The Getty Conservation Institute

Field Trip Report

By F. LeBlanc, Head, Field Projects

HIROSHIMA – UNITAR TRAINING WORKSHOP Series on the Management and Conservation of World Heritage Sites March 12-17, 2006

Map of Japan

View of the gate to the entrance of Itsukushima Shrine, one of the two sites in Hiroshima that are on the World Heritage List; here, a sacred dance performed In the foreground is the by the priests is a good example of the intangible heritage of this place A-Bomb Dome building; the UNITAR offices are located in the black The GCI was invited to participate to the third international workshop organ- building in the back- ized by UNITAR on Management and Conservation of World Heritage Sites. ground Jeff Cody and I participated as instructors and resource persons to this one- week workshop held in Hiroshima. Following is a summary account of the workshop. It is not intended to be an exhaustive report but simply an over- view to share with you some of the topics discussed and the technical visits that enriched the experience of the participants.

UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and Research)

What is UNITAR? Hiroshima A-Bomb The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) was estab- Dome, World Heritage lished in 1965 as an autonomous body within the United Nations with the Site with Peace Memorial purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the Organization through appro- Park in the background priate training and research. UNITAR is governed by a Board of Trustees and is headed by an Executive Director. The Institute is supported by volun-

tary contributions from governments, intergovernmental organizations, foun- dations, and other non-governmental sources.

1 UNITAR has the following functions: • To conduct training programs in multilateral diplomacy and international cooperation for diplomats accredited to the United Nations and national officials involved in work related to United Nations activities. • To carry out a wide range of training programs in the field of social and economic development. • To carry out result-oriented research, in particular, research on and for training and to develop pedagogical materials including distance learning training packages, work books, as well as software and video training packs. • To establish and strengthen cooperation with other inter-governmental organizations, faculties and academic institutions, in particular for the development of research on and for training.

The Workshop In a pilot phase, UNITAR and the Hiroshima Prefectural Government con- ducted, in cooperation with UNESCO World Heritage Centre, a Training Workshop on the Conservation and Management of World Heritage Sites in Issue of Museum Int’l Hiroshima, October 2001. The topic of world heritage conservation was se- magazine dedicated to lected for its relevance for Hiroshima, which has two sites on the World Heri- intangible heritage tage List and upon analysis made by UNITAR on the importance and rele- vance of the theme for the region, especially the need to consider the man- agement of cultural and natural assets in a comprehensive manner.

A three-year series on the Management and Conservation of World Heritage Sites was launched in 2004, with annual weeklong workshops to be organ- ized in Hiroshima.

The 2006 workshop is entitled “Training Workshop on World Heritage Man- agement: their Tangible and Intangible Aspects”. Special emphasis this year was on the tangible and intangible aspects of World Heritage sites, in the A-Bomb building and overall context of values-based management. The 29 trainees this year con- UNITAR offices in black sist of heritage site managers, natural/cultural conservation specialists, and building trainers, decision makers and government officers within national World Heri- tage administrations such as the Ministries of environment, culture or for- estry. Some were also representatives of national academic institutions.

The course long-term objective is to foster a better use of the World Heritage Convention through national policy making and planning and exchange of information on best practices and case studies. The 2006 training workshop introduced the participants to basic knowledge, information and updates on the World Heritage regime and current topics regarding heritage manage- UNITAR offices interior ment, study leading policies and strategies including their successes and failures, explained legal and policy planning techniques, discussed case studies and practical exercises, and enhanced long-term learning and ex- change among the participants. The study tours to two world heritage sites in Hiroshima, the A-Bomb dome and Itsukushima Shinto Shrine, provided addi- tional learning opportunities and a case study during the training workshop.

Typical commercial street in Hiroshima

2 First Day of the Workshop

Nassrine AZIMI, Director of the Hiroshima UNITAR Office, welcomes train- ees and introduces the “ice-breaker” exercise Trainees in UNITAR offices during first day plenary sessions Introductory remarks Nassrine Azimi, UNITAR Hiroshima Office Director, welcomed the 41 partici- pants from 26 countries and said a few words concerning the Hiroshima UNITAR office and the mission of this UN organization. Following a brief presentation of the partner organizations in this workshop, Richard Engel- hardt, from the UNESCO Bangkok office gave the first paper.

World Heritage regime: trends and realities in the Asia- Pacific region Richard ENGELHARDT, By Richard Engelhardt, Office of the UNESCO Regional Advisor for Culture UNESCO Bangkok Re- in Asia and the Pacific, UNESCO Bangkok. gional Office for Educa- tion In the past heritage belonged predominately to princes, priests and politicians but since the early 1990's the movement is expanding the concept of heritage as belonging also to the public and the local community, thus activating a real grassroots movement for World Heritage nomination. New types of heritages have also emerged including vernacular, domestic, industrial and commercial heritages.

The international community really started to come together to address global heritage issues when the Egyptians took the decision to build the As- souan dam on the Nile River in the 1960s. This project was going to send the Abu Simbel temple under water. There was an international reaction and ex- pression of solidarity to save the temple that was considered to be not only

Kaori OKABE the heritage of the Egyptians but of all humankind. Of all the international UNITAR Staff conventions currently in force in the world, UNESCO’s 1972 World Heritage Convention is now one of the two most ratified.

He reminded participants that once the government of a country signs the World Heritage Convention, it automatically and immediately becomes law in that country.

One of the first steps a country must make after signing the Convention is to prepare an “indicative list” of the sites it intends to present. There are some 3,000 sites that have been identified on the tentative lists for Asian countries.

At the beginning, countries wanted to inscribe the “Cadillac” sites, the best of Sergei SHAPOSHNIKOV the best. The World Heritage List was almost seen as a beauty queen con- UNITAR Staff

3 test. Since then, it has evolved and it strives to represent all cultures of all periods, not only the major cultures. Its aim is to conserve our common heri- tage.

There are untold stories on the World Heritage List. Stories such as forced migration, survival in the ice age, engineered transformations of natural land-

scapes, religious education, trade and war that have created new cultures etc. We have a long way to go to meet the intent of this very successful con- vention. As much as we can’t afford to lose a single gene in our body, we can’t afford to lose any of the world’s cultures.

Some of the challenges facing us include: infrastructure development, lack of respect of world heritage sites, risk to wildlife, increase in illegal practices, destruction of vegetation, crisis management and becoming advisors to community-based management.

Community-based management is the main management tool that will be Hiroko NAKAYAMA used in the near future to safeguard and care for our cultural and natural UNITAR Geneva heritage sites. There are simply not enough government resources to do the job. And we, as professional managers, are going to have to learn how to become advisors to these communities, talk to them, work with them, and learn with them. Working behind our desks, in boardrooms, or on our PCs developing policies and regulations is not the answer.

Richard talked about significance, authenticity and integrity that are essential concepts in the Convention. He explained that in order to inscribe a property on the World Heritage List, it must meet the criteria of “outstanding universal value”. This is determined by the use of 10 criteria, six of which apply more specifically to cultural sites and four to natural sites. In previous years, these Christopher MOORE criteria were in two categories, nature and culture. Now, the Committee re- UNITAR Staff sponsible for the Convention has created a single list of criteria, from one to ten and has bridged the gap between the two domains. They are now truly considered to be two sides of the same coin. This is the first important mes- sage that the trainees should remember.

Some of the challenges facing the Convention at this time concern: • Empowerment of communities in order for them to care for this heri- tage • Staged authenticity which is a misuse of heritage (enactment of tradi- tions) • Exploitation of indigenous cultures Atsushi YASUI • Vandalism and illicit sale of cultural properties UNITAR Staff • Cultural xenophobia (blasting of the Bamiyan Buddha by the Taliban) • Ensuring the continuity and continued relevance of culture in the community • Adding value to heritage assets while protecting these public re- sources from exploitation, misappropriation, and unsustainable and inappropriate use and degradation • Safeguarding the authenticity and integrity of the heritage, imbuing physical heritage with intangible value thereby ensuring its signifi- cance • The credibility of heritage listing as a framework for protecting the entire range of the diversity of the world’s heritage Sharapiya KAKIMOVA UNITAR Staff

4 Richard concluded his presentation by talking about UNESCO’s most recent Convention on Intangible Heritage that was adopted in 2003 and will go into effect in 2005 after the minimum required number of signatory States has been reached. He explained that both conventions were developed on the same model and are meant to work synergically, to give the heritage a life in the community.

The notion of intangible heritage By François LEBLANC and Jeffrey CODY

I presented a conceptual basis for understanding heritage and introduced the Francois LeBLANC, Getty Conservation Insti- notion of intangible heritage. Jeff explained UNESCO’s definition of intangi- tute ble heritage as per the new UNESCO Convention and used it as the basis for a practical exercise that involved all participants.

What is heritage?

The concept of heritage is the basis for all the discussions during this Work- shop. This concept is used in many different ways in contemporary society to designate a broad spectrum of subjects. As managers of heritage sites, it is important that everyone develops his own personal definition of what the concept of heritage encompasses and be able to share it with a broad spec- trum of people. Following is my own definition of “heritage”.

Put in simple terms, heritage is: whatever each one of us individually or Dien The NONG – collectively wishes to preserve and pass on to the next generation. If we Vietnam Ba Be national want to preserve something, then it is our heritage. This of course varies Park quite a bit, depending on the person or the group of persons expressing their interest. The following diagram was used to explain that heritage could be something natural or man-made, someone living or intangibles such as tradi- tions and customs.

Nobuyuki UEMURA – Japan The Environ- mental Research and Management Center,

Mizuko UGO – Japan, JSPS Researcher, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo

5 It begins with you as an individual and moves on to your family, country and finally to the whole world. On the third scale, some cultural groups will value certain things more than others. For example, some cultures value greatly living heritage but not so much the buildings or structures that surrounds them. Other cultures value more architectural heritage but much less living and intangible heritages.

Jeff quoted George Abungu, a GCI Guest Scholar whose research focused

on intangible heritage “The act of cooking is intangible, and the kitchen does Jeffrey CODY, Getty not become the kitchen if it is not used for cooking”. Then he explained that Conservation Institute “intangible” has to do with things we can feel. It is not the opposite of tangi- ble.

Intangible provides the meaning for the tangible, giving it its uniqueness. He briefly explained UNESCO’s definition of intangible heritage and used it for a practical exercise where he asked participants to write on a small piece of paper an example of something they considered to be intangible and to posi- tion it on a two-dimension grid of activities and categories as per UNESCO’s Convention on Intangible Heritage definition: Article 2, Section 1: The “intangible cultural heritage” means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communi- ties, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. Participants visiting the Article 2, Section 2: The “intangible cultural heritage”, as defined in para- A-Bomb Dome graph 1 above, is manifested inter alia in the following domains: oral tradi- tions and expressions, performing arts, social practices, knowledge and prac- tices, and craftsmanship.

He concluded with five unresolved questions and gave references for further readings: 1. what is the relationship between ownership of “culture” and the con- trol of that culture? 2. How do we manage the relationship between emerging global norms or ethics and local traditions?

Participants visiting the A-Bomb Dome Here he presented the following interesting issue: Japanese have a strong tradition for eating whale. The international community is com- ing up with norms to forbid whaling. How can we reconcile the two e.g. maintain the tradition without commercial whaling?

3. How do the inequities of industrial societies vs. smaller scale socie- ties relate to defining intangible heritage? 4. What is the relationship between the intangible and the objectified? 5. What is the relationship between documentation and the actual pro- tection of intangible cultural heritage?

LeBlanc and Cody at the A-Bomb Dome site opened exceptionally for the course participants

6 Hiroshima World Heritage sites and introduction to Peace Park and A-Bomb Dome/Miyajima By Yushi Utaka, School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo

Prof. Utaka explained the structure of Japanese heritage conservation at the government, prefecture and municipal levels in light of current social trends such as an aging society, depopulation, natural disasters and economic downturn. Hiroshima heritage sites and specificities of management policies and methods were explained in the context of the social situation as well as Yushi UTAKA, University contradicting value evaluations by different parties. of Hyogo

He then gave a brief overview of the two Hiroshima sites on the World Heritage List, the A-Bomb Dome and the Itsukushima Shrine on Myajima Island.

The Commercial Exhibi- tion Hall built in 1915 (before A-Bomb)

The Commercial Exhibition Hall and downtown Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 The Hiroshima Peace memorial (Genbaku Dome) was the only structure left standing in the area where the first atomic bomb exploded in 6 August 1945. Through the efforts of many people, including those of the city of Hiroshima, it has been preserved in the same state as immediately after the bombing. Not only is it a stark and powerful symbol of the most destructive force ever created by humankind, it also expresses the hope for world peace and the ultimate elimination of all nuclear weapons.

The A-Bomb building declared World Heritage Site in 1996

The Peace Memorial Museum designed by KenzoTange The Peace Memorial Museum located near the A-Bomb Dome offers a very moving experience for the visitor on the events surrounding the drop of the first atomic bomb in human history. The people of Nagasaki where the sec- ond atomic bomb was dropped decided not to commemorate the event and

7 simply move on with their lives. The people of Hiroshima decided that what happened to them should not be forgotten and should be shared with the whole world in an effort to promote world peace and to eliminate atomic bombs altogether by showing to the world the human tragedy that accompa- nies such an event.

Dr. Katsuko KATAOKA, Japan, Hiroshima Univ. Hiroshima before blast After A-Bomb explosion Location of explosion School of Medicine Peace Memorial Museum and the A-Bomb Dome The trainees visited the Peace Memorial Museum designed by world famous architect Kenzo Tange and the A-Bomb Dome World Heritage Site. At the museum, they were welcomed by the museum Director and listened to a presentation by medical doctor Katsuko Kataoka.

Medical Effects of the A-Bomb Dr. Kataoka, a member of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) spoke to the trainees about the effects of the bomb and the efforts of the Hiroshima people to ensure that such an event never happens again.

She reminded us that on August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb, the equivalent of A-Bomb survivor being treated 15 kilotons of TNT, was dropped over the heavily populated commercial area of Hiroshima. The city was destroyed almost instantaneously by the blast and the heat within a 2 km radius from the hypocenter, and countless lives were lost immediately. A few days later, many people began to show symptoms of acute radiation. Within a few weeks, people were dying of causes such as gastrointestinal bleeding, infection and sepsis. About 140,000 people out of a total population of 350,000 were killed by the end of 1945.

Dr. Kataoka went on to describe the various and numerous physical and mental effects of the A-Bomb on the population and concluded by saying that The Nagasaki atomic the Atomic Dome and the Peace Memorial Museum show the destructive, bomb was nicknamed cruel and inhumane nature of the atomic bomb to people worldwide. At the "Fatman" because of same time, Hiroshima citizens have appealed for “reconciliation instead of its shape. The TNT retaliation, humanity instead of animosity”. The Memorial Cenotaph in the implodes on the core Peace Park reads: “Let all the souls here rest in peace, for we shall not re- of plutonium, causing peat the evil”. nuclear fission Following these presentations, Jeff Cody told the participants that following the site visit, they will be seated in small groups and asked to discuss the following questions: 1. What surprised you the most at this World Heritage Site? 2. Why were you surprised? 3. What connections or disconnections did you notice about this site’s tangible and intangible heritage?

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After the visit, the trainees exchanged their impressions in groups of three and reported in plenary on the questions Jeff had given them. Here are some of their remarks.

- Why was only one building remains chosen for World Heritage nomina- tion? - The A-Bomb Dome site is somewhat disconnected from the rest of the park - Almost half the population of Hiroshima perished with the Bomb, yet the people decided to rebuild their city. This is a powerful lesson for other Shadow left on stone post-war countries (important tangible and intangible value) where a person was - Shame on the nuclear-weapon countries and producers, to have created standing when the A- such instruments of death Bomb exploded on 6 - How do you connect the tangible and intangible values? August, 1945 at 8:15 AM - The “story” is the most important part for the design and management of the site - There are still today survivors from this tragic event who can recall and tell the story; what will we do when they are all gone? - The A-Bomb actually modified the ethics of scientists who are now ques- tioning their research’s purpose - An A-Bomb does not discriminate between military and civilian - The Peace Park and the A-Bomb Dome should be part of the same nomination to the World Heritage List; only the A-Bomb Dome site was nominated - The message of peace is a difficult message to convey Dr. Katsuko KATAOKA - There is not sufficient interpretation of the intangible values of this site and N. AZIMI of UNITAR The peace message that Hiroshima proclaims is far from having been heard by the world; the Japanese people should continue to work on educating the world on the suffering generated by nuclear arms

Second Day of the Workshop Tangibles and intangibles in cultural sites By Duncan Marshall, architect, ICOMOS Australia

ICOMOS is an advisory body to the World Heritage Committee, along with Enrique BLANCO – IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) and ICCROM. UNITAR intern from Spain When a State party sends a nomination for a cultural property to UNESCO’s secretariat for the World Heritage Convention, it is reviewed by the secre- tariat and if found to be complete is sent to ICOMOS for evaluation and rec- ommendation.

In this context, the values attributed to the property are very important. The following graphic was used by several instructors to explain the world of tan- gible and intangible values.

Duncan MARSHALL, architect, ICOMOS Aus- tralia

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Betül Yanilmaz EKIMCI – Turkey Istanbul Technical University

We must begin with the premise that all values are intangible. They are formed and only exist in the minds of human beings. They don’t exist by themselves. There are values (scientific, historical, archaeological, aesthetic etc.) that are attributed to tangible heritage and there are values that are at- tributed to intangible heritage (traditions, songs, dance etc.). During this Mehmet GURKAN – workshop, we will focus on the values that are attributed to tangible heritage, Turkey Directorate or, in other words, the intangible that is associated with tangible heritage. For General for Cultural example, certain songs and dances that are of universal value can be per- Heritage and Museums formed in many places in the world without necessarily being tied to a spe- cific “place”. They are not the objects of the World Heritage Convention con- cerned with cultural and natural heritage. What are tangible and intangible aspects of built heritage? - Fabric - Use that relates to heritage values (activities, ceremonies, songs, dances, story telling etc.) - Associations that relate to values (special link between people and place; for instance, at Itsukushima Shrine, we wash our hands before entering the shrine; this activity is associated with the place; again at Itsukushima, last year we witnessed a wedding ceremony; again, this activity was as- Shamal ALMUFTI – Iraq, sociated to the place. At the Peace Memorial in Hiroshima, the flowers Director General, on the cenotaph was an expression of an association some people have Ministry of Environment with the place) - Practical and economic activities (when operating, an industrial steam mill has a great deal of intangible heritage associated to it; when it ceased to operate, it looses most of these intangible values)

When talking about intangible heritage, the aboriginals at Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in Australia say: it is a “clear listening which starts with the ears, then moves to the mind, and ultimately settles in the heart as knowl- edge”.

With the World Heritage Convention, a criterion VI addresses specifically the Nimali DISSANAYAKE intangible values. It states “be directly or tangibly associated with events or ARACHCHIGE – Sri living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of Lanka Central Cultural outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this crite- Fund rion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria).

10 Also, associative cultural landscapes nominated to the World Heritage List is justifiable by virtue of the powerful religious, artistic or cultural association of the natural elements.

Other questions that lead us into the intangible are the ones concerning au- thenticity. Following the discussion held in Nara, Japan in 1994, it was inter- nationally recognized that the “authenticity” of a particular property must be understood within a cultural context and that it is not a de facto objective Itsukushima Shrine thing, and that it is not necessarily related to fabric. Authenticity could be de- fined as the accuracy of the information coming from the place, not necessar- ily the fabric.

How do we conserve the tangible and intangible values of a property? For the intangible, it is pretty much straight forward: repair the painting, replace the damaged parts, maintain the property etc. In the case of intangible heri- tage, it is not so easily described. One approach would be to respect the tra- ditional law in force at the place, nurture the people and their culture, respect land ownership, control should be a joint management effort, try to preserve Miyajima commercial language and ensure economic livelihood. shops There are general issues that still need understanding and research such as: - Understanding all issues that relate to intangible aspects - Keeping values alive - Intangible aspects can change over time - Monitoring - Understanding the strength of a place as it relates to its intangibles

Study tour to Miyajima and Itsukushima Shrine

Bark roof detail

Master Carpenter show- ing the bark used for roofing

During the afternoon of the second day, participants went on a study tour of Miyajima Island and the Itsukushima Shrine. From ancient times, people have sensed the spiritual sanctity of Miyajima, and have revered and wor- Bamboo nails for the bark shingles

11 shipped the island itself as goddesses. The main shrine is said to have been constructed in 593 by Saeki Kuramoto.

It is believed that the goddesses chose this island because an enclosed bay was sought for the site of the shrine.

The first record of Itsukushima Shrine in Japanese history was in the Nihon Koki (Notes on Japan), dated 881, and it was noted Itsukishima Shrine along Course participants were with other famous shrines. treated to a traditional Japanese dinner During the era of Taira-no-Kiyomori, it became a place of worship for the Heike clan, and around 1168, the main shrine building was constructed. As the power of the Heike clan increased, the number of worshippers at the shrine increased, the shrine itself began to become known among the mem- bers of the Imperial Court, and its grandeur became more and more magnifi- cent.

The emperor and the Imperial Court paid visits to the shrine, and the culture of the Heian Period was amiably incorporated. Bugaku, ancient Japanese musical court dance, also began during this period. Even after the fall of the Heike clan, the culture of the Heian Period was warmly accepted by the Genji Deers cohabit the site on clan and the shrine continued to experience a stable and prosperous era. Miyajima Island with humans The main shrine was damaged by fire in 1207 and 1223, and although resto- ration was done, it is believed that with each restoration, the scale of the shrine was changed. It is recorded that the shrine was damaged by a ty- phoon in 1325, and from that time on, the layout became similar to its current state.

From the Kamakura Period through the age of civil wars when the political situation was unstable, the shrine's influence gradually declined. Although there was a period when it fell into ruin, when Mori Motonari won the Battle of Itsukushima in 1555, under his control the shrine regained the reverence it had before and once again its grandeur was restored. In addition, Toyotomi Kapila Dharmasena Hideyoshi also visited at the time of his expedition to Kyushu, and ordered SILVA, Assistant that a large library for Buddhist sutras be built at Ankokuji Temple. Professor, School of Architecture and urban Itsukushima Shrine, which has been revered by many people since ancient Planning, Sri Lanka times and venerated by the various sovereigns in power throughout history, is an example of the rare and unique architectural design, the symbol of Japanese culture and history that is alive and has continued to this day, in addition to being the representative of the Japanese spirit.

It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1996. The present shrine dates from the 13th century and the harmoniously arranged buildings reveal great artistic and technical skill. The shrine plays on the contrasts in color and form between mountains and sea and illustrates the Japanese concept of scenic beauty, which combines nature and human creativity.

Trainees discussing The trainees were welcomed in Miyajima City Hall by municipal representa- tangible and intangible tive Mr. Masaki. Then they visited the Itsukushima Shinto shrine, where they heritage with Itsuku- were welcomed by the head priest. In honor of these international guests, the shima shrine priest priests performed a sacred ceremony, the Bugaku dance and songs.

12 Bugaku Bugaku is a dance accompanied with the orchestral Bugaku-ensemble and a genre of gagaku performance. Gagaku is the Japanese traditional music that was introduced about one thousand four hundred years ago from China and India. The first institute of gagaku in Japan was established by the Prince Shôtoku as the regent of the Empress Suiko (593-628) in Shitennoji temple in Osaka.

Bagaku had at first a close relation with the ceremonies of Buddhist temples and afterwards also with those of shrines. In the Heian era, Bagaku began performances in the court. Aristocrats in the Heian era enjoyed playing Ba- Priests playing tradi- tional Bugaku music gaku and composed some new Bagaku pieces. Bagaku has been handed on since the Heian era to today with its style completely unchanged, whereas Bagaku does not exist in the countries from which it derived.

The Bagaku tradition of Itsukushima shrine was founded by Kiyomori Taira. When he was a governor of Hiroshima region, he worshipped Itsukushima shrine as the guardian deity of the Taira family and rebuilt the shrine in 1146. He exploited this opportunity and brought over a part of Bagaku tradition of Shitennoji temple to the Itsukushima shrine in order to ornament the shrine with the highly refined urban culture. He established the first gagaku institute of Itsukushima shrine. This institute, supported by some feudal lords, has survived to today through many war disturbances. Priest performing Bugaku dance for the Gods Traditional Carpentry Skills

Master Carpenter show- ing tools of the trade in his workshop

Master carpenter demonstrating how to use traditional tool Maintaining the shrine requires special traditional carpentry skills. The par- ticipants were exceptionally hosted by the head carpenter and his team in his workshop. Trainees were able to ask questions and the tools and techniques used by the carpenters were explained. Of particular interest was the roofing Painters using tradi- technique. Trees are grown on the sacred island of Miyajima specifically for tional materials to paint the restoration of the shrine. The carpenters use the bark of these trees to the shrine restore the shrine’s roof. They soak the bark in water to make it soft and then build a thick layer by nailing multiple layers of the bark in place with bamboo nails that the carpenters keep in their mouths.

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Debriefing session The debriefing session was lead by Duncan Marshall. Some of the partici- pants commented the following after the visit: - The visitor is left with a wonderful feeling of beauty and calmness af- ter the visit - Here, the intangible dominates the tangible - The management of the place seems not to be very good - The economic activities should not dominate

- There seems to be a lack of a professional on site to record the res- Peace Museum Director toration activity going on welcoming UNITAR course - It is remarkable that the shrine was built entirely on water because participants the mountain was considered to be sacred; it is regrettable that part of that sacredness seems to have been lost - The carpenters have a strong link with the shrine, but do not appear to have any link to the citizens of the town - It appeared that the Bugaku dance was more for tourists than for re- ligious purposes, though the priest explained afterwards that the dance was really for the Gods, not for us or for the tourists - The site appears to have been reduced to a tourism attraction and its holiness seems to have been reduced.

HAN Qunli, UNESCO’s Ja- Third Day of The Workshop karta’s office Tangibles and intangibles in natural sites By Han Qunli, UNESCO’s Jakarta’s office

It is not evident in the field of natural heritage to talk about intangible heri- tage. But it is obvious that natural sites don’t have inherent value. Value is attributed to them by people, and those values are intangible. People have been living in harmony with nature for thousands of years and have attributed all sorts of values to nature. For instance, in the following Japanese drawing (to the left), one can see that mountains, river and villages are harmoniously integrated together and form a single entity. The same concept can be no- ticed in the Chinese drawing (below) that also integrates the same plus a city.

Most natural sites certainly have scientific values, and many have economic Japanese drawing where and aesthetic values. People have been living in harmony with their natural nature and culture are to- environment for generations. So it makes a lot of sense to think of our natural tally integrated environment as having intangible heritage and for cultural heritage to be set in a natural environment without which it could not exist.

Mixed (nature & culture) sites that were nominated to the WHC certainly illus- trate the importance of recognizing and managing their intangible heritage. Mount Taishan in China was nominated to the WHC under criteria 1,2,3,4,5 (cultural criteria) and 7 (natural criteria). It is not a particularly exceptional natural property, but it has inspired artists and was part of an imperial culture for more than 2000 years. This is certainly a good example of a natural site which is connected with a great deal of intangible heritage.

Sacred natural sites and cultural landscapes are also great examples of natural sites that bear exceptional intangible heritage. Because until recently we have not looked at natural sites from this point of view, we really don’t know what we have and therefore we don’t know what we are losing.

Chinese drawing where nature and culture are to- tally integrated 14

From a UNESCO standpoint, science is part of the heritage of humankind and constitutes a unique component. Hiroshima brought the scientific com- munity to rethink it’s role and responsibilities.

Tangibles and intangibles in natural sites in Japan By Kumiko Yoneda, Senior research Scientist, Japan Wildlife Research Center (JWRC)

Mankind holds nature in awe for the sustenance it gives and, at the same Kumiko YONEDA, Senior time, for the huge destructive power it has, such as Indian Ocean Tsunami at research Scientist, Ja- the end of 2004. Because of this, many natural areas in the world maintain pan Wildlife Research spiritual values. Center (JWRC)

In Japan, like in many other countries, spiritual values played a big role in the protection of natural areas. The interrelationships between cultural and natu- ral values are well acknowledged. However, during the process of preparing new nominations for the Natural World Heritage in the last several years, the spiritual value of the area was not considered much. This is because of the definition of what is a World Heritage property.

In the Operational Guidelines, the word “intangible” is used five times but in all cases it concerns cultural sites. In World Heritage concepts, values relat-

ing to human beings are considered to be cultural values, and intangible or Marichu TELLANO – spiritual values of nature are considered as “cultural landscapes” and ana- Philippines National lyzed with “cultural” criteria. The woods surrounding the Itsukushima Shinto Commission for the Shrine are an example of this. Culture and Arts

There have been several workshops held on “sacred natural sites”, and the role of spiritual value for the conservation and management of sites was dis- cussed. The IUCN / World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), that assists the IUCN evaluation process of World Heritage, has created a task force on cultural and spiritual values; it currently leads the discussions on this subject.

Kumiko briefed the participants on the management system of protected ar- eas in Japan, and explained the process of identification of value for the Natural World Heritage sites in Japan. Then she discussed the intangible heritage of three Japanese natural sites, Yakushima, Shirakami-Sanchi and Shiretoko, and the implications for the management of these sites. Maxym ALEXANDROV – UNITAR intern from Ukraine Values-based management and “statement of outstanding universal value” By François LEBLANC and Jeffrey CODY

Values play a real and important role in the management of heritage proper- ties. It is important for heritage managers to have a good understanding of all the values attributed by stakeholders to their site and to manage them. If they don’t, they could be in a lot of trouble.

Since 1987, the Getty Conservation Institute has been involved with values- based site management planning through research efforts, professional train- Kiran JOSHI – India ing courses, symposia, and field projects. As an extension of this commit- Chandigarh College of ment, and associated with a related research and publication effort on values Architecture

15 and heritage conservation, the Institute has led an effort to produce a series of case studies that demonstrate how values-driven site management has been interpreted, employed, and evaluated by four key organizations. In this project, the GCI has collaborated with the Australian Heritage Commission, English Heritage, Parks Canada, and U.S. National Park Service.

The case studies in this series focus on values and their protection by exam- ining these agencies’ roles in management. By looking at one site and the management context in which it exists, they provide detailed descriptions and analyses of the processes that connect theoretical management guidelines Rikiaua TAKEKE – with management planning and its practical application. The analysis of the Kiribati Ministry of management of values in each site has been structured around the following Environment, Lands and questions: Agricultural Development • How are the values associated with the site understood and articulated? • How are these values taken into account in the site’s management poli- cies and strategies? • How do management decisions and actions on site affect the values?

Three cases were presented during the session; they are:

Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site in Can- ada

Rosanit MANEESAI – Thailand International Wildlife Trade Sub- division

Wissam Jaleel Iskander Chaco Culture National Historical Park in the U. S. SANO – Iraq, State Board of Antiquities and Heritage

Jeff CODY and Nassrine AZIMI on ferry to Miya- jima Island

16 Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site in the United Kingdom

Hiroshima Peace Memo- rial Cenotaph

After the presentation of each case, two trainees were asked to comment on the tangible and intangible values associated with the case and what they would have done had they been the manager of that particular site.

The studies do not attempt to measure the success of a given management model against some arbitrary standard. Rather, they illustrate and explain how different groups have dealt with the protection of values in their man- Paper cranes are sent agement efforts, and how they are helped or hindered in these efforts by leg- constantly from children islation, regulations and other policies. Each case study highlighted the origi- all over the world in nal set of values that were defined by management for development of the memory of a young site, and a new set of values that clashed with these at one point. Japanese girl who died from cancer due to A- Jeff Cody built on this by presenting a statement of outstanding universal Bomb radiation value for Hadrian’s Wall. He linked the statement to various threats to the property and to the values expressed in the statement to show the relation- ship from a management standpoint between a statement of significance and conservation of a property. The trainees were then asked to each write a statement of significance for a heritage property they knew well and to link it to threats to that property.

Review of the Operational Guidelines By Richard Engelhardt

Richard gave an introduction to the procedures for management, reporting Paper cranes are now and nomination of World Heritage Sites. He discussed the revised Opera- recycled into notebooks tional Guidelines that have major changes and new requirements to reflect that are given to children recent development in considering intangible aspects. He concluded with all over the world case studies of recently inscribed sites and showed how the cases were pre- sented to reflect a new understanding of outstanding universal value.

Working Group Exercise Based on the pre-workshop essays by the participants, five working groups were established. Each group worked on creating a nomination dossier of a selected site for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The trainee who was from the country nominating the site was called a “data provider” and was responsible for feeding the group with essential information concerning the Jeff coaching the train- site. A group leader was chosen from among the others and the workgroup ees for the statement of had more or less two days (and nights) to prepare the nomination in the form significance exercise of a PowerPoint presettation.

17 The nominations were presented to a panel composed of the workshop resource persons. The trainees prepared the following nominations:

Workgroup 1 Imeong, Palau Resource person: Kumiko Yoneda Data provider: Rita Olsudong

The Imeong area pro-posed for nomination covers an area of Rita OLSUDONG – Palau 1,252 m² encompassing savan- Ministry of Community nah, rain forest, wetland and and Cultural Affairs – data provider for Palau mangrove swamp with several workgroup small streams that flow into the mangrove resulting in steep ridges. In the middle of the area are four mountains namely Etiruir, Tmerou, Seche-dui and Ngeruach col-lectively they form the highest point in the state.

The tallest mountain is Etiruir reaching an elevation of 213 me- ters above sea level. The Imeong conservation area includes sacred cultural sites such as Ii ra Milad, Ngeruach and Ngerutechei traditional villages that are still observed by the Traditional celebrations communities. The diverse ecological zones support a wide variety of plant in Palau species with over 100 species representing over 57 families with 15 being endemic along with 59 indigenous were identified at Ngerutechei traditional village.

Other unidentified species were also found. Diverse habitats including fresh- water wetlands, streams, mangroves, agro forest, upland forests and grass- lands offers a high number of bird species (94) representing 12 families and 18 species of which 10 are endemic to Palau. They were identified from Ngerutechei traditional village and up a deep gorge

Palau landscape

Palau landscape

18 Workgroup 2 Borobudur, Indonesia Resource person: Yushi UTAKA and HAN Qunli Data provider: Laretna Trisnantari ADISHAKTI

In 1991, Borobudur temple, Central Java, Indonesia, a Buddhist temple built in 7C, was inscribed in the World

Heritage List no. 592 under Laretna Trisnantari cultural criteria unique artistic ADISHAKTI – Indonesia achievement, exerted great Gadjah Mada University influence, and directly or tangi- – data provider for the Borobudur workgroup bly associated with events or ideas or beliefs. This temple had been restored and de- signed as a National Archaeo- logical Park during 1975 – 1983. There are three basic concepts in the main goals and characteristics in the restoration: a) Parks for Permanent Preservation of the Monuments, b) Center of Archeological Re- search in Indonesia, c) For All Children in the Future. Five management zones were delineated.

Year 2003 was a celebration marking 20 years of restoration. However, there were heritage concerns and protests from the local community and organiza- tions from around the world against the proposal of a large commercial project to take place near the Borobudur temple. This world heritage area has been a source of conflict ever since. At the same time, the 4th UNESCO Experts Meet- ing was held in Borobudur. This meeting, as part of its routine monitoring of Borobudur - detail sites, considered the wider cultural landscape setting of the temple, the tourist impact on the structure itself and surrounding region, including the role of local community. It stated that a study on Borobudur cultural landscape should be urgently undertaken.

Presently, there are various traditional villages producing such things as ce- ramic, tofu, glass noodle, crafts and present various local performing arts; there are more than 200 types of flora, and beautiful scenery surrounding the Borobudur was in- temple. But those are mostly neglected. In 2004, the Indonesian Government scribed on the World through Department of Culture and Tourism established the Steering Com- nd Heritage List in 1991 mittee to prepare the 2 Stage of Borobudur and Prambanan Restoration emphasized on Intangible Cultural Heritage and community empowerment.

The site exhibits an exceptional stage in the interchange of Buddhist values within a cultural area of the world while the site’s landscape layout design illustrates a very distinctive intangible relationship between nature and archi- tecture. The Borobudur cultural landscape thus illustrates a perfect world- class example of the intellectual understanding of the cosmos and the or- ganization of the universe at that time.

Rachavadee SRIPRAPAT – Thailand Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

19 Workgroup 3 Lomanthang, Nepal Resource person: Duncan MARSHALL Data provider: Keshav BIDARI

Lomanthang, the only walled city in the kingdom of Nepal, is the capital and cultural centre of Upper Mustang; an ancient Keshav BIDARI from kingdom presided over by a king Nepal was the data pro- who is the 24th in line of descent. vider for the nomination of Lomanthang It is located in the northern part of Upper Mustang, the part of Nepal that is north of the Hima- layan range, about 84 kilome- ters from Jomsom, the district headquarters of Mustang. It is situated at an altitude of 3750 meters on the Tibetan plateau. The present day city has 900 inhabitants and 300 houses.

The 15th century Buddhist temples of Thubchen Gompa and Champa Gompa are two of the monuments selected as part of the American Himalayan Lomanthang architec- Foundation (AHF) Conservation Training Programme - the Upper Mustang ture Cultural Heritage Conservation Project (UMCHCP). Apart from these monu- ments the walled city also contains the historic Royal Palace and Choede Gompa.

The AHF funding for the Mustang Project started in 1996 with the aim of re- storing Thubchen Gompa of Lomanthang. The project was later expanded into UMCHCP, which has been formulated on a programme to restore sev- eral gompas and the cultural landscape in the region of Upper Mustang but primarily to train the local community in the process of conserving and pro- tecting their historic buildings. The project covers Tsarang Gompa, Ghar Gompa and Sumdu Chhorten which all lie within a 3-hour horse ride from Samir SINHA – India Lomanthang. Department of Forests, Government of Uttaranchal

Lomanthang architec- ture

20 Workgroup 4 George Town (Malaysia) Resource person: Jeffrey CODY Data provider: Helena Aman HASHIM

Helena Aman HASHIM – Malaysia Heritage Trust – data provider for the George Town workgroup

George Town architec- ture

George Town architec- ture The port cities of Melacca (state of Melaka) and Georgetown (Island of Penang) on the west coast of the Malay Peninsular stand as examples of living multi-cultural heritage forged from the mercantile and civilization ex- changes of Malay, Chinese, Indian and European cultures. Their strategic location along the Straits of Melaka, one of the busiest waterways for trade enable them to function as important ports between the trading route from China to India. The domination of these port cities would provide an admini- stration control of the lucrative spice trade within the Asian region.

This important factor led to attempts by various European powers, and in the case of Melaka, also that of regional Ancient Kingdoms to seek control over Arthur GANUBELLA – the administration of these cities over a period spanning 600 and 200 years Papua New Gunea respectively, and leaving behind a unique multi-cultural, social and built heri- Department of tage legacy. Environment and Conservation The Malaysian Government is keen to present these two cities as heritage sites and is seeking a joint nomination of these sites on the World Heritage list. Work is currently on going for the preparation of a joint nomination dos- sier based on the cities’ rich multi-cultural characteristics, which is distinctive in both their built-form and culture as the tangible and intangible heritage as- pects of outstanding universal value.

21 Workgroup 5 Spanish Lighthouses in the Philippines Resource person: Francois LeBlanc Data provider: Manuel Maximo L.C. NOCHE

The Spanish Lighthouses in the Philippines were built during the last quarter of the 18th century when Spain as the colonial authority of the islands was trying to maintain its control of a strategic trade route, which she established way back during the mid 16th century. This Pacific trade route connected not

only the Philippines with Spain through Mexico but also established a direct Manuel Maximo L. C. link with China, the main source of trade of Europe. This trade route, signifi- NOCHE – Philippines cant for one colonial power in its conception has evolved as an important College of Architecture, contributor to global trade particularly within the Pacific allowing more coun- Univ. of Santo Tomas – data provider for the tries to become prosperous and globally competitive. Spanish Lighthouses This series of 24 lighthouses represent the first use of modern Fresnel lenses workgroup in a system of lighthouses across the entire Pacific trade route. As such, they represent an important development of technology being put to large-scale use for maritime safety.

The lighthouses bear exceptional testimony to an important page of our shared global history. They are an important part of the political and cul- tural history of the Philippines in particular and other Pacific nations in gen- eral. (Criterion iii- bear exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition…..)

These series of lighthouses are representative of the most elaborate and th unique series of 19 Century lighthouses, which survive today. They are also Togtokhbayar DAMIRAN unique in that they are navigational lighthouses rather than warning lights, – Mongolia Altai Sayan which most lighthouses of the day are. Eco-region The 19th Century Pacific Trade Route: Spain ->Acapulco->Manila->China They are an outstanding example of a maritime tradition of the Pacific and of human interaction with the ocean, an interface that is rapidly being lost. This maritime tradition rewrote the trading history of the world through the Pacific and helped define the economic, political and social landscapes of the socie- ties it embraced.

These Spanish lighthouses in the Philippines were directly and tangibly as- sociated with Spain’s efforts in the 19th century to retain and maintain its competitive edge against emerging competition on a trade route, which it monopolized for over two centuries. Group 5 working to- gether on the nomination of the Spanish Light- Fourth Day of the Workshop houses in the Philip- Practical exercises continued ... pines During the first hour, four trainees presented a case from their country. Amir Mohammed Foladi presented the case of the Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan; Dorji Yanki talked about Bhutan and the Semtokha Dzong 17th C Buddhist monastery built on top of a mountain to control the demon; Samir Sinha from India presented the Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve and Mitsuko Ugo from Japan talked about the historic villages of Shirakawa and Gokayama.

The workgroups continued to prepare their nomination cases.

Group 1 presenting their nomination of Imeong, Palau

22 Public Round Table

Dorji YANGKI – Bhutan Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs

Workshop Resource Persons during public round table; from left to right – Han Qunli, Kumiko Yoneda, Richard Engelhardt, Yushi Utaka, Francois LeBlanc, Duncan Marshall and Jeff Cody Towards the end of the day, the resource persons were asked to participate to a round table in the Peace Museum. Professor Yushi Utaka facilitated the round table and it was opened to the public. Approximately one hundred per- Mohammad Amir sons attended. This event was quite successful with several very interesting FOLADI – Afghanistan and challenging questions asked by the public concerning development is- Ministry of Rural sues surrounding the Peace Memorial and other historic sites in the area that Rehabilitation and are threatened by modern development. Development

Farewell reception by Hiroshima Prefecture

Wei TONG – China State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China

F. LeBlanc thanking the Hiroshima Prefecture on behalf of UNITAR and the par- ticipants for its generous hospitality and support The Hiroshima Prefecture offered a farewell reception during which I was asked to thank our Japanese hosts on behalf of UNITAR and the partici- pants. The trainees had an opportunity to exhibit their national costumes and share with our hosts some of the workshop’s tangible results. This workshop would not have been possible without the support of the Hiroshima Prefec- ture. Yasuyoshi OKADA – Japan, Kohushikan Univ. Institute for Cultural Studies of Ancient Iraq

23 Fifth Day of the Workshop Presentations and evaluations of practical exercises During the morning session, the five workgroups presented their nominations to the expert committee and received comments on their work. Trainees all agreed that the practical workgroup exercise was the most useful element of the workshop for them, bridging theory and practice.

Workgroup 2 presenting their re-nomination of Borobudur as a cultural landscape

Workgroup 4 presenting their nomination of Lo- manthang, Nepal Group 5 presenting their nomination: Spanish Lighthouses of the Philippines

Tomo During the afternoon, the resource persons were invited by the Hiroshima Prefecture to travel to Tomo, a small historic fishing village in the outskirts of Hiroshima. They were asked to comment on the threat of a major bridge construction that would literally cut the village from the sea and ensure its

rapid demise. Workgroup 4 presenting their nomination of George Town, Malaysia

Aerial view of the village of Tomo; to resolve a traffic issue, the government proposes to construct a bridge that would cut across the bay The fishing port of Tomo-no-Ura, Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefec- Poster illustrating ture, is a unique township, and is inscribed on the World Watch en- graphic representation of proposed bridge that dangered Heritage List. It contains approximately one hundred Edo would cut across the bay

24 period and one hundred Meiji buildings, including nineteen temples. During the period of more than two hundred years when Japan was closed to foreign trade, Tomo was the only port open to trade with Ko- rea. Delegations of hundreds of Koreans came to Japan to trade commercial goods. Port facilities of 17th to 19th century still shows how the port worked, and it is an important example for civil engineering or transportation history.

There is also much low-grade modern development and much delib-

erate damage, including a drastic road widening of the 1960s. The Prof. KAZUHIKO Ikeda talking about the history major threat is now a proposed road bridge that would cut right across of Tomo the ancient harbor. Many local inhabitants resisted this, and the pro- posal has been dormant for some time. Now there are moves to re- vive it.

Last year subsidies to private owners for restoration ceased. Govern- ment-owned buildings such as the old fishing net factory have been left vacant. Illegal building on the foreshore by fishing companies has not been stopped. Old buildings in the town have been demolished to create car parking. UNESCO’s R. ENGELHARDT inter- viewed by the media Hiroshima Prefecture, Fukuyama City, Tomo Urban Planning Factory, a local conservation group and others have in the past restored some buildings. The resource persons met briefly at Taichoro, an officially designated historic site in Tomonoura and were introduced to the vil- lage’s history and architecture by Kazuhiko Ikeda, Deputy represen- tative of the Society for the Study of Korean Mission and former Direc- tor of Tomonoura History and Folklore Museum in Fukuyame City. They were also hosted in Ota-Ke Jutaku (the house of Ota family) Typical street in Tomo where they were treated to a tea ceremony and talked with local activ- ists.

Tea ceremony

View of the village of Tomo from the breakwater wall

Mother and daughters who performed the tea ceremony 25 Public Relations

Khieu CHAN – Cambodia National Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and Region of Siem Reap

Md. Shafiqul ALAM – Bangladesh Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Department of Archaeology

The resource persons and workshop participants met with Japanese authorities and press representatives during and after the workshop. Victor KUZEVANOV – Russia Irkutsk State News about the workshop was published in several regional and na- University tional papers. This year’s workshop received more media attention than the other two preceding workshops.

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Conclusions At the course conclusion, participants were asked to share with the group one important lesson that they had learned during the course or Abdul Ahad ABBASY – comments they felt were important. Everyone said that the course had Afghanistan, Ministry of definitely improved their knowledge of what the World Heritage Con- Information, Culture vention was all about, and how to prepare a successful nomination. and Tourism The lessons learned applied not only to world heritage sites but also to all types of heritage within their countries. The field trips to the two Japanese World Heritage sites were considered to be essential to the success of the course and the practical exercise of preparing in small groups a nomination of a “real” site was deemed to be the most useful of all exercises and the one that pulled together all the information shared during the week on tangible and intangible heritage.

Zhenpeng LI – Ministry of Construc- tion, China * * *

Sitorus TAMEN – Head of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia

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