum thickness: More than 60 inches on a bearing of 265 degrees; on Wilson Ridge; USGS Depth to 2Bt horizon: 30 inches or more Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches degrees 29 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 78 Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to degrees 04 minutes 13 seconds W. moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) above the 2Bt Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed hardwood horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid (pH leaf litter. 4.5 to 5.5) in the 2Bt horizon and below the 2Bt Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood duff. horizon A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 3/2) very Content of rock fragments: 15 to 65 percent in gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium granular individual subhorizons above the 2Bt horizon and structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; 0 to 55 percent in the 2Bt horizon and below the 50 percent sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; 2Bt horizon abrupt wavy boundary. A horizon: E—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Hue—10YR sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Value—2 to 4 friable; many fine to coarse roots; 50 percent Chroma—2 or 3 sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy Texture—very gravelly loam boundary. BE—6 to 14 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) E horizon: gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium Hue—10YR or 7.5YR subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Value—5 or 6 and medium roots; 30 percent sandstone gravel; Chroma—2 to 4 very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly, very Bt1—14 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly, or extremely gravelly analogs of those gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium textures subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine BE horizon: and medium roots; few distinct patchy clay films on Hue—10YR or 7.5YR faces of peds and in pores; 35 percent sandstone Value—5 or 6 gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 Bt2—24 to 35 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Texture—loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly, very gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular gravelly, or extremely gravelly analogs of those blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine textures roots; common distinct patchy clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 40 percent sandstone and Bt horizon: chert gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy Hue—10YR or 7.5YR boundary. Value—5 or 6 2Bt3—35 to 75 inches; variegated very gravelly clay, Chroma—4 to 6 85 percent red (2.5YR 4/6) and 15 percent strong Texture—loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly, very brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium gravelly, or extremely gravelly analogs of those subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately textures sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine and 2Bt horizon: fine roots; many distinct patchy clay films on ped Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR faces and rock surfaces; 30 percent sandstone Value—4 to 6 and chert gravel and 20 percent stones; very Chroma—4 to 8 strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—clay, silty clay, or the gravelly or very 3Bt4—75 to 90 inches; variegated clay, 65 percent red gravelly analogs of those textures (2.5YR 4/6) and 35 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium subangular 3Bt horizon (if it occurs): blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky and Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR Berkeley County, West Virginia 217
Value—4 to 6 faint patchy clay films on faces of peds and in Chroma—4 to 8 pores; common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR Texture—clay, silty clay, or the gravelly or very 5/8) iron concentrations; 20 percent gravel; very gravelly analogs of those textures strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—21 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium Buchanan Series subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; few Depth class: Very deep patchy clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Drainage class: Moderately well drained many coarse distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and slow in few fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron the fragipan depletions and few medium prominent yellowish Landscape position: Gently sloping to steep, slightly red (5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; 10 percent concave footslopes, benches, and lower side stones; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear slopes of mountains wavy boundary. Flooding: None Btx1—30 to 49 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Parent material: Colluvial material derived from acid gravelly loam; weak coarse prismatic structure sandstone, siltstone, and shale parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; firm Slope range: 3 to 35 percent and brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic fine and medium roots between peds; few faint Fragiudults patchy clays films on faces of peds and in pores; Representative Pedon many coarse prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few medium distinct dark red Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely (2.5YR 3/6) and few fine distinct brownish yellow stony, in a wooded area on Third Hill Mountain; about (10YR 6/8) iron concentrations; 30 percent gravel; 1.9 miles north-northeast of the intersection of strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Routes 7/13 and 826 on a bearing of 18 degrees; Btx2—49 to 65 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very USGS Glengary topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 gravelly loam; weak coarse prismatic structure degrees 29 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 78 parting to weak fine and medium subangular degrees 09 minutes 40 seconds W. blocky; very firm and brittle, nonsticky and slightly Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed organic plastic; few faint patchy clay films on faces of peds material from hardwood leaf litter. and in pores; common coarse prominent gray Oe—0 to 1 inch; organic material of intermediate (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and few medium decomposition from hardwood leaf litter. distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; 35 A—1 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam; percent gravel; strongly acid. weak fine and medium granular structure; very Range in Characteristics friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine to coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches E—2 to 4 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine to Content of rock fragments: 0 to 40 percent in individual coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; subhorizons above the fragipan and 5 to 60 clear wavy boundary. percent in the fragipan and in the C horizon BE—4 to 13 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Depth to the fragipan: 20 to 36 inches gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular A horizon: blocky structure; friable, nonsticky and slightly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR plastic; common fine and medium roots; 15 Value—3 or 4 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy Chroma—1 to 3 boundary. Texture—loam or gravelly loam Bt1—13 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium E horizon: subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky and Hue—10YR slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; few Value—4 to 6 218 Soil Survey
Chroma—2 to 4 grained sandstone or siltstone; mainly members of Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the Hampshire Formation the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those Slope range: 3 to 65 percent textures Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts BE horizon (if it occurs): Hue—10YR Representative Pedon Value—5 or 6 Calvin channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in a Chroma—5 or 6 wooded area; about 2,200 feet south-southeast of Texture—loam, gravelly loam, or very gravelly Sleepy Creek Lake Dam on a bearing of 162 degrees; loam USGS Stotlers Crossroads topographic quadrangle; Bt horizon: lat. 39 degrees 31 minutes 35 seconds N. and long. 78 Hue—7.5YR or 10YR degrees 08 minutes 48 seconds W. Value—5 or 6 Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood leaf Chroma—4 to 6 litter. Texture—loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or the A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those channery loam; moderate fine and medium textures granular structure; very friable; many fine to Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in coarse roots; 25 percent channers; very strongly shades of gray and high-chroma iron acid; abrupt wavy boundary. concentrations in shades of red and brown in Bw1—2 to 8 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very the top 10 inches of the horizon channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular Btx horizon: blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse Hue—10YR to 5YR roots; 35 percent channers; very strongly acid; Value—4 to 6 clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 Bw2—8 to 23 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) very Texture—loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or the channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those structure; friable; few fine to coarse roots; 50 textures percent channers; very strongly acid; gradual Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in wavy boundary. shades of gray and high-chroma iron C—23 to 34 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) concentrations in shades of red and brown extremely channery loam; massive; friable; few fine to coarse roots; 75 percent channers; very C horizon (if it occurs): strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Hue—10YR to 5YR R—34 inches; fractured, reddish brown, fine grained Value—4 to 6 sandstone; few fine to coarse roots in cracks. Chroma—1 to 6 Texture—loam, sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay Range in Characteristics loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of Solum thickness: 18 to 30 inches those textures Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or shades of gray and high-chroma iron strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) throughout concentrations in shades of red and brown in Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent in the A some pedons and BA horizons, 25 to 55 percent in the Bw horizon, and 40 to 80 percent in the C horizon Calvin Series A horizon: Hue—7.5YR Depth class: Moderately deep Value—2 to 4 Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—2 or 3 Permeability: Moderately rapid Texture—channery loam Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep, convex uplands BA horizon (if it occurs): Flooding: None Hue—7.5YR or 5YR Parent material: Material weathered from reddish, fine Value—4 Berkeley County, West Virginia 219
Chroma—2 to 6 and fine roots; 10 percent limestone channers; Texture—channery or very channery analogs of neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. loam or silt loam Bt1—8 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; few fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and Bw horizon: common coarse yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Hue—2.5YR or 5YR mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular Value—4 or 5 blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; Chroma—3 to 6 common very fine and fine roots; few Texture—channery or very channery analogs of discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in loam or silt loam pores; few fine soft masses of iron and C horizon: manganese; 3 percent shale channers; neutral; Hue—2.5YR or 5YR clear wavy boundary. Value—3 to 5 Bt2—16 to 28 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty Chroma—2 to 4 clay; moderate fine and medium subangular Texture—very channery or extremely channery blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; analogs of loam or silt loam common very fine and fine roots; few discontinuous clay films on ped faces, in pores, and on rock surfaces; few fine soft masses of iron Caneyville Series and manganese; 3 percent shale channers; slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep R—28 inches; unweathered limestone bedrock. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Range in Characteristics Landscape position: Gently sloping to moderately Solum thickness: 20 to 40 inches steep uplands, mainly in a band from Ferrel Ridge Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to Jones Spring in the western part of the county Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Flooding: None (pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the upper part of the solum and Parent material: Limestone residuum interbedded with moderately acid to slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) thin layers of shale and siltstone, mainly in areas in the lower part of the solum and in the of the Bossardville, Helderberg, and Salina substratum geologic deposits Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the Slope range: 3 to 25 percent slopes solum and as much as 35 percent in the C Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs horizon, if it occurs Representative Pedon Ap horizon: Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in Hue—10YR an abandoned area that was previously used as Value—3 or 4 cropland; about 2,350 feet west-northwest of the Chroma—2 or 3 intersection of County Routes 7 and 7/2 on a bearing Texture—silty clay loam of 296 degrees; near Tomahawk; USGS Big Pool BA horizon (if it occurs): topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 31 minutes 55 Hue—10YR or 7.5YR seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 03 minutes 22 Value—5 seconds W. Chroma—4 or 5 Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium Bt horizon: granular structure; friable, slightly sticky and Hue—10YR to 5YR slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5 Value—4 to 6 percent limestone channers; neutral; clear wavy Chroma—4 to 8 boundary. Texture—silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam Ap2—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; few medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; BC horizon (if it occurs): weak medium subangular blocky structure parting Hue—10YR to 5YR to moderate fine and medium granular; friable, Value—4 to 6 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Chroma—4 to 8 220 Soil Survey
Texture—silty clay, clay, or clay loam limestone channers; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. C horizon (if it occurs): BC—28 to 34 inches; variegated clay, 75 percent dark Hue—10YR to 5YR yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), 20 percent strong Value—4 to 6 brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 5 percent yellowish brown Chroma—4 to 8 (10YR 5/6); weak fine and medium subangular Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, or the blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; channery analogs of those textures few very fine and fine roots; few patchy clay films on faces of peds; neutral; 10 percent limestone Carbo Series channers; abrupt wavy boundary. R—34 inches; hard, bluish gray limestone. Depth class: Moderately deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Solum thickness: 20 to 40 inches Landscape position: Gently sloping to steep uplands in Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches the Great Valley Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly acid or neutral (pH Flooding: None 6.1 to 7.3) in the Ap horizon and moderately acid Parent material: Material weathered from to slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the B and C Chambersburg and New Market Limestones horizons Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, Classification: Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs in the A horizon and 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the B and C horizons; mainly limestone channers Representative Pedon Ap horizon: Carbo silty clay loam, in an area of Carbo-Opequon Hue—7.5YR or 10YR complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay field; about Value—4 or 5 4,300 feet east-northeast of the intersection of U.S. Chroma—3 or 4 Highway 60 and Route 26 on a bearing of 79 degrees; Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay in the Bunker Hill area; USGS Inwood topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 20 minutes 12 seconds N. Bt horizon: and long. 78 degrees 02 minutes 23 seconds W. Hue—5YR to 10YR Value—4 or 5 Ap1—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chroma—4 to 6 silty clay loam; weak fine and medium granular Texture—clay structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. BC horizon (if it occurs): Ap2—2 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR silty clay that has common medium pockets of Value—4 or 5 strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; weak medium Chroma—4 to 6 granular structure; friable, moderately sticky and Texture—clay or silty clay moderately plastic; common very fine and fine C horizon (if it occurs): roots; 2 percent limestone channers; neutral; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR abrupt wavy boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bt1—9 to 18 inches; variegated clay, 95 percent strong Chroma—4 to 6 brown (7.5YR 5/6) and 5 percent yellowish brown Texture—clay or silty clay (10YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many Clearbrook Series continuous clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent limestone channers; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep Bt2—18 to 28 inches; variegated clay, 55 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 45 percent strong Permeability: Moderately slow brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky and heads of drainageways, broad, gently sloping very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common ridges, and broad upland flats and depressions; patchy clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent mostly east of Interstate 81 but also in a narrow Berkeley County, West Virginia 221
belt directly east of North Mountain in the Ap or A horizon: Great Valley and, to a much lesser extent, in the Hue—10YR Back Creek Valley near Shanghai and Jones Value—3 to 5 Spring Chroma—2 or 3 Flooding: None Texture—silt loam or channery silt loam Parent material: Material weathered from gray Bt horizon: Martinsburg Shales in the Great Valley and, to a Hue—10YR or 2.5Y lesser extent, from gray Hamilton Shales and Value—4 to 6 black Marcellus Shales in the Back Creek Valley Chroma—1 to 4 Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Texture—channery to extremely channery analogs Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aeric of silty clay loam, silty clay, or silt loam Epiaquults Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations Representative Pedon in shades of red and brown and low-chroma iron depletions in shades of gray Clearbrook silt loam, in an area of Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay field; about 3,800 C horizon (if it occurs): feet north-northeast of the intersection of State Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Highway 51 and Route 51/7 on a bearing of 43 Value—4 to 6 degrees; in the Inwood area; USGS Inwood Chroma—1 to 4 topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 21 minutes 27 Texture—very channery or extremely channery seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 01 minutes 10 analogs of silty clay loam, silty clay, or silt loam seconds W. Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations in shades of red and brown and low-chroma Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; iron depletions in shades of gray moderate fine granular structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent shale channers; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Combs Series Bt—9 to 11 inches; light olive brown (2.5YR 5/4) very channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and very Depth class: Very deep fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly Drainage class: Well drained sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid roots; common patchy clay films; few fine yellowish Landscape position: On the flood plain along the brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations and few fine Potomac River light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; 50 Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent percent shale channers; strongly acid; clear wavy chance of flooding in any year) boundary. Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland Btg—11 to 22 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) extremely soils channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and very Slope range: 0 to 3 percent fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly Classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Hapludolls fine roots; many patchy clay films on ped faces Representative Pedon and on rock fragments; few fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; 65 percent shale Combs fine sandy loam, in a hay field; about 9,200 channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. feet north-northeast of the intersection of Routes 12/5 Cr—22 inches; rippable shale bedrock. and 5/4 on a bearing of 22 degrees; in the Whitings Neck area along the Potomac River; USGS Range in Characteristics Williamsport topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 31 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 50 Solum thickness: 18 to 36 inches minutes 13 seconds W. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent in the A medium granular structure; very friable; common horizon, 20 to 70 percent in the B horizon, and 50 very fine and fine roots; mildly alkaline; abrupt to 90 percent in the C horizon smooth boundary. 222 Soil Survey
AB—10 to 20 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine Dekalb Series sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Moderately deep friable; few fine to coarse roots; many very dark Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of Permeability: Rapid peds and in pores; neutral; gradual wavy Landscape position: Convex, gently sloping to steep boundary. ridgetops and steep or very steep shoulder slopes Bw—20 to 53 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and nose slopes on mountainsides fine sandy loam; weak coarse prismatic structure Flooding: None parting to weak medium subangular blocky; Parent material: Dominantly material weathered from friable; few fine to coarse roots; many dark brown acid sandstone; interbedded with shale and (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds and siltstone in some pedons in pores; common krotovinas; neutral; clear wavy Slope range: 3 to 65 percent boundary. Classification: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic C—53 to 65 inches; brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3) Dystrochrepts fine sandy loam; massive; friable; neutral. Representative Pedon Range in Characteristics Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches extremely stony, in a wooded area; about 2,250 feet Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches west-southwest of Neglar Spring along Route 7/13 on Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral a bearing of 227 degrees; in the Sleepy Creek Public (pH 5.6 to 7.3) Hunting and Fishing Area; USGS Glengary Content of rock fragments: Averages less than 15 topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 27 minutes 09 percent throughout the profile seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 11 minutes 01 A, Ap, or AB horizon: seconds W. Hue—10YR Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood Value—3 (moist) leaf litter. Chroma—2 or 3 (moist) Oa—0 to 1 inch; decomposed hardwood leaf Texture—fine sandy loam litter. Bw horizon: A—1 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 3/2) Hue—10YR channery sandy loam; weak fine granular Value—4 structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; Chroma—4 30 percent channers; extremely acid; clear smooth Texture—fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, boundary. sandy loam, or loam E—4 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very channery loamy sand; weak fine granular C horizon: structure; very friable; common fine and medium Hue—10YR roots; 45 percent channers; extremely acid; clear Value—4 or 5 wavy boundary. Chroma—4 Bw1—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium sand, loamy fine sand, loam, or silt loam subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Other features—high-chroma redox to coarse roots; 35 percent channers; very concentrations and low-chroma redox strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. depletions in some pedons Bw2—15 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Ab horizon (if it occurs): extremely flaggy sandy loam; weak medium and Hue—10YR coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; Value—3 or 4 common fine to coarse roots; 60 percent Chroma—3 or 4 flagstones; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy Texture—fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, boundary. sandy loam, loam, or silt loam R—24 inches; fractured, gray sandstone. Berkeley County, West Virginia 223
Range in Characteristics Representative Pedon Solum thickness: 20 to 40 inches Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches community subdivision; about 5,400 feet north- Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid or very northwest of the intersection of U.S. Highway 11 and strongly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.0) Route 11/1 on a bearing of 321 degrees; in the Content of rock fragments: 20 to 35 percent in the A Marlowe area; USGS Williamsport topographic horizon, 35 to 60 percent in the E and Bw quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 36 minutes 17 seconds N. horizons, and 50 to 90 percent in the C horizon; and long. 77 degrees 51 minutes 44 seconds W. fragments are sandstone Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) A horizon: gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular Hue—10YR blocky structure; friable; many fine to coarse roots; Value—2 or 3 25 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Chroma—1 or 2 boundary. Texture—channery analogs of sandy loam and BE—8 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; loam weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 30 E horizon: percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy Hue—10YR boundary. Value—5 Bt1—20 to 39 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very Chroma—2 to 4 gravelly loam; common coarse strong brown Texture—channery to extremely channery analogs (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium of loamy sand, sandy loam, or loam subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Bw horizon: many distinct discontinuous dark red (2.5YR 3/6) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clay films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; Value—5 or 6 many medium black (10YR 2/1) stains of iron and Chroma—4 to 6 manganese on rock fragments; few medium soft Texture—very channery, very flaggy, extremely black (10YR 2/1) masses of iron and manganese; channery, or extremely flaggy analogs of sandy 40 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; very loam and loam strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2—39 to 70 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very C horizon (if it occurs): gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate fine and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few Value—5 or 6 fine roots; many distinct discontinuous dark red Chroma—4 to 6 (2.5YR 3/6) clay films on faces of peds and on Texture—very channery, very flaggy, extremely rock fragments; common coarse black (10YR 2/1) channery, or extremely flaggy analogs of sandy stains of iron and manganese on rock fragments; loam and loamy sand 40 percent gravel; very strongly acid.
Downsville Series Range in Characteristics Solum thickness: 60 to 110 inches Depth class: Very deep Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or Permeability: Moderate strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping, Content of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles range old terraces high above the Potomac River from 15 to 30 percent in the surface horizon and Flooding: None from 25 to 60 percent in the subsoil Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland soils that are underlain by acid sandstone, A or Ap horizon: siltstone, and shale Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Value—3 to 5 Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Chroma—2 to 4 Paleudults Texture—gravelly loam 224 Soil Survey
BE horizon (if it occurs): blocky structure; friable, moderately sticky Hue—7.5YR or 10YR and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; Value—4 or 5 common discontinuous clay films on faces of Chroma—4 to 6 peds and in pores; few iron and manganese Texture—gravelly or very gravelly analogs of loam, stains on faces of peds; 10 percent sandstone fine sandy loam, or sandy loam and chert gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt horizon: Bt3—36 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR silty clay; weak medium platy structure parting to Value—4 or 5 moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; Chroma—4 to 8 friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Texture—gravelly or very gravelly analogs of loam, fine roots; common discontinuous clay films and sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or black stains of iron and manganese on faces of sandy clay peds and in pores; 10 percent shale channers; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Duffield Series BC—51 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silty clay loam that has common coarse pockets of Depth class: Very deep brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silt loam; weak Drainage class: Well drained medium platy structure parting to weak fine Permeability: Moderate subangular blocky; friable; few very fine roots; Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping common black stains of iron and manganese on upland ridges and side slopes in the Great Valley ped faces and rock surfaces; 10 percent shale Flooding: None channers; slightly acid. Parent material: Limestone residuum that has a fairly Range in Characteristics high content of impurities from silty shale; mainly Conococheaque Limestone and, to a lesser Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches extent, Elbrook Formation and Beekmantown Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Group Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Slope range: 3 to 15 percent (pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below Hapludalfs a depth of 50 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent in the Representative Pedon upper part of the solum and 0 to 30 percent in the Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in an lower part of the solum and in the C horizon, if it orchard; about 1,300 feet west-southwest of the occurs intersection of County Routes 24 and 30/5 on a Ap horizon: bearing of 246 degrees; near Arden; USGS Tablers Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 24 Value—3 or 4 minutes 05 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 03 Chroma—3 or 4 minutes 50 seconds W. Texture—silt loam or gravelly silt loam Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) BA horizon (if it occurs): gravelly silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Hue—10YR or 7.5YR structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; Value—4 or 5 common very fine to medium roots; 15 percent Chroma—4 gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or the gravelly Bt1—9 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) analogs of those textures gravelly silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky Bt horizon: and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Hue—dominantly 10YR or 7.5YR; subhorizons of roots; few discontinuous clay films on faces of 5YR in the lower part of the horizon peds and in pores; 15 percent sandstone and Value—4 to 6 chert gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bt2—15 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty Texture—dominantly silt loam, clay loam, loam, clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular silty clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of those Berkeley County, West Virginia 225
textures; subhorizons of silty clay or clay are Bg1—11 to 19 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay; common moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky and moderately BC horizon (if it occurs): plastic; few very fine roots; common fine brown Hue—10YR to 5YR (7.5YR 5/4) iron concentrations; slightly alkaline; Value—4 or 5 clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 Bg2—19 to 33 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty Texture—silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to loam, silty clay, clay, or the gravelly analogs of moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky; those textures firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few C horizon (if it occurs): very fine roots; common fine brown (7.5YR 5/4) Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR iron concentrations; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy Value—4 to 8 boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bg3—33 to 51 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; Texture—silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky loam, silty clay, clay, or the gravelly analogs of structure; firm, moderately sticky and moderately those textures plastic; few very fine roots; many medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Dunning Series Cg—51 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay loam; massive; friable, slightly sticky and Depth class: Very deep slightly plastic; many coarse yellowish brown Drainage class: Poorly drained (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; 10 percent Permeability: Slow subrounded pebbles of sandstone and shale; Landscape position: On flood plains along streams slightly alkaline. that drain the limestone uplands in the Great Valley Range in Characteristics Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent Solum thickness: 30 to 60 inches chance of flooding in any year) Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed mainly from Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly limestone-influenced upland soils alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) throughout Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic solum and 0 to 30 percent in the C horizon Endoaquolls Ap and Ag horizons: Representative Pedon Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—2 or 3 Dunning silt loam in a pastured area; about 400 feet Chroma—1 to 3 north-northwest of the intersection of County Routes Texture—silt loam 30 and 30/7 on a bearing of 326 degrees; along Middle Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations Creek; USGS Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; in shades of red lat. 39 degrees 22 minutes 47 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 02 minutes 33 seconds W. Bg horizon: Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Value—3 to 5 silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Chroma—1 or 2 structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; Texture—silty clay or clay many very fine and fine roots; common fine Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations reddish brown (5YR 4/4) iron concentrations; in shades of red slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Ag—6 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y Cg horizon: 3/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Hue—10YR or 2.5Y structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; Value—3 to 5 common very fine and fine roots; common fine Chroma—1 or 2 reddish brown (5YR 4/4) iron concentrations; Texture—silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, sandy clay slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. loam, or clay loam 226 Soil Survey
Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations Range in Characteristics in shades of red Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Endcav Series Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly acid or neutral (pH 6.1 to 7.3) in the A horizon and the upper Depth class: Deep part of the B horizon and moderately acid to Drainage class: Well drained slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower Permeability: Slow part of the B horizon and in the C horizon, if it Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping, occurs convex upland valley sides in the Great Valley Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in the A Flooding: None and B horizons and 0 to 75 in the C horizon, if it Parent material: Material weathered mainly from occurs Chambersburg Limestone and, to a lesser extent, Ap horizon: from limestones in the Beekmantown Group and Hue—10YR or 7.5YR the Waynesboro Formation Value—4 Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Chroma—3 or 4 Classification: Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Texture—silty clay loam Representative Pedon Bt horizon: Endcav silty clay loam, in an area of Carbo-Endcav Hue—10YR or 7.5YR silty clay loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a meadow; Value—4 to 6 about 4,700 feet south-southwest of the intersection of Chroma—4 to 8 County Routes 1 and 1/4 on a bearing of 209 degrees; Texture—clay, silty clay, or the channery analogs northwest of Falling Waters; USGS Hedgesville of those textures topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 34 minutes 37 C horizon (if it occurs): seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 14 Hue—5YR to 10YR seconds W. Value—4 to 6 Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; Chroma—4 to 8 moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, or the structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; channery, very channery, or extremely common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent channery analogs of those textures limestone channers; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—8 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay; Fairplay Series moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Depth class: Very deep structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; few Drainage class: Very poorly drained very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay Permeability: Slow to moderately rapid films on faces of peds; few patchy distinct stains Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains below of iron and manganese on faces of peds; 1 limestone springs in the Great Valley percent limestone channers; neutral; clear wavy Flooding: Frequently flooded or ponded (more than a boundary. 50 percent chance of flooding or ponding in any Bt2—23 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay; year) many coarse pockets of yellowish brown (10YR Parent material: Alluvial and lacustrine, calcareous 5/8) loam around weathered limestone channers; marl sediments moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Slope range: 0 to 3 percent structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; few Classification: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic very fine roots; common distinct clay films on Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls faces of peds; few patchy distinct stains of iron and manganese on faces of peds; few Representative Pedon nonintersecting slickensides; 10 percent limestone channers; slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular Fairplay (marl) silt loam, in a wooded area along Hoke boundary. Run; about 1,900 feet west-southwest of the crossing R—41 inches; weathered limestone. of the Winchester and Western Railroad on Route 5 on Berkeley County, West Virginia 227
a bearing of 248 degrees; in the Bedington area; medium subangular blocky; friable; about 3 USGS Hedgesville topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 percent gastropod shells; many (25 percent) fine degrees 31 minutes 04 seconds N. and long. 77 and medium hard carbonate nodules and stems; degrees 54 minutes 33 seconds W. common medium light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions and few medium light olive brown A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; violently marly silt loam; moderate fine and medium effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy granular structure; friable; many very fine to boundary. coarse roots; about 1 percent gastropod shells; Ckgb—49 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) common fine and medium yellowish brown marly loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly gastropod shells; many (25 percent) fine and effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy medium hard carbonate nodules and stems; boundary. common medium light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) A2—6 to 15 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) marly iron depletions and few medium light olive brown silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; violently structure; friable; common very fine to medium effervescent; moderately alkaline. roots; about 3 percent gastropod shells; common fine and medium light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) iron Range in Characteristics concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Solum thickness: 20 to 90 inches Bkg—15 to 23 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) marly silt Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or weak medium subangular blocky; friable; few very moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4) throughout fine and fine roots; about 2 percent gastropod and strongly effervescent or violently effervescent shells; common fine and medium light olive brown throughout (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy surface layer and 0 to 15 percent in the subsoil boundary. and substratum Ckg1—23 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y Gastropod shells and secondary calcium carbonate 4/2) marly loam; massive; friable; common fine to nodules and stems: 0 to 10 percent in the surface coarse roots; about 2 percent gastropod shells; layer and 5 to 30 percent in the subsoil and common fine and medium light olive brown substratum (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly A horizon: effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear irregular Hue—10YR or 2.5Y boundary. Value—2 or 3 Ckg2—30 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Chroma—1 to 3 marly loam; massive; few fine and very fine roots; Texture—marly silt loam about 5 percent gastropod shells; common (10 percent) fine and medium hard carbonate nodules Agb horizon: and stems and common (15 percent) very coarse Hue—10YR or 2.5Y hard carbonate nodules; common medium and Value—3 to 5 coarse olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) iron concentrations; Chroma—1 to 2 violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt Texture—marly silt loam or marly loam broken boundary. Bkg or Bkgb horizon: Agb—36 to 39 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) marly Hue—10YR or 2.5Y silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; about 5 Value—4 to 6 percent gastropod shells; common (5 percent) fine Chroma—1 or 2 and medium hard carbonate nodules and stems; Texture—marly silt loam or marly loam common medium light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions and few fine and medium olive Ckg or Ckgb horizon: brown (2.5Y 4/4) iron concentrations; violently Hue—10YR or 2.5Y effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear broken Value—4 to 7 boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 Bkgb—39 to 49 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) marly loam; Texture—marly silt loam, marly loam, or marly weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak sandy loam 228 Soil Survey
Funkstown Series brown (7.5YR 5/8); moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct Depth class: Very deep clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Landscape position: Nearly level, slightly concave Solum thickness: More than 60 inches upland drainageways, colluvial fans, depressions, Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 25 to 60 inches and head slopes in the Great Valley Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Flooding: Not flooded or occasionally flooded (a 10 to Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly acid or neutral in 50 percent chance of flooding in any year) for brief the upper part of the solum and slightly acid or periods moderately acid in the lower part of the solum Parent material: Alluvial and colluvial material washed Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in the from upland soils that formed dominantly in surface layer and 0 to 50 percent in individual limestone residuum and some interbedded horizons of the subsoil and substratum; fragments sandstone and shale are chert and sandstone Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Ap horizon: Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Hue—10YR Hapludalfs Value—3 or 4 Representative Pedon Chroma—3 or 4 Texture—silt loam Funkstown silt loam, in a pastured area; about 1,100 feet south-southwest of the intersection of Routes 5/9 Bt horizon: and 5/3 on a bearing of 186 degrees; in the Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Greensburg area; USGS Martinsburg topographic Value—4 or 5 quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 01 second N. Chroma—4 to 6 and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 19 seconds W. Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) those textures silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; 2Bt horizon: 5 percent chert gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth Hue—5YR to 10YR boundary. Value—4 to 6 Bt1—11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Chroma—6 to 8 gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular Texture—clay, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine loam roots; few faint patchy clay films on faces of peds; 2C horizon (if it occurs): 20 percent chert gravel; neutral; clear smooth Hue—5YR to 2.5Y boundary. Value—5 Bt2—16 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Chroma—4 to 8 gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay blocky structure; firm; few very fine and fine roots; few medium iron and manganese concretions; few faint patchy clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent chert gravel and 5 percent sandstone cobbles; Hagerstown Series neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2Bt3—27 to 47 inches; variegated clay, 90 percent Depth class: Very deep strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and 10 percent Drainage class: Well drained brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); moderate fine Permeability: Moderate subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine Landscape position: Nearly level to steep uplands in roots; common prominent black manganese stains the Great Valley on faces of peds and in pores; common distinct Flooding: None clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent chert Parent material: Limestone residuum, mainly members gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. of the Beekmantown Group 2Bt4—47 to 65 inches; variegated clay, 90 percent Slope range: 0 to 35 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and 10 percent strong Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Berkeley County, West Virginia 229
Representative Pedon Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral (pH 5.1 to 7.3) Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent in the Ap field that has been stripcropped; about 2,600 feet east- horizon and 0 to 20 percent in individual northeast of the intersection of Routes 45/3 and 40 on subhorizons of the subsoil and substratum; a bearing of 66 degrees; in the area of Winebrenners average content throughout the profile less than Crossroads; USGS Martinsburg topographic 15 percent; fragments are limestone, chert, or quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 02 seconds N. sandstone and long. 77 degrees 52 minutes 49 seconds W. Ap or A horizon: Ap—0 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Hue—10YR or 7.5YR moderate fine and medium granular structure; Value—3 or 4 friable; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Chroma—3 or 4 chert gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or gravelly silt BA—12 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silt loam loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and BA horizon (if it occurs): fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds and Hue—7.5YR few prominent stains of iron and manganese; 10 Value—4 or 5 percent chert gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 Bt1—20 to 30 inches; variegated silty clay, 85 percent Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or the gravelly yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and 15 percent strong analogs of those textures brown (7.5YR 4/6); strong fine and medium Bt horizon: subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine Hue—7.5YR to 2.5YR roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds Value—4 or 5 and few prominent black stains of iron and Chroma—4 to 8 manganese; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Texture—clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or the Bt2—30 to 42 inches; variegated silty clay, 95 percent gravelly analogs of those textures yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and 5 percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6); strong fine and medium BC and C horizons (if they occur): subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct Hue—10YR to 2.5YR clay films on faces of peds and very few prominent Value—4 or 5 black stains of iron and manganese; neutral; clear Chroma—6 to 8 wavy boundary. Texture—silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, silt loam, Bt3—42 to 55 inches; variegated silty clay loam, 90 or the gravelly analogs of those textures percent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and 10 percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6); moderate medium Hazleton Series subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces of peds and very few prominent Depth class: Very deep black stains of iron and manganese; neutral; clear Drainage class: Well drained wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid BC—55 to 71 inches; variegated silty clay loam, 85 Landscape position: Steep or very steep side slopes percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and 15 percent of North, Third Hill, and Sleepy Creek Mountains dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6); moderate Flooding: None medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Parent material: Colluvial material derived from acid medium subangular blocky; friable; very few faint sandstone and shale clay films on faces of peds and very few distinct Slope range: 15 to 65 percent black stains of iron and manganese; 5 percent Classification: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic limestone channers; neutral; abrupt irregular Dystrochrepts boundary. Representative Pedon R—71 inches; hard, bluish gray limestone. Hazleton channery loam, in a wooded area of Range in Characteristics Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes, Solum thickness: 40 to 72 inches extremely stony, on Third Hill Mountain; about 1,200 Depth to bedrock: 60 to 72 inches or more feet east-southeast of the intersection of Park and 230 Soil Survey
Forest Routes 825 and 826 on a bearing of 129 Content of rock fragments: 10 to 40 percent in the A degrees; in the Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and and E horizons, 15 to 70 percent in the BE and Bw Fishing Area; USGS Stotlers Crossroads topographic horizons, and 35 to 85 percent in the C horizon quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 30 minutes 01 second N. A horizon: and long. 78 degrees 08 minutes 28 seconds W. Hue—10YR Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood leaf Value—2 or 3 litter. Chroma—1 to 3 Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed hardwood leaf Texture—channery loam litter. E horizon: A—1 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Hue—10YR channery loam; weak fine and medium granular Value—4 or 5 structure; very friable; common fine to coarse Chroma—2 to 4 roots; 20 percent channers; very strongly acid; Texture—channery or very channery analogs of clear smooth boundary. loam or sandy loam E—4 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular BE horizon: blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; Hue—10YR or 7.5YR very friable; many fine to coarse roots; 30 percent Value—4 to 6 channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy Chroma—4 to 8 boundary. Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely BE—11 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very channery analogs of loam or sandy loam channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular Bw horizon: blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium Hue—10YR or 7.5YR roots; 40 percent channers; very strongly acid; Value—4 to 6 clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bw1—15 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely channery loam; weak medium and coarse channery analogs of loam or sandy loam in the subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; upper part of the horizon and channery, very very few clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and channery, or extremely channery analogs of on rock fragments; 45 percent channers; very loamy sand in the lower part strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw2—22 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very C horizon: channery loam; weak medium and coarse Hue—10YR or 7.5YR subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Value—4 to 6 common discontinuous faint clay films on faces Chroma—4 to 8 of peds, in pores, and on rock fragments; 45 Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely percent channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy channery analogs of sandy loam, loam, or boundary. loamy sand Bw3—37 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very channery sandy loam; weak medium platy structure parting to weak medium subangular Huntington Series blocky; firm; few fine roots; common discontinuous clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and on rock Depth class: Very deep fragments; 50 percent channers; very strongly Drainage class: Well drained acid; gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderate C—48 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very Landscape position: On flood plains, mainly along channery sandy loam; massive; firm; 55 percent Opequon Creek and its tributaries channers; very strongly acid. Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent chance of flooding in any year) Range in Characteristics Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland Solum thickness: 30 to 50 inches soils that formed in limestone or shale Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly Classification: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluventic acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) throughout Hapludolls Berkeley County, West Virginia 231
Representative Pedon Range in Characteristics Huntington silt loam, in a meadow; about 100 feet east Solum thickness: Commonly 40 to 60 inches but of Opequon Creek; 1,420 feet north-northeast of the ranges to 70 inches Route 9 bridge on a bearing of 12 degrees; USGS Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees Reaction: In unlimed areas, neutral to moderately 25 minutes 46 seconds N. and long. 75 degrees 56 alkaline (pH 6.6 to 8.4); most pedons effervesce minutes 07 seconds W. with 1N HCl throughout the profile Content of rock fragments: 0 to 2 percent in the upper Ap—0 to 11 inches; silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) 40 inches and 0 to 25 percent below a depth of 40 rubbed; moderate fine and medium granular inches structure; friable; common very fine to medium Relic snail shells and shell fragments: In many peds, roots; strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly especially in the lower horizons alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—11 to 17 inches; silt loam, dark yellowish brown Ap horizon: (10YR 4/4) rubbed; weak fine and medium Hue—10YR or 7.5YR subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine Value—2 or 3 to medium roots; common dark brown (10YR 3/3) Chroma—2 or 3 organic coatings on faces of peds and in pores; Texture—silt loam strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; AB or BA horizon (if it occurs): clear smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Bw2—17 to 20 inches; silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Value—4 or 5 rubbed; weak fine and medium subangular blocky Chroma—2 or 3 structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; Ped surface colors—similar to the matrix colors of many dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings the Ap horizon on faces of peds and in pores; strongly Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Ab horizon (if it occurs): Ab—20 to 29 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue—10YR or 7.5YR 3/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular Value—3 structure; friable; few very fine to coarse roots; Chroma—2 or 3 strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam clear wavy boundary. Bw or Bwb horizon: Bwb1—29 to 36 inches; silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Hue—10YR or 7.5YR rubbed; weak medium prismatic structure parting Value—4 or 5 to weak fine and medium subangular blocky; Chroma—3 or 4 friable; few very fine and fine roots; many dark Ped coatings—commonly have value of 3 but brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings on faces of value ranges from 2 to 4 peds and in pores; strongly effervescent (1N HCl); Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bwb2—36 to 42 inches; silt loam, dark yellowish C or Cb horizon (if it occurs): brown (10YR 4/4) rubbed; weak fine and medium Hue—10YR or 7.5YR subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine Value—4 or 5 roots; few dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings Chroma—3 or 4 on faces of peds and in pores; strongly Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; clear wavy sand, loam, or silty clay loam; C horizon boundary. commonly stratified Cb1—42 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; massive; friable; few very fine roots; strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; Lappans Series clear wavy boundary. Cb2—62 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Depth class: Very deep loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; strongly Drainage class: Well drained effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline. Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid 232 Soil Survey
Landscape position: Flood plains along streams below Secondary lime concretions and snail shells: 0 to 20 limestone springs in the Great Valley percent throughout Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent Ap horizon: chance of flooding in any year) Hue—10YR Parent material: Alluvial and lacustrine, calcareous Value—3 or 4 marl sediments Chroma—2 or 3 Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Texture—marly loam Classification: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic Typic Calciudolls BA horizon: Hue—10YR Representative Pedon Value—4 or 5 Lappans (marl) loam, in a pastured area; about 4,100 Chroma—2 to 4 feet east-southeast of the intersection of Routes 5/3 Texture—marly analog of loam, sandy loam, or silt and 5 on a bearing of 124 degrees; in the Greensburg loam area; USGS Shepherdstown topographic quadrangle; Bk horizon: lat. 39 degrees 29 minutes 03 seconds N. and long. 77 Hue—10YR degrees 52 minutes 24 seconds W. Value—4 to 7 Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Chroma—1 to 3 3/2) marly loam; moderate fine and medium Texture—marly analog of loam, clay loam, or granular structure; friable; common fine and very sandy loam fine roots; less that 1 percent snail shells and shell Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately in shades of red and brown and low-chroma alkaline; clear smooth boundary. iron depletions in shades of gray below a depth BA—10 to 18 inches; gray (10YR 5/2) marly loam; of 30 inches in some pedons weak medium and coarse subangular blocky Ck horizon: structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; less Hue—10YR than 1 percent snail shells and shell fragments; Value—4 to 7 strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Chroma—1 or 2 wavy boundary. Texture—marly analog of loam, clay loam, or Bk—18 to 38 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) marly loam; sandy loam weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations medium and coarse subangular blocky; friable; few in shades of red and brown and low-chroma very fine and fine roots between peds; very dark iron depletions in shades of gray in some grayish brown (10YR 3/2) wormcasts and soil pedons material filling old root channels; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Lindside Series Ck1—38 to 46 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) marly loam; massive; friable; strongly Depth class: Very deep effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Drainage class: Moderately well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate Ck2—46 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) marly Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains, mainly sandy loam; massive; friable; strongly along streams in the Great Valley effervescent; moderately alkaline. Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent chance of flooding in any year) Range in Characteristics Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland Solum thickness: 35 to 90 inches soils that formed in limestone Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or Classification: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4) throughout; Eutrochrepts effervesces violently with acid throughout the Representative Pedon profile Content of rock fragments: Averages less than Lindside silt loam, in a hay field; about 6,150 feet 15 percent throughout east-northeast of Full Gospel Church on a bearing of Berkeley County, West Virginia 233
60 degrees; along Opequon Creek; USGS BA horizon: (if it occurs) Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees Hue—10YR or 2.5Y 29 minutes 22 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 54 Value—4 or 5 minutes 42 seconds W. Chroma—3 or 4 Texture—silt loam Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; Bw horizon: many very fine to coarse roots; slightly alkaline; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y abrupt wavy boundary. Value—4 or 5 Ap2—3 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR Chroma—3 to 6 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam granular structure; friable; common very fine to Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations medium roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth in shades of red and low-chroma iron boundary. depletions in shades of gray below a depth of Bw1—10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; 14 inches weak fine and medium subangular blocky Bg horizon: structure; friable; few very fine to medium roots; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y few fine and medium irregular soft masses of Value—3 to 5 carbonates; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 Bw2—20 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations structure; friable; few very fine to medium roots; in shades of red few fine dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions and common dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron Cg horizon: concentrations; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Hue—10YR boundary. Value—4 to 6 Bg—28 to 46 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Chroma—1 or 2 loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Texture—silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, sandy weak medium subangular blocky; friable, slightly loam, the gravelly analogs of those textures, or sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine stratified layers of any of those textures roots; few patchy iron and manganese stains on Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations faces of peds; few medium dark grayish brown in shades of red (10YR 4/2) iron depletions and few fine reddish brown (5YR 4/4) iron concentrations; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Monongahela Series Cg—46 to 65 inches; silty clay loam, 85 percent gray Depth class: Very deep (10YR 6/1) and 15 percent grayish brown (10YR Drainage class: Moderately well drained 5/2); massive; firm, slightly sticky and slightly Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and plastic; common medium and coarse strong brown moderately slow or slow in the fragipan (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; slightly alkaline. Landscape position: Nearly level to strongly sloping Range in Characteristics stream terraces, mainly along Back Creek and, to a lesser extent, along Opequon Creek and the Solum thickness: 25 to 50 inches Potomac River Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Flooding: None Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly Parent material: Old, acid, alluvial deposits washed alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8) throughout from upland soils that are underlain by sandstone, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent above a siltstone, or shale depth of 40 inches and 0 to 30 percent below a Slope range: 0 to 15 percent depth of 40 inches Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Ap horizon: Fragiudults Hue—10YR Representative Pedon Value—3 or 4 Chroma—2 or 3 Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a hay Texture—silt loam field; about 1,650 feet west-southwest of the iron 234 Soil Survey
bridge crossing Back Creek along Route 18 on a Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent above the bearing of 265 degrees; in the Shanghai area; USGS Btx horizon, 0 to 25 percent in the Btx horizon, Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 and 10 to 40 percent in the C horizon degrees 26 minutes 08 seconds N and long. 78 Ap horizon: degrees 07 minutes 25 seconds W. Hue—10YR Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value—4 or 5 silt loam; moderate very fine and fine granular Chroma—2 to 4 structure; very friable; common medium and Texture—silt loam or gravelly loam coarse roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Bt1—10 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt Value—4 to 6 loam; moderate fine and medium subangular Chroma—4 to 8 blocky structure; friable; many very fine and fine Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, clay roots; many distinct continuous clay films on faces loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; very Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. in shades of red or yellow and low-chroma iron Bt2—21 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) depletions in shades of gray in the lower part of silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular the Bt horizon blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct continuous clay films on Btx horizon: faces of peds and in pores; common fine and Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron Value—5 or 6 concentrations and common fine and medium Chroma—3 to 8 prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 5 Texture—loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures boundary. Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations Btx1—27 to 45 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt in shades of red or yellow and low-chroma iron loam; strong coarse prismatic structure parting to depletions in shades of gray weak fine and medium platy; very firm and brittle; C horizon: common distinct continuous clay films on faces of Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y peds; common fine and medium prominent Value—4 to 7 yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron concentrations Chroma—2 to 8 and common fine and medium prominent gray Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silty clay (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid; loam, clay loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly gradual wavy boundary. analogs of those textures Btx2—45 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations clay loam; strong coarse prismatic structure in shades of red and yellow and low-chroma parting to weak medium platy; firm and brittle; few iron depletions in shades of gray distinct discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 10 percent gravel; very strongly acid; Murrill Series gradual wavy boundary. C—53 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy Depth class: Very deep loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; Drainage class: Well drained friable; many medium and coarse prominent gray Permeability: Moderate (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 10 percent gravel; very Landscape position: Mainly on footslopes on the east strongly acid. side of North Mountain and, to a lesser extent, on steep limestone uplands directly above the Range in Characteristics Potomac River Solum thickness: 40 to 72 inches Flooding: None Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Parent material: Partly in colluvial material derived Depth to the fragipan: 18 to 30 inches mainly from acid sandstone and shale and partly Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid or very in the underlying material weathered from strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) limestone Berkeley County, West Virginia 235
Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Value—3 or 4 Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Chroma—2 to 4 Hapludults Texture—gravelly loam Representative Pedon E horizon (if it occurs): Hue—10YR Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in an Value—5 or 6 orchard; about 2,500 feet north-northeast of the Chroma—3 to 6 intersection of Routes 45/8 and 15 on a bearing of 10 Texture—loam, sandy loam, silt loam, or the degrees; in the Nollville area; USGS Tablers Station gravelly analogs of those textures topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 37 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 01 minutes 54 Bt horizon: seconds W. Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Value—4 to 6 Oe—1 inch to 0; organic material of intermediate Chroma—4 to 6 decomposition. Texture—silty clay loam, sandy clay loam, clay Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam, silt loam, loam, or the gravelly analogs of gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium granular those textures structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots; 15 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. 2Bt horizon: Bt1—9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; Hue—2.5YR to 10YR moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Value—4 or 5 structure; common very fine and fine roots; few Chroma—6 distinct discontinuous clay films on faces of peds Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or and on rock fragments; 10 percent gravel; slightly the gravelly analogs of those textures acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium and coarse Nollville Series subangular blocky structure; friable; common very Depth class: Deep fine and fine roots; common distinct continuous Drainage class: Well drained clay films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; Permeability: Moderate 15 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy Landscape position: Gently sloping to moderately boundary. steep upland ridges and side slopes in the Great Bt3—24 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Valley gravelly clay loam; moderate medium and coarse Flooding: None subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine Parent material: Material weathered from interbedded and fine roots; common prominent continuous clay limestone and limy shales, mainly on the Elbrook films throughout; 25 percent gravel; moderately Formation acid; clear wavy boundary. Slope range: 3 to 25 percent 2Bt4—34 to 72 inches; silty clay, 60 percent yellowish Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic red (5YR 4/6) and 40 percent strong brown Hapludalfs (7.5YR 5/6); strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many prominent Representative Pedon continuous clay films throughout; slightly acid. Nollville channery silt loam, in an area of Ryder- Range in Characteristics Nollville channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in Solum thickness: More than 60 inches a hay field; about 1 mile north-northeast of the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches intersection of Routes 15 and 16 on a bearing of 24 Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to degrees; near Nollville; USGS Tablers Station moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 50 Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent in the seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 00 minutes 59 upper part of the solum and 0 to 25 percent in the seconds W. 2Bt horizon Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Ap horizon: channery silt loam; moderate fine and medium Hue—10YR granular structure; friable; common very fine to 236 Soil Survey
medium roots; 20 percent shale channers; neutral; Value—3 or 4 abrupt smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 Bt1—10 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Texture—channery silt loam channery silty clay loam that has few streaks and BE horizon (if it occurs): pockets of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate Hue—10YR fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Value—4 to 6 friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Chroma—4 to 6 fine and fine roots; few patchy clay films on faces Texture—silt loam, loam, or the channery analogs of peds and in pores; few black stains of iron and of those textures manganese on faces of peds and on shale fragments; 20 percent shale fragments; neutral; Bt horizon: clear wavy boundary. Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Bt2—20 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty Value—4 to 6 clay loam that has common streaks and pockets Chroma—6 to 8 of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or the medium subangular blocky structure; friable, channery or very channery analogs of slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and those textures; subhorizons of silty clay or fine roots; common discontinuous clay films on clay in the lower part of the Bt horizon in faces of ped and in pores; few black stains of iron many pedons and manganese on faces of peds and on shale BC horizon (if it occurs): fragments; 5 percent shale fragments; neutral; Hue—10YR or 7.5YR clear wavy boundary. Value—5 or 6 Bt3—29 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Chroma—6 to 8 clay that has few streaks and pockets of yellowish Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, or the brown (10YR 5/8); weak medium prismatic channery or very channery analogs of those structure parting to moderate medium subangular textures blocky; friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many continuous clay films on faces of C horizon: peds and in pores; few black stains of iron and Hue—10YR or 7.5YR manganese on faces of peds and on shale Value—4 to 6 fragments; 5 percent shale fragments; slightly Chroma—6 to 8 acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, silty clay, C—41 to 57 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very or the channery or very channery analogs of channery silty clay loam that has common streaks those textures and pockets of brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); massive; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few patchy clay films on shale fragments; few Opequon Series black stains of iron and manganese on shale Depth class: Shallow fragments; 55 percent shale fragments; slightly Drainage class: Well drained acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow R—57 inches; slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, Landscape position: Gently sloping to steep uplands in interbedded limestone and limy shale. the Great Valley Range in Characteristics Flooding: None Parent material: Material weathered from Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches Chambersburg and New Market Limestones Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Slope range: 3 to 60 percent Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral Classification: Clayey, mixed, mesic Lithic Hapludalfs (pH 5.1 to 7.3) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent in the Ap Representative Pedon horizon, 0 to 20 percent in the upper part of the Bt Opequon silty clay, in an area of Carbo-Opequon horizon, 0 to 40 percent in the lower part of the Bt complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay field; about horizon, and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon 4,450 feet east-northeast of the intersection of U.S. Ap horizon: Route 60 and Route 26 on a bearing of 77 degrees; in Hue—10YR the Bunker Hill area; USGS Inwood topographic Berkeley County, West Virginia 237
quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 20 minutes 13 seconds N. and slow or moderately slow in the lower part and long. 78 degrees 02 minutes 20 seconds W. Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping, convex ridges and moderately steep to very steep, Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) convex side slopes in the western part of the silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky county, mainly on Ferrel Ridge, on Wilson Ridge, structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; and in other outlying areas; limestone bedrock 5 percent limestone channers; slightly alkaline; near Jones Spring abrupt smooth boundary. Flooding: None Bt1—8 to 13 inches; variegated clay, 95 percent Parent material: Dominantly material weathered from yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 5 percent strong stratified, siliceous limestone that has a fairly high brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine angular blocky content of angular chert fragments and in some structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; material weathered from sandstone common very fine and fine roots; common distinct Slope range: 3 to 50 percent clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent limestone Classification: Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults channers; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—13 to 17 inches; variegated clay, 85 percent Representative Pedon yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 15 percent dark Pecktonville very gravelly loam, in a wooded area of yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); moderate fine angular Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 15 to 35 blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; percent slopes, extremely stony; about 3,000 feet few very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay west-northwest of the entrance to Camp Tomahawk on films on faces of peds; 10 percent limestone a bearing of 274 degrees; on Wilson Ridge; USGS channers; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 R—17 inches; hard, bluish gray limestone. degrees 29 minutes 59 seconds N and long. 78 Range in Characteristics degrees 04 minutes 19 seconds W. Solum thickness: 12 to 20 inches Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed hardwood leaf Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches litter. Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly A—1 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) very gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, granular structure; very friable; many very fine to throughout; fragments are mostly limestone coarse roots; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid; channers clear wavy boundary. E—3 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Ap or A horizon: gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky Hue—10YR or 7.5YR structure; friable; many very fine to medium roots; Value—3 or 4 20 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy Chroma—3 or 4 boundary. Texture—silty clay BE—7 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt Bt horizon: loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular Hue—5YR to 10YR blocky structure; friable; common very fine to Value—4 or 5 coarse roots; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; Chroma—4 to 6 clear wavy boundary. Texture—clay or silty clay Bt1—12 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly silty clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular C horizon (if it occurs): blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly Hue—5YR to 10YR plastic; common fine roots; few patchy clay films Value—4 or 5 on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid; Chroma—4 to 6 clear wavy boundary. Texture—clay or silty clay Bt2—17 to 32 inches; variegated gravelly clay, 65 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6), 25 percent strong Pecktonville Series brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 10 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); moderate medium and coarse Depth class: Very deep subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately Drainage class: Well drained sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine and Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the solum fine roots; common continuous clay films on rock 238 Soil Survey
fragments and faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; Value—4 to 6 strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 Bt3—32 to 46 inches; variegated gravelly clay, 85 Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or the percent yellowish red (5YR 5/8), 10 percent red gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those (2.5YR 4/8), and 5 percent brownish yellow (10YR textures 6/6); moderate medium and coarse subangular Bt horizon: blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky and Hue—2.5YR or 5YR moderately plastic; few very fine to coarse roots; Value—4 or 5 many continuous clay films on rock fragments and Chroma—6 to 8 faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; very strongly Texture—silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, clay, acid; clear wavy boundary. or the gravelly analogs of those textures Bt4—46 to 62 inches; variegated gravelly clay, 75 Other features—redoximorphic features below a percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6), 15 percent red depth of 42 inches (2.5YR 4/8), and 10 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); moderate medium platy structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; Philo Series firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many continuous clay films on faces of Depth class: Very deep peds, on rock fragments, and in root channels; Drainage class: Moderately well drained common coarse pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) iron Permeability: Moderate depletions along faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains, mainly strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. along Back Creek and its tributaries Bt5—62 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; chance of flooding in any year) firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; Parent material: Recent alluvial deposits washed from common distinct patchy stains of manganese or of upland soils that formed in material weathered iron and manganese throughout; many continuous from acid sandstone and shale clay films on faces of peds, on rock fragments, Slope range: 0 to 3 percent and in root channels; 10 percent gravel; strongly Classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic acid. Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Range in Characteristics Representative Pedon Solum thickness: More than 60 inches Philo silt loam in a hay field; about 5,800 feet north- Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches northeast of the County Route 18 bridge over Back Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to Creek on a bearing of 24 degrees; east of Shanghai; moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) USGS Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent in the A degrees 26 minutes 57 seconds N and long. 78 horizon, 10 to 60 percent in the E and BE degrees 06 minutes 25 seconds W. horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt horizon; Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; fragments are mostly angular chert pebbles moderate fine and medium granular structure; A horizon: friable; common very fine to coarse roots; 5 Hue—10YR percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Value—3 or 4 boundary. Chroma—1 to 3 Bw1—10 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture—very gravelly loam 4/4) silt loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak E horizon: medium granular; friable; common very fine and Hue—10YR fine roots; common fine and medium very dark Value—5 or 6 brown concretions of iron and manganese; slightly Chroma—3 to 6 acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—silt loam, loam, or the gravelly or very Bw2—17 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt gravelly analogs of those textures loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky BE horizon: structure parting to moderate medium granular; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR friable; few very fine roots; common fine and Berkeley County, West Virginia 239
medium very dark brown concretions of iron and BC horizon: manganese; few fine light brownish gray (10YR Colors and textures—similar to those of the Bw 6/2) iron depletions and few fine dark yellowish horizon brown (10YR 4/6) iron concentrations; very C horizon: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y Bw3—29 to 45 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; Value—4 or 5 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Chroma—1 to 4 friable; few very fine and fine roots; common fine Texture—silt loam, loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, and medium very dark brown concretions of iron sand, the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of and manganese; common medium light brownish those textures, or stratified layers of any of gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and common those textures medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations concentrations; very strongly acid; clear wavy in shades of red and brown and low-chroma boundary. iron depletions in shades of gray; gleyed in BC—45 to 53 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; some pedons weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; few fine and medium very dark brown concretions of iron and Poorhouse Series manganese; many medium and coarse light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and Depth class: Very deep common fine and medium yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 5/6) iron concentrations; very strongly acid; clear Permeability: Slow wavy boundary. Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping, C—53 to 65 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; slightly concave slopes near the eastern foot of massive; friable; few fine and medium very dark North Mountain and small areas in slight brown concretions of iron and manganese; depressions scattered throughout the Great Valley common medium and coarse light brownish gray Flooding: None (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and common medium Parent material: Material weathered from limestone strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; very mixed with some colluvial material strongly acid. Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs Range in Characteristics Representative Pedon Solum thickness: 25 to 60 inches Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in an area Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches of cropland; about 2,000 feet east-northeast of the Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to intersection of Routes 45/8 and 30/1 on a bearing of moderately acid throughout 66 degrees; east of North Mountain; USGS Tablers Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 26 surface layer, 0 to 20 percent in the subsoil, and 0 minutes 24 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 03 to 40 percent in the substratum minutes 15 seconds W. Ap horizon: Ap—0 to 12 inches; silt loam, 95 percent light olive Hue—10YR brown (2.5Y 5/3) and 5 percent yellowish brown Value—3 or 4 (10YR 5/6); moderate medium and coarse Chroma—2 or 3 subangular blocky structure; friable; common very Texture—silt loam fine and fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Bw horizon: boundary. Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y Bt1—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty Value—4 or 5 clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting Chroma—3 to 6 to moderate medium and coarse subangular Texture—silt loam or loam blocky; firm, moderately sticky and moderately Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations plastic; very few very fine roots; common in shades of red and brown and low-chroma discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in iron depletions in shades of gray pores; common fine and medium light brownish 240 Soil Survey
gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and few fine Range in Characteristics strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; very Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches or more strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bt2—18 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to neutral (pH 4.5 to 7.3) in the upper part of the moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; solum and moderately acid to slightly alkaline (pH firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the solum and in the very few very fine roots; many discontinuous clay C horizon, if it occurs films on faces of peds and in pores; many medium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent throughout gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and few fine the profile; fragments are mainly sandstone strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Ap horizon: Bt3—26 to 36 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Value—3 to 5 moderate medium subangular blocky; firm, Chroma—2 to 4 moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very Texture—silt loam few very fine roots; few pressure faces; many Bt horizon: discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N in pores; few black stains of iron and Value—4 to 6 manganese; common medium gray (10YR 5/1) Chroma—0 to 6 iron depletions and few fine strong brown (7.5YR Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, 5/6) iron concentrations; neutral; clear wavy or the channery or gravelly analogs of those boundary. textures Bt4—36 to 49 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay; Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations moderate medium prismatic structure parting to in shades of red and brown and low-chroma moderate medium subangular blocky; firm, iron depletions in shades of gray; gleyed colors moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few in the lower part of the horizon in many pedons very fine roots; common pressure faces; many Consistence—firm or very firm when moist; hard discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in when dry; and moderately plastic and pores; few black stains of iron and manganese; moderately sticky when wet few fine gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and few fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; C horizon (if it occurs): neutral; clear wavy boundary. Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N Bt5—49 to 54 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay; Value—4 to 6 moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Chroma—0 to 6 moderate medium subangular blocky; firm, Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few or the channery or gravelly analogs of those very fine roots; common pressure faces; many textures discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations pores; many medium gray (10YR 5/1) iron in shades of red and brown and low-chroma depletions and many fine strong brown (7.5YR iron depletions in shades of gray; gleyed in 4/6) iron concentrations; neutral; clear wavy many pedons boundary. Consistence—similar to that of the Bt horizon Btg—54 to 65 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/0) silty clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Pope Series moderate medium subangular blocky; firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few Depth class: Very deep fine roots; common discontinuous clay films on Drainage class: Well drained faces of peds and in pores; few black stains of iron Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid and manganese; many fine and medium strong Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains, mainly brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations and along Back Creek and its tributaries in the western common coarse dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) part of the county iron depletions; 5 percent limestone channers; Flooding: Frequent or occasional slightly alkaline. Parent material: Loamy, alluvial deposits washed from Berkeley County, West Virginia 241
upland soils that are underlain by acid sandstone, Chroma—3 to 6 siltstone, and shale Texture—silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy Slope range: 0 to 3 percent loam, very fine sandy loam, or the gravelly Classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic analogs of those textures Dystrochrepts Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations in shades of red and low-chroma iron Representative Pedon depletions in shades of gray below a depth of Pope silt loam, in an abandoned area of cropland; 24 inches in some pedons about 9,600 feet south-southeast of the intersection of C horizon (if it occurs): Routes 7 and 7/8 on a bearing of 170 degrees; in the Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Jones Springs area; USGS Tablers Station Value—4 to 6 topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 27 minutes 55 Chroma—4 to 6 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 05 minutes 25 Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, seconds W. loamy sand, the gravelly or very gravelly Ap—0 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak analogs of those textures, or stratified layers of fine granular structure; very friable; common very any of those textures fine and fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations boundary. in shades of red and low-chroma iron Bw1—11 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; depletions in shades of gray in some pedons weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots; few faint organic coatings in root channels and in Ryder Series pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep Bw2—28 to 34 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Drainage class: Well drained weak fine and medium subangular blocky Permeability: Moderate structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots; Landscape position: Gently sloping to moderately moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. steep upland ridges and side slopes in the Great Bw3—34 to 51 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; Valley weak medium and coarse subangular blocky Flooding: None structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; very Parent material: Material weathered from interbedded strongly acid; many faint organic coatings in root limestone and limy shales, mainly on the Elbrook channels and in pores; very strongly acid; clear Formation wavy boundary. Slope range: 3 to 25 percent C—51 to 65 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; massive; Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic friable; very strongly acid. Hapludalfs Range in Characteristics Representative Pedon Solum thickness: 30 to 60 inches Ryder channery silt loam, in an area of Ryder-Nollville Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in a hay Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly field; about 1 mile north-northeast of the intersection of acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5) Routes 15 and 16 on a bearing of 28 degrees; near Content of rock fragments: Averages less than 15 Nollville; USGS Tablers Station topographic percent in the surface layer, 0 to 30 percent in the quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 50 seconds N. subsoil, and 0 to 75 percent in the substratum and long. 78 degrees 00 minutes 57 seconds W. Ap or A horizon: Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Hue—10YR channery silt loam mixed with a few coarse Value—4 or 5; some pedons have an Ap horizon pockets of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery that has value of 3 to 6 or more when dry silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium Chroma—2 to 4 granular structure; friable; common very fine to Texture—silt loam or fine sandy loam medium roots; 20 percent shale fragments; Bw horizon: neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 7.5YR Bt—9 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Value—4 to 6 channery silty clay loam that has common coarse 242 Soil Survey
pockets and streaks of yellowish brown (10YR Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping 5/6); moderate fine and medium subangular uplands in the Great Valley blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly Flooding: None plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common Parent material: Material weathered from limestone patchy clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Slope range: 0 to 8 percent very few black stains of iron and manganese on Classification: Very fine, mixed, active, mesic Vertic faces of peds; 25 percent shale fragments; slightly Paleudalfs acid; clear wavy boundary. Representative Pedon C—25 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) extremely channery silty clay loam that has Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in an area common medium pockets and streaks of strong of cropland; 1,300 feet north-northwest of the brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6); intersection of Routes 5/9 and 5/3 on a bearing of 339 massive; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; degrees; in the Greensburg area; USGS Martinsburg few black stains of iron and manganese on shale topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 24 fragments; 65 percent shale fragments; slightly seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 23 acid; abrupt irregular boundary. seconds W. R—33 inches; slightly weathered, fractured and tilted, Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; interbedded limestone and limy shale. moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; few very fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. Solum thickness: 20 to 36 inches Bt1—7 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; (pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the solum and moderately acid friable, very sticky and very plastic; very few very to neutral (pH 5.6 to 7.3) in the C horizon fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent in the Ap peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. horizon, 10 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 25 Bt2—25 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; to 75 percent in the C horizon weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; Ap horizon: friable, very sticky and very plastic; very few very Hue—10YR fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of Value—3 or 4 peds; few prominent black stains of manganese Chroma—3 or 4 on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy Texture—channery silt loam boundary. Bt horizon: Btss1—32 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Hue—10YR or 7.5YR clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting Value—5 or 6 to moderate fine and medium angular blocky; Chroma—4 to 6 friable, very sticky and very plastic; very few very Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, or the fine roots between peds; common slickensides; channery analogs of those textures many prominent clay films on faces of peds; common prominent black stains of manganese on C horizon: faces of peds; few fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) Hue—10YR or 7.5YR iron depletions along faces of peds; strongly acid; Value—4 or 5 clear wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 Btss2—39 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting channery analogs of silty clay loam, silt loam, to moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm, or loam very sticky and very plastic; very few very fine roots between peds; common slickensides; many Swanpond Series prominent clay films on faces of peds; common prominent black stains of manganese on faces of Depth class: Very deep peds; common coarse distinct gray (10YR 6/1) Drainage class: Moderately well drained iron depletions along faces of peds; strongly acid; Permeability: Slow clear wavy boundary. Berkeley County, West Virginia 243
Btss3—49 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) stream terraces, mainly along Back Creek and, to clay; strong coarse prismatic structure parting to a lesser extent, along Opequon Creek and the moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm, Potomac River very sticky and very plastic; common slickensides; Flooding: None many prominent clay films on faces of peds; Parent material: Acid, slackwater alluvium common prominent black stains of manganese on Slope range: 0 to 8 percent faces of peds; many coarse distinct gray (10YR Classification: Clayey, mixed, mesic Aeric Endoaquults 6/1) iron depletions along faces of peds; strongly Representative Pedon acid. Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a pastured Range in Characteristics area; about 4,400 feet north-northeast of the County Solum thickness: More than 60 inches Route 18 bridge over Back Creek on a bearing of 35 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches degrees; near Shanghai; USGS Tablers Station Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 26 minutes 38 alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8) seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 62 minutes 25 Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent throughout seconds W. Ap horizon: Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; Hue—10YR moderate fine granular structure; friable; common Value—3 or 4 very fine to medium roots; few fine charcoal Chroma—3 to 5 fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam BA—10 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky BA horizon (if it occurs): structure; friable; few fine and very fine roots; few Hue—10YR fine charcoal fragments; many medium or coarse Value—4 strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations and Chroma—3 to 6 few medium light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam depletions; very strongly acid; clear smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt—15 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty Value—4 or 5 clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting Chroma—4 to 8 to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; Texture—clay with some subhorizons of silty clay firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in very fine roots along faces of peds; common shades of gray and high-chroma iron discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in concentrations in shades of red begin at a pores; many coarse gray (10YR 6/1) iron depth of 30 to 40 inches; few or common depletions and common medium strong brown slickensides generally in one or more (7.5YR 5/8) iron concentrations; very strongly subhorizons acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btg—24 to 47 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate BC and C horizons (if they occur): coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate Hue—7.5YR or 10YR medium and coarse platy; firm, moderately sticky Value—4 or 5 and moderately plastic; few very fine roots along Chroma—4 to 8 faces of peds; many discontinuous clay films on Texture—clay or silty clay faces of peds and in pores; many coarse yellowish Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine yellowish red (5YR shades of gray and high-chroma iron 4/6) iron concentrations; 2 percent gravel; very concentrations in shades of red in most pedons strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BCg—47 to 59 inches; silty clay, 50 percent gray Tygart Series (10YR 6/1) and 50 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); weak fine and medium subangular blocky Depth class: Very deep structure; firm, moderately sticky and moderately Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained plastic; few fine and medium yellowish red (5YR Permeability: Slow 5/6) iron concentrations; 2 percent gravel; strongly Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping, low acid; clear wavy boundary. 244 Soil Survey
Cg—59 to 65 inches; gray (2.5Y 6/1) silty clay; Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations massive; firm, moderately sticky and moderately in shades of red and yellow plastic; common fine and medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; 2 percent gravel; moderately Udorthents acid. Depth class: Varies Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Varies Permeability: Varies; generally moderately slow or slow Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches in areas that have been heavily compacted by Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches equipment Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to Landscape position: Nearly level to very steep areas moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) that have been drastically disturbed by excavating, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 3 percent grading, filling, or a combination of these practices. throughout Most of these areas are the result of road Ap horizon: construction, such as along Interstate 81, or Hue—10YR or 2.5Y construction of commercial or industrial buildings, Value—4 or 5 schools, or recreational areas, such as ball fields. Chroma—2 to 4 Parent material: Varies Texture—silt loam Slope range: 0 percent to nearly vertical in excavated areas BA horizon: Classification: Udorthents Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—5 or 6 Representative Pedon Chroma—3 or 4 Because the characteristics of these soils vary so Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam much, a representative profile is not given. The surface Bt horizon: layer of these soils ranges from sandy loam to clay Hue—10YR or 2.5Y with a wide range in size, amount, and kind of rock Value—5 or 6 fragments. Generally, the soils derived from materials Chroma—3 to 6 excavated from areas underlain by limestone are Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam clayey in texture, while the soils derived from materials Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations excavated from areas underlain by shale or sandstone in shades of red and yellow and low-chroma are loamy in texture. iron depletions in shades of gray Range in Characteristics Btg horizon: Solum thickness: Varies Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N Depth to bedrock: Varies from very shallow in Value—5 or 6 excavated areas to very deep in filled areas Chroma—0 to 2 Reaction: Varies Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Content of rock fragments: Varies Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations in shades of red and yellow BCg horizon: Weikert Series Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Depth class: Shallow Value—5 or 6 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Chroma—1 to 6 Permeability: Moderately rapid Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations uplands in shades of red and yellow Flooding: None Cg horizon: Parent material: Material weathered from shale or Hue—10YR or 2.5Y siltstone Value—5 or 6 Slope range: 3 to 70 percent Chroma—1 or 2 Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Dystrochrepts Berkeley County, West Virginia 245
Representative Pedon Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0) Weikert very channery silt loam, in an area of Weikert- Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent in the A Berks very channery silt loams, 25 to 70 percent horizon, 35 to 60 percent in the B horizon, and 60 slopes, in a grazed woodlot; about 1,400 feet north- to 85 percent in the C horizon; fragments are northwest of the intersection of Routes 45/4 and 5/9 shale or siltstone on a bearing of 354 degrees; in the Greensburg area; USGS Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 A horizon: degrees 28 minutes 13 seconds N. and long. 77 Hue—10YR degrees 53 minutes 52 seconds W. Value—3 to 5 Chroma—2 to 4 Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed, mixed litter from Texture—channery silt loam or very channery silt oaks and pines. loam A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very channery silt loam; moderate fine granular E horizon (if it occurs): structure; very friable; many fine to coarse and Hue—10YR common very fine roots; 40 percent shale Value—5 or 6 channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth Chroma—4 boundary. Texture—channery or very channery analogs of Bw—2 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam or loam very channery silt loam; weak fine and medium Bw horizon: subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine Hue—10YR to coarse and common very fine roots; common Value—4 to 6 distinct silt coatings on faces of peds, in Chroma—4 to 6 pores, and on shale fragments; 60 percent Texture—very channery silt loam or very channery shale channers; extremely acid; clear wavy loam boundary. R—13 inches; tilted and fractured, gray C horizon (if it occurs): shale. Hue—10YR Value—4 to 6 Range in Characteristics Chroma—4 to 6 Solum thickness: 8 to 20 inches Texture—extremely channery silt loam or Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches extremely channery loam
247
Formation of the Soils
This section explains the origin and development of plains has washed from upland soils that formed in the soils in Berkeley County. It describes the influence residual and colluvial material. The soils on the of the five factors of soil formation on the soils in the terraces, such as the Monongahela soils, are much county. It also describes the morphology of the soils older than the soils on the flood plains. They also are as it applies to horizon nomenclature and the strongly leached and have a moderately well geological characteristics of the county. developed soil profile. The soils on the flood plains, such as the Pope soils, are the youngest soils in the Factors of Soil Formation county. They exhibit a weakly developed profile. Climate generally is relatively uniform throughout The soils in Berkeley County have resulted from the the county and is not responsible for any major interaction of five major factors of soil formation— differences among the soils. Rainfall and temperature, parent material, time, climate, living organisms, and however, have had a general influence on the topography (Jenny 1941). Each factor modifies the development of layers in the soil profile. The water effect of the other factors. Parent material, topography, from rainfall dissolves minerals, supports biological and time have produced the major differences among activity, and transports mineral and organic residue the soils in Berkeley County. Climate and living through the soil profile. Because more water enters the organisms generally show their influence throughout soil as precipitation than is lost through evaporation, broad areas. the humid climate in the county has caused the soils to be leached. The temperature determines the type of Parent Material, Time, and Climate physical, chemical, and biological activities that take The character of the parent material strongly place and the speed at which they act. A detailed influences the time required for soil formation and the description of the climate is given in the section nature of the soils produced. The soils in Berkeley “General Nature of the County.” County formed in residual, colluvial, and alluvial Living Organisms materials. Most of the soils formed in residual material Living organisms, including plants, animals, weathered from limestone, shale, sandstone, or bacteria, fungi, and humans, affect soil formation. The siltstone. The residual material is the oldest parent kind and amount of vegetation generally are material in the county. Some of the soils that formed in responsible for the amount of organic matter in the residual material, such as the Hagerstown soils, show soil, the color of the surface layer, and, in part, the a high degree of development. Other soils are not so amount of nutrients in the soil. Earthworms and well developed because the soil-forming processes burrowing animals help to keep the soil open and have been hindered by slope or by rock that is porous, and they mix organic and mineral material by resistant to weathering. Dekalb soils, for example, moving the soil to the surface. Bacteria and fungi formed in material weathered from hard sandstone decompose organic matter and can be instrumental in and show a very limited degree of development. releasing nutrients for plant uptake. Humans influence The colluvial parent material on foot slopes, on toe the characteristics of the surface layer by clearing slopes, and near the head of drainageways has moved vegetation, plowing, or adding lime and fertilizer. downslope from residual soils. This material is younger Topography than the residual material, but the soil-forming processes have had a considerable amount of time to Topography affects soil formation through its effect act on the parent material. The resulting soils, such as on the amount of water moving through the soil, the those in the Buchanan series, are strongly leached amount and rate of runoff, and the rate of erosion. and moderately well developed. Large amounts of water have moved through gently The alluvial parent material on terraces and flood sloping and strongly sloping soils. This movement of 248 Soil Survey
water favors the formation of moderately developed or weathering but has been altered little by the soil- well developed soils that are uniform in depth. On forming processes. It generally is structureless and steep and very steep hillsides, less water moves contains few, if any, roots. through the profile and the amount and rate of runoff In Berkeley County many processes have been are greater. Also, the soil material may be washed involved in the formation of soil horizons. The more away almost as rapidly as a soil forms. Thus, it is likely important of these are the accumulation of organic that some of the steeper soils will be more shallow matter, the reduction and transfer of iron, the formation over bedrock and less developed than the soils on the and translocation of clay minerals, and the formation more gentle slopes. of soil structure. These processes are continuous and The topography in the county favors the formation have been taking place for thousands of years. of soils on flood plains and terraces, and soil formation Most of the well drained and moderately well is progressing at a rapid rate. Soils on the flood plains drained soils on uplands in the county have a are young and weakly developed, however, mainly yellowish brown to yellowish red B horizon. These because too little time has elapsed since the material colors are caused mainly by the presence of iron was deposited. oxides. The B horizon in these soils has blocky structure. Morphology of the Soils A fragipan has formed in the B horizon of many of the soils on foot slopes and terraces. This layer is dense and brittle, mottled in color, and moderately Soils are formed as a result of the physical slowly permeable or slowly permeable to water and weathering of parent rock, the chemical weathering of air. rock fragments and organic matter, the transfer of Some of the soils in the county have gray colors materials within the soil profile, and the gains and that are the result of gleying, or the reduction of iron, losses of organic matter and minerals. The results of during soil formation. These soils are moderately well these soil-forming processes are evident in the drained, somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, or different layers, or horizons, in the soil profile. The very poorly drained. profile extends from the surface downward to material that is little changed by the soil-forming processes. The layers include the O, A, E, B, and C horizons. Geology The O horizon is a very dark, organic layer. It may Craig E. Savela, staff geologist, Natural Resources overlie either mineral or organic soils. Soils that have Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. an O horizon are almost exclusively in forested areas of the county. The O horizon mainly is undecomposed The landforms of Berkeley County clearly show the or partially decomposed hardwood leaf litter. It is effects of uplift, folding, and geologic erosion. The quickly destroyed by such activities as land clearing relative resistance of various rocks to erosion and and plowing. folding has affected the topography of the county. The The A horizon is the surface layer. It is the mineral ridgetops formed in areas of resistant sandstone, and layer that has the maximum accumulation of organic the valleys formed mainly in areas of softer, erosive matter. It becomes darker as the organic matter shale and limestone. The parallel ridges and valleys accumulates. are oriented in a northeast-southwest direction. The E horizon underlies the A or O horizon and is a Outcrops of rocks also follow this orientation. light-colored mineral layer. It is the horizon of The county lies entirely within the Northern maximum leaching, or eluviation, of clay, iron, and Appalachian Ridges and Valleys physiographic aluminum. In areas that have been farmed, the E province. The bedrock is steeply folded and highly horizon commonly is no longer evident because it has faulted. A system of generally parallel streams drains been mixed with the A horizon when the soil was the county northeastward to the Potomac River. The plowed. exposed rocks in the county are all sedimentary in The B horizon underlies the A, E, or O horizon and origin and belong to the Mississippian, Devonian, is commonly called the subsoil. It is the horizon of Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian geologic periods maximum accumulation, or illuviation, of clay, iron, (Grimsley 1916). aluminum, and other compounds leached from the E Limestone, shale, sandstone, and siltstone are the horizon. It generally has blocky structure and is firmer common types of rock. Most of the soils in the county and lighter in color than the overlying horizons. formed in material weathered from these rocks. The C horizon is commonly called the substratum. It The youngest rocks in the county are Pocono consists of material that has been modified by Group Sandstones, which are of Mississippian age. Berkeley County, West Virginia 249
They are exposed on Sleepy Creek Mountain. Dekalb Limestones have been extensively quarried. Carbo, soils are dominant in this area. Opequon, and Swanpond soils are common in areas The oldest rocks in the county are the limestones underlain by these rocks. and limy shales of the Elbrook and Waynesboro Rocks of Silurian age are exposed in the Ferrel Formations, which are of Middle Cambrian age. They Ridge area, directly west of the community of are exposed in a band that is along the eastern flank Tomahawk, and in the Wilson Ridge area, east of and parallel to North Mountain. Ryder, Nollville, and Jones Springs. Caneyville and Pecktonville soils Duffield soils are dominant in this area, which is the formed in material weathered from Bossardville major apple-growing region in the county. Limestone, Rondout Waterlime, and Bloomsburg Red Rocks of Ordovician age are extensive in the Shale. Opequon Creek drainage area of the Shenandoah Rocks of Devonian age outcrop extensively west of Valley. Hagerstown soils commonly formed in material North Mountain. They include the shales of the weathered from the limestones and dolomites of the Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, and Braillier Beekmantown Group. Berks, Weikert, and Clearbrook and Mahantango Formations. Calvin, Berks, and soils are dominant on the shales of the Martinsburg Weikert soils formed in material weathered from these Formation. Chambersburg and New Market shales.
251
References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.
American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.
Austin, Morris E. 1965. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 296.
Beiber, Paul P. 1961. Ground-water features of Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. Surv. Bull. 21.
Bones, James T. 1978. The forest resources of West Virginia. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv. Resour. Bull. NE-56.
Doherty, W.T. 1972. Berkeley County, U.S.A., a bicentennial history of a Virginia and West Virginia county, 1772-1972.
Gorman, J.L., J.K. Pasto, and C.D. Crocker. 1966. Soil survey of Berkeley County, West Virginia. U.S. Dep. Agric.
Grimsley, G.P. 1916. West Virginia Geological Survey, Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties.
Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation.
United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 1999. 1997 census of agriculture, West Virginia state and county data. Vol. 1, Part 48.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436. (Revised in 1999)
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18. 252
United States Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. 1994. 1992 census of agriculture, West Virginia state and county data. Vol. 1, Part 48.
West Virginia State Senate. 1992. West Virginia Blue Book. Vol. 74. 253
Glossary
ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during barren land dissected by many intermittent the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of drainage channels. Badland is most common in crudely sorted sand and gravel are common. semiarid and arid regions where streams are AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff on steep, rocky slopes. potential is very high, and geologic erosion is Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from active. the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a ice. poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Base saturation. The degree to which material having carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as expressed as a percentage of the total cation- granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods exchange capacity. are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Bedding planes. Fine stratifications, less than 5 Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of millimeters thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a lacustrine, or marine sediments. percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent Bedding system. A drainage system made by or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface that plant growth is restricted. of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. deposited on land by streams. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at after the removal of soil for construction and other the surface. uses. Revegetation and erosion control are Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of extremely difficult. earth constructed on or nearly on the contour, Association, soil. A group of soils geographically supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, associated in a characteristic repeating pattern and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage and defined and delineated as a single map unit. and to prevent accelerated erosion. Available water capacity (available moisture Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water which consists of an illuvial horizon and the available for use by most plants. It is commonly overlying eluvial horizons. defined as the difference between the amount of Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most soil water at field moisture capacity and the of the soil material has been removed by the wind. amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is expressed as: exposed. Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, Very low ...... 0 to 3 subject to flooding. Low ...... 3 to 6 Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 Moderate ...... 6 to 9 centimeters) in diameter. High ...... 9 to 12 Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium Very high ...... more than 12 carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium 254 Soil Survey
carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. contains much more clay than the horizons above Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid plastic or stiff when wet. to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in Climax vegetation. The stabilized plant community on the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath the a particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself solum, or it is exposed at the surface by erosion. and does not change so long as the environment California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting remains the same. capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First 2 millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be (flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) supported by standard crushed limestone, per unit long. area, with the same degree of distortion. Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil Cobblestone (or cobble). A rounded or partly particles and in tiny spaces between particles. rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds 25 centimeters) in diameter. capillary water in the soil. Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a moved by creep, slide, or local wash and landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent deposited at the base of steep slopes. material but have different characteristics as a Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning result of differences in relief and drainage. or establishing terraces, diversions, and other Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. water-control structures on a complex slope is The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, difficult. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, it is not practical to map them separately at the expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 selected scale of mapping. The pattern and grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all other stated pH value. The term, as applied to areas. soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various but is more precise in meaning. sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains. hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the The composition of most concretions is unlike that trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil. of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the iron oxide are common compounds in concretions. manufacture of cement. Congeliturbate. Soil material disturbed by frost Channery soil. A soil that is, by volume, more than 15 action. percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale, Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount along the longest axis. A single piece is called a of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. channer. Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen Terms commonly used to describe consistence hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal are: plow depth. Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less hold together in a mass. than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under gentle class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, pressure between thumb and forefinger and can less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 be pressed together into a lump. percent silt. Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the pressure between thumb and forefinger, but surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root resistance is distinctly noticeable. channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. Plastic.—When wet, readily deformed by Berkeley County, West Virginia 255
moderate pressure but can be pressed into a Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related lump; will form a “wire” when rolled between thumb to wetness. and forefinger. Somewhat excessively drained.—Water is Sticky.—When wet, adheres to other material and removed from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather excessively drained soils are sandy and rapidly than to pull free from other material. pervious. Some are shallow. Some are so steep Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to that much of the water they receive is lost as pressure; can be broken with difficulty between runoff. All are free of the mottling related to thumb and forefinger. wetness. Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or individual Well drained.—Water is removed from the soil grains under very slight pressure. readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening. throughout most of the growing season, and Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing significant periods during most growing seasons. crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled Well drained soils are commonly medium textured. crops or summer fallow. They are mainly free of mottling. Control section. The part of the soil on which Moderately well drained.—Water is removed from classification is based. The thickness varies the soil somewhat slowly during some periods. among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches short time during the growing season, but and 40 or 80 inches. periodically they are wet long enough that most Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly material deposited in water by aquatic organisms. have a slowly pervious layer within or directly Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical below the solum or periodically receive high action that dissolves or weakens concrete or rainfall, or both. uncoated steel. Somewhat poorly drained.—Water is removed Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant improve and protect the soil between periods of periods during the growing season. Wetness regular crop production, or a crop grown between markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly tend to cave in or slough. pervious layer, a high water table, additional water Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range from seepage, nearly continuous rainfall, or a plants. Because they are the most palatable, they combination of these. are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. Poorly drained.—Water is removed so slowly that Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting the soil is saturated periodically during the growing grazing land for a prescribed period. season or remains wet for long periods. Free Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the water is commonly at or near the surface for long surface for the specified use. enough during the growing season that most Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil earth, generally a terrace, built to protect is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously downslope areas by diverting runoff from its saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor natural course. drainage results from a high water table, a slowly Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and pervious layer within the profile, seepage, nearly duration of periods of saturation or partial continuous rainfall, or a combination of these. saturation during soil formation, as opposed to Very poorly drained.—Water is removed from the altered drainage, which is commonly the result of soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused surface during most of the growing season. by the sudden deepening of channels or the Unless the soil is artificially drained, most blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of mesophytic crops cannot be grown. Very poorly natural soil drainage are recognized: drained soils are commonly level or depressed Excessively drained.—Water is removed from the and are frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are high and nearly continuous, they can have commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow. moderate or high slope gradients. 256 Soil Survey
Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, 3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal field from an area. capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution capacity. or colloidal suspension from one place to another Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, through eluviation are eluvial; those that have subject to frequent or occasional flooding. received material are illuvial. Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material slate, shale, or (rarely) schist, 6 to 15 inches (15 accumulated through wind action; commonly to 38 centimeters) long. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a blankets on the surface. stream and is subject to flooding unless protected Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by artificially. water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a such processes as gravitational creep. hill. Erosion (geologic).—Erosion caused by geologic Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. processes acting over long geologic periods and Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in resulting in the wearing away of mountains and porosity and content of organic matter and low or the building up of such landscape features as moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. erosion. When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher Erosion (accelerated).—Erosion much more rapid bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, pressure rather than to deform slowly. for example, fire, that exposes the surface. Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that moisture. Frost action can damage roads, remains on the surface after fine particles are buildings and other structures, and plant roots. removed by sheet or rill erosion. Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers Esker (geology). A narrow, winding ridge of stratified especially to the processes or soil-forming factors gravelly and sandy drift deposited by a stream responsible for the formation of the solum, or true flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and soil. The soil is not a source of gravel or sand for microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys construction purposes. and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell productivity through accumulation of moisture. considerably with changes in moisture content. Summer fallow is common in regions of limited Glacial drift (geology). Pulverized and other rock rainfall where cereal grains are grown. The soil is material transported by glacial ice and then tilled for at least one growing season for weed deposited. Also, the sorted and unsorted material control and decomposition of plant residue. deposited by streams flowing from glaciers. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Glacial outwash (geology). Gravel, sand, and silt, plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper commonly stratified, deposited by glacial balance, for the growth of specified plants when meltwater. light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth Glacial till (geology). Unsorted, nonstratified glacial factors are favorable. drift consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of transported and deposited by glacial ice. all organic soil material. Peat contains a large Glaciofluvial deposits (geology). Material moved by amount of well preserved fiber that is readily glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has by streams flowing from the melting ice. The the lowest bulk density and the highest water deposits are stratified and occur as kames, content at saturation of all organic soil material. eskers, deltas, and outwash plains. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many drained away; the field moisture content 2 or deposits are interbedded or laminated. Berkeley County, West Virginia 257
Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or resulting in the reduction of iron and other some combination of these. elements in the profile and in gray colors and B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an O, A, or mottles. E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that transition from the overlying horizon to the grade toward a protected waterway. underlying C horizon. It also has distinctive Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; grass as protection against erosion. Conducts (2) granular, prismatic, or blocky structure; surface water away from cropland. (3) redder or browner colors than those in the Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3 A horizon; or (4) a combination of these. inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 by soil-forming processes and does not have the percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock properties typical of the overlying horizon. The fragments, not prominently flattened, up to 3 material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. that in which the solum formed. If the material is Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. of maturity or soon after maturity. Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath Ground water (geology). Water filling all the the soil. unblocked pores of the material below the water R layer.—Hard, consolidated bedrock beneath the table. soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by but can be directly below an A or a B horizon. running water and through which water ordinarily Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a part of the organic matter in mineral soils. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to according to their runoff-producing characteristics. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The tillage. slope and the kind of plant cover are not Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or considered but are separate factors in predicting layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey runoff. Soils are assigned to four groups. In group and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium A are soils having a high infiltration rate when carbonate, or other substance. thoroughly wet and having a low runoff potential. Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil They are mainly deep, well drained, and sandy or material intermediate in degree of decomposition gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are soils between the less decomposed fibric and the more having a very slow infiltration rate and thus a high decomposed sapric material. runoff potential. They have a claypan or clay layer Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to at or near the surface, have a permanent high the surface, having distinct characteristics water table, or are shallow over nearly impervious produced by soil-forming processes. In the bedrock or other material. A soil is assigned to two identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter hydrologic groups if part of the acreage is represents the major horizons. Numbers or artificially drained and part is undrained. lowercase letters that follow represent Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one subdivisions of the major horizons. The major horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, horizons are as follows: material is removed from an upper horizon and O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and deposited in a lower horizon. decaying plant residue. Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is surface in which an accumulation of humified absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that Also, any plowed or disturbed surface layer. increase in amount as the more desirable plants E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main are reduced by close grazing. Increasers 258 Soil Survey
commonly are the shorter plants and are less by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for palatable to livestock. tree and row crops. Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface immediate surface of soil or other material, as through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. contrasted with percolation, which is movement of Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or water through soil layers or material. tile lines until the water table is raised enough to Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which wet the soil. water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is conditions. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates distribution. the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually Iron concentrations. Areas in the soil where iron in expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be solution has precipitated upon oxidation. Iron limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the concentrations generally appear as reddish rate at which water is applied at the surface. mottles and are commonly found along root Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the channels, in pores, and along faces of peds. They soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial are common in soils that are seasonally saturated. rate; the rate decreases with application time. Iron depletions. Areas in the soil where iron in Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a solution has been removed from the soil matrix. constant but is a variable depending on the net These areas generally appear as grayish mottles, irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in which is the color of the stripped soil particles. Iron inches per hour, is expressed as follows: depletions are common in soils that are Less than 0.2 ...... very low seasonally saturated. 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low Kame (geology). An irregular, short ridge or hill of 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low stratified glacial drift. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high forming numerous depressions or small basins. More than 2.5 ...... very high Lacustrine deposit (geology). Material deposited in lake water and exposed when the water level is Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area lowered or the elevation of the land is raised. and grow after the climax vegetation has been Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of reduced by grazing. Generally, invader plants soil and loose rock, generally when wet or follow disturbance of the surface. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in as well as the amount of soil and rock material, production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: vary greatly. Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches plains surrounded by levees or dikes. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a adversely affect the specified use of the soil. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or by small earth ridges called border dikes, or other material by percolating water. borders. Limiting inclusion. A soil that is unlike the named soil Controlled flooding.—Water is released at in the map unit and that has properties limiting or intervals from closely spaced field ditches and restricting its use compared to the named soil. distributed uniformly over the field. Limiting inclusions generally are dissimilar soils. Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- passes from a plastic to a liquid state. growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay one direction. particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and than 52 percent sand particles. under low pressure to the surface of the soil or Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized into the soil through such applicators as emitters, particles, deposited by the wind. porous tubing, or perforated pipe. Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made support loads. Berkeley County, West Virginia 259
Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, silt loam, or silt. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, mineralogical composition, chemical composition, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. water. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and various stages of decomposition. low in organic material. Its bulk density is more Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse than that of organic soil. textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, production and prevention of soil damage. it is generally low in relief. Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. movement of water and the growth of roots. For Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. and traffic pan. Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and loam, or silty clay loam. mineral material in which soil forms. Moraine (geology). An accumulation of earth, stones, Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed and other debris deposited by a glacier. Some organic matter, that has accumulated under types are terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a including the texture, structure, porosity, granule, a prism, or a block. consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” and biological properties of the various horizons, A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to and the thickness and arrangement of those permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from horizons in the soil profile. about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that square meters), depending on the variability of the vary in number and size. Mottling generally soil. indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage. Percolation. The downward movement of water Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance—few, through the soil. common, and many; size—fine, medium, and Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and through the soil, adversely affecting the specified prominent. The size measurements are of the use. diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring indicates less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); in arctic or subarctic regions, in which a medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 temperature below freezing has existed inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about continuously for a long time. 0.6 inch). Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic to move downward through the profile. soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Permeability is measured as the number of Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees inches per hour that water moves downward of three simple variables—hue, value, and through the saturated soil. Terms describing chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a permeability are: color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of Very slow ...... less than 0.06 inch 4. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch and 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Nonlimiting inclusion. A soil that is unlike the named Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches soil in the map unit but that has no properties Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches limiting or restricting its use compared to the Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches named soil. Nonlimiting inclusions can be similar or dissimilar soils. Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant features that affect its use and management, such essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly as slope, stoniness, and thickness. 260 Soil Survey
pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and distinct natural plant community. A range site is the alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) product of all the environmental factors Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or responsible for its development. It is typified by an pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. association of species that differ from those on Plasticity index. The numerical difference between other range sites in kind or proportion of species the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of or total production. moisture content within which the soil remains Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a plastic. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction changes from semisolid to plastic. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other values, are: diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Extremely acid ...... below 4.5 usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 directly below the plowed layer. Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher depressions. Unless the soils are artificially drained, the water can be removed only by Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered percolation or evapotranspiration. rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability, loose earth material above the solid rock. the soil may not adequately filter effluent from a Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, waste disposal system. considered collectively. Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, material consisting mainly of particles of nearly weathered or partly weathered mineral material the same size. Because there is little difference in that accumulated as consolidated rock size of the particles, density can be increased only disintegrated in place. slightly by compaction. Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for erosion. A rill is generally a few inches deep and producing a specified plant or sequence of plants not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm under specific management. machinery. Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Rippable. Bedrock or hardpan can be excavated through all its horizons and into the parent using a single-tooth ripping attachment mounted material. on a tractor with a 200-300 drawbar horsepower Range condition. The present composition of the rating. plant community on a range site in relation to the Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a potential natural plant community for that site. diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil plant community has departed from the potential. is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike by plant roots. plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream browsing. It includes natural grasslands, channels from an area. The water that flows off the savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, surface of the land without sinking into the soil is and areas that support certain forb and shrub called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil communities. before reaching surface streams is called ground- Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an Berkeley County, West Virginia 261
amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral that is 80 percent or more silt and less than fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in 12 percent clay. diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more silt-sized particles. sand and not more than 10 percent clay. Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, sand-sized particles. and have similar conservation needs or Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly management requirements for the major land uses decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has in the survey area. the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where density, and the lowest water content at saturation limestone has been dissolved. of all organic soil material. Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual based on the height of the dominant stand at an material underlying the soil and grading to hard arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average bedrock below. height attained by dominant and codominant trees Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is deposited from suspension in water. The chief 75 feet, the site index is 75 feet. kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; produced by one mass sliding past another. In shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks, many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, sand is consolidated into sandstone. where there is marked change in moisture Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through content. the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled, use. crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon exchangeable sodium. The soil is generally silty or and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are productivity. almost alike, except for differences in texture of Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the the surface layer or of the underlying material. All horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical the soils of a series have horizons that are similar distance divided by horizontal distance, then in composition, thickness, and arrangement. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In clay deposit. this survey, classes for simple slopes are as Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of follows: soil material from the land surface by the action of Nearly level ...... 0 to 3 rainfall and surface runoff. Gently sloping ...... 3 to 8 Shrink-swell. The shrinking of soil when dry and the Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 15 swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 damage roads, dams, building foundations, and Steep ...... 25 to 35 other structures. It can also damage plant roots. Very steep ...... 35 to 70 Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The mineral form is called quartz. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of practices are required to ensure satisfactory molecules of silica to the number of molecules of performance of the soil for a specific use. alumina and iron oxide. The more highly Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm- inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones temperate, humid regions, and especially those in adversely affect the specified use of the soil. the tropics, generally have a low ratio. Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation 262 Soil Survey
extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The and granular. Structureless soils are either single degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or Slight ...... less than 13:1 massive (the particles adhering without any Moderate ...... 13-30:1 regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). Strong ...... more than 30:1 Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the properties resulting from the integrated effect of next crop, and during the early growing period of climate and living matter acting on earthy parent the new crop. material, as conditioned by relief over periods of Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of time. the solum below plow depth. Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 Subsoiling. Breaking up a compact subsoil by pulling millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging a special chisel through the soil. between specified size limits. The names and Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in or EB) below the surface layer. the United States are as follows: Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 the summer to control weeds and allow storage of Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 practice common in semiarid regions, where Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 annual precipitation is not enough to produce a Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 practiced before planting winter grain. Clay ...... less than 0.002 Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C from about 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). horizon, in which the processes of soil formation Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, “Ap horizon.” and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons. It the material in these horizons are unlike those of includes all subdivisions of these horizons. the underlying material. The living roots and plant Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a and animal activities are largely confined to the series recognized in the classification system. solum. Such soils are named for a series they strongly Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered that series because they differ in ways too small to surface. In a cross section, the line may be one be of consequence in interpreting their use and fragment or more thick. It generally overlies behavior. material that weathered in place and is overlain by Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that recent sediment of variable thickness. generally marks the termination of important Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 glacial advances. centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts that interfere with or prevent tillage. surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic flows slowly to a prepared outlet. arrangement of strips or bands that provide Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. erosion. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic particles into compound particles or aggregates. textural classes, in order of increasing proportion The principal forms of soil structure are—platy of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam Berkeley County, West Virginia 263
classes may be further divided by specifying nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” heavily loaded streams. Thin layer (in tables). A layer of otherwise suitable soil Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors material that is too thin for the specified use. assumed to be inherited from the parent material Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to rather than to be the result of poor drainage. undulating soils underlain by glacial till. Varve. A sedimentary layer of a lamina or sequence of Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related laminae deposited in a body of still water within a to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded emergence, and root penetration. glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or of a hill; part of a footslope. other body of still water in front of a glacier. Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the Weathering. All physical and chemical changes most favorable material for plant growth. It is produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by changes result in disintegration and mining. decomposition of the material. Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils coarse grained particles that are well distributed in extremely small amounts. They are essential to over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil plant growth. normally can be easily increased in density and Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with volcanic ash and dust. poorly graded soil. Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The general, than the alluvial plain or stream terrace; moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at land above the lowlands along streams. which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in much that it does not recover when placed in a stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In humid, dark chamber.
265
Tables 266 Soil Survey
Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation
(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Martinsburg, West Virginia)
______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | o F_ | o F_ | o _F | o_F | o_F | _____Units | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 38.7 | 20.6 | 29.6 | 66 | -6 | 22 | 2.35 | 1.28| 3.31| 5 | 6.9 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 42.3 | 23.0 | 32.6 | 71 | -1 | 38 | 2.50 | 1.16| 3.65| 5 | 6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 53.4 | 31.7 | 42.5 | 83 | 11 | 160 | 3.14 | 1.89| 4.27| 6 | 5.2 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 64.2 | 40.6 | 52.4 | 89 | 22 | 378 | 3.17 | 1.50| 4.61| 6 | .5 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 74.2 | 50.2 | 62.2 | 92 | 32 | 688 | 4.06 | 1.97| 5.87| 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 83.0 | 58.7 | 70.8 | 97 | 42 | 925 | 3.42 | 1.76| 4.87| 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 86.8 | 63.6 | 75.2 | 99 | 49 | 1,091 | 3.53 | 1.73| 5.09| 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 85.2 | 61.9 | 73.6 | 98 | 45 | 1,041 | 3.39 | 1.69| 4.87| 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 78.1 | 54.5 | 66.3 | 96 | 34 | 788 | 2.81 | 1.16| 4.20| 4 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 66.3 | 42.4 | 54.4 | 86 | 22 | 448 | 3.42 | 1.38| 5.14| 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 54.8 | 34.4 | 44.6 | 79 | 15 | 185 | 3.08 | 1.55| 4.42| 5 | 1.3 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 43.2 | 25.7 | 34.4 | 70 | 3 | 49 | 2.67 | 1.37| 3.80| 5 | 4.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 64.2 | 42.3 | 53.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme---| 112.0 | -13.0 | --- | 100 | -8 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5,812 | 37.54 | 32.74| 42.19| 65 | 25.3 ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Berkeley County, West Virginia 267
Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall
(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Martinsburg, West Virginia)
______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 10 | Apr. 24 | May 8 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 5 | Apr. 19 | May 3 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 27 | Apr. 8 | Apr. 23 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 24 | Oct. 10 | Sep. 29 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 30 | Oct. 15 | Oct. 5 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 10 | Oct. 24 | Oct. 16 ______| | |
Table 3.--Growing Season
(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Martinsburg, West Virginia)
______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 196 | 175 | 149 | | | 8 years in 10 | 203 | 183 | 158 | | | 5 years in 10 | 215 | 198 | 175 | | | 2 years in 10 | 227 | 213 | 192 | | | 1 year in 10 | 234 | 221 | 201 ______| | | 268 Soil Survey
Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | At |Atkins silt loam------| 1,040 | 0.5 BkE |Blackthorn very gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 200 | 0.1 BpE |Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely | | | stony------| 1,765 | 0.9 BpF |Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 35 to 45 percent slopes, extremely | | | stony------| 400 | 0.2 BuB |Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 675 | 0.3 BuC |Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,255 | 0.6 BxC |Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 4,080 | 2.0 BxE |Buchanan loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 8,080 | 3.9 CaB |Calvin channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 755 | 0.4 CaC |Calvin channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 3,240 | 1.6 CaD |Calvin channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 1,800 | 0.9 CaE |Calvin channery loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,315 | 0.6 CaF |Calvin channery loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes------| 630 | 0.3 CbB |Caneyville silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 210 | 0.1 CcC |Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 645 | 0.3 CcD |Caneyville silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 325 | 0.2 CeB |Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 375 | 0.2 CeC |Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 375 | 0.2 CgB |Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,880 | 0.9 CgC |Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 700 | 0.3 ChC |Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------| 795 | 0.4 ChE |Carbo-Opequon complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very rocky------| 340 | 0.2 CkB |Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,800 | 0.9 CmB |Clearbrook channery silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,745 | 0.8 CrB |Clearbrook-Berks channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 11,510 | 5.6 Cs |Combs fine sandy loam------| 820 | 0.4 DaC |Dekalb channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 695 | 0.3 DaD |Dekalb channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 310 | 0.2 DaE |Dekalb channery loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes------| 165 | 0.1 DkC |Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 1,735 | 0.8 DrE |Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rubbly------| 1,460 | 0.7 DsB |Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,670 | 0.8 DsC |Downsville gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,125 | 0.6 DsD |Downsville gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 165 | 0.1 DuB |Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 695 | 0.3 DuC |Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 590 | 0.3 DyB |Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,790 | 0.9 DyC |Duffield gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 855 | 0.4 Dz |Dunning silt loam------| 820 | 0.4 Fa |Fairplay (marl) silt loam------| 230 | 0.1 Fk |Funkstown silt loam------| 3,240 | 1.6 FnA |Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded------| 950 | 0.5 FsA |Funkstown gravelly silt loam, nonflooded------| 405 | 0.2 HbA |Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 420 | 0.2 HbB |Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 16,230 | 7.8 HbC |Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 815 | 0.4 HcB |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 730 | 0.3 HcC |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,970 | 1.0 HcD |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 2,015 | 1.0 HdB |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 4,140 | 2.0 HdC |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 2,670 | 1.3 HdD |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 100 | * HgC |Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes------| 13,395 | 6.4 HgE |Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes------| 895 | 0.4 HkF |Hazleton-Berks channery loams, 35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 1,535 | 0.7 HsE |Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 2,890 | 1.4 HsF |Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 6,965 | 3.4 Hu |Huntington silt loam------| 765 | 0.4 | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 269
Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | La |Lappans (marl) loam------| 580 | 0.3 Ln |Lindside silt loam------| 1,825 | 0.9 MhA |Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 165 | 0.1 MhB |Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 2,075 | 1.0 MhC |Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 180 | 0.1 MoB |Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 425 | 0.2 MrB |Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 460 | 0.2 MrC |Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 235 | 0.1 PeB |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 300 | 0.2 PeC |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 765 | 0.4 PeD |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 300 | 0.2 PgC |Pecktonville very gravelly loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 720 | 0.3 Ph |Philo silt loam------| 1,360 | 0.7 PoA |Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 860 | 0.4 PoB |Poorhouse silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 940 | 0.5 Ps |Pope fine sandy loam------| 820 | 0.4 Px |Pope silt loam------| 755 | 0.4 Qm |Quarry, limestone------| 1,090 | 0.5 Qs |Quarry, shale------| 250 | 0.1 ReF |Rock outcrop-Opequon complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes------| 360 | 0.2 RnB |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,600 | 0.8 RnC |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 4,070 | 2.0 RnD |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 1,295 | 0.6 RvC |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------| 410 | 0.2 SwA |Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 2,895 | 1.4 SwB |Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 575 | 0.3 TyA |Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 600 | 0.3 TyB |Tygart silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 965 | 0.5 Ua |Udorthents, smoothed------| 1,700 | 0.8 Ub |Urban land------| 1,350 | 0.7 UkC |Urban land-Berks complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes------| 460 | 0.2 UvC |Urban land-Carbo-Endcav complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes------| 315 | 0.1 UwC |Urban land-Hagerstown complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,595 | 0.8 W |Water------| 635 | 0.3 WbB |Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 2,450 | 1.2 WbC |Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 21,280 | 10.3 WbD |Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 10,865 | 5.3 WkF |Weikert-Berks very channery silt loams, 25 to 70 percent slopes------| 19,185 | 9.2 | |------|------| Total------| 205,900 | 100.0 ______| | |
* Less than 0.1 percent. 270 Soil Survey
Table 5.--Prime Farmland
(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland)
______| Map | Soil name ______symbol | | | BuB |Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Cs |Combs fine sandy loam DsB |Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes DuB |Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes DyB |Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Fk |Funkstown silt loam FnA |Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded FsA |Funkstown gravelly silt loam, nonflooded HbA |Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes HbB |Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes HcB |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes HdB |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Hu |Huntington silt loam La |Lappans (marl) loam Ln |Lindside silt loam MhA |Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes MrB |Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes PeB |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Ph |Philo silt loam Px |Pope silt loam RnB |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes SwA |Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes SwB |Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ______| Berkeley County, West Virginia 271
Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture
(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)
______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture ______| | | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | At------| IIIw | 100 | 20 | 40 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 5.5 Atkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BkE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Blackthorn | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BpE, BpF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Blackthorn- | | | | | | | | Pecktonville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BuB------| IIe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5 Buchanan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BuC------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 5.5 Buchanan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BxC, BxE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Buchanan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaB------| IIe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5 Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaC------| IIIe | 75 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 6.0 Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaD------| IVe | 70 | 14 | 25 | 30 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.5 Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbB------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 6.0 Caneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcC------| IVe | 75 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 5.0 Caneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcD------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 Caneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeB------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 6.0 Carbo-Endcav | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeC------| IVe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 Carbo-Endcav | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CgB------| IIIe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CgC------| IVe | 65 | 13 | 25 | 30 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.5 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChC------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.0 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 272 Soil Survey
Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture ______| | | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | ChE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB------| IVw | 70 | 15 | 25 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 5.5 Clearbrook | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB------| IIIe | 75 | 16 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | --- | 5.5 Clearbrook- | | | | | | | | Berks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cs------| IIw | 135 | 25 | 55 | 60 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 8.5 Combs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DaC------| IIIe | 75 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.5 Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DaD------| IVe | 70 | 14 | 25 | 30 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.5 Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DaE------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.5 Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dekalb-Rock | | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsB------| IIe | 115 | 23 | 40 | 40 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 7.0 Downsville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsC------| IIIe | 105 | 21 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 7.0 Downsville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsD------| IVe | 90 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 6.0 Downsville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB------| IIe | 130 | 26 | 40 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.5 Duffield | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuC------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 8.0 Duffield | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyB------| IIe | 130 | 26 | 40 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.5 Duffield | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyC------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 8.0 Duffield | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dz------| IVw | 100 | 20 | 35 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 7.0 Dunning | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fa------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | 6.0 Fairplay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fk, FnA, FsA----| IIw | 150 | 30 | 60 | 65 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 9.0 Funkstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HbA------| I | 150 | 30 | 60 | 65 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 8.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 273
Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture ______| | | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | HbB------| IIe | 135 | 27 | 54 | 60 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 8.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HbC------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 50 | 56 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcB------| IIe | 125 | 25 | 50 | 56 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcC------| IIIe | 120 | 24 | 48 | 54 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcD------| IVe | 110 | 22 | 44 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdB------| IIe | 135 | 27 | 54 | 60 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 8.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdC------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 50 | 56 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdD------| IVe | 110 | 22 | 44 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.5 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgC------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.5 Hagerstown- | | | | | | | | Opequon-Rock | | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Hagerstown- | | | | | | | | Opequon-Rock | | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HkF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Hazleton-Berks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsE, HsF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Hazleton-Dekalb| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hu------| IIw | 130 | 26 | 50 | 60 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 9.0 Huntington | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | La------| IIw | 100 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 Lappans | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| IIw | 120 | 24 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5 Lindside | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhA------| IIw | 110 | 22 | 45 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5 Monongahela | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhB------| IIe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5 Monongahela | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhC------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 6.5 Monongahela | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoB------| IIe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5 Monongahela | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 274 Soil Survey
Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture ______| | | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | MrB------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 40 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5 Murrill | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrC------| IIIe | 110 | 22 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.5 Murrill | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeB------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 7.0 Pecktonville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeC------| IIIe | 110 | 22 | 45 | 50 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.5 Pecktonville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeD------| IVe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 Pecktonville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PgC------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pecktonville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ph------| IIw | 130 | 26 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5 Philo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PoA, PoB------| IIIw | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | --- | 6.5 Poorhouse | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps------| IIw | 105 | 21 | 35 | 35 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 7.0 Pope | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Px------| IIw | 130 | 24 | 45 | 45 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 8.0 Pope | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Qm**, Qs**. | | | | | | | | Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ReF------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Rock outcrop- | | | | | | | | Opequon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnB------| IIe | 115 | 23 | 45 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 7.5 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnC------| IIIe | 105 | 21 | 40 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.5 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnD------| IVe | 90 | 18 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.0 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvC------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwA------| IIw | 125 | 25 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0 Swanpond | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------| IIe | 115 | 23 | 45 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0 Swanpond | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TyA------| IIIw | 95 | 19 | 40 | --- | 3.0 | --- | 5.5 Tygart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TyB------| IIIw | 95 | 19 | 40 | --- | 3.0 | --- | 5.5 Tygart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 275
Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture ______| | | | | |legume hay | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | Ua**. | | | | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ub**. | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UkC**. | | | | | | | | Urban land- | | | | | | | | Berks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UvC**. | | | | | | | | Urban land- | | | | | | | | Carbo-Endcav | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UwC**. | | | | | | | | Urban land- | | | | | | | | Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W**. | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB------| IIIe | 70 | 14 | 30 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.0 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbC------| IVe | 65 | 13 | 25 | 25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 4.5 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbD------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.5 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WkF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | |
* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 276 Soil Survey
Table 7.--Capability Classes and Subclasses
(Miscellaneous areas are excluded. Absence of an entry indicates no acreage)
______| |Major______management concerns (Subclass) Class | Total | | | Soil | acreage | Erosion | Wetness | problem ______| | (e) | (w) | (s) | | _____Acres | _____Acres | _____Acres | | | | | | | | I | 420| --- | --- | --- | | | | II | 46,610| 32,120 | 14,490 | --- | | | | III | 39,295| 34,890 | 4,405 | --- | | | | IV | 33,350| 28,985 | 4,365 | --- | | | | V | 230| --- | 230 | --- | | | | VI | 27,270| 12,670 | --- | 14,600 | | | | VII | 50,880| 19,815 | --- | 31,065 | | | | VIII | 1,700| --- | --- | 1,700 ______| | | | Berkeley County, West Virginia 277
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity
(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available. When two entries are separated by a slash, the first entry is for south aspects and the second is for north aspects)
______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Pin oak------| 90 | 72 | 320 | .95 Atkins | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BkE------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Blackthorn | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 75 | 62 | 265 | .73 | | | | | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BpE**: | | | | | | | | | | Blackthorn-----| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 75 | 62 | 265 | .73 | | | | | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Pecktonville---| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |White oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95 | | | | | |Black walnut------| 76 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BpF**: | | | | | | | | | | Blackthorn-----| 4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 75 | 62 | 265 | .73 | | | | | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Pecktonville---| 4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |White oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95 | | | | | |Black walnut------| 76 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BuB, BuC------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Buchanan | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BxC------| 4X |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Buchanan | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BxE------| 4X |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Buchanan | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 278 Soil Survey
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaB, CaC------| 4F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 71 | 53 | 187 | .68 Calvin | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|67/77| 49/59 |159/229|.63/.77 Calvin | | | | |Moderate|White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CaF------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|67/77| 49/59 |159/229|.63/.77 Calvin | | | | |Moderate|White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CbB------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Caneyville | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 36 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White oak------| 65 | 48 | 145 | .60 | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CcC------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Caneyville | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 46 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White oak------| 65 | 48 | 145 | .60 | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CcD------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|65/70| 48/52 |145/180|.60/.67 Caneyville | | | | |Moderate|Eastern redcedar----|36/46| --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White oak------|60/65| 43/48 |110/145|.52/.60 | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CeB**: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 55 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CeC**: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 55 | 80 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 5C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CgB**: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 55 | 80 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 3C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 279
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CgC**: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 55 | 80 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | ChC**: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 55 | 80 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | ChE**: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | |Moderate|Virginia pine------|45/55| 55/80 | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------|70/80| 54/71 |210/320|.63/.83 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--|70/80|127/147| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/52 | | | | | |White oak------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/52 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | -- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB------| 4W |Slight |Severe |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Clearbrook | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | | | | | | CrB**: | | | | | | | | | | Clearbrook-----| 4W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83 | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 4F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Black oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 70 | 109 | --- | --- | | | | | |White oak------| 65 | 48 | 145 | .60 | | | | | | | | | | Cs------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 90 | 72 | 320 | .95 Combs | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 100 | 107 | 580 | 1.23 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | DaC------| 3F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Slight |Northern red oak----| 57 | 40 | 95 | .48 Dekalb | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 60 | 91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | DaD, DaE------|2R/3R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight |Northern red oak----|52/57| 36/40 | 70/95 |.41/.48 Dekalb | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------|50/60| 68/91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| 3X |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 57 | 40 | 95 | .48 Dekalb | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 60 | 91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 280 Soil Survey
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrE**: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 2R |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |Scarlet oak------|47/52| 32/36 |---/70 |---/.41 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------|45/50| 55/68 | --- | --- | | | | | |Pitch pine------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsB, DsC------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Downsville | | | | | |White oak------| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | | | | | | DsD------| 4R |Moderate|Slight |Moderate/|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Downsville | | | |Slight | |White oak------| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | | | | | | DuB------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Duffield | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | DuC------| 5A |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Duffield | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | DyB, DyC------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Duffield | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | Dz------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Moderate |Severe |Pin oak------| 95 | 77 | 355 | 1.02 Dunning | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Fa------| 4W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Pin oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Fairplay | | | | | |Green ash------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Black willow------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Silver maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Fk, FnA, FsA----| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Funkstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | HbA, HbB, HbC---| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Hagerstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | HcB, HcC------| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Hagerstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | HcD------| 5C |Moderate|Severe |Moderate/|Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Hagerstown | | | |Slight | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | HdB, HdC------| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Hagerstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | HdD------| 5C |Moderate|Severe |Moderate/|Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Hagerstown | | | |Slight | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | HgC**: | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown-----| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 281
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgC**: | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |White oak------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | -- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgE**: | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown-----| 5C |Moderate|Severe |Slight/ |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | |Moderate | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52 | | | | | |White oak------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HkF**: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate/|Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | |Slight |Moderate|White oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------|70/80| 54/71 |210/320|.63/.83 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|60/70| 91/109| --- | --- | | | | | |Black oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | |Moderate|Chestnut oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |White oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Black oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|60/70| 91/109| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HsE**: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate/|Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | |Slight |Moderate|White oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Black oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|60/70| 91/109| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|2R/3R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe/ |Slight |Northern red oak----|52/57| 36/40 | 70/95 |.41/.48 | | | |Moderate | |White oak------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------|50/60| 68/91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HsF**: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate/|Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | |Slight |Moderate|White oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Black oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|60/70| 91/109| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe/ |Slight |Northern red oak----|52/57| 36/40 | 70/95 |.41/.48 | | | |Moderate | |White oak------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------|50/60| 68/91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Hu------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 Huntington | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | | | | | | La------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Lappans | | | | | |White oak------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | |Black locust------| 80 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 282 Soil Survey
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 86 | 68 | 292 | .89 Lindside | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 111 | --- | --- | | | | | |White oak------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | MhA, MhB------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Monongahela | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 85 | 81 | 380 | .93 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 72 | 126 | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 66 | 102 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | MhC------| 4A |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Monongahela | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 85 | 81 | 380 | .93 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 72 | 126 | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 66 | 102 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | MoB------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 Monongahela | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 85 | 81 | 380 | .93 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 72 | 126 | --- | --- | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 66 | 102 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | MrB, MrC------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 72 | 54 | 194 | .70 Murrill | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------| 70 | 75 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | PeB, PeC------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 Pecktonville | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95 | | | | | | | | | | PeD------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 Pecktonville | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95 | | | | | | | | | | PgC------| 4X |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 Pecktonville | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95 | | | | | | | | | | Ph------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 86 | 68 | 292 | .89 Philo | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 102 | 110 | 608 | 1.27 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 74 | 114 | --- | --- | | | | | |Black oak------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |White oak------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |White ash------| 85 | 111 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | PoA, PoB------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Moderate |Severe |White oak------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 Poorhouse | | | | | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Hackberry------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 283
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps, Px------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Pope | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 96 | 100 | 524 | 1.15 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Bitternut hickory---| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | ReF**: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight/ |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | .38 | | | | |Moderate|White oak------| 50 | 34 | 60 | .38 | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | RnB**, RnC**: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------| 80 | 98 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 95 | 176 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | RnD**: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate/|Moderate|Northern red oak----|75/80| 57/62 |215/250|.74/.81 | | | |Slight | |Yellow-poplar------|85/90| 81/90 380/440|.93/1.04 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--|85/90|155/166| --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------|75/80| 78/98 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 5R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 278 | .87 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 95 | 176 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | RvC**: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------| 80 | 98 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | | | | | | | | | | SwA, SwB------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74 Swanpond | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88 | | | | | | | | | | TyA, TyB------| 4W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 Tygart | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |White ash------| 80 | 98 | --- | --- | | | | | |Black oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81 | | | | | | | | | | WbB**, WbC**: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 3D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 59 | 42 | 105 | .51 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 56 | 82 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 284 Soil Survey
Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______|______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/ |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB**, WbC**: | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 4F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Black oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------| 70 | 109 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | WbD**: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|55/64| 38/47 | 85/138|.45/.58 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|52/60| 73/91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | |Moderate|Black oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|60/70| 91/109| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | WkF**: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|55/64| 38/47 | 85/138|.45/.58 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|52/60| 73/91 | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | |Moderate|Black oak------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67 | | | | | |Virginia pine------|60/70| 91/109| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | |
* Average annual growth is equal to the total volume growth at rotation divided by the rotation age. Actual annual growth varies with stand vigor and other factors. Yield data are based on site indices of natural stands at age 50 years. The International 1\4 Log Rule is used for board feet. Cords are standard rough cords. This information should be used for planning only. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Berkeley County, West Virginia 285
Table 9.--Recreational Development
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)
______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Atkins | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | BkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Blackthorn | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | Blackthorn------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Pecktonville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | BuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Buchanan | wetness, | wetness, | small stones. | wetness. | small stones. | small stones, | percs slowly, | | | | percs slowly. | small stones. | | | | | | | | BuC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Buchanan | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | small stones. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones. | | | small stones. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | BxC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Buchanan | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | BxE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Buchanan | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | CaB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Calvin | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | CaC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Calvin | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | CaD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | CaE, CaF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 286 Soil Survey
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Caneyville | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | CcC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Caneyville | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | CcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Caneyville | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | CeB*: | | | | | Carbo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Endcav------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | CeC*: | | | | | Carbo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Endcav------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | CgB*: | | | | | Carbo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | too clayey. | | | | | CgC*, ChC*: | | | | | Carbo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | too clayey, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | too clayey, | erodes easily. | too clayey. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily. | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | too clayey. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 287
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CkB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Clearbrook | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | CmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Clearbrook | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | Clearbrook------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness, | small stones, | wetness. | small stones, | | small stones. | wetness. | | large stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Cs------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Combs | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | DaC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dekalb | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones. | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | DaD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Dekalb | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | large stones. | | | | | | DaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dekalb | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dekalb | large stones. | small stones, | large stones, | large stones. | small stones, | | too acid. | slope, | | large stones. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones. | small stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | DsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Downsville | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | DsC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Downsville | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | DsD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | DuB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Duffield | | | slope, | erodes easily. | | | | small stones. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 288 Soil Survey
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Duffield | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | DyB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Duffield | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | DyC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Duffield | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Dz------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dunning | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Fa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fairplay | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Fk------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Funkstown | flooding. | wetness. | flooding, | | flooding. | | | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | FnA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Funkstown | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | FsA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Funkstown | small stones, | wetness, | small stones. | | small stones. | wetness. | small stones. | | | | | | | | HbA------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Hagerstown | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HbB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Hagerstown | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HbC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | HcB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Hagerstown | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HcC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | HcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | HdB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hagerstown | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | HdC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Hagerstown | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 289
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HgC*: | | | | | Hagerstown------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | HgE*: | | | | | Hagerstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HsE*: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | Hu------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Huntington | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 290 Soil Survey
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | La------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Lappans | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Lindside | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | flooding. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | MhA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | MhB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | MhC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Monongahela | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | | | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | MoB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones, | small stones, | percs slowly, | wetness, | | wetness. | percs slowly. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | MrB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Murrill | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | MrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Murrill | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | PeB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Pecktonville | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | small stones. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | PeC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Pecktonville | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones. | small stones, | percs slowly, | small stones. | | | percs slowly. | small stones. | | | | | | | | PeD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Pecktonville | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | PgC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pecktonville | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | small stones. | large stones. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Ph------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Philo | flooding. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness, | | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | PoA, PoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Poorhouse | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 291
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Pope | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | Px------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Pope | flooding. | | small stones, | | flooding. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Qm*, Qs*. | | | | | Quarry | | | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | RnB*: | | | | | Ryder------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Nollville------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | RnC*: | | | | | Ryder------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Nollville------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | RnD*: | | | | | Ryder------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Nollville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | RvC*: | | | | | Ryder------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Nollville------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | SwA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Swanpond | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 292 Soil Survey
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Swanpond | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | TyA, TyB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tygart | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Ua*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Udorthents, smoothed | | | | | | | | | | Ub*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | UvC*: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Carbo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | slope, | | | percs slowly. | | depth to rock. | | | | | Endcav------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Hagerstown------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | | small stones, | | | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | WbC*: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | small stones, | | | small stones. | | depth to rock | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 293
Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbD*: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | small stones, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | WkF*: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. ______| | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 294 Soil Survey
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat
(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)
______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good. Atkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BkE------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Blackthorn | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | | | | | Blackthorn------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pecktonville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BpF*: | | | | | | | | | | Blackthorn------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pecktonville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BuB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Buchanan | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BuC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Buchanan | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BxC, BxE------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Buchanan | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaB------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very Calvin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaC------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very Calvin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Calvin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaE------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Calvin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaF------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Calvin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CbB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Caneyville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CcC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Caneyville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CcD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Caneyville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 295
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeB*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CeC*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CgB*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CgC*, ChC*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor. Clearbrook | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | | | | | Clearbrook------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor. | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cs------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very Combs | | | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DaC------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very Dekalb | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DaD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Dekalb | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DaE------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Dekalb | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DkC------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Dekalb | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 296 Soil Survey
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Downsville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DsC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Downsville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DsD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Downsville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DuB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Duffield | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DuC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Duffield | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DyB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Duffield | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DyC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Duffield | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Dz------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Dunning | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fa------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Fairplay | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fk, FnA, FsA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very Funkstown | | | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HbA, HbB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HbC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HcB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HcD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HdB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HdD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 297
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgC*: | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgE*: | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HsE*: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Hu------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Huntington | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | La------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor. Lappans | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. Lindside | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Monongahela | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Monongahela | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MhC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Monongahela | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 298 Soil Survey
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Monongahela | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MrB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Murrill | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MrC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Murrill | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PeB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Pecktonville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PeC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Pecktonville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PeD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Pecktonville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PgC------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Pecktonville | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ph------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Philo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PoA------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Fair. Poorhouse | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PoB------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Poorhouse | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ps, Px------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Pope | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Qm*, Qs*------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Quarry | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RnB*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RnD*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 299
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnD*: | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RvC*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SwA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Swanpond | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Swanpond | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | TyA------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Tygart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TyB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Tygart | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ua*. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ub*. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | UvC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 300 Soil Survey
Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WbC*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WbD*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WkF*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. ______| | | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Berkeley County, West Virginia 301
Table 11.--Building Site Development
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Atkins | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | flooding. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | BkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Blackthorn | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | | Blackthorn------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Pecktonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones, | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | BuB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Buchanan | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones. | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | BuC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Buchanan | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | small stones. | | slope. | | | slope, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | BxC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Buchanan | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | large stones, | | slope. | | | slope, | small stones. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | BxE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Buchanan | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | CaB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Calvin | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | small stones, | | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | CaC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Calvin | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones. | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | | | | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | CbB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Caneyville | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | low strength. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| | slope, | | | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 302 Soil Survey
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Caneyville | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | slope, | | slope, | | | | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | CcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Caneyville | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength, | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | CeB*: | | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | low strength, | depth to rock. | | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Endcav------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | too clayey. | | | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | CeC*: | | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope, | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | shrink-swell. | depth to rock. | | | | | | Endcav------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope. | too clayey, | | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | CgB*: | | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | low strength, | depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| depth to rock, | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength, | too clayey. | | | | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | CgC*, ChC*: | | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength, | slope, | | depth to rock.| | | shrink-swell. | depth to rock. | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| depth to rock, | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | slope, | low strength, | too clayey. | | | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | slope. | slope, | | | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock, | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength. | too clayey. | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 303
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Clearbrook | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | Clearbrook------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | shrink-swell, | small stones, | | | | | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | small stones. | | | | | | Cs------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Combs | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | DaC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dekalb | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small stones, | | depth to rock,| | | slope, | slope. | | large stones. | | | large stones. | | | | | | | DaD, DaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dekalb | slope, | slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | slope. | | | | | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Dekalb | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small stones, | cutbanks cave.| depth to rock,| | | slope, | large stones. | | large stones. | | | large stones. | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | small stones, | large stones, | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | slope. | | large stones. | | | slope. | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | DsB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Downsville | | | | slope. | frost action. | small stones, | | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | DsC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | small stones, | | | | | frost action. | large stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | DsD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | DuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | | | | | | | | DuC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 304 Soil Survey
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones. | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | | | | | | | | DyC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones, | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | slope. | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | Dz------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dunning | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Fa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fairplay | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | ponding, | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding, | flooding. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Fk------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Funkstown | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | FnA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Funkstown | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | FsA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Funkstown | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | small stones. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | HbA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | HbB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | HbC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Hagerstown | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | HcB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | HcC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Hagerstown | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | HcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | HdB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | large stones, | | | | slope. | | small stones. | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 305
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Hagerstown | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | small stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | HdD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | HgC*: | | | | | | Hagerstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| slope, | low strength. | slope. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | slope, | low strength, | | | | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | HgE*: | | | | | | Hagerstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| low strength. | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large stones, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | HsE*: | | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | large stones, | cutbanks cave,| | slope. | | | small stones, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 306 Soil Survey
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | large stones, | cutbanks cave,| | slope. | | | small stones, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Hu------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Huntington | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | La------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Lappans | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Lindside | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | MhA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | MhB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | | | MhC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | slope, | | slope. | | | slope, | wetness. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | MoB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Monongahela | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | large stones, | | | | slope. | frost action. | wetness. | | | | | | MrB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Murrill | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength, | small stones. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | MrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Murrill | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | small stones, | slope. | | | | slope, | slope. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | PeB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Pecktonville | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | small stones. | wetness. | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | PeC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Pecktonville | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones. | wetness, | | | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | PeD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pecktonville | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 307
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | andscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PgC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pecktonville | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones, | wetness, | | | slope. | low strength. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Ph------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Philo | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | PoA, PoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Poorhouse | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Ps------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pope | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Px------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Pope | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Qm*, Qs*. | | | | | | Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock,| depth to ock. | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength. | | | | | | | RnB*: | | | | | | Ryder------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | small stones, | | | | | | depth to ock. | | | | | | Nollville------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones. | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | | | | | | | | RnC*: | | | | | | Ryder------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones, | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope, | | | | | | depth to ock. | | | | | | Nollville------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones, | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | slope. | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | RnD*: | | | | | | Ryder------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Nollville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 308 Soil Survey
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvC*: | | | | | | Ryder------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones, | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | Nollville------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones, | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | slope. | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | SwA, SwB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Swanpond | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | wetness. | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | TyA, TyB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tygart | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Ua*. | | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | | | Ub*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | small stones, | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | UvC*: | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Carbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope, | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | shrink-swell. | depth to rock. | | | | | | Endcav------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Hagerstown------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 309
Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| frost action. | | | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | small stones, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | WbC*: | | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | Berks------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | small stones, | slope. | | slope. | | | slope, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | WbD*: | | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty, | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | | WkF*: | | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty, | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. ______| | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 310 Soil Survey
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Atkins | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | BkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Blackthorn* | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | small stones, | | slope. | | slope. | slope. | | | | | BpE**, BpF**: | | | | | Blackthorn*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | small stones, | | slope. | | slope. | slope. | | | | | Pecktonville*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | | slope, | | hard to pack, | slope. | | too clayey. | | small stones. | | | | | BuB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Buchanan | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | wetness. | small stones. | percs slowly. | slope. | too acid. | | | | | | | BuC, BxC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Buchanan | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones. | percs slowly. | | too acid. | slope. | | | | | | BxE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Buchanan | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | small stones, | percs slowly, | | slope, | | slope. | slope. | | too acid. | | | | | | | CaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Calvin | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | | | | CaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Calvin | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Calvin | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | CbB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Caneyville* | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | CcC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Caneyville* | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | slope, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | seepage. | | | hard to pack. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 311
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | CcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Caneyville* | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | percs slowly, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | CeB**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Endcav*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | CeC**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | seepage. | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Endcav*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | CgB**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | CgC**, ChC**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | slope, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | seepage. | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | slope, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | seepage. | | | hard to pack. | | | | | ChE**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | percs slowly, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 312 Soil Survey
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Clearbrook | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | large stones. | | | | | CrB**: | | | | | Clearbrook------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | | | | Cs------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Combs | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | DaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | small stones, | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | | slope. | | | | | | | | DaD, DaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock. | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | DrE**: | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | DsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Downsville | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | DsC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: Downsville | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones. | slope. | | too clayey. | | | | | | | DsD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | DuB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Duffield* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 313
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | DuC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Duffield* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | | DyB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Duffield* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | DyC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Duffield* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Dz------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dunning | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | Fa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Fairplay* | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | percs slowly. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | Fk------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Funkstown* | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | | seepage. | | | wetness. | | | | | FnA, FsA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Funkstown* | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | | seepage. | | | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | HbA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HbB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HbC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | | HcB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HcC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | | HcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hagerstown* | slope. | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | | seepage. | slope, | | hard to pack, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 314 Soil Survey
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | HdB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HdC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | | HdD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hagerstown* | slope. | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | | seepage. | slope, | | hard to pack, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | HgC**: | | | | | Hagerstown*------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | slope, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | seepage. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | HgE**: | | | | | Hagerstown*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | | seepage. | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | | | too clayey. | | | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | HkF**: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones. | | | | | HsE**: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 315
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | HsF**: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Hu------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Huntington | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | La------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Lappans* | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | poor filter. | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Ln------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Lindside | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | MhA, MhB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Monongahela | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | MhC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Monongahela | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | small stones, | percs slowly. | wetness. | | slope. | slope, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | MoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Monongahela | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | MrB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Murrill* | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | MrC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Murrill* | percs slowly, | slope, | too clayey, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | seepage. | slope. | | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | PeB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Pecktonville* | wetness, | seepage. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | PeC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Pecktonville* | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | PeD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Pecktonville* | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | slope, | | hard to pack, | slope. | | too clayey. | | small stones. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 316 Soil Survey
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | PgC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Pecktonville* | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Ph------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Philo | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | small stones, | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | | thin layer. | | | | | PoA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Poorhouse* | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | PoB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Poorhouse* | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Ps, Px------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Pope | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Qm**, Qs**. | | | | | Quarry | | | | | | | | | | ReF**: | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | RnB**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Nollville*------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | thin layer. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | RnC**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Nollville*------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | thin layer. | percs slowly, | seepage. | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | RnD**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 317
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | RnD**: | | | | | Nollville*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope, | | seepage. | slope. | | thin layer. | | | | | RvC**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Nollville*------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | hard to pack. | percs slowly, | seepage. | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | SwA, SwB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Swanpond* | wetness, | seepage. | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | TyA, TyB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Tygart | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey, | | hard to pack, | | | too acid. | | wetness. | | | | | Ua**. | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | Ub**------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UkC**: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | UvC**: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | seepage. | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Endcav*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | UwC**: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Hagerstown*------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 318 Soil Survey
Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | W**. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WbB**: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock. | seepage. | | seepage, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | | | | WbC**: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | seepage, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | WbD**, WkF**: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | | slope. | slope. | | small stones. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. ______| | | | |
* Ground water may become polluted if the soil is underlain by cavernous limestone or pervious bedrock. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Berkeley County, West Virginia 319
Table 13.--Construction Materials
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Atkins | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | BkE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Blackthorn | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | BpE*, BpF*: | | | | Blackthorn------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | Pecktonville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | BuB, BuC, BxC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Buchanan | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | BxE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Buchanan | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | CaB, CaC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Calvin** | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | CaD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Calvin** | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | CaE, CaF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Calvin** | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | CbB, CcC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Caneyville | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | small stones. | | | | CcD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Caneyville | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | CeB*, CeC*: | | | | Carbo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 320 Soil Survey
Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | CeB*, CeC*: | | | | Endcav------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | CgB*, CgC*, ChC*: | | | | Carbo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Opequon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength, | | | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | | | small stones. | | | | ChE*: | | | | Carbo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength, | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Opequon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength, | | | too clayey, | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | CkB, CmB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Clearbrook | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | large stones, | | | | wetness. | | | | CrB*: | | | | Clearbrook**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones. | | | | Berks**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Cs------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Combs | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | DaC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | DaD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | DaE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dekalb | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | depth to rock. | | | slope. | | | | DkC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony, | | | | small stones. | | | | DrE*: | | | | Dekalb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony, | large stones. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 321
Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | DsB, DsC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Downsville | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DsD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Downsville | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | DuB, DuC, DyB, DyC----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Duffield | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Dz------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dunning | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Fa------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Fairplay | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Fk, FnA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Funkstown | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | FsA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Funkstown | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | HbA, HbB, HbC, HcB, | | | | HcC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | HcD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | HdB, HdC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | HdD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | HgC*: | | | | Hagerstown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Opequon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength, | | | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 322 Soil Survey
Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | HgE*: | | | | Hagerstown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Opequon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength, | | | too clayey. | slope. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | Hazleton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones, | excess fines, | excess fines, | too stony, | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Berks------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony, | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | HsE*: | | | | Hazleton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones, | excess fines, | excess fines, | too stony, | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Dekalb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony, | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | HsF*: | | | | Hazleton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones, | excess fines, | excess fines, | too stony, | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Dekalb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony, | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Hu------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Huntington | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | La------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Lappans | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Ln------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Lindside | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | wetness. | | | | | | | MhA, MhB, MhC, MoB----|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Monongahela | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim. | | | | MrB, MrC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Murrill | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 323
Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | PeB, PeC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pecktonville | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | small stones. | | | | PeD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pecktonville | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | PgC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pecktonville | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | small stones. | | | | Ph------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Philo | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | PoA, PoB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Poorhouse | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | Ps, Px------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pope | | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim. | | | | Qm*, Qs*. | | | | Quarry | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | Opequon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength, | | | too clayey, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | RnB*, RnC*: | | | | Ryder------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Nollville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | RnD*: | | | | Ryder------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Nollville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | RvC*: | | | | Ryder------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Nollville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 324 Soil Survey
Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | SwA, SwB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Swanpond | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | TyA, TyB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Tygart | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | Ua*. | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | Ub*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Berks**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | UvC*: | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Carbo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Endcav------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Hagerstown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | W*. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | Weikert**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones. | | | | Berks**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | WbC*: | | | | Weikert**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones. | | | | Berks**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 325
Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | WbD*: | | | | Weikert**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Berks**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | WkF*: | | | | Weikert**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock, | slope. | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Berks**------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. ______| | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. ** The rippable shale underlying this soil commonly is excavated for use as roadfill. 326 Soil Survey
Table 14.--Water Management
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, Atkins | seepage. | seepage, | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | piping, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | BkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Blackthorn* | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones. | slope, | slope. | | | | droughty. | | | | | BpE**, BpF**: | | | | | Blackthorn*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones. | slope, | slope. | | | | droughty. | | | | | Pecktonville*----|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope, | seepage, | piping, | | | large stones. | slope. | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | BuB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Large stones, |Droughty, Buchanan | seepage, | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth, | slope. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | BuC------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, Buchanan | slope. | piping. | slope. | large stones, | droughty, | | | | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | BxC, BxE------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large stones, Buchanan | slope. | piping. | slope. | large stones, | slope, | | | | wetness. | droughty. | | | | | CaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones, Calvin | seepage. | piping. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | CaC, CaD, CaE, | | | | | CaF------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Calvin | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | CbB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock. Caneyville* | depth to rock, | thin layer, | | | | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | CcC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Caneyville* | depth to rock, | thin layer, | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | CcD------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Caneyville* | depth to rock, | thin layer, | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 327
Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | CeB**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | | | | | Endcav*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | CeC**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | slope. | | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | Endcav*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | CgB**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage, | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | seepage, | hard to pack, | | erodes easily. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | thin layer. | | | droughty. | | | | | CgC**, ChC**: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage, | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | depth to rock, | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | slope. | | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | depth to rock, | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Large stones, |Large stones, Clearbrook | depth to rock, | large stones, | large stones, | depth to rock, | wetness. | slope. | wetness. | slope. | wetness. | | | | | | CrB**: | | | | | Clearbrook------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Large stones, |Large stones, | depth to rock, | large stones. | large stones, | depth to rock, | wetness. | slope. | | slope. | wetness. | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones, | seepage. | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | Cs------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Combs | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 328 Soil Survey
Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | DaC, DaD, DaE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Dekalb | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Dekalb | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | DrE**: | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | DsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Large stones-----|Large stones, Downsville | seepage, | piping, | | | droughty. | slope. | large stones. | | | | | | | | DsC, DsD------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Downsville | slope. | piping, | | large stones. | slope, | | large stones. | | | droughty. | | | | | DuB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | | | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | DuC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | erodes easily. | erodes easily. | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | DyB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | | | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | DyC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | | | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | Dz------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Dunning | | wetness. | flooding. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | Fa------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Fairplay | seepage. | piping, | flooding. | ponding. | erodes easily. | | ponding. | | | | | | | | Fk------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness------|Favorable. Funkstown* | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | FnA, FsA------|Severe: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Favorable. Funkstown* | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | HbA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Hagerstown* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | HbB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 329
Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | HbC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | HcB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Hagerstown* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | HcC, HcD------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | HdB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Hagerstown* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | HdC, HdD------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | HgC**, HgE**: | | | | | Hagerstown*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | | | | seepage. | | | | | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | slope. | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | HkF**: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Berks. | | | | | | | | | | HsE**: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | HsF**: | | | | | Hazleton------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | Hu------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Huntington | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | La------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. Lappans | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 330 Soil Survey
Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | Ln------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Lindside | seepage. | piping. | frost action. | wetness. | | | | | | MhA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Monongahela | seepage. | piping. | | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | MhB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Monongahela | seepage, | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth. | slope. | | | | | | | | | MhC------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, Monongahela | slope. | piping. | slope. | erodes easily, | erodes easily, | | | | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | MoB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Monongahela | seepage, | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth. | slope. | | | | | | | | | MrB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Murrill* | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | MrC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. Murrill* | seepage, | piping. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | PeB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Percs slowly-----|Percs slowly. Pecktonville* | seepage. | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | PeC, PeD------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Pecktonville* | seepage, | hard to pack, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness. | | | | | | | | PgC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. Pecktonville* | seepage, | piping, | | | | slope. | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | Ph------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Philo | seepage. | piping, | | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | PoA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Wetness, Poorhouse | | hard to pack, | | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | PoB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Poorhouse | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | Ps------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. Pope | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | Px------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. Pope | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | Qm**, Qs**------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Quarry | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 331
Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | ReF**: | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Opequon*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | depth to rock, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | slope. | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | RnB**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | Nollville*------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | thin layer, | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | RnC**, RnD**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | piping. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Nollville*------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | thin layer, | | | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | RvC**: | | | | | Ryder*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | Nollville*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | thin layer. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | SwA------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Swanpond* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | wetness, | percs slowly. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | SwB------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Swanpond* | seepage, | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. | slope. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | TyA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Wetness, Tygart | | hard to pack, | | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | TyB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Tygart | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | Ua**. | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | Ub**------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UkC**: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 332 Soil Survey
Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | UkC**: | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | UvC**: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Carbo*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock, | erodes easily, | slope. | | | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | Endcav*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | UwC**: | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Hagerstown*------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WbB**: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | | | | droughty. | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones, | seepage. | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | WbC**: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones, | slope, | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | WbD**, WkF**: | | | | | Weikert------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones, | slope, | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Berks------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty. ______| | | | |
* Ponds constructed in areas of this soil have a high failure rate due to crevices and solution channels in the underlying limestone bedrock or the nature of the clays in the subsoil, or both. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Berkeley County, West Virginia 333
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties
(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)
______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | At------| 0-4 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20 Atkins | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 4-36|Silty clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|65-100|45-85 | 20-40 | 3-20 | | silt loam, sandy| ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-70|Stratified silty |SM, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |40-100|35-100|25-95 |15-85 | 20-40 | 1-15 | | clay loam, | GM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BkE------| 0-7 |Extremely stony |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |65-90 |60-85 |35-70 |15-55 | 15-27 | NP-7 Blackthorn | | loam. | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 7-65|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-30 |40-90 |25-90 |20-60 |10-45 | 18-30 | 1-9 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Blackthorn------| 0-6 |Extremely stony |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |65-90 |60-85 |35-70 |15-55 | 15-27 | NP-7 | | loam. | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 6-35|Gravelly sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-30 |40-90 |25-90 |20-60 |10-45 | 18-30 | 1-9 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |35-90|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |85-100|70-100|65-95 |55-90 | 30-65 | 15-40 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pecktonville----| 0-7 |Extremely stony |GM, GC, |A-2, A-4 |15-30 |35-80 |30-75 |25-70 |20-65 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | | 7-12|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |65-100|60-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 15-40 | 3-20 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | | |12-46|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |55-100|50-95 |45-90 |40-90 | 25-60 | 10-40 | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |46-65|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |75-100|70-100|65-100|65-95 | 25-60 | 10-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BuB------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam----|GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-10 |50-100|50-75 |40-75 |30-65 | 20-35 | 2-11 Buchanan | | | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 8-32|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|45-90 |40-90 |20-80 | 20-35 | 2-15 | | silt loam, | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |32-65|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|30-80 |30-75 |20-60 | 20-35 | 2-15 | | loam, channery | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 334 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | BuC------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam----|GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-10 |50-100|50-75 |40-75 |30-65 | 20-35 | 2-11 Buchanan | | | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 6-21|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|45-90 |40-90 |20-80 | 20-35 | 2-15 | | silt loam, | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |21-65|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|30-80 |30-75 |20-60 | 20-35 | 2-15 | | loam, channery | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BxC, BxE------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-85 |45-70 |40-70 |30-60 | 20-35 | 2-11 Buchanan | | loam. | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 4-30|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |50-100|45-90 |40-90 |20-80 | 20-35 | 2-15 | | silt loam, | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-65|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |50-100|30-80 |30-75 |20-60 | 20-35 | 2-15 | | loam, channery | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaB, CaC------| 0-8 |Channery loam----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | 15-30 | 2-10 Calvin | 8-30|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | 2-11 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-35|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-45 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13 | | channery silt | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaD------| 0-6 |Channery loam----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | 15-30 | 2-10 Calvin | 6-30|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | 2-11 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-35|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-45 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13 | | channery silt | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 335
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF------| 0-2 |Channery loam----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | 15-30 | 2-10 Calvin | 2-23|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | 2-11 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |23-34|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-45 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13 | | channery silt | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbB------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-35 | 2-12 Caneyville | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 7-15|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 42-70 | 20-45 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |15-24|Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 0-15 |70-100|55-100|50-100|40-95 | 50-75 | 30-45 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 24 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcC------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 30-40 | 11-20 Caneyville | 8-16|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 42-70 | 20-45 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |16-28|Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 0-15 |70-100|55-100|50-100|40-95 | 50-75 | 30-45 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 28 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcD------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 30-40 | 11-20 Caneyville | 6-14|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 42-70 | 20-45 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |14-26|Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 0-15 |70-100|55-100|50-100|40-95 | 50-75 | 30-45 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 26 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 9-34|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 8-41|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-95 | 60-85 | 35-55 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 9-34|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 336 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | CeC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 6-41|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-95 | 60-85 | 35-55 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CgB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | | 9-34|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-8 |Silty clay------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 8-17|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 17 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CgC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 7-32|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 32 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-6 |Silty clay------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 6-15|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 9-34|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-7 |Silty clay------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 7-17|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 17 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 5-30|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-3 |Silty clay------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 3-15|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 337
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | CkB------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|75-90 |65-85 |55-75 | 20-30 | 6-15 Clearbrook | 9-11|Channery silt |CL |A-6 |10-50 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 25-40 | 10-20 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |11-22|Very channery |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 |10-50 |60-85 |50-75 |50-65 |45-60 | 35-45 | 15-25 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | 22 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | CmB------| 0-7 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 5-25 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 20-30 | 6-15 Clearbrook | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 7-13|Channery silt |CL |A-6 |10-50 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 25-40 | 10-20 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |13-22|Very channery |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 |10-50 |60-85 |50-75 |50-65 |45-60 | 35-45 | 15-25 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | 22 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Clearbrook------| 0-8 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 5-25 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 20-30 | 6-15 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 8-19|Channery silt |CL |A-6 |10-50 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 25-40 | 10-20 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |19-24|Very channery |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 |10-50 |60-85 |50-75 |50-65 |45-60 | 35-45 | 15-25 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | 24 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-8 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |50-80 |50-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | 8-16|Silt loam, loam |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | | GC, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | |16-22|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10 | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 22 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cs------| 0-20|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |25-55 | <25 | NP-5 Combs | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |20-53|Loam, fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-100|30-80 | <25 | NP-5 | | loam, silt loam.| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |53-65|Loam, fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|75-100|65-100|30-80 | <25 | NP-8 | | loam, sandy clay| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 338 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | DaC, DaD, DaE----| 0-4 |Channery loam----|SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 Dekalb | | | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 4-22|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 22 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| 0-6 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-35 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 Dekalb | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 6-15|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |15-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, flaggy | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | | | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | 24 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-6 |Rubbly sandy loam|SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 |50-85 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | 6-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, ML|A-2, A-4 | 5-40 |50-85 |40-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-7 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |24-34|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 |10-50 |45-85 |35-75 |25-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, flaggy | SC, GC | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | | | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsB------| 0-10|Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, CL|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-11 Downsville | | | | A-6 | | | | | | | |10-18|Gravelly loam, |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-15 | | gravelly sandy | SM, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |18-30|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-99|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 339
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | DsC------| 0-5 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, CL|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-11 Downsville | | | | A-6 | | | | | | | | 5-13|Gravelly loam, |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-15 | | gravelly sandy | SM, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |13-25|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |25-99|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsD------| 0-5 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, CL|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-11 Downsville | | | | A-6 | | | | | | | | 5-13|Gravelly loam, |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-15 | | gravelly sandy | SM, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |13-25|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |25-99|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuB------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-50 | 5-20 Duffield | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | 9-54|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22 | | silt loam, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |54-65|Channery silt |MH, GM, |A-7, A-5 | 0-20 |65-100|50-100|45-90 |40-90 | 40-60 | 9-29 | | loam, loam, | SM, ML | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuC------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-50 | 5-20 Duffield | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | 7-54|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22 | | silt loam, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |54-65|Channery silt |MH, GM, |A-7, A-5 | 0-20 |65-100|50-100|45-90 |40-90 | 40-60 | 9-29 | | loam, loam, | SM, ML | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyB------| 0-9 |Gravelly silt |CL |A-4, A-6,| 5-10 |70-100|60-75 |55-70 |50-70 | 30-50 | 8-22 Duffield | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 9-65|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22 | | silty clay, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | | | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 340 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | DyC------| 0-7 |Gravelly silt |CL |A-4, A-6,| 5-10 |70-100|60-75 |55-70 |50-70 | 30-50 | 8-22 Duffield | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 7-65|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22 | | silty clay, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dz------| 0-16|Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 25-35 | 4-11 Dunning | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |16-70|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|70-100|60-100|60-100| 45-70 | 20-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fa------| 0-15|Marly silt loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-95 |60-85 | 20-30 | 3-11 Fairplay |15-23|Marly silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-95 |45-85 | 20-30 | 3-11 | | marly loam. | ML | | | | | | | | |23-65|Marly silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|80-100|80-95 |45-85 | 16-30 | 3-11 | | marly loam, | ML, SM | A-2 | | | | | | | | | marly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fk------| 0-11|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|65-80 | 15-30 | 3-11 Funkstown |11-27|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |65-90 |60-85 |55-80 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam, gravelly | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |27-65|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FnA------| 0-19|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|65-80 | 15-30 | 3-11 Funkstown |19-40|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |65-90 |60-85 |55-80 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam, gravelly | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |40-65|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FsA------| 0-10|Gravelly silt |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |85-90 |70-80 |60-75 |55-75 | 15-30 | 3-11 Funkstown | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |10-26|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |65-90 |60-85 |55-80 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15 | | loam, gravelly | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-65|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HbA, HbB------| 0-10|Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | |10-17|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |17-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 341
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | HbC------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 7-14|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |14-68|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcB------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 7-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcC------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 6-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HcD------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-15 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 5-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdB------| 0-9 |Gravelly silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |75-95 |70-90 |70-90 |60-85 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 9-15|Clay, silty clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |15-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdC------| 0-8 |Gravelly silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |75-95 |70-90 |70-90 |60-85 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 8-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HdD------| 0-7 |Gravelly silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |75-95 |70-90 |70-90 |60-85 | 25-50 | 5-25 Hagerstown | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 7-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 71 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 5-9 |Clay, silty clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | 9-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 71 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 5-18|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 18 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 342 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | HgE*: | | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 5-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 5-18|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 18 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------| 0-11|Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-4 |15-50 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | 10-25 | NP-8 | | loam. | ML, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |11-48|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-30 | NP-8 | | loam, very | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |48-65|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | 15-30 | NP-8 | | very channery | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | | | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-8 |Extremely stony |SM, SC, |A-4 | 5-35 |60-95 |55-90 |45-90 |35-80 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | loam. | GM, ML | | | | | | | | | 8-36|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | --- | | | | | | | | | | | HsE*: | | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-4 |15-50 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | 10-25 | NP-8 | | loam. | ML, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | 4-11|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-30 | NP-8 | | loam, channery | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |11-65|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | 15-30 | NP-8 | | very channery | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | | | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-35 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 26 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 343
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-4 |15-50 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | 10-25 | NP-8 | | loam. | ML, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | 4-11|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-30 | NP-8 | | loam, channery | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |11-65|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | 15-30 | NP-8 | | very channery | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | | | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 26 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hu------| 0-11|Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-40 | 5-15 Huntington | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |11-65|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-40 | 5-15 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | La------| 0-7 |Marly loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |50-85 | 20-30 | 3-11 Lappans | 7-42|Marly loam, marly|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 20-30 | 3-11 | | sandy loam, | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | marly silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |42-64|Marly loam, marly|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |45-85 | 15-30 | 3-11 | | sandy loam, | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | marly clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |64-99|Marly loam, marly|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |45-85 | 15-30 | 3-11 | | sandy loam, | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | marly clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| 0-12|Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|55-90 | 20-35 | 2-15 Lindside | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |12-46|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-95 | 25-40 | 4-18 | | silt loam, very | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | | |46-66|Stratified silty |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |60-100|55-100|45-100|30-95 | 20-40 | 4-18 | | clay loam to | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 344 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | MhA------| 0-10|Silt loam------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|45-90 | 20-35 | 1-10 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |10-27|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |27-53|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | clay loam, clay | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |53-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhB------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|45-90 | 20-35 | 1-10 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-51|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | clay loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |51-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MhC------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|45-90 | 20-35 | 1-10 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 6-28|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-49|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | clay loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |49-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoB------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-15 |80-90 |75-85 |70-80 |45-75 | 20-35 | 1-10 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-51|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | clay loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |51-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 345
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | MrB, MrC------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam----|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |65-80 |55-70 |45-65 |30-65 | 20-45 | 3-15 Murrill | | | GM, SC-SM| A-2 | | | | | | | | 9-55|Gravelly clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-85 |60-70 |55-65 |50-65 | 20-50 | 5-25 | | loam, gravelly | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |55-72|Silty clay, very |CH, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|50-100|45-100|40-100| 35-75 | 20-40 | | gravelly clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeB------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|ML, GM |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |60-80 |50-75 |40-70 |35-65 | 20-40 | 3-15 Pecktonville | 7-11|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 20-40 | 5-20 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |11-48|Silty clay loam, |CH, GC, |A-6, | 0-5 |45-100|40-95 |35-90 |30-90 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | gravelly silty | CL, SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |48-65|Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-6, | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|65-95 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | clay, clay. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeC------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam----|ML, GM |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |60-80 |50-75 |40-70 |35-65 | 20-40 | 3-15 Pecktonville | 6-12|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 20-40 | 5-20 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |12-43|Silty clay loam, |CH, GC, |A-6, | 0-5 |45-100|40-95 |35-90 |30-90 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | gravelly silty | CL, SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |43-65|Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-6, | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|65-95 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | clay, clay. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeD------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|ML, GM |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |60-80 |50-75 |40-70 |35-65 | 20-40 | 3-15 Pecktonville | 7-16|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 20-40 | 5-20 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |16-47|Silty clay loam, |CH, GC, |A-6, | 0-5 |45-100|40-95 |35-90 |30-90 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | gravelly silty | CL, SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |47-65|Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-6, | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|65-95 | 35-60 | 15-40 | | clay, clay. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PgC------| 0-7 |Extremely stony |GM, GC, |A-2, A-4 |15-35 |35-80 |30-75 |25-70 |20-65 | 15-35 | 3-15 Pecktonville | | loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | | 7-12|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 15-40 | 3-20 | | clay loam, loam,| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | |12-48|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |55-100|50-95 |45-90 |40-90 | 25-60 | 10-40 | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |48-65|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |75-100|70-100|65-100|65-95 | 25-60 | 10-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ph------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|75-90 |60-80 | 20-35 | 1-10 Philo | 9-29|Silt loam, loam, |ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|75-100|70-90 |45-80 | 20-35 | 1-10 | | sandy loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |29-65|Stratified sand |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |45-95 |40-90 |20-70 |10-70 | 15-30 | 1-10 | | to very gravelly| ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 346 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | PoA------| 0-12|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-100|45-95 | 25-45 | 10-20 Poorhouse |12-26|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|45-95 | 35-65 | 20-50 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-65|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-100|60-95 | 35-65 | 20-50 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PoB------| 0-11|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-100|45-95 | 25-45 | 10-20 Poorhouse |11-40|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|45-95 | 35-65 | 20-50 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |40-65|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-100|60-95 | 35-65 | 20-50 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ps------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|51-85 |25-55 | 15-20 | NP-5 Pope | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |10-42|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | 15-30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |42-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | 15-30 | NP-7 | | sand. | ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Px------| 0-10|Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-100|45-90 | 15-30 | NP-10 Pope | | | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |10-40|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | 15-30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |40-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | 15-30 | NP-7 | | sand, loam. | ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Qm*, Qs* | | | | | | | | | | | Quarry. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30 | 2-18|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 18 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 0-8 |Channery silt |ML |A-4 | 0 |80-95 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | --- | --- | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Silt loam, loam, |ML |A-4, A-5,| 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |55-90 |50-85 | 30-45 | 3-11 | | channery silty | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-35|Channery loam, |GM |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |30-65 |25-60 |20-55 |15-50 | 25-40 | 2-11 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 35 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 347
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 0-10|Channery silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-80 |60-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 20-35 | 4-12 | | loam. | GC | A-2 | | | | | | | |10-29|Silty clay loam, |CL, GC, SC|A-6 | 0 |55-100|60-100|45-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 11-23 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |29-41|Silty clay, silty|CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 | 0 |55-100|60-100|45-100|35-95 | 30-50 | 11-30 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |41-57|Very channery |GC, CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-10 |25-65 |20-60 |20-60 |15-55 | 30-50 | 11-30 | | silty clay loam,| | A-2 | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 57 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | RnD*: | | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 0-8 |Channery silt |ML |A-4 | 0 |80-95 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | --- | --- | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Silt loam, loam, |ML |A-4, A-5,| 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |55-90 |50-85 | 30-45 | 3-11 | | channery silty | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |30-35|Channery loam, |GM |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |30-65 |25-60 |20-55 |15-50 | 25-40 | 2-11 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 35 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 0-8 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 20-35 | 4-12 | | loam. | GC | A-2 | | | | | | | | 8-27|Silty clay loam, |CL, GC, SC|A-6 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 11-23 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |27-39|Silty clay, silty|CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 30-50 | 11-30 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |39-55|Very channery |GC, CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-10 |25-65 |20-60 |20-60 |15-55 | 30-50 | 11-30 | | silty clay loam,| | A-2 | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 55 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 348 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | RvC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 0-9 |Channery silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |35-70 | 21-33 | 2-11 | | loam. | CL, GM | | | | | | | | | 9-25|Channery silty |ML, GM, SM|A-4, | 0-10 |55-100|50-100|45-100|30-95 | 30-45 | 3-11 | | clay loam, silt | | A-7-6, | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | A-5 | | | | | | | |25-33|Extremely |GM, SM, ML|A-1, A-2,|10-40 |30-80 |25-75 |20-75 |15-70 | 25-40 | 2-11 | | channery silty | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 33 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 0-10|Channery silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-100|50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 20-35 | 4-12 | | loam. | | A-2 | | | | | | | |10-29|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-6 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 11-23 | | silt loam, | CH, GC | | | | | | | | | | channery silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |29-41|Silty clay, silty|MH, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 30-50 | 11-35 | | clay loam, | CH, GC | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |41-57|Very channery |GC, CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-10 |25-65 |20-60 |20-60 |15-55 | 30-50 | 11-35 | | silty clay loam,| | A-2 | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | 57 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SwA------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-100|55-95 | 21-48 | 6-25 Swanpond | 7-32|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 66-84 | 39-53 |32-65|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 57-84 | 32-53 | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-100|55-95 | 21-48 | 6-25 Swanpond | 7-35|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 66-84 | 39-53 |35-65|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 57-84 | 32-53 | | | | | | | | | | | TyA------| 0-15|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 25-40 | 2-15 Tygart |15-59|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-65 | 11-30 | | silty clay, clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |59-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 30-65 | 11-30 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TyB------| 0-10|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 25-40 | 2-15 Tygart |10-55|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-65 | 11-30 | | silty clay, clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |55-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 30-65 | 11-30 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | Ua*. | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ub*. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 349
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-7 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |50-80 |50-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | 7-21|Silt loam, loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | channery silt | GC, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |21-25|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10 | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 25 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | UvC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 9-34|Clay------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 | 30-50 | 10-25 | 8-41|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-95 | 60-85 | 35-55 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------| 0-12|Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | |12-20|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |20-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 71 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,| 0-10 |35-70 |35-70 |25-65 |20-55 | 30-40 | 4-10 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 6-18|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9 | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | | 18 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 350 Soil Survey
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |60-80 |45-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | 6-26|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10 | | very channery | GM-GC | | | | | | | | | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | WbC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,| 0-10 |65-70 |55-70 |40-65 |30-55 | 30-40 | 4-10 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 6-18|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9 | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | | 18 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |60-80 |55-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | 6-26|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10 | | very channery | GM-GC | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | WbD*: | | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,|10-25 |60-80 |55-70 |40-65 |30-55 | 30-40 | 4-10 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 4-18|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9 | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | | 18 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |60-80 |55-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | 4-26|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10 | | very channery | GM-GC | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 351
Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | WkF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-2 |Very channery |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,|10-25 |35-70 |25-60 |25-55 |20-45 | 30-40 | 4-10 | | silt loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 2-13|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9 | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | | | 13 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-2 |Very channery |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-70 |35-60 |25-50 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | silt loam. | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | 2-24|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 24 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 352 Soil Survey
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils
(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)
______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | At------| 0-4 | 18-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 2-4 Atkins | 4-36| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |36-70| 10-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | BkE------| 0-7 | 7-10 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 4 | 2-5 Blackthorn | 7-65| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | | | | | | Blackthorn------| 0-6 | 7-10 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 4 | 2-5 | 6-35| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | |35-90| 27-60 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Pecktonville----| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 2-4 | 7-12| 15-32 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |12-46| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | |46-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | BuB------| 0-8 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-3 Buchanan | 8-32| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |32-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.06-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | BuC------| 0-6 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-3 Buchanan | 6-21| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |21-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.06-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | BxC, BxE------| 0-4 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-4 Buchanan | 4-30| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |30-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.06-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | CaB, CaC------| 0-8 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 1-3 Calvin | 8-30| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |30-35| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CaD------| 0-6 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 1-3 Calvin | 6-30| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |30-35| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF------| 0-2 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 1-3 Calvin | 2-23| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |23-34| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CbB------| 0-7 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Caneyville | 7-15| 36-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |15-24| 40-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CcC------| 0-8 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Caneyville | 8-16| 36-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |16-28| 40-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 353
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | CcD------| 0-6 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Caneyville | 6-14| 36-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |14-26| 40-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 26 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CeB*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 0-8 | 30-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | .5-2 | 8-41| 35-80 |1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.20| | | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CeC*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 0-6 | 30-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | .5-2 | 6-41| 35-80 |1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.20| | | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CgB*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-8 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-4 | 8-17| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CgC*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-7 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 7-32| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-6 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-4 | 6-15| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | ChC*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-7 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-4 | 7-17| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-5 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 5-30| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 30 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-3 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-4 | 3-15| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 354 Soil Survey
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | CkB------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 1-4 Clearbrook | 9-11| 20-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |11-22| 30-50 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CmB------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 1-4 Clearbrook | 7-13| 20-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |13-22| 30-50 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | | | | | Clearbrook------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 1-4 | 8-19| 20-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |19-24| 30-50 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-8 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | .5-3 | 8-16| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.17| | |16-22| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Cs------| 0-20| 5-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 2-5 Combs |20-53| 5-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.28| | |53-65| 5-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | DaC, DaD, DaE----| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 Dekalb | 4-22| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 Dekalb | 6-15| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |15-24| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 | 6-24| 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |24-34| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 34 | 5-15 |1.20-1.50| --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DsB------| 0-10| 12-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Downsville |10-18| 12-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |18-30| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |30-99| 18-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | DsC------| 0-5 | 12-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Downsville | 5-13| 12-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |13-25| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |25-99| 18-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | DsD------| 0-5 | 12-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Downsville | 5-13| 12-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |13-25| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |25-99| 18-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | DuB------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 2-4 Duffield | 9-54| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |54-65| 18-41 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 355
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | DuC------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 2-4 Duffield | 7-54| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |54-65| 18-41 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | DyB------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 2-4 Duffield | 9-65| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | DyC------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 2-4 Duffield | 7-65| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Dz------| 0-16| 12-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.23|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 2-10 Dunning |16-70| 35-60 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Fa------| 0-15| 18-26 |1.00-1.20| 0.6-20 |0.17-0.22|6.6-8.4 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 2-6 Fairplay |15-23| 15-25 |1.00-1.20| 0.6-20 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.43| | |23-65| 10-25 |1.00-1.20| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | Fk------| 0-11| 15-25 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 5 | 1-5 Funkstown |11-27| 20-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | |27-65| 27-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | FnA------| 0-19| 15-25 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 5 | 1-5 Funkstown |19-40| 20-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | |40-65| 27-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | FsA------| 0-10| 15-25 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|6.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 1-5 Funkstown |10-26| 20-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | |26-65| 27-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | HbA, HbB------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-5 Hagerstown |10-17| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |17-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HbC------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-4 Hagerstown | 7-14| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |14-68| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HcB------| 0-7 | 27-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-3 Hagerstown | 7-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HcC------| 0-6 | 27-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-3 Hagerstown | 6-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HcD------| 0-5 | 27-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-2 Hagerstown | 5-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HdB------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 1-5 Hagerstown | 9-15| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |15-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HdC------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 1-4 Hagerstown | 8-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | HdD------| 0-7 | 15-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 1-3 Hagerstown | 7-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 71 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 356 Soil Survey
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | HgC*: | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------| 0-5 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-5 | 5-9 | 23-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 9-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 71 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-5 | 27-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-4 | 5-18| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HgE*: | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------| 0-5 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-5 | 5-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-5 | 27-40 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-4 | 5-18| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------| 0-11| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| 3 | 2-4 |11-48| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | |48-65| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-8 | 7-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 2-4 | 8-36| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | HsE*: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------| 0-4 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| 3 | 2-4 | 4-11| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | |11-65| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-5 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 26 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | | | | | | Hazleton------| 0-4 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| 3 | 2-4 | 4-11| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | |11-65| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-5 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 26 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Hu------| 0-11| 18-27 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|6.1-7.8 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3-6 Huntington |11-65| 18-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | La------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.05-1.10| 0.6-6.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 3-6 Lappans | 7-42| 15-27 |1.05-1.20| 2.0-20 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.37| | |42-64| 20-35 |1.10-1.30| 2.0-20 |0.14-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.37| | |64-99| 15-35 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Ln------| 0-12| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.26|6.1-7.8 |Low------|0.32| 5 | 2-4 Lindside |12-46| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.37| | |46-66| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 357
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | MhA------| 0-10| 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Monongahela |10-27| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |27-53| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |53-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | MhB------| 0-8 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Monongahela | 8-30| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |30-51| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |51-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | MhC------| 0-6 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Monongahela | 6-28| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |28-49| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |49-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | MoB------| 0-8 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 2-4 Monongahela | 8-30| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |30-51| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |51-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | MrB, MrC------| 0-9 | 15-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Murrill | 9-55| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |55-72| 27-55 |1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | PeB------| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 2-4 Pecktonville | 7-11| 13-35 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |11-48| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | |48-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | PeC------| 0-6 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 2-4 Pecktonville | 6-12| 13-35 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |12-43| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | |43-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | PeD------| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 2-4 Pecktonville | 7-16| 13-35 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| | |16-47| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | |47-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | PgC------| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 2-4 Pecktonville | 7-12| 15-32 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |12-48| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | |48-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Ph------| 0-9 | 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 2-4 Philo | 9-29| 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | |29-65| 5-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | PoA------| 0-27| 20-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 Poorhouse |12-26| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|4.5-7.3 |High------|0.28| | |26-65| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | PoB------| 0-27| 20-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 Poorhouse |11-40| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|4.5-7.3 |High------|0.28| | |40-65| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Ps------| 0-10| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Pope |10-42| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |42-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 358 Soil Survey
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | Px------| 0-10| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.23|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 Pope |10-40| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |40-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Qm*, Qs*. | | | | | | | | | | Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opequon------| 0-2 | 27-40 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.37| 1 | 1-2 | 2-18| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-3 | 8-30| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | |30-35| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.12|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-4 |10-29| 25-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |29-41| 25-45 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |41-57| 25-45 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 57 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | RnD*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-3 | 8-30| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | |30-35| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.12|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.24| | | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-4 | 8-27| 25-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |27-39| 25-45 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |39-55| 25-45 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 55 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | RvC*: | | | | | | | | | | Ryder------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-3 | 9-25| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | |25-33| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.08|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | | 33 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Nollville------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 1-4 |10-29| 25-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |29-41| 25-45 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |41-57| 25-45 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 57 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | SwA------| 0-7 | 16-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.18|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 1-2 Swanpond | 7-32| 60-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High------|0.24| | |32-65| 50-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------| 0-7 | 16-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.18|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 1-2 Swanpond | 7-35| 60-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High------|0.24| | |35-65| 50-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | TyA------| 0-15| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Tygart |15-59| 35-50 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |59-65| 35-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 359
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | TyB------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| 3 | 2-4 Tygart |10-55| 35-50 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |55-65| 35-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Ua*. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | smoothed | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ub*. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-7 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 2-4 | 7-21| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Low------|0.17| | |21-25| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 25 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | UvC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Carbo------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High------|0.24| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Endcav------| 0-8 | 30-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | .5-2 | 8-41| 35-80 |1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.1-7.8 |High------|0.20| | | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hagerstown------| 0-12| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 4 | 1-5 |12-20| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |20-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 71 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 2 | .5-3 | 6-18| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-6 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| 3 | .5-3 | 6-26| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | |26-36| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | WbC*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 2 | .5-3 | 6-18| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-6 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| 3 | .5-3 | 6-26| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | |26-36| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 360 Soil Survey
Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | WbD*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-4 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| 2 | .5-3 | 4-18| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| 3 | .5-3 | 4-26| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | |26-36| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | WkF*: | | | | | | | | | | Weikert------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| 2 | .5-3 | 2-13| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | 13 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Berks------| 0-2 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| 3 | .5-3 | 2-24| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | ______| | | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Berkeley County, West Virginia 361 Table 17.--Soil and Water Features ("Flooding" and "water table" terms such as "frequent," "apparent," "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated) ______| High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | |Potential| map symbol | group of flooding Depth Kind |Months Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete | action steel ______| Ft In __ | At------| D |Frequent------| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Moderate. Atkins | | BkE------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Low------|Moderate |High. Blackthorn | | BpE*, BpF*: | Blackthorn------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Low------|Moderate |High. | Pecktonville-----| C |None------|3.5-6.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | BuB, BuC, BxC, | BxE------| C |None------|1.5-3.0|Perched |Nov-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High-----|High. Buchanan | | CaB, CaC, CaD, | CaE, CaF------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Moderate |Low------|Moderate. Calvin | | CbB, CcC, CcD-----| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |High-----|Moderate. Caneyville | | CeB*, CeC*: | Carbo------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|Low. | Endcav------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 40-60 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|Low. | CgB*: | Carbo------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|High. | Opequon------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 12-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low. | CgC*, ChC*: | Carbo------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|High. | Opequon------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 12-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low. | See footnote at end of table. 362 Soil Survey Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | |Potential| map symbol | group of flooding Depth Kind |Months Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete | action steel ______| Ft In __ | ChE*: | Carbo------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|Low. | Opequon------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 12-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low. | CkB, CmB------| D |None------|0.5-1.5|Perched |Oct-Apr| 20-40 |Soft |Moderate |High-----|Moderate. Clearbrook | | CrB*: | Clearbrook------| D |None------|1.0-2.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| 20-40 |Soft |Moderate |High-----|Moderate. | Berks------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. | Cs------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Low------|Low. Combs | | DaC, DaD, DaE-----| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. Dekalb | | DkC------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. Dekalb | | DrE*: | Dekalb------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. | Rock outcrop. | | DsB, DsC, DsD-----| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low------|High. Downsville | | DuB, DuC, DyB, | DyC------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- 60-99 |Moderate |Moderate. Duffield | | Dz------| D |Occasional------| 0-0.5|Apparent|Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Moderate. Dunning | | Fa------| D |Frequent------|+.5-0.5|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate |Low. Fairplay | | Fk------| B |Occasional------|2.0-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low. Funkstown | | See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 363 Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | |Potential| map symbol | group of flooding Depth Kind |Months Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete | action steel ______| Ft In __ | FnA, FsA------| B |None------|2.0-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low. Funkstown | | HbA, HbB, HbC, | HcB, HcC, HcD, | HdB, HdC, HdD----| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low. Hagerstown | | HgC*, HgE*: | Hagerstown------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low. | Opequon------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 12-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low. | Rock outcrop. | | HkF*: | Hazleton------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low------|High. | Berks------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. | HsE*: | Hazleton------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low------|High. | Dekalb------| A |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. | HsF*: | Hazleton------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low------|High. | Dekalb------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. | Hu------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- >60 |High-----|Low------|Moderate. Huntington | | La------| A |Occasional------|4.0-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|Low. Lappans | | Ln------| C |Frequent------|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate |Low. Lindside | | MhA, MhB, MhC, | MoB------| C |None------|1.5-3.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High-----|High. Monongahela | | See footnote at end of table. 364 Soil Survey Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | |Potential| map symbol | group of flooding Depth Kind |Months Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete | action steel ______| Ft In __ | MrB, MrC------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |High-----|Moderate. Murrill | | PeB, PeC, PeD, | PgC------| C |None------|3.5-6.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Pecktonville | | Ph------| B |Occasional------|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. Philo | | PoA, PoB------| D |None------|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low. Poorhouse | | Ps------| B |Frequent------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low------|High. Pope | | Px------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low------|High. Pope | | Qm*, Qs*. | Quarry | | ReF*: | Rock outcrop. | | Opequon------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 12-20 |Hard |Moderate |Low. | RnB*, RnC*, RnD*: | Ryder------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 24-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|Moderate. | Nollville------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- 40-60 |Hard |Moderate |Moderate. | RvC*: | Ryder------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 24-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|Moderate. | Nollville------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- 40-60 |Hard |Moderate |Moderate. | SwA, SwB------| C |None------|2.5-3.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High-----|Low. Swanpond | | TyA, TyB------| D |None------|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |High-----|High. Tygart | | See footnote at end of table. Berkeley County, West Virginia 365 Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | |Potential| map symbol | group of flooding Depth Kind |Months Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete | action steel ______| Ft In __ | Ua*. | Udorthents, | smoothed | | Ub*. | Urban land | | UkC*: | Urban land. | | Berks------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. | UvC*: | Urban land. | | Carbo------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|Low. | Endcav------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 40-60 |Hard |Moderate |High-----|Low. | UwC*: | Urban land. | | Hagerstown------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- >60 |Moderate |Low. | W*. | Water | | WbB*: | Weikert------| C/D |None------| >6.0 | --- 10-20 |Soft |Moderate |Moderate. | Berks------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. | WbC*: | Weikert------| C/D |None------| >6.0 | --- 10-20 |Soft |Moderate |Moderate. | Berks------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. | WbD*, WkF*: | Weikert------| C/D |None------| >6.0 | --- 10-20 |Soft |Moderate |Moderate. | Berks------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. | ______* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics unit. 366
Table 18.--Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Atkins------| Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents Berks------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Blackthorn------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Buchanan------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudults Calvin------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Caneyville------| Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Carbo------| Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Clearbrook------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aeric Epiaquults Combs------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls Dekalb------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Downsville------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults Duffield------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs Dunning------| Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls Endcav------| Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Fairplay------| Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls Funkstown------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs Hagerstown------| Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Hazleton------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Huntington------| Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls Lappans------| Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic Typic Calciudolls Lindside------| Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts Monongahela------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudults Murrill------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Nollville------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Opequon------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Lithic Hapludalfs Pecktonville------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults Philo------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Poorhouse------| Fine, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs Pope------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Ryder------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs Swanpond------| Very fine, mixed, active, mesic Vertic Paleudalfs Tygart------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Aeric Endoaquults Udorthents------| Udorthents Weikert------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is committed to making its information accessible to all of its customers and employees. If you are experiencing accessibility issues and need assistance, please contact our Helpdesk by phone at 1-800-457-3642 or by e-mail at [email protected]. For assistance with publications that include maps, graphs, or similar forms of information, you may also wish to contact our State or local office. You can locate the correct office and phone number at http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app.