Manchester City Council - England

Air Quality Monitoring

Progress Report 2010

Author: Ben Rose Email: b.rose1@manchester.gov.uk Telephone: 0161 234 4868

Address: Neighbourhood Services Environmental Protection Group Hammerstone Road Gorton Manchester M18 8EQ

Date: November 2010

Manchester City Council - England

Executive Summary

Manchester City Council has completed an Air Quality Review and Assessment Progress Report in fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 - Local Air Quality Management.

Monitoring results show that air quality objectives continue to be met for 6 out of the 7 pollutants relevant to local air quality management: lead, sulphur dioxide, 1.3 Butadiene, benzene, carbon monoxide and fine particulates (PM 10 ). Results for all pollutants show a general downward trend in concentrations since monitoring began.

The principal pollutant of concern is nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) with exceedences of the annual objective of 40ug/m 3 particularly at the side of busy roads and in the city centre.

A Detailed Assessment of air quality is currently being progressed, in partnership with the other 9 Greater Manchester local authorities. A Detailed Assessment report will be produced in due course.

The City Council is continuing to develop and implement its local air quality action plan to reduce air pollution, in partnership with the other Greater Manchester local authorities, the GM Passenger Transport Authority / Executive and other stakeholders such as Manchester Airport. Progress to date on Manchester’s air quality action plan is detailed in a separate report, entitled ‘Air Quality Action Plan Progress Report 2010’.

Manchester City Council - England Table of contents

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Description of Local Authority Area 1 1.2 Purpose of Report 2 1.3 Air Quality Objectives 2 1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments 4

2 New Monitoring Data 6 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken 6 2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites 6 2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring 8

2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Objectives Relevant to Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) 11 2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide 11 2.2.2 PM 10 17 2.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide 23 2.2.4 Benzene 26 2.2.5 Carbon Monoxide 28 2.2.6 Lead 30

2.3 Comparison of Monitoring Results with other National Air Quality Strategy Objectives 31 2.3.1 Ozone 31 2.3.2 PM 2.5 34

2.4 Other Air Quality Monitoring carried out by the Local Authority 37 2.4.1 Acid Rain 37 2.4.2 Gamma Radiation 38

3 Conclusions and Proposed Actions 40 3.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data 40 3.2 Proposed Actions 40

4 References 41

Appendices

Appendix A QA/QC Data 43 Appendix B Location maps and photographs of monitoring sites 50

Manchester City Council - England 1 Introduction

1.1 Description of Local Authority Area

The city of Manchester is located in the North West of England, and is one of 10 local authorities that form the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, which was established in 1974. Greater Manchester is a major conurbation that has a population of almost 2.5 million. The Manchester City Council area covers an area of 116 Km 2 and has a 2008 mid year population estimate of 473,190. It is the most densely populated of the ten Greater Manchester districts at 40.9 persons per hectare.

Much of the area is urban or suburban. Major road routes include the M60 orbital motorway in the North and South of the City Council area, and the M56 motorway in the South of the city. Manchester airport is located to the south of the city, and is the third busiest airport in the country.

The Greater Manchester Authorities have worked closely with the Greater Manchester Transportation Unit (GMTU) to annually update the Emissions Inventory for Greater Manchester (EMIGMA) database, which contains information on the emissions of pollutants identified in the UK’s Air Quality Strategy from all identifiable sources.

Table 1 highlights the most significant sources of local air quality management (LAQM) pollutants in Manchester, as indicated by the 2006 update of the EMIGMA database.

Table 1 Most significant sources of LAQM pollutants in Manchester

LAQM Pollutant Most significant sources in Manchester and % contribution to total emissions Oxides of nitrogen (NO X) 1. Road transport (51%) 2. Combustion (26%) 3. Air travel (12%) PM 10 fraction particulate matter (PM 10 ) 1. Road transport (76%) 2. Part B's (11%) 3. Combustion (4.5%) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) 1. Other area sources (44%) 2. Air travel (14%) 3. Part B's (13%) Benzene 1. Road transport (54%) 2. Rail (23%) 3. Other area sources (12%) Carbon monoxide (CO) 1. Road transport (80%) 2. Air travel (12%) 3. Combustion (5.3%) Lead 1. Part B regulated industrial processes (100%) 1,3 Butadiene 1. Road transport (75%) 2. Rail (25%) 3. Bus stations (0.7%)

Page 1 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

1.2 Purpose of Report

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

1.3 Air Quality Objectives

The air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 2. This table shows the objectives in units of microgrammes per cubic metre µg/m3 (milligrammes per cubic metre, mg /m3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable).

Page 2 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Table 2 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of Local Air Quality Management in England.

Pollutant Air Quality Objective Date to be Concentration Measured as achieved by Benzene 16.25 µg/m 3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 5.00 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2010 1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µg/m 3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003 Carbon monoxide 10.0 mg/m 3 Running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003 Lead 0.5 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 0.25 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2008 Nitrogen dioxide 200 µg/m 3 not to be 1-hour mean 31.12.2005 exceeded more than 18 times a year 40 µg/m 3 Annual mean 31.12.2005 3 Particles (PM 10 ) 50 µg/m , not to be 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 (gravimetric) exceeded more than 35 times a year Annual mean 31.12.2004 40 µg/m 3 Sulphur dioxide 350 µg/m 3, not to be 1-hour mean 31.12.2004 exceeded more than 24 times a year 125 µg/m 3, not to be 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 exceeded more than 3 times a year 266 µg/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 35 15-minute mean 31.12.2005 times a year

Page 3 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments

Table 3 outlines the conclusions of previous rounds of local air quality management review and assessment completed by Manchester City Council.

Table 3 Summary of previous rounds of review and assessment completed by Manchester City Council

Previous round of Date Brief outcome of review and assessment review and completed assessment Stage 1 and 2 September Detailed Assessment of exceedences of the annual NO2 and 24- 1999 hour PM 10 air quality objectives required. Stage 3 June 2000 Proposed declaration of air quality management area (AQMA) for the annual NO 2 objective, and to a lesser extent the 24-hour PM 10 objective along busy roads, the city centre and the area surrounding Manchester airport. An AQMA was declared in July 2001. Stage 4 July 2002 Stage 3 findings of June 2000 confirmed. Phase 2 Updating June 2003 Exceedences of NO 2 and PM 10 objectives predicted. Detailed and Screening Assessment of exceedences of the annual NO 2 and 24-hour Assessment PM 10 air quality objectives required. Phase 2 Detailed March Likely exceedences of only the annual NO 2 objective were Assessment 2004 predicted, therefore it was proposed that the boundaries of the AQMA were reviewed. An amendment to the AQMA was agreed by committee in July 2005. The AQMA was amended by variation order in November 2007 to include busy roads, the city centre and the area surrounding Manchester airport. Progress report July 2005 NO 2 annual objectives continue to be exceeded at certain locations. Stage 4 Review July 2006 Findings of the Phase 2 Detailed Assessment of March 2004 and Assessment confirmed. Third round July 2006 NO 2 annual objectives continue to be exceeded at certain Updating and locations, but no new exposures were identified. Screening Assessment Progress report July 2007 Possible exceedences of the hourly NO 2 objective identified within the AQMA along certain busy roads in the city centre, therefore more Detailed Assessment of NO 2 required. Progress report July 2008 Possible exceedences of the hourly NO 2 objective identified within the AQMA along certain busy roads in the city centre, therefore more Detailed Assessment of NO 2 required. Updating and July 2009 Identified potential new exposure relevant to NO 2 objectives at Screening locations close to train lines with large numbers of diesel Assessment locomotives. Also identified possible risk of exceeding 15-minute SO 2 objective at Manchester Victoria and Piccadilly train stations due to stationary idling locomotives. More detailed assessment of NO 2 required as part of a wider Greater Manchester detailed assessment.

Previous rounds of review and assessment have predicted or identified exceedences of the annual NO 2 objective and the 24-hour PM 10 objective. The most recent AQMA was officially amended in 2007 to reflect exceedences of the annual NO 2 objective only. The current AQMA is shown in Figure 1.

Page 4 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 1 Manchester 2007 AQMA based on likely exceedences of the nitrogen dioxide annual mean air quality objective

The current AQMA shows that the areas that may exceed the annual nitrogen dioxide objective are primarily in the City Centre, the arterial traffic routes around the city and in the south of the city adjacent to the M56 motorway reflecting activity associated with Manchester Airport.

Page 5 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

2 New Monitoring Data 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Manchester City Council currently operates 2 automatic air quality monitoring sites (Piccadilly Gardens and Manchester South), which are detailed in Table 4. The distance indicated to any relevant exposure is the nearest distance measured using Arcview GIS to the nearest relevant exposure as determined by the averaging periods of the air quality objectives (either annual or hourly).

Table 4 Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Relevant Distance to Exposure? In kerb of OS Grid Pollutants (Y/N with Worst-case Site Name Site Type AQMA nearest road Ref Monitored distance (m) Location? ? (N/A if not to relevant applicable) exposure) Piccadilly Urban X 384310 NO X Y Y (1m) for 56m N/A Gardens Centre Y 398337 PM 10 short term (Piccadilly) O3 objectives CO SO 2 Benzene Manchester Suburban X 383904 NO X N N (102m) 64m (Styal N/A South Y 385818 O3 Road) SO 2

Page 6 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Location maps of automatic monitoring sites

1. Piccadilly Gardens

2. Manchester South

Quality assurance details of automatic monitoring site data can be found in Appendix A.

Page 7 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Recent changes in Manchester automatic monitoring sites

1. In the financial year of 2008/9, Manchester City Council applied for and received a grant award from Defra for the purchase of an automatic roadside air quality monitoring station to monitor NO X and PM 10 . The monitoring site has been installed along Oxford Road, close to Manchester City Centre. The route is one of the main arterial roads of the city, and is one of the most heavily trafficked by buses in Europe. It is also a very economically vibrant corridor with university campuses, cafe bars, pubs/ nightclubs and associated high levels of pedestrian activity located along it. The monitoring site was commissioned in March 2010 and results will be reported in subsequent review and assessment reports (when a full calendar year of data is available to compare with air quality objectives).

2. There was formerly an automatic air quality monitoring station located at Manchester Town Hall, which was part of the AURN. However, this monitoring station closed in October 2007 after a decision was made by DEFRA to restructure the national monitoring network.

2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring

Manchester City Council operates 32 non-automatic monitoring sites, which are detailed in Table 5. The distance indicated to any relevant exposure is the nearest distance measured using Arcview GIS to the nearest relevant exposure as determined by the averaging periods of the air quality objectives (either annual or hourly).

The monitoring network is kept under constant review, to:

• respond to current concerns and prioritise sampling resources; • take into account the results of the Review and Assessment of air quality; and • take into account any new developments in the City that may affect air quality.

A recent example is that the Updating and Screening Assessment of 2009 identified potential new relevant exposure for the annual NO 2 air quality objective, due to a high volume of diesel locomotive movements and relevant exposure within 30 metres of the track edges. Therefore several diffusion tubes have been placed at these locations to facilitate a more detailed assessment of ambient NO 2 concentrations at these locations.

Page 8 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Table 5 Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites

Relevant Distance to Exposure? Worst- kerb of Site OS Grid Pollutants In (Y/N with case Site Type nearest road Name Ref Monitored AQMA? distance (m) to Location (N/A if not relevant ? applicable) exposure) 7m to edge of Piccadilly to X 387358 Y (3m) for NO Crewe (via Alma Road Roadside NO Y 2 N Y 393990 2 objectives Stockport) railway line track Ashton Old X 387951 Y (22m) for NO 1m (Ashton Kerbside NO Y 2 Y Road Y 397430 2 objectives Old Rd) Burnage Urban X 386780 Y (4m) for NO 37m (Burnage Community NO N 2 N/A Background Y 392651 2 objectives Lane) Centre Cheetham X 383948 NO 1m (Cheetham Kerbside 2, Y Y (1m) Y Hill Road Y 401515 Benzene Hill Rd) Chethams Urban X 383971 Y (5m) for NO 59m (Station NO Y 2 N School Centre Y 398876 2 objectives Approach) Clayton Urban X 387656 Y (9m) for NO 7m (Pioneer Day NO N 2 N/A Background Y 399016 2 objectives St) Nursery Clayton Urban X 387724 1m (Clayton NO Y N (90m) N/A Lane Background Y 397967 2 Lane) Great Y (10m) for X 385161 2m (Great Ancoats Roadside NO Y hourly NO Y Y 398290 2 2 Ancoats St) Street objective 8m to edge of Hewitt Urban X 383602 Y (2m) for NO Piccadilly to NO Y 2 Y Street Centre Y 397488 2 objectives Wigan railway line track X 388601 Y (1m) for hourly 2m (Hyde Hyde Road Roadside NO 2 Y Y Y 396048 NO 2 objective Road) Background gamma Hulme radiation, Adult Urban X 383428 Wind Y 1m N/A N/A Learning Background Y 396699 speed, Centre Wind direction, Rainfall X 385399 Y (7m) for NO Kingsway Roadside NO Y 2 6m (Kingsway) N Y 390093 2 objectives Liverpool Urban X 383218 Y (12m) for NO 1m (Liverpool NO Y 2 N Road Centre Y 397770 2 objectives Rd) 46m Lockton Urban X 384761 Y (7m) for NO NO Y 2 (Mancunian N/A Close Background Y 397384 2 objectives Way) X 381650 NO , 2m (M56 hard M56 Roadside 2 Y N (78m) Y Y 387520 TSP 1 shoulder) NO Manchester X 383904 2, Suburban PM N N (102m) 64m (Styal Rd) N/A South Y 385818 10, TSP 1 Newton X 384601 Y (1m) for hourly 1m (Newton Kerbside NO Y Y Street Y 398303 2 objective St) Oldham X 386459 1m (Oldham Kerbside NO Y N (103m) N Road Y 400090 2 Rd) Oxford X 384117 Y (2m) for NO Kerbside NO Y 2 1m (Oxford St) Y Street Y 397505 2 objectives

Page 9 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Relevant Distance to Exposure? Worst- kerb of Site OS Grid Pollutants In (Y/N with case Site Type nearest road Name Ref Monitored AQMA? distance (m) to Location (N/A if not relevant ? applicable) exposure) 18m to edge of Piccadilly to Peaceville Urban X 386589 Y (10m) for NO NO N 2 Crewe (via N Road Background Y 394083 2 objectives airport) railway line track NO 2, Benzene, Piccadilly Urban X 384310 Lead, Y (5m) for hourly 56m Y N Gardens Centre Y 398337 TSP 1, objective (Piccadilly) Black smoke Princess Urban Parade X 383906 17m (Princess industrial/ Benzene Y N (30m) Y Service Y 393927 Road) roadside Station Y (10m) for Princess X 382829 NO , 3m (Princess Roadside 2 Y annual and Y Road Y 391493 Benzene Rd) hourly objectives Princess X 383954 Y (18m) for NO 1m (Princes Kerbside NO Y 2 Y Street Y 398060 2 objectives St) Rochdale X 385205 Y (7m) for NO 1m (Rochdale Kerbside NO Y 2 N Road Y 399750 2 objectives Rd) 23m to edge of Piccadilly to Rostron Urban X 386289 Y (7.5m) for NO Crewe (via NO Y 2 Y Avenue Background Y 396828 2 objectives Stockport) railway line track Rusholme X 384894 1 Y (5m) for NO 15m (Oxford Roadside TSP Y 2 Y Clinic Y 396075 objectives Rd) St Pauls Urban X 381384 Y (10m) for NO 2m (Firbank NO Y 2 N/A School Background Y 387484 2 objectives Road) Stockport X 387363 Y (1m) for hourly 1m (Stockport Kerbside NO Y Y Road Y 394617 2 objective Rd) X 384200 NO , Styal Suburban 2 N N (75m) 80m (Styal Rd) N/A Y 382958 Acid rain Manchester Urban X 383860 NO , 35m (Mount 2 Y N (45m) N/A Town Hall Background Y 398025 Acid rain St) 5m to edge of Piccadilly to Victoria Urban X 383860 Y (3m) for NO Crewe (via NO N 2 N Terrace Background Y 398025 2 objectives Stockport) railway line track

1 TSP = Total suspended particulates using a M-type sampler

DEFRA has produced a series of monitoring site classifications shown in Table 6 below, which clarify the nature of the sites and the relative influence of local emissions.

Table 6 DEFRA site classification definitions

Site Classification Site characteristics Kerbside (U1) Sites with sample inlets within 1m of the edge of a busy road. Sampling heights are within 2-3m. Roadside (U2) Sites with sample inlets between 1m of the kerbside of a busy road and the back of the pavement. Typically this will be within 5m of the kerbside. Sampling heights are within 2-3m. Urban Centre (U3) Non-kerbside sites located in an area representative of typical population exposure in town or City Centre areas e.g. pedestrian precincts and shopping areas. Sampling heights are typically within 2- 3m.

Page 10 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Site Classification Site characteristics Urban Background (U4) Urban locations distanced from sources and broadly representative of city-wide background concentrations e.g. elevated locations, parks and urban residential areas Urban Industrial (U5) Sites where industrial emissions make a significant contribution to measured pollution levels. Suburban (SU) Sites typical of residential areas on the outskirts of a town or city. Rural (R1) Open country locations distanced from population centres, roads and industrial areas. Remote (R2) Open country locations within isolated rural areas, experiencing regional background pollution levels for much of the time.

For some sites (e.g. Oldham Road and Clayton Lane), it may appear as though the monitoring site is not representative of relevant exposure of the pollutant objectives (because the distance quoted to the nearest relevant exposure is significant). However, relevant exposure does exist along other sections of the road and therefore this distance may be misleading because the monitoring site may be representative of concentrations experienced at these locations. Location maps and photographs of all monitoring sites can be found in Appendix B.

QA/QC details for diffusion tube monitoring can be found in Appendix A.

2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Objectives Relevant to Local Air Quality Management (LAQM)

A comparison of monitoring results for local air quality management pollutants against the relevant air quality objectives is presented in the following sections of the report. Automatic and non-automatic data for each pollutant (where this exists) is presented separately. Any monitoring results that identify exceedences of the air quality objectives are highlighted.

2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is a gaseous pollutant, which can act as a respiratory irritant.

Both nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and nitric oxide (NO) are emitted as waste products of combustion processes, (the burning of fossil fuels) and are collectively known as NO X. NO is oxidised by ozone to form nitrogen dioxide. Motor vehicle exhaust gases are the principal source of NO X emissions in the UK, and in Manchester make up 51% of the total emissions. The other most significant sources of NO X in Manchester are from commercial and domestic combustion (for heating etc), rail and air transport.

Automatic Monitoring Data

Automatic nitrogen dioxide monitoring data is presented for 3 sites in Manchester. These sites are located at Manchester Town Hall (an urban background site - now closed), Piccadilly Gardens in the city centre (an urban centre site, representative of a busy city centre location close to heavily trafficked roads) and Manchester South (a suburban location near Manchester Airport).

Summaries of the last 3 years of nitrogen dioxide automatic monitoring data are presented in Table 7. Where the proportion of the year with valid data has been below 90%, the 99.8 th percentile concentration figure has been presented.

Page 11 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Table 7 Results of Automatic Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with Annual Mean and 1-hour Mean Objectives

Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located in the AQMA Year Annual mean Maximum hourly Number of 99.8 th Proportion of NO 2 NO 2 concentration exceedences of Percentile of year with valid concentration (ug/m 3) hourly mean hourly means data % (ug/m 3) (200ug/m 3) concentration (ug/m 3) 2007 44 189 0 - 96% 2008 43 288 12 190 78% 2009 42 128 0 - 92% Manchester South - Suburban site located outside the AQMA Year Annual mean Maximum hourly Number of 99.8 th Proportion of NO 2 NO 2 concentration exceedences of Percentile of year with valid concentration (ug/m 3) hourly mean hourly means data % (ug/m 3) (200ug/m 3) concentration (ug/m 3) 2007 19 120 0 82 86% 2008 24 132 0 - 92% 2009 24 126 0 - 96% Manchester Town Hall - Urban Background site located in the AQMA Year Annual mean Maximum hourly Number of 99.8 th Proportion of NO 2 NO 2 concentration exceedences of Percentile of year with valid concentration (ug/m 3) hourly mean hourly means data % (ug/m 3) (200ug/m 3) concentration (ug/m 3) 2007 37 145 0 120 72% 2008 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2009 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

The results of the automatic monitoring for nitrogen dioxide show that there has not been an exceedence of the hourly objective at any of the monitoring sites. However, there have been exceedences of the annual objective at Manchester Piccadilly and Town Hall monitoring sites, which are located in the AQMA. The Manchester Town Hall site closed in October 2007 due to changes made by DEFRA to the national AURN network, hence the relatively low data capture for 2007. The results are in agreement with the location of the current AQMA.

Summaries of annual mean NO 2 concentrations from the automatic monitoring sites over the last 10 years are presented graphically in Figure 2.

Page 12 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 2 Long-term trends in nitrogen dioxide monitoring at Manchester automatic sites

Trends in nitrogen dioxide annual mean concentrations at Manchester automatic sites

Piccadilly Gardens Manchester South Annual air quality objective Town Hall (closed 2007)

60

50 3

40

30

20 concentration ug/m concentration Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide annual mean 10

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

The graph demonstrates that there is considerable year-to-year variability in average annual nitrogen dioxide concentrations, reflecting changes in local emissions and also the significant influence of meteorological conditions. However, there does not appear to be a long-term trend in either increasing or decreasing annual average concentrations.

Results from the automatic analysers have also been used to determine the annual variation in hourly concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. The graphs in Figures 3 and 4 show how the hourly concentration of nitrogen dioxide varies over the course of the year in 2009 at each monitoring site.

Page 13 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 3 Variation in hourly nitrogen dioxide concentrations at Piccadilly Gardens

2009 Manchester Piccadilly Gardens NO 2 concentrations

NO2 ug/m3 Annual Trend

140 3

120

100

80

60 concentration ug/m concentration 2 40

20

Hourly Hourly NO 0 Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

Figure 4 Variation in hourly nitrogen dioxide concentrations at Manchester South

2009 Manchester South NO 2 concentrations

NO2 ug/m3 Annual Trend

140 3

120

100

80

60 concentration ug/m concentration 2 40

20

Hourly Hourly NO 0 Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

The time of year can influence the level of nitrogen dioxide in two ways. Firstly, gas fired heating systems are used more often during the cold winter months, leading to greater emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO X) during the winter. Secondly, low wind speeds prevent

Page 14 of 80 Manchester City Council - England the efficient dispersal of NO X emissions, leading to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide developing at ground level. The prevailing weather conditions also influences the rate of conversion of NO X to NO 2, which is the pollutant of concern. While all these factors are reflected in the resulting concentrations shown in the graphs, the highest concentrations and peak events still occur in the winter months when the emissions are highest, indicating that reducing/controlling emissions of NO X is the key to meeting the current air quality objectives.

In addition to measuring the annual variation of hourly nitrogen dioxide concentrations, the results from the automatic analysers have also been used to determine the daily variation in concentration. Figure 5 shows the daily variation in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in Manchester.

Figure 5 Daily variation in NO 2 concentrations

Average daily variation in nitrogen dioxide concentrations 2009

Piccadilly Gardens Manchester South

60

3 50

40

30

20 concentration ug/m concentration 2

NO 10

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Time

The graph shows two periods of elevated concentration, one of which is centred on around 09:00am, and the second of which occurs between 4:00pm and 10:00pm. These times correspond with the periods of peak traffic flow, and clearly show how traffic emissions can influence the concentration of nitrogen dioxide. It also shows that in city centre locations NO X emissions from traffic remain relatively high until late into the night reflecting the move to Manchester becoming more of a 24-hour city.

Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data

Diffusion tube data is presented for 27 nitrogen dioxide monitoring sites across the city. Diffusion tubes provide a picture of the spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide across the city, as well as long-term trends at particular locations.

To improve the accuracy of the diffusion tubes, the City Council has co-located some tubes with automatic analysers, and has (in line with DEFRA technical guidance) adjusted the results of the diffusion tubes so that they match those obtained from the analysers. Details of the method used to correct the diffusion tubes results are provided in Appendix A.

Page 15 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

The exact location of the diffusion tube site will have a significant impact on the concentration measured at the site. Specifically, the distance from the nearest emissions source (usually the distance to the nearest roads in the case of nitrogen dioxide) will affect the concentration.

Table 8 provides a summary of nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring data over the last 3 years. Exceedences of the nitrogen dioxide annual objective as measured by the diffusion tubes (> 40 ug/m 3) are highlighted in bold.

A full data set of uncorrected 2009 monthly mean values can be found in Appendix A.

Table 8 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes

Annual mean NO 2 concentrations (µµµg/m 3) Monitoring site Within Adjusted for bias* Site type name AQMA? Data capture for the year is included in brackets 2007 2008 2009 Alma Road** Roadside Y - - 40 (33%) Ashton Old Road Kerbside Y 41 (92%) 46 (83%) 42 (100%) Burnage Urban Background N 34 (96%) 26 (75%) 30 (58%) Cheetham Hill Kerbside Y 56 (100%) 54 (92%) 51 (100%) Road Chethams School Urban Centre Y 48 (100%) 44 (100%) 39 (100%) Clayton Day Urban Background N 32 (94%) 26 (92%) 25 (75%) Nursery Clayton Lane Urban Background Y - 36 (100%) 36 (100%) Great Ancoats Roadside Y - 54 (100%) 51 (92%) Street Hewitt Street** Urban Centre Y - - 43 (25%) Hyde Road Kerbside Y - 51 (92%) 42 (83%) Kingsway Roadside Y - 41 (92%) 39 (100%) Liverpool Road Urban Centre Y - 51 (100%) 48 (100%) Lockton Close Urban Background Y - 45 (100%) 40 (100%) M56 Roadside Y 65 (98%) 56 (100%) 57 (100%) Newton Street Kerbside Y 74 (100%) 66 (100%) 60 (100%) Oldham Road Kerbside Y 54 (92%) 49 (100%) 43 (100%) Oxford Street Kerbside Y 81 (100%) 79 (83%) 71 (92%) Peaceville Road** Urban Background N - - 31 (33%) Princess Road Roadside Y 48 (100%) 45 (100%) 43 (100%) Princess Street Kerbside Y 74 (100%) 62 (92%) 55 (100%) Rochdale Road Kerbside Y 50 (92%) 42 (92%) 42 (100%) Rostron Avenue** Urban Background Y - - 38 (33%) Stockport Road Kerbside Y - 56 (100%) 52 (100%) St Pauls School Urban Background Y 41 (98%) 35 (100%) 36 (100%) Styal Suburban N 22 (98%) 15 (100%) 17 (100%) Town Hall Urban Background Y 47 (96%) 40 (92%) 38 (100%) Victoria Terrace** Urban Background N - - 33 (33%)

* Bias factors: 2007 = 0.90, 2008 = 0.83, 2009 = 0.79 to be applied to kerbside, roadside, urban centre and urban background locations; 0.75 to be applied to suburban and rural sites.

** Diffusion tube site set up from 01 September 2009, hence relatively low data capture for 2009.

Page 16 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring results outside the AQMA

Table 8 shows that monitoring sites outside the AQMA did not measure exceedences of the NO 2 annual objective (i.e. measured annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations were below 40 ug/m 3). Therefore this is in agreement with the location of the current AQMA.

Nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring results within the AQMA

Monitoring sites within the AQMA generally measured exceedences of the annual objective for NO 2. Several sites were close to exceeding the annual objective e.g. Chethams School, Kingsway, Rostron Avenue and Town Hall. However, monitoring results for 2009 were generally lower than for previous years, and are in general agreement with the AQMA.

Two kerbside monitoring sites in the city centre (Oxford Street and Newton Street) measured annual concentrations greater than 60 ug/m 3. Technical Guidance LAQM.TG (09) indicates that exceedences of the 1-hour objective may occur at roadside sites if the annual mean is above this concentration. Both sites represent relevant exposure for the 1-hour nitrogen dioxide objective.

2.2.2 PM 10

Particulate matter refers to microscopic pieces of airborne dust, smoke and particles, which can be inhaled.

A worsening of pre-existing heart and lung conditions may be observed when people are exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter. Other health effects can arise depending upon the exact chemical nature of the particles.

The health effects related to the inhalation of particles are strongly dependent upon the size of the particles involved. Small particles are able to penetrate further into the lungs and so cause more serious health effects, compared to large particles that are unable to penetrate the nose and mouth. Airborne particulate matter smaller than 10 microns in diameter (PM 10 ), are thought to be responsible for the worst health effects though more recent research has indicated that even smaller particles, such as PM 2.5 or PM 1 may be the particle sizes of most importance to human health.

Particulate matter is emitted by a very wide range of sources. Sea salt, soil erosion, pollen, and fungal spores are all natural sources of airborne particles. Particles are also produced by human activities. In Manchester, the most significant source of PM 10 particulate matter is road transport, which makes up 76% of the total emissions. The other most significant sources are industrial processes and commercial and domestic combustion. Other sources include construction and demolition sites.

Particulate matter has been measured in Manchester using 4 different types of monitoring equipment:

1. TEOM/ FDMS (Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance with Filter Dynamics Measurement System) analyser - provides real time hourly PM 10 gravimetric equivalent data, equivalent to standard reference method BS EN 12341:1999.

2. Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM), using a MetOne BAM 1020 instrument - provides real time hourly PM 10 gravimetric equivalent data, equivalent to standard reference method BS EN 12341:1999 by applying a correction factor of 0.833 to the data.

3. Partisol sampler - Provides daily measurements of PM10 particulate matter in accordance with standard reference method BS EN 12341:1999.

Page 17 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

4. 'M-type' sampler - Provides weekly measurements of particulate matter. The sampling system is not in fact 'size selective' but previous studies have shown that the size range of the majority of airborne particulate using this method at Piccadilly Gardens is typically below 13.5 microns aerodynamic diameter. Therefore, although the system is not strictly monitoring the PM 10 or PM 2.5 fraction of particulate matter, the results are interpreted as an indication of the airborne inhalable particulates, the majority of which are below 10 microns in diameter. This corresponds to the typical size range of particulate material that penetrates into the lower reaches of the lung.

Automatic Monitoring Data

TEOM/ FDMS monitoring data

Automatic monitoring of PM 10 has been carried out in Manchester since 1996 using a TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) analyser. TEOM analysers have been shown to under measure the concentration under certain conditions. To compensate for this, DEFRA recommended that results obtained from TEOM analysers are multiplied by a factor of 1.3 to produce 'gravimetric equivalent' results. In early 2007, the TEOM at Manchester Piccadilly was fitted with a Filter Dynamics Measurement System (FDMS) unit to overcome the potential measurement inaccuracies through the loss of volatile particulate matter.

Up to the beginning of 2009, the PM 10 analyser at Piccadilly Gardens formed part of the AURN. In January 2009, the analyser was adapted by Defra to measure PM 2.5 .

BAM monitoring data

Following the change to the FDMS at Piccadilly Gardens in 2009, Manchester City Council decided to continue to monitor PM 10 at the site for local air quality management purposes. A Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) was purchased for this purpose, and was installed in May 2009. The BAM produces gravimetric equivalent results after application of an adjustment factor of 0.833.

Results of real time PM 10 monitoring at Piccadilly Gardens for the last 3 years are shown in Table 9. Where the proportion of the year with valid data has been below 90%, the 90 th percentile concentration figure has been presented.

Table 9 Results of PM 10 Automatic Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Mean and 24-hour Mean Objectives

Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located in the AQMA Year Annual mean Maximum 24-hour Number of 24- 90 th Proportion of PM 10 mean PM 10 hour averages Percentile of year with valid concentration concentration exceeding 50 hourly means data % (ug/m 3) (ug/m 3) ug/m 3 concentration (ug/m 3) 2007* 24.4 204.1 21 - 98% 2008* 19.8 84.9 9 - 99% 2009** 21.8 72.3 4 38 60%

* Measurements made by FDMS ** Measurements made by BAM 1020

The results indicate that there have been no exceedences of the annual average objective or the 24-hour objective in the last 3 years.

Page 18 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 6 shows results from the Piccadilly Gardens site since monitoring for PM 10 began.

Figure 6 PM 10 concentrations at Manchester Piccadilly Gardens

Manchester Piccadilly Gardens PM 10 results

PM10 Annual Mean 24 Hr averages > 50 ug/m3

45 80

40 70 3 35 60 30 50

concentration concentration 3 25 10 40

ug/m 20 30 15 20 10 Annual Annual mean PM No of 24 hour averages > of No 24 hour 50 ug/m averages 5 10

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

The results indicate that there have been no exceedences of the annual average objective. Exceedences of the 24-hour objective occurred during 1996 and 2001. The concentration of PM 10 measured in 2001 was unusually high as a consequence of the dust generated by building works associated with the redevelopment of the Piccadilly Gardens area in the immediate vicinity of the monitoring station.

In addition to demonstrating compliance with the air quality objectives, the results from the BAM 1020 instrument have also been used to show how the concentration of PM 10 varies over time. Figure 7 shows how the hourly concentration of PM 10 varied over the course of 2009.

Page 19 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 7 Annual variation in hourly PM 10 concentration

2009 Manchester Piccadilly Gardens BAM PM 10 (Grav Equiv) Concentrations

PM10 (Grav Equiv) Annual Trend

300 3 250

200

150 concentration ug/m concentration

10 100

50 Hourly PM Hourly 0 Jul-09 Oct-09 Apr-09 Jan-09 Mar-09 Jun-09 Aug-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 May-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 Date

The graph shows that peaks in PM 10 concentrations occurred in October and November. However, it is important to note that the PM 10 instrument was installed in May 2009 and therefore the first 40% of the year data set is missing.

In addition to measuring the annual variation of hourly PM 10 concentrations, the results from the automatic analysers have also been used to determine the daily variation in concentration. Figure 8 shows the daily variation in concentrations of PM 10 at Piccadilly Gardens.

Page 20 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 8 Daily variation in PM 10 concentrations

Average daily variation in BAM PM 10 particulate concentrations 2009

Piccadilly Gardens

30

3 25

20

15

10 concentration ug/m concentration 10 5 PM

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Time

The graph shows that lowest PM 10 concentrations occur during the early hours of the morning, when road traffic is at its lowest level, and most industrial activity has ceased. A peak in the concentration is shown from around 08:00, which corresponds to the morning rush hour. Concentrations then remain relatively high, (with a small peak around 4.00pm), before reducing during the evening. The graph shows that changes in PM 10 concentration match changes in transport activity and industrial activity, and the graph clearly shows how local emissions derived from human activities influence concentrations.

In March 2010, Manchester City Council installed an automatic monitoring site for NO X and PM 10 along Oxford Road near Manchester city centre, which should also be a worse case scenario location, but would represent relevant exposure. Results will be reported in subsequent review and assessment reports (when a full calendar year of data is available to compare with air quality objectives).

Non-automatic Monitoring Data

Partisol sampler monitoring data

PM 10 particulate matter has been measured at 2 sites in Manchester (Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester South) using a Partisol gravimetric sampler, which is capable of size selective measurements of the particles in the atmosphere. The results for the last 3 years from both sites are shown in Table 10. The number of PM 10 24-hour exceedences of 50 ug/m 3 has also been presented, as well as the 90 th percentile concentration figure.

Page 21 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Table 10 Results of Partisol PM 10 Non-automatic Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Mean and 24-hour Mean Objectives

Manchester South - Suburban site located outside the AQMA th Year Annual mean PM 10 Number of 24-hour PM 10 90 Proportion of concentration exceedences of 50 ug/m 3 Percentile year with valid (ug/m 3) data % 2007 25.6 17 39.4 93% 2008 23.5 17 38.0 98% 2009 17.7 11 32.6 98% Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located within the AQMA th Year Annual mean PM 10 Number of 24-hour PM 10 90 Proportion of year concentration exceedences of 50 ug/m 3 Percentile with valid data % (ug/m 3) 2007 31.6 21 45.0 74% 2008 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2009 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Following DEFRA changes to the AURN network, the PM 10 Partisol sampler at Manchester Piccadilly discontinued operation in October 2007, hence the relatively low data capture for this year.

M-type sampler monitoring data

Total suspended particulate mater is currently measured at 4 sites in Manchester (Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester South, M56 and Rusholme Clinic) using an M-type sampler. Although these simple samplers cannot collect size specific particles as well as the TEOM/FDMS, BAM or Partisol sampler systems, they provide a cost effective method of weekly measurements that can be used at a number of locations to provide the spatial distribution of particles at locations across the city. To improve the accuracy of the M-type sampler results, a sampler has been co-located with the Manchester Piccadilly TEOM/ FDMS. A correction factor has been derived to allow the results from the 'M' type unit to be expressed as a PM 10 equivalent. Detail of the correction factor applied can be found in Appendix A.

The results from the 'M-type' sampler network for the last 3 years are shown in Table 11.

Page 22 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Table 11 Results of M-type Particulate Non-automatic Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective

Year Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site Manchester South - Suburban site located within the AQMA located outside the AQMA Annual Mean Annual Proportion Annual Mean Annual Proportion total suspended mean PM 10 of year with total suspended mean of year with particulate equiv valid data particulate PM 10 valid data concentration (ug/m 3) % concentration equiv % (ug/m 3) (ug/m 3) (ug/m 3) 2007 22.3 24.4 98% 15.1 16.5 100% 2008 19.5 19.9 92% 15.9 16.3 87% 2009 22.1 22.1 94% 12.2 12.2 94% Year M56 junction 4 - Roadside site located Rusholme Clinic - Roadside site located within the AQMA within the AQMA Annual Mean total Annual Proportion Annual Mean Annual Proportion suspended mean PM 10 of year total suspended mean of year with particulate equiv with valid particulate PM 10 valid data concentration (ug/m 3) data % concentration equiv % (ug/m 3) (ug/m 3) (ug/m 3) 2007 24.2 26.5 90% - - - 2008 27.8 28.4 90% 18.2 18.5 94% 2009 24.6 24.6 98% 14.4 14.4 94%

PM 10 monitoring results outside the AQMA

PM 10 monitoring outside the AQMA indicates that both the annual objective is met at the monitoring locations.

PM 10 monitoring results within the AQMA

PM 10 monitoring within the AQMA also indicates that the annual objective is met at the monitoring locations. The Piccadilly Gardens monitoring site is an Urban Centre site and would be representative of air pollution concentrations experienced in the city centre. The Rusholme clinic site is a roadside site that would be represent relevant exposure for the annual and 24-hour objectives.

3 The number of PM 10 24-hour exceedences of 50 ug/m were also estimated for each year using the relationship in figure 8.1 of DEFRA Technical Guidance note TG(03) for the M56 and Rusholme Clinic M-type monitoring sites. The results were 11 and 0 respectively, indicating no exceedences of the 24-hour objective. Because of its location, the M56 site should represent a 'worse case' scenario for PM 10 monitoring, although it would not represent relevant exposure.

2.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur dioxide is a gaseous pollutant, which acts as a respiratory irritant. Exposure to high concentrations of sulphur dioxide can lead to a worsening of pre-existing respiratory conditions. Sulphur dioxide is emitted when sulphur-bearing fuels such as coal, wood, oil, and diesel are burned. The most significant source of sulphur dioxide emissions in the UK is the burning of coal in electricity generating power stations, which accounted for 42% of the total in 2008. In Manchester, the most significant sources of sulphur dioxide emissions are air travel (14%) and other area sources (44%). Industrial processes and road vehicle emissions all also make a contribution to emissions.

Page 23 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Sulphur dioxide is currently measured at two automatic sites in Manchester (Piccadilly Gardens and Manchester South). The results for the last 3 years are shown in Table 12.

Table 12 Results of Sulphur Dioxide Automatic Monitoring: Comparison with 15 minute, 1-hour and 24-hour Objectives

Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located within the AQMA Year Max 15 minute Number Max 1 hour SO 2 Max 24 hour Proportion of SO 2 of 15 concentration SO 2 year with valid concentration minute (ug/m 3) concentration data % (ug/m 3) periods (ug/m 3) over 266 ug/m 3 2007 51 0 29 10 93% 2008 85 0 51 16 97% 2009 40 0 27 16 80% Manchester South - Suburban site located outside the AQMA Year Max 15 minute Number Max 1 hour SO 2 Max 24 hour Proportion of SO 2 of 15 concentration SO 2 year with valid concentration minute (ug/m 3) concentration data % (ug/m 3) periods (ug/m 3) over 266 ug/m 3 2007 56 0 51 10 96% 2008 56 0 51 15 98% 2009 32 0 27 7 100%

The results indicate that there have been no exceedences of any of the sulphur dioxide air quality objectives at the monitoring sites. Piccadilly Gardens is an Urban Centre site representative of locations exposed to high concentrations. Manchester South is a suburban location near Manchester Airport, which is representative of background locations away from any major sources of emissions.

Results from the automatic monitoring sites have also been used to determine how the concentration of sulphur dioxide varies over time. Figures 9 and 10 show how the hourly concentration of sulphur dioxide varied over the course of 2009.

Page 24 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 9 Variation in hourly SO 2 concentrations at Piccadilly Gardens

2009 hourly sulphur dioxide concentrations at Manchester Piccadilly

SO2 ug/m3 Annual trend line

30

25

20 concentration concentration 3 2 15 ug/m 10

5

0 Hourly average SO Hourly average Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

Figure 10 Variation in hourly SO 2 concentrations at Manchester South

2009 hourly sulphur dioxide concentrations at Manchester South

SO2 ug/m3 Annual trend line

30

25

20 concentration concentration 3 2 15 ug/m 10

5

0 Hourly average SO Hourly average Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

The graphs in Figures 9 and 10 do not reveal any trend in concentrations over the course of the year. Peak sulphur dioxide events occur in every season.

The results from the automatic sites were also used to determine how the concentration of sulphur dioxide varies over the course of the day, as shown in Figure 11.

Page 25 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 11 Daily variation in SO 2 concentrations

Average daily variation in sulphur dioxide concentrations 2009

Piccadilly Gardens Manchester South

6.0

3 5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0 concentration ug/m concentration 2 1.0 SO

0.0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Time

The graph in Figure 11 shows that sulphur dioxide concentrations are generally higher in the morning rush hour than at other times, and that this trend is more pronounced at the Manchester Piccadilly monitoring site. This could indicate that more localised sources of sulphur dioxide around the City Centre have a greater impact on concentrations.

2.2.4 Benzene

Benzene is a volatile organic compound, which has been shown to have carcinogenic effects.

Benzene is a constituent of petrol, and emissions from petrol stations, refineries, and petrol engined vehicles account for the majority of benzene emissions in the UK. The petrochemical industry, and other organic chemical industries also make a contribution to benzene concentrations. In Manchester, the most significant sources of benzene are road transport (54% of total emissions), rail (23% of total emissions) and industrial processes (13% of total emissions).

There are no major industrial installations in Manchester that have significant emissions of benzene, and the city is not thought to be generally at risk of suffering an exceedence of the air quality objective for benzene. Nonetheless, Manchester City Council monitor benzene levels across the city, to ensure that benzene concentrations do not approach the objective level.

Benzene is measured in Manchester using two types of monitoring apparatus. The Piccadilly Gardens AURN monitoring site includes a 'pumped benzene' monitor, which forms part of the national Non-automatic Hydrocarbon Network of air quality monitors. In addition to this monitor, the City Council also operates a network of benzene diffusion tubes, which are used to identify the geographical distribution of benzene concentrations across the city.

Page 26 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Results from the last 3 years for the pumped benzene sampler at Manchester Piccadilly are shown in Table 13.

Table 13 Results of Pumped Benzene Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Objectives

Year Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located within the AQMA Annual mean benzene concentration Proportion of year with valid data % (ug/m 3) 2007 1.00 100% 2008 0.78 100% 2009 0.86 96%

Results from the last 3 years for the network of benzene diffusion tubes across the city are shown in Table 14.

Table 14 Results of Benzene Diffusion Tube Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Objectives

Annual mean benzene concentrations (µµµg/m 3) Monitoring site Within Site type Adjusted for bias* name AQMA? Data capture for the year is included in brackets 2007 2008 2009 Piccadilly Urban Centre Y 1.00 (100%) 0.78 (92%) 0.86 (100%) Gardens Cheetham Hill Kerbside Y 1.01 (92%) 1.35 (100%) 1.07 (100%) Road Princess Road Roadside Y 1.07 (75%) 0.93 (100%) 0.96 (100%) Princess Parade Urban Industrial/ Y - 11.94 (58%) 8.34 (100%) Service Station Roadside

* Bias factors: 2007 = 1.52, 2008 = 1.30 and 2009 = 1.19

Benzene monitoring results outside the AQMA

There are no benzene monitoring sites located outside the AQMA in Manchester.

Benzene monitoring results within the AQMA

Results from the benzene monitoring sites located within the AQMA indicate that annual mean benzene concentrations have been consistently below the 2010 air quality objective value of 5.0 ug/m 3. The only exception is the annual mean concentration measured by the Princess Parade Service Station monitoring site. However, this is located next to the petrol pumps, where petrol vapours will effect the local concentration of benzene. Concentrations of benzene measured at this site are likely to be much higher than those experienced by any Manchester residents, and would not represent relevant exposure for the annual objective. The site is in operation to demonstrate the contrast between a worse case location and concentrations likely to be experienced by Manchester residents. Monitoring commenced at the site in mid 2008, hence the relatively low data capture (58%) for the year. The Princess Road and Cheetham Hill Road monitoring sites are roadside locations, representative of highest concentrations normally experienced by residents. The Piccadilly Gardens site is representative of city centre benzene concentrations.

Page 27 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

2.2.5 Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a gaseous pollutant, which is released when carbon based fuel (gas, oil, coal and petrol) is burned.

Emissions from motor vehicles are the biggest source of carbon monoxide in the UK. Outdoor concentrations of carbon monoxide are highest in places very close to major roads and motorways. In Manchester, the most significant source of carbon monoxide is also motor vehicles, which accounts for 80% of the total emissions.

Carbon monoxide has been measured in Manchester at two automatic monitoring sites (Piccadilly Gardens and Manchester Town Hall). The results for the last 3 years are shown in Table 15.

Table 15 Results of Automatic Carbon Monoxide Monitoring: Comparison with Running 8-hour Mean Objective

Year Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site Manchester Town Hall - Urban Background located within the AQMA site located in the AQMA Annual mean Max running Proportion Annual mean Max running Proportion of CO 8-hour mean of year CO 8-hour mean year with valid concentration CO with valid concentration CO data % mg/m 3 concentration data % mg/m 3 concentration mg/m 3 mg/m 3 2007 0.31 2.40 96% 0.28 1.50 65% 2008 0.30 3.50 97% - - - 2009 0.40 2.50 94% - - -

The Manchester Town Hall site closed in October 2007 due to changes made by DEFRA to the national AURN network, hence the relatively low data capture for 2007.

The results show that there have been no exceedences of the carbon monoxide objective at the monitoring locations, which are urban sites representative of the city centre.

Results from the automatic monitoring site have also been used to determine how the concentration of carbon monoxide varies over time, shown in Figure 12.

Page 28 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 12 Variation in 8-hour running mean CO concentrations at Piccadilly Gardens

2009 8-hour running mean carbon monoxide concentrations at Manchester Piccadilly

CO mg/m3 Annual trend line

2.5

2.0 3

1.5

1.0

CO concentration mg/m concentration CO 0.5

0.0 Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

Figure 12 shows that carbon monoxide concentrations are slightly higher in winter than during the summer months. However, peak events are shown to have happened throughout the year.

The results from the automatic site were also used to determine how the concentration of carbon monoxide varies over the course of the day, as shown in Figure 13.

Page 29 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 13 Daily variation in CO concentrations

Average daily variation in carbon monoxide concentrations 2009

Piccadilly Gardens

0.45 0.40 3 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10

CO concentration mg/m concentration CO 0.05 0.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 9: 1: 01: 03: 05: 07: 09: 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 1 2 23: Time

The graph in Figure 13 shows that carbon monoxide concentrations fluctuate throughout the day, but are at their peak at around 09:00 am and 17:30 pm. The graph clearly demonstrates the link between increased concentrations and episodes of peak traffic flows.

2.2.6 Lead

Lead is a toxic heavy metal. The long-term exposure to low concentrations of lead has been shown to impair the mental development of young children. At present, the most significant sources of lead emissions in Manchester are industrial processes, which make up 100% of the total emissions.

Lead in air is currently measured using a 'M-type' sampler at Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester, which is an urban centre location. Results from the monitoring site are shown in Table 16.

Page 30 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Table 16 Results of Lead Monitoring: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective

Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located within the AQMA Year Annual mean lead concentration (ug/m 3) Proportion of year with valid data % 2007 0.03 100% 2008 0.02 91% 2009 0.01 98%

Monitoring results for lead indicate that both the 2004 and 2008 air quality objectives are currently achieved in Manchester. The Piccadilly Gardens monitoring site is representative of concentrations experienced in the city centre.

Manchester City Council has examined new monitoring results in the district against air quality objectives relevant to Local Air Quality Management. No new exceedences of the air quality objectives have been identified.

2.3 Comparison of Monitoring Results with other National Air Quality Strategy Objectives

A comparison of monitoring results against the other National Air Quality Strategy air quality objectives is presented in the following sections of the report. Table 17 shows other National Air Quality strategy objectives relevant to air quality monitoring carried out in Manchester.

Table 17 Other National Air Quality Strategy Objectives

Pollutant Air Quality Objective Date to be Concentration Measured as achieved by Ozone 100 µg/m 3 not to be 8 hour running mean 31.12.2005 exceeded more than 10 times per year

3 PM 2.5 25 µg/m Annual mean 2020

2.3.1 Ozone

Ozone (O 3) is a gaseous pollutant, which acts as a respiratory irritant. Exposure to high concentrations of ozone can lead to a worsening of pre-existing respiratory conditions.

Ozone occurs naturally high in the atmosphere, where it is formed during electrical storms. However, high concentrations of ozone can occur at low altitudes, where it is formed by the interaction of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and NOX in the presence of sunlight. As sunlight is needed to activate the ozone forming reaction, concentrations of ozone are highest on very hot summer days.

Once formed, ozone can actually be removed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions with other types of air pollution such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. For this reason,

Page 31 of 80 Manchester City Council - England ozone concentrations are often highest in rural areas, where there is less pollution available to be oxidised by the ozone.

Ozone measured in Manchester at two automatic monitoring sites (Piccadilly Gardens and Manchester South). The results for the last 3 years are shown in Table 18.

Table 18 Results of Automatic Ozone Monitoring: Comparison with 8 hour Running Mean Objective

Year Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site Manchester South - Suburban site located located within the AQMA outside the AQMA Maximum Number of Proportion Maximum Number of Proportion of running 8 daily of year running 8 daily year with valid hour mean maximum 8 with valid hour mean maximum 8 data % O3 hour running data % O3 hour running concentration mean concentration mean ug/m 3 periods > ug/m 3 periods > 100 ug/m 3 100 ug/m 3 2007 100 0 88% 112 2 95% 2008 134 1 97% 121 1 98% 2009 80 0 97% 101 1 98%

The results in Table 18 show that although there is some year to year variability in maximum running 8 hour mean concentrations, the National Air Quality Strategy objective for ozone has been met at the monitoring locations.

Results from the automatic monitoring sites have also been used to determine how the concentration of ozone varies over time, shown in Figures 14 and 15.

Figure 14 Variation in hourly mean O 3 concentrations at Piccadilly Gardens

2009 ozone concentrations at Manchester Piccadilly

Ozone ug/m3 Annual trend line

120

3 100

80

60

40

Ozone concentration ug/m Ozone concentration 20

0 Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

Page 32 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 15 Variation in hourly mean O 3 concentrations at Manchester South

2009 ozone concentrations at Manchester South

Ozone ug/m3 Annual trend line

120

3 100

80

60

40

Ozone concentration Ozoneug/m concentration 20

0 Jul-09 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 May-09 Date

Results show that peaks of ozone concentrations occur in the summer months, and the underlying trend shows that concentrations are generally higher in the summer.

Automatic analyser results have also been used to determine the daily variation in ozone concentration, shown in Figure 16.

Page 33 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 16 Daily variation in O 3 concentrations

Average daily variation in ozone concentrations 2009

Piccadilly Gardens Manchester South

45 40 3 35 30 25 20 15 concentration ug/m concentration

3 10 O 5 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Time

The results show that the highest concentrations of ozone are experienced in the early to mid afternoon, when temperatures are at their highest in the summer months. The lowest concentrations are experienced between 7.00 am and 9.00 am, when traffic derived NO X emissions are highest. The NO X is oxidised by ozone, (to form oxygen and nitrogen dioxide), converting the ozone to molecular oxygen in the process, and thereby reducing the concentration of ozone.

2.3.2 PM 2.5

PM 2.5 typically makes up around two thirds of PM 10 emissions and concentrations, and gives a stronger association with the observed ill health effects.

Automatic Monitoring Data

TEOM/ FDMS monitoring data

Automatic monitoring of PM 2.5 has been carried out in Manchester using a TEOM/ FDMS analyser since 2009 as part of the Defra AURN network. Results are presented in Table 19.

Table 19 Results of PM 2.5 Automatic Monitoring

Piccadilly Gardens - Urban Centre site located in the AQMA Year Annual mean PM 2.5 concentration Proportion of year with valid data (ug/m 3) % 2009 12 82%

Table 19 shows that the annual mean PM 2.5 concentration in 2009 was below the National Air Quality Strategy objective of 25 ug/m 3.

Page 34 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Automatic monitoring results sites have also been used to determine how the concentration of PM2.5 varies over time, shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17 Variation in hourly mean PM 2.5 concentrations at Piccadilly Gardens

2009 Manchester Piccadilly Gardens TEOM/FDMS PM 2.5 Concentrations

PM2.5 (Grav Equiv) Annual trend line

3 160 140 120 100 80

concentration ug/m concentration 60 2.5 40 20 0 Hourly Hourly PM 15/01/2009 15/02/2009 15/03/2009 15/04/2009 15/05/2009 15/06/2009 15/07/2009 15/08/2009 15/09/2009 15/10/2009 15/11/2009 15/12/2009 Date

Results show that PM 2.5 concentrations vary throughout the year, although in 2009 the largest peaks were in October and November.

Automatic monitoring results have also been used to determine the daily variation in PM 2.5 concentration, shown in Figure 18.

Page 35 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 18 Daily variation in PM 2.5 concentrations

Average daily variation in FDMS PM 2.5 particulate concentrations 2009

Piccadilly Gardens

14

3 12

10

8

6

concentration ug/m concentration 4 2.5 2 PM

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Time

Daily variation in PM 2.5 concentrations show a similar trend to daily variation in PM 10 concentrations - that lowest PM 2.5 concentrations were found during the early hours of the morning, when road traffic is at its lowest level, and most industrial activity has ceased.

Non-automatic Monitoring Data

Partisol sampler monitoring data

PM 2.5 particulate matter has been measured at 2 sites in Manchester (Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester South) using a Partisol gravimetric sampler, which is capable of size selective measurements of the particles in the atmosphere. The results for the last 3 years from both sites are shown in Table 20.

Table 20 Results of Partisol PM 2.5 Non-automatic Monitoring

Manchester South - Suburban site located outside the AQMA Year Annual mean PM 2.5 concentration Proportion of year with valid data (ug/m 3) % 2007 N/A N/A 2008 N/A N/A 2009 9.4 76% Manchester Piccadilly - Urban Centre site located in the AQMA Year Annual mean PM 2.5 concentration Proportion of year with valid data (ug/m 3) % 2007 20.8 72% 2008 N/A N/A 2009 N/A N/A

Page 36 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

The Partisol PM 2.5 sampler became operational at Manchester South in February 2009, hence the relatively low data capture for 2009.

Following DEFRA changes to the AURN network, the PM2.5 Partisol sampler at Piccadilly Gardens discontinued operation in October 2007, hence the relatively low data capture for this year.

Partisol sampler monitoring data for PM 2.5 shows that there have not been any exceedences of the National Air Quality Strategy objective at the monitoring locations.

2.4 Other Air Quality Monitoring carried out by the Local Authority

Manchester City Council carries out air quality monitoring for other airborne pollution not related to LAQM.

2.4.1 Acid Rain

Rainwater is usually slightly acidic, but atmospheric pollution can lead to rain water becoming far more acidic than would arise from natural atmospheric processes. There are no direct health implications from being exposed to acid rain. However, acid rain can cause damage buildings, vegetation and aquatic ecosystems.

Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are the pollutants that cause the acidification of rainwater. All industrial processes that involve the combustion of fossil fuels emit these pollutants, but the burning of coal with its high sulphur content is a major source of acidifying emissions.

As with other urban areas, Manchester has seen a reduction in acidifying emissions, as the use of coal has declined. However, since 1971 the Fiddlers Ferry coal fired power station has been operated in the borough of Warrington, approximately 37 km from Manchester. It is likely that emissions from the site had an impact on levels of acid rain in Manchester.

Fiddlers Ferry was fitted with Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) between 2006 - 2008, which has reduced sulphur emissions by 70%. There is also a proposal to fit Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology before 2016 to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen.

Emissions from local industry and sulphur dioxide emitted from road vehicles, also contribute to acid rain in Manchester.

Manchester City Council measures acid rain at Manchester Town Hall in the city centre, and at a suburban site near the village of Styal. The level of acidity will depend upon the concentration of hydrogen ions in the rainwater (acidity increases with an increasing concentration of hydrogen ions). Acid rain monitoring results from both sites are shown in Figure 19.

Page 37 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Figure 19 Acid rain measured at Manchester monitoring sites

Acid rain hydrogen ion concentrations in Manchester

Town Hall Styal

60

50

40

30

20 microequivalents per litre 10 Annual Annual mean H+ ion concentration

0

0 1 4 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 89 9 9 92 9 95 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1993 19 1 1996 19 1 1999 20 2 2 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 Date

The graph shown in Figure 19 indicates that there has been a decrease in the acidity of rainwater over the duration of the monitoring period. However, despite this long-term trend, there is still annual variability in acid rain concentrations due to short-term periods of acid rain events throughout the year.

The two monitoring sites will experience differing levels in local emissions, and yet have experienced a similar decline in acidity over this monitoring period. The similar decline in acidity at these sites may therefore be attributed to a reduction in regional emissions, rather than a reduction in local emissions.

2.4.2 Gamma Radiation

Gamma Radiation is a measurement of background radiation levels and is monitored Manchester City Council on a routine basis. Radiation levels are measured in Nano Grays per hour. Health effects have been observed in people who have been exposed to gamma radiation levels of 500,000,000 nGy (1 Gray or Gy is equivalent to 1 joule of energy absorbed by 1 kg of body tissue). The average individual radiation dose in the UK is 2.6mSv (milli- Sieverts) per year. Most of this is from natural (2.2mSv per year) and medical (0.36mSv per year) sources of radiation.

Manchester City Council acts as lead authority for the Manchester Area Gamma Radiation Monitoring System. This system is comprised of a network of radiation monitors spread across Greater Manchester. The network was established in the aftermath of the 1986 incident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station, and was intended to provide local data on the levels of gamma radiation across the Greater Manchester area, and to show whether levels of radioactivity had increased above natural background levels, in the event of a future radioactive release.

Page 38 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

The level of gamma radiation measured as a 24-hour mean in Manchester in 2009 is shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20 Gamma radiation measured as a 24-hour mean in Manchester

The graph in Figure 20 shows that average radiation in Manchester in 2009 was measured at 66.4 nGy per hour, well below the level at which health effects would be expected. Radiation monitoring results have remained relatively constant, and therefore the 2009 average figure can be considered as representative for the year.

Page 39 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

3 Conclusions and Proposed Actions

3.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data

Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen dioxide monitoring results have not identified any potential or actual exceedences of the ambient air quality objectives outside the current AQMA.

Several monitoring sites (Chethams School, Clayton Lane, Kingsway, Rostron Avenue, St Pauls School and Town Hall) within the AQMA measured annual average NO 2 concentrations below the annual NO 2 objective. However, concentrations of NO 2 are generally lower in 2009 than for previous years at diffusion tube monitoring sites. Concentrations at these sites for 2009 are all at least 36 ug/m3 (i.e. within 10% of the annual air quality objective).

Two city centre roadside sites (Oxford Street and Newton Street) measured annual mean 3 concentrations of NO 2 greater than 60 ug/m . Paragraphs 5.17 and 5.18 of Technical Guidance LAQM.TG (09) advise that there is a risk of the hourly objective being exceeded where such concentrations are measured, and that Local Authorities may choose to amend their current AQMA to reflect exceedences of the 1-hour objective, and review their Air Quality Action Plans.

Other local air quality management (LAQM) pollutants: All other pollutants relevant to LAQM monitored within Manchester were below their respective air quality objectives. However, elevated levels of PM 10 at roadside locations in the city centre remain a potential concern, hence the reason for monitoring PM 10 at the Oxford Road site.

3.2 Proposed Actions

The 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment report identified the need to proceed to a detailed assessment for nitrogen dioxide, which involves partnership working with the other 9 Greater Manchester local authorities for dispersion modelling. The Greater Manchester Transportation Unit (GMTU) is currently undertaking the dispersion modelling work, and the resulting Detailed Assessment report will be produced in due course. The dispersion modeling for the Detailed Assessment report will include both NO 2 and PM 10 , and will highlight areas at risk of exceeding relevant objectives for these pollutants.

Monitoring data from the recently installed Oxford Road automatic monitoring site will be reported in subsequent review and assessment reports.

The City Council is continuing to develop and implement its local air quality action plan to reduce air pollution, in partnership with the other Greater Manchester local authorities, the GM Passenger Transport Authority / Executive and other stakeholders such as Manchester Airport. This effective partnership working has produced a Greater Manchester Air Quality Action Plan, which has been approved by the Department of the Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, (DEFRA). The Action Plan is a comprehensive programme that sets out how the City Council will work to meet the air quality targets across the city.

Progress to date on Manchester’s air quality action plan is detailed in a separate report, entitled ‘Air Quality Action Plan Progress Report 2010’.

Page 40 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

4 References

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). 2009. Technical Guidance LAQM.TG (09), Defra publications.

Defra. 2010. National bias adjustment factors [online], Defra. Available Internet: http://laqm1.defra.gov.uk/review/tools/no2/baf-national.php Accessed 16/11/2010

Hull, I; Morris, T; Fraser, K and Hagyard, I. 2009. The Greater Manchester Emissions Inventory 2006 Update - GMTU Report 1530 [online], Association of Greater Manchester Authorities, Greater Manchester Transportation Unit. Available internet: http://www.gmtu.gov.uk/reports/emigma/GMTUReport1530.pdf Accessed 18/10/2010

Manchester City Council. 1999. AIR QUALITY REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT FOR MANCHESTER - STAGES 1 and 2 , Manchester City Council.

Manchester City Council. 2002. AIR QUALITY REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT FOR MANCHESTER - STAGE 4 , Manchester City Council.

Manchester City Council. 2003. AIR QUALITY REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT FOR MANCHESTER - PHASE TWO, UPDATE & SCREENING ASSESSMENT , Manchester City Council.

Manchester City Council. 2004. AIR QUALITY REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT FOR MANCHESTER - PHASE TWO, DETAILED ASSESSMENT , Manchester City Council.

Manchester City Council. 2005. Air Quality Monitoring Report 2005 , Manchester City Council.

Manchester City Council. 2008. A1 Manchester Factsheet May 2010 [online], Manchester City Council. Available Internet: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/file/13155/a01_manchester_factsheet_may_2010 Accessed 29/20/2010

Rose, B. 2006. Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment 2006 - Third Round , Manchester City Council.

Rose, B. 2007. Air Quality Monitoring Progress Report 2007 , Manchester City Council.

Rose, B. 2008. Air Quality Monitoring Progress Report 2008 , Manchester City Council.

Rose, B. 2009. 2009 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Manchester City Council , Manchester City Council

Targa, J. 2006. Diffusion tube bias adjustment spreadsheet tool - Version 03, November 2006 [online], AEA Energy and Environment. Available Internet: http://laqm1.defra.gov.uk/documents/tools/AEA_DifTPAB_v03.xls Accessed 16/11/2010

Page 41 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Appendices

Appendix A: QA/QC Data

Appendix B: Location maps and photographs of non-automatic monitoring sites

Page 42 of 80 Manchester City Council - England Appendix A: QA/QC Data

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

Laboratory supplying NO 2 diffusion tubes (up to Bureau Veritas Laboratories (Now Environmental July 2009): Scientifics Group) 139 Summerlee Street Glasgow G33 4DB Laboratory supplying NO 2 diffusion tubes (from Staffordshire Scientific Services July 2009): 14 Martin Street Stafford ST14 2LG Preparation method used: 20% TEA in water (from 2009). 10 % TEA in water used before 2009 by Bureau Veritas. Harmonisation Practical Guidance followed: Yes National bias adjustment factor from Defra LAQM 0.81 tools website (Version 09/10):

Factor from Local Co-location Studies

Manchester City Council undertook two NO 2 diffusion tube co-location studies in 2009. Triplicate NO 2 diffusion tubes were co-located with automatic chemiluminescent NO X analysers at the Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester South monitoring sites. Results of the co-location studies are shown in the figures below. Results have been produced using the latest version (Version 3 - 2006) of the diffusion tube bias adjustment spreadsheet tool produced by AEA Energy and Environment.

Manchester Piccadilly - Urban Centre site :

Page 43 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Manchester South - Suburban site:

Summary of co-location results:

Parameter Manchester Piccadilly Manchester South (Urban Centre) (Suburban) NO 2 diffusion tubes annual 53 32 mean ug/m 3 Automatic monitor annual 41 24 mean ug/m 3 Bias adjustment factor 0.79 0.75 Precision of NO 2 diffusion Good Good tubes Overall data capture for Good Good automatic analyser

Discussion of Choice of Factor to Use

A bias adjustment factor of 0.79 (derived from the Manchester Piccadilly co-location study) to be applied to kerbside, roadside, urban centre and urban background locations.

In addition, a bias adjustment factor of 0.75 (derived from the Manchester South co-location study) to be applied to suburban and rural sites.

Reason: both monitoring sites show good overall precision for diffusion tubes and good overall data capture for the co-located real time analyser. The Piccadilly site is more representative of urban and roadside locations. The Manchester South is more representative of suburban locations.

QA/QC of diffusion tube monitoring

Page 44 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Laboratory performance data was obtained for both Bureau Veritas and Staffordshire Scientific Services from the Defra LAQM tools website:

(http://laqm1.defra.gov.uk/documents/Summary_of_Laboratory_Performance_in_WASP_R1 04-108.pdf ).

Both laboratories take part in the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP) scheme - an independent analytical performance testing scheme, operated by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL). Performance for both laboratories was found to be 'Good' from January 2009 to January 2010.

Page 45 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

2009 NO 2 diffusion tube monthly mean values

Dates of monitoring period 2009 06/01 03/02 03/03 31/03 28/04 02/06 30/06 28/07 01/09 29/09 03/11 01/12 Site Name Raw annual mean to to to to to to to to to to to to concentration 03/02 03/03 31/03 28/04 02/06 30/06 28/07 01/09 29/09 03/11 01/12 29/12 Alma Road ------51 47 45 57 50 Ashton Old Road 59 89 63 60 53 34 47 26 37 54 49 66 53 Burnage 39 53 36 - - - - - 25 32 38 41 38 Cheetham Hill 75 99 76 71 56 57 67 50 41 58 62 72 65 Road Chethams School 56 60 52 54 38 38 40 31 61 45 53 62 49 Clayton Day 43 47 - 30 - 9 - 19 26 32 37 46 32 Nursery Clayton Lane 56 62 51 45 34 34 37 30 41 45 49 60 45 Great Ancoats 67 86 80 68 50 - 64 49 47 59 69 73 65 Street Hewitt Street ------51 51 60 54 Hyde Road 55 85 59 70 - - 47 30 47 52 50 40 53 Kingsway 51 76 55 57 37 39 42 32 40 46 54 55 49 Liverpool Road 56 93 75 70 58 52 53 35 53 59 58 71 61 Lockton Close 53 77 57 54 43 46 40 33 47 46 49 62 51 M56 85 93 84 93 67 60 65 46 61 64 73 75 72 Newton Street 74 90 94 88 61 74 80 62 56 67 95 75 76 Oldham Road 53 80 57 63 46 46 42 37 58 49 53 63 54 Oxford Street 93 127 113 115 73 84 91 56 79 77 77 - 90 Peaceville Road ------31 36 40 52 39 Princess Road 64 78 65 50 40 48 46 37 41 51 62 75 55 Princess Street 72 106 89 79 58 60 68 51 49 64 71 72 70 Rochdale Road 59 70 55 58 41 42 41 33 74 47 54 65 53 Rostron Avenue ------48 47 56 50 Stockport Road 75 84 69 82 68 60 64 43 54 62 57 77 66 St Pauls School 55 56 44 54 39 31 55 29 35 41 44 54 45 Styal 28 33 20 21 13 11 13 11 14 20 44 30 22 Town Hall 59 66 50 54 32 38 38 28 57 48 47 63 48 Victoria Terrace ------37 40 36 57 42 All results are expressed as ug/m 3

Page 46 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

PM 10 'M-type’ sampler bias correction

Manchester City Council has co-located an 'M-type’ sampler with a reference PM 10 analyser at the Manchester Piccadilly monitoring site. This is in an attempt to derive a correction factor for the 'M-type’ sampler. A bias adjustment factor has been derived for the M-type samplers in a similar way to the nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes. This would allow results from the 'M- type’ samplers to be expressed as a PM 10 equivalent. A comparison of the results of the reference sampler and 'M-type’ sampler are shown in the following table.

Year Reference Reference 'M-type’ sampler ‘M-type’ % Bias factor sampler annual sampler annual mean total data capture A mean PM 10 % data suspended particulate concentration Capture concentration (ug/m 3) (ug/m 3) 1995 1 44.2 96% 35.3 64% 1.25 1996 1 34.0 98% 29.4 100% 1.16 1997 1 31.2 94% 29.3 98% 1.06 1998 1 27.7 97% 25.6 96% 1.08 1999 1 26.3 98% 25.8 100% 1.02 2000 1 27.5 98% 25.5 100% 1.08 2001 1 38.9 97% 38.3 29% 1.01 2002 1 27.7 95% 25.0 78% 1.11 2003 1 29.7 98% 22.7 90% 1.28 2004 1 24.7 98% 21.0 98% 1.18 2005 1 25.2 98% 22.9 100% 1.10 2006 1 26.3 96% 24.9 92% 1.05 2007 2 24.4 98% 22.3 98% 1.09 2008 2 19.8 99% 19.5 92% 1.02 2009 3 22.0 60% 22.1 94% 1.0

1 M-type sampler co-located with TEOM analyser 2 M-type sampler co-located with FDMS analyser 3 M-type sampler co-located with Met One BAM analyser

The results show a good correlation between measured PM 10 and total suspended particulate matter, however M-type sampler results have historically usually been lower than the reference sampling method. Also, the Met One BAM PM10 analyser was installed at Manchester Piccadilly in May 2009, hence the relatively low data capture for 2009.

Benzene diffusion tube bias correction

Manchester City Council has co-located 1 benzene diffusion tube with the pumped benzene sampler at Piccadilly Gardens, in an attempt to improve the accuracy of the benzene diffusion tube results. The pumped benzene sampler is a more accurate method of sampling benzene because a known volume of air is drawn through the absorbent tube, and also duplicate tubes are sampled. A bias adjustment factor has been derived for the benzene diffusion tubes in a similar way to the nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes.

Bias adjustment results for recent years from the Piccadilly Gardens monitoring site are presented in the following table.

Page 47 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

Year Pumped benzene sampler results Benzene diffusion tube results Bias factor Annual mean benzene Data Annual mean benzene Data A concentration (ug/m 3) capture concentration (ug/m 3) capture 2006 1.02 100% 1.12 92% 0.91 2007 1.00 100% 0.66 100% 1.52 2008 0.78 100% 0.60 92% 1.30 2009 0.86 96% 0.72 100% 1.19

Results show that there has been considerable variation of the bias adjustment factor from year to year. The benzene diffusion tubes used by Manchester City Council are currently supplied, prepared, and analysed by Staffordshire Scientific Services, who are UKAS accredited.

QA/QC of automatic monitoring

Automatic air quality analysers within the Manchester City Council area are subject to a high level of quality assurance/ quality control. Analysers are either operated as part of the national Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) of air quality monitors owned by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), or are part of the 'Calibration Club' scheme run by AEA Technology. Details of the QA/QC schemes that the analysers conform to are detailed in the following table.

Monitoring Analyser QA/QC scheme Frequency of Data Data ratified Frequency site calibrations captured by of site and audits screened by Manchester NO X National AURN Every 4 weeks Bureau AEA Approx Piccadilly owned by Veritas Technology every 6 DEFRA months PM 2.5 National AURN Every 4 weeks Bureau AEA Approx owned by Veritas Technology every 6 DEFRA months O3 National AURN Every 4 weeks Bureau AEA Approx owned by Veritas Technology every 6 DEFRA months SO 2 National AURN Every 4 weeks Bureau AEA Approx owned by Veritas Technology every 6 DEFRA months CO Calibration Club Every 4 weeks AEA AEA Approx run by AEA Technology Technology every 6 Technology months PM 10 Calibration Club Every 4 weeks AEA AEA Approx run by AEA Technology Technology every 6 Technology months Manchester NO X National AURN Every 4 weeks Bureau AEA Approx South owned by Veritas Technology every 6 DEFRA months O3 National AURN Every 4 weeks Bureau AEA Approx owned by Veritas Technology every 6 DEFRA months SO 2 Calibration Club Every 4 weeks AEA AEA Approx run by AEA Technology Technology every 6 Technology months

Analysers that are operated as part of the AURN :

Measurements produced are subject to a high level of quality assurance/ quality control. Data is captured and screened by a third party (Bureau Veritas), and then further ratified by AEA Energy and Environment before being published on the UK Air Quality Archive internet

Page 48 of 80 Manchester City Council - England website. In order to be deemed representative, there is a minimum data capture requirement of 90% for an annual period. Manchester City Council act as Local Site Operators (LSOs) for the site on behalf of DEFRA, and perform calibration and system checks on the analysers every 4 weeks. The City Council also performs basic fault finding duties and aims to arrive on site within 2 hours of a fault being reported. If the fault cannot be rectified by the LSO, an engineer from a designated equipment support unit will arrive on site within 2 working days of the fault being reported. AEA Technology performs periodic audits of the equipment located at the site and local site operator staff approximately every 6 months.

Analysers that are operated as part of the 'Calibration Club' :

These analysers are subject to the same level of QA/QC as for those that form part of the AURN. The only difference is that AEA Technology carries out the initial capture and screening of the data, as well as the data ratification. In addition, the data is not published on the UK Air Quality Archive internet website, as it belongs solely to Manchester City Council. However, data is available via the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities GreatAir Manchester website.

Page 49 of 80 Manchester City Council - England Appendix B: Location maps and photographs of monitoring sites

1. Alma Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 50 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

2. Ashton Old Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 51 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

3. Burnage Community Centre

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 52 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

4. Cheetham Hill Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 53 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

5. Chethams School

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 54 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

6. Clayton Day Nursery

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 55 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

7. Clayton Lane

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 56 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

8. Great Ancoats Street

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 57 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

9. Hewitt Street

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 58 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

10. Hyde Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 59 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

11. Kingsway

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 60 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

12. Liverpool Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 61 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

13. Lockton Close

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 62 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

14. M56

Diffusion tube(s) and M- type sampler

Page 63 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

15. Manchester South

Continuous air quality an alysers sample inlet

Partisol PM 10 Diffusion sampling tube(s) and head M-type sampler

Page 64 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

16. Newton Street

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 65 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

17. Oldham Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 66 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

18. Oxford Street

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 67 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

19. Peaceville Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 68 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

20. Piccadilly Gardens

Continuous air quality analysers sample inlet Diffusion tube(s) and M-type sampler

Page 69 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

21. Princess Parade Service Station

Diffus ion tube(s)

Page 70 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

22. Princess Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 71 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

23. Princess Street

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 72 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

24. Rochdale Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 73 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

25. Rostron Avenue

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 74 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

26. Rusholme Clinic

M-Type sampler

Page 75 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

27. St Pauls School

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 76 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

28. Stockport Road

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 77 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

29. Styal

Diffusion tube(s) and acid rain gauge

Page 78 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

30. Manchester Town Hall

Diffusion tube(s) and acid rain gauge

Page 79 of 80 Manchester City Council - England

31. Victoria Terrace

Diffusion tube(s)

Page 80 of 80