A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences And

CEU eTD Collection

Insect monitoringSouthac Africa: and Park, Insect inventorying National TableMountain in A thesis

submitted to the EnvironmentalSciencesand to Departmentof submitted of Policy study of the ant community and invasive Argentine ant theand of community invasive study ant Central European University fulfilmentthe European part of in Central University Degree of Master of of Science Degree Master Emily DJOCKEmily May 2013 May Budapest

ase CEU eTD Collection ErasmusSupported European byMundus the Commission’s Programme (United Kingdom). Universit European by Universityand Managementof Aegean (MESPOM)the operated the (Greece), jointly Central course of completion Masters Sciences, Environmental ErasmusMundus in Policy successful the isin thesis submitted This fulfillment o MESPOM Management and Policy Environmental Course Masters Sciences,Erasmus in Mundus

y (Hungary),y University Universityof (Sweden)and the Manchester Lund

f the Science awarded the of f Master degree aresult as ii

CEU eTD Collection Departmen the University. European of Head the from available is place take may exploitation and disclosures which under conditions the on information Further European Budapest.Central University, case a Africa: stu Djock the of (3) permission written the without parties third by use for University, which available made be and not contrary, the to may agreement prior any to subject University, European Central the in vested (2) of Author. the writing) copies (in permission of the without process)made be not any may instructions (by such with accordance copies in made Further made. copies such any of part form must page This th from obtained be may Details Library. University European Central and the in Author lodged the by given instructions with accordance in only made be may extracts, of or full, (1) property rights: intellectual andownershipof the on copyright Notes

E. Copyright i Copyright For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be and should to bibliographic referred For purposesthisthesis reference as: pro intellectual any of ownership The 2013. Insect monitoring National and2013. Insect Table Park, inventorying in Mountain South

dy of community theand ant. ant Argentine invasive will prescribeof anywill the agreement.terms such conditions and n text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in either process) any (by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text n

perty rights which may be described in this thesis is thesis this in described be may which rights perty t of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central Central Policy, and Sciences Environmental of t iii

Master ofMaster Science thesis,

e Librarian. Librarian. e CEU eTD Collection or qualificationofun any fordegree another or other this application an of support in submitted been has thesis this in to referred work the of portion No declaration Author’s iv

iversity or other or iversity ofinstitute learning. Emily DJOCK

CEU eTD Collection citizen Park, fynbos,National ant Africa, clear South community,ant, Argentine Keywords: and managersthe this park is increase collaboration Theopportunity to Africa. betweenas Cape, South here initiativessuch Project Iimbovaneleads ant Outreach with theof part application remedied in community insectThe challengesinvolvetime, to studies logistical and limitations. can cost, This be scheme proposed. monitoring ultimately are (e.g.undisturbed habitats the identified both in (e.g.are disturbed long concern a ofthreshold potential (TPC)focus ondeveloping Patterns ant ofhowcommunity the responds. disturbanceand are analyzed recovery a with fynbos clear and ant endemiccommunity the biodiverseAsthe and fynbossuch, surve habitat. is here alienpotential antinvasive has indigenous and impact species to the turn, communityin and within(TMNP) th approachincorporating explored close a this is with at look National Mountain Table Park as conservation ofwell theThe the taxa whole. as ecosystem both subject in feasibilityof monitorInclusionareas. of insect been conservationhas insect SouthTo prioritized date, disproportionally in protected African invasiveand ant Argentine National Mountain S Table Park, inventorying in Emily DJOCK THESISABSTRACT OF - term impact of the Argentine term not ant ofArgentine is confirmed study, impact the indicators this ant useful through -

science, community science,

insect monitoring, bioindicator, threshold of potential concern, Table Mountain monitoring,bioindicator, Mountain insect threshold concern,Table of potential

for the degree of entitled: Master Scienceand degree for the - felled pine where plantationfelled understand thisinvasiveto sites ant thrives and e Cape Floristic Region. Capee ant TheArgentine ( Floristic

Campo

in TMNP.in CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY - submitted by: submitted by: based monitoring

notus maculatus notus ing ing thesebolster inventoryingand in serveto can areas

- monitoring the schoolsin local exercises with Western

Lepisiota capensis

Month and and ofMonth Year May submission: 2013. v outh Africa: study Africa: case communityouth a of ant the

). A ant). guideline forTPC a morerobust a and - base d monitoring and citizen

and the Argentine ant) and and ant) Argentine the

for the Argentine Althoughfor the ant. the Linepithema Insect monitoringInsect and

- felled pine felled plantations,

humile yed inyed both - science. The science. ) ) is prolific a

- CEU eTD Collection Cape andundoubtedlybring to me back Townfourwill years again. after back National toMountain isItsbrought is me thesis dedicated Table Park. inspiring. This It beauty my appreciation love. and express full endeavour passionevery endowedmea and forcouldpossib learning. this I not with For received have 25years ofmewonderful. I encouragement engagedthem.have my from in They named, but not are manyThere people manyare that offeredthis thesis, of mewriting in whom support six months.last friendship, time. advice,andmethis to me Their capacity keep helped truly the navigate smiling Erin, Jacob, Juliette and The support of Andy, Brittny, energy. in myassistance in park.wouldtime setting managedwithout I their the have and not traps of Cape VincentThank youtoand Naudefrom University Town Rebelo Alex the for their their sincerelyhope best work.I observe all the for their Project Southme answeredin myquestions whoOutreach Africa allowed kindly many and to My time, them their effort,input. thanksofstaffthank and also to for the all ofIimbovane the Park. manage the intelligent diligent National greatly and park work of I respect these I the the staffMountain Secondly, must thank CapeResearchCentre at Table in (SANParks) themto both. pleasurework great a to both with of None thiswithout would stage my possible guidance. ofbeen thesis. have his It was research Pickermeasure haveMike welcomedmecould everyI me at imagined any helped beyond and academic an as Brandon’s patience mentor. feedand and lucky to very worked feel ofhave Brandon I with Cape Town. Anthonywhom admire I greatly European wouldlike I sincerelyat to myCentral University thethank and University supervisors Ackno wledgements

I will end must end I thankingmy will in thank parents; I themmost Theyare of all.

of these educators again,of and these extend my I gratitude sincerest vi

was immensely important to me during was me to during immensely important back was invaluable. In Cape In back Town, wasinvaluable. project.

rs and and rs ly ly CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER 2 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 3 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER Contents of Table 3.3 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.7 1.2. 3.1 1.1. 3.2 2.6 2.4 1.3. 2.3 2.1.1 South African Perspecti 2.7.1 Argentine Ant Ecology 2.3.1 Thresholds of Potential Concern Potential of Thresholds 2.3.1 1 3.3.2. Identification 3.3.2. Collection 3.3.1 2.2.1 Habitat Loss 2.4.2 Ants as as Indicators Ants 2.4.2 2.4.1 Bioindicator Selection 1.2.2 Field Research 3.3.4 Identification of indicator species indicator of Identification 3.3.4 3.3.3. Data Analysis 2.2.2 Invasive Alien Insect Species Insect Alien Invasive 2.2.2

F C R C SANP C B I T I

.2.1 Context .2.1 C A B NSECT NSECT IELD IELD HREATS TO ONTEXT ESEARCH ASE ITIZEN IOINDICATION ITIZEN ACKGROUND IM AND AND IM S ARKS S TUDY M C URVEY - – – – S S ONSERVATION

...... ONITORING LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION O CIENCE CIENCE CIENCE D ’ BJECTIVES

......

: B I ESIGN

NSECT T IODIVERSITY

......

...... ABLE ABLE

......

...... A

......

...... PPROACH B M & IODIVERSITY

......

OUNTAIN

I ...... NVENTORYING ......

......

...... M ...... ve and Challenges veand ......

...... ONITORING

......

...... N ...... ATIONAL ATIONAL

......

...... S ...... YSTEM ...... P vii ...... ARK ......

......

. . 35

35 27 28 13 35 25 37 10 17

23 32 37 19 15 45 43 42 12 10

7 1 7 6 1 3 7 5 4

CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX REFERENCES CONCLUSION CHAPTER 5 5 CHAPTER

CHAPTER 4 4 CHAPTER 5. 4.2 5.3 3.4 5.2 3.5 4.4 4.1 3.6 4.3

1 4.1.1 Insect Inventory Questionnaire Inventory Insect 4.1.1 5.2.2 Indicator Species Indicator 5.2.2 Concern Potential of Threshold 5.2.1 4.2.5 Indicator Species Indicator 4.2.5 4.2.3 Multivariate Statistics Curve Accumulation Species 4.2.2 4.2.1 Univariate statistics

F SANP K I D C M I T I IMBOVANE IMBOVANE NSECT IELD IELD HRESHOLDOF ITIZEN EY EVELOPINGA ONITORING A ARKSAND

S SSUMPTIONS AND ...... URVEY - M – – S

DISCUSSION RESUL

CIENCE CIENCE ...... ONITORING INONITORING

...... F P IELD ARTICIPATION P

...... ROPOSAL T P I HRESHOLDOF OTENTIAL OTENTIAL NSECT NSECT M TS T RIPS ONITORING

......

...... L T M ......

...... IMITATIONS ABLE

...... ONITORING

C ...... O NCERN ...... P

...... M OTENTIAL

...... OUNTAIN

......

...... C ...... N viii ...... ONCERN ATIONAL ATIONAL ......

......

...... P ...... ARK ......

......

. 84 77 75 64 48

73 62 48 66 64 46 61 47 46 50

49 70 68 58 55 54 52

CEU eTD Collection 20. Table 19. Table 18. Table 17. Table 16. Table 15. Table 14. Table 13.Summary Table data collected fromtypes. ofhabitat ant to 12.Responses insect questionnaire. Table inventory 11. Table 10. Table 9. Table 8. Table 7. Table 6.Uys’ Table 5.Functional Table groups in ofSou ants 4. Table 3.Selection criteriaTable for insect biodindicators 2.Indicatortypes Table 1.Levels ofTable monitoring Tables of List

M G Location of sites surveyed IndVal

Indicator species and functional groups Indicator species functionalgroups and SIMPER resultsSIMPER for similarity analysis IndVal Mean abundance, richness, diversity and S withinspeciesNumbers a of f individuals monitoring biodiversity Applicable programmes A roundcover assessment for sites assessmentroundcover habitatand for sites ean precipitation temperatures and in Cape Town ummary samplingofsites in the ofall ant ge groupingsofsiteso ge pine based IndVal

matrix for indicator selection

results for species sampled results for species analysis analysis

results

results for dissimilarity

thern Africa thern

n year felled ix

found in the habitats found the in

ound at each site ound at

54 53 51 50 49 48 44 42 41 38 32 25 22 20 19 15 72 61 60 59

CEU eTD Collection management 10.Adaptive Figure cycle of 9.Comparison ant Argentine invasion Figure 8. Figure analysis 7.Cluster Figure of an 6. Figure 5. Figure 4. Figure Figure 2. Figure 1. Figure Figures of List 3 . V

Relationship between MDS S V areas andMap urban of surrounding sites Map protection of Cape vegetation in Peninsula pecies pecies curves accumulation enn richness diagram of species egetation classification of sites

Ordination of ant communities of ofcommunities fynbosOrdination and ant sites pine

t communities at sit communities t

groundcover andgroundcover abundance ant

. x

es sampled.es

65 49 57 56 55 54 52 39 38 2

CEU eTD Collection WfW UNESCO TPC TMNP SASS5 SANParks SANBI SABCA NEMBA NBSAP KNP IUCN IAS DWA CFR CBD BMS Abbreviations of List

Working for WaterWorking for ScientificOrganization NationsCultural Educational, and United ofThreshold pot National Mountain Table Park System Scoring African South National African South Parks National African South Biodiversity Institute Butterfly African ConservationSouth Association National BiodiversityStrategy and Plan National Action Park National Kruger ofInternational Unionfor Conservation Nature alienInvasive species WaterDepartment of Affairs Region Cape Floristic Convention on B Biodiversity Monitoring System

Environmental ential concern ential iological Diversity iological

CEU eTD Collection well as thepark to larger as ecosystem the in region (IUCN 2012). functions This and areas. demandsnatural anthropogenic education commitment a to recreation and the in II areasCategory protected promote biodiversity maintaining to surroundinwhile ties the 1 (Figure lengthofextends the north extending TMNP,to of coasts. east alongProvince, and adjacent theCapeTown, the city WorldHeritage (UNESCOdeclared sites ofCFRWestern locatedCape the Most is in n.d.). and South value in social All ecological Africa. of National Mountain (TMNP)the RegionTable Park CapeFloristic within great (CFR) has exercises(McGeochbiodiversity planning facets management.and T These toolsare closelyconcern. an and connected serveas all interface together of use the efforts with ecosystems (Rebelo ofconcern, species prioritize and special biodiversethreatened areas and to particularly in biodiversityIn conservationplanning, cost to due often logisticaland limitations,is necessary it 1.1. Background Chapter 1 yet, d yet, ). ). falls Park, As National in a it the IUCN I category espite their abundance their espite –

Introduction

errestrial of bioindicators insects serveas environmental can suitable several errestrial et al the the Cape Peninsula inventorying, monitoring, . 2011). Park. 2011).

and function most vital in ecosystems

managers can optimize and focusmanagers optimizeand theseconservation can and has and et al. et

2011b).

indictor groups, and indictor

relatively highrelatively o levels

the protected areas within the CFR within areas the been have protected the

I (ProtectedPlanet.netI 2012). thresholds of potential of potential thresholds f protection habitat ,

are oftenexcluded are in

between science g

CEU eTD Collection Figure 1 correspondto those discussedchapterin 3. .

Map of vegetation protection in Cape Peninsula Peninsula in Cape protection vegetation Map of

(

datasource: Roug et et al.

2004b & 2004c) & 2004b . Sites . CEU eTD Collection Argentine antArgentine onnative populations ecosystem and Southant in has Africa been functions not ofrestoration clear park’s the elucidatedstudy a ( are ant through close Argentine of invasive the forplan i terrestrialindicators of insect researchuse examinesspecific This the 1.2. Aim and Objectives bebetterimplemented,can to shape these indicators and used managementpolicy. practices implications important has forSouth conservationbiology in Afri well changes, as and trackingecological restoration(Hodkinson Jackson progress i alienregimes, invasive (PrykeSamwaysof and Theresponse species 2009). invertebrate are environs TMNP its and 2011b). germination subsequent of ofFormicidae), great are importance mutualismuponin 2.7.1.such section elaborated is maintaining and of proliferation ecosystem functions pla the arosebetween plant Themutualisms species 2008). that insect and (Restionaceae) plants adaptedto the semi ofMuch thisdiversity is found the leaf in fynbos,and assemblageof an lowshrubs surroundingTMNP the CFR and ndicators stressorsusefulndicators especially to is in these short predicting both

TMNP. The

benefits, challenges, and procedures for challenges,procedures and of implementation benefits, this approach

fynbos components (Pryke and Samways 2008; McGeoch Samways and McGeoch (Pryke 2008; fynbos components

extremely vulnerable to anthropogenic landextremely to anthropogenic vulnerable - felled plantations.pine long To date, the are places of endemism exceptionalbiotic places richness. are species and in the CFR the in - arid climate Conservancy Cape(The arid the Nature in 3

because of role their seedbecause in dispersaland

Terrestrial Terrestrial nt diversity. insects, particularlyants (Family: insects, ca and, and, ca when properly Linepithema humile here n a long - - - term long and

term impac use change, shifting fire use shifting fire change,

are essential are to An of example one - term monitoring termmonitoring less grass ts ofts the

2005). This - et al. al. et term ) and the and ) the the

- like like CEU eTD Collection inclusion of monitinclusion a inclusion mode,what ofthe conservationis insect which where,to in programsextent addressed and the in establishing and monitoringprogramsdifferent unde currently indicators, conceptof firstat objective islook the the invertebrate the to To contextualize 1.2.1 Context for suggestions concern,and howsuccessfully to potential implement plan. a such (BMS) National with Parks’(SANParks) the African South Biodiversity aligns Monitoring System The int whenconservation informsit toconcern (TPCs) managers to is as necessary increase efforts. change, irreversible thresholds an developing of ecosystem undergo potential the not does communi in abundance, change e.g. identified to leading community disruption a fromant in Argentine ant decrease native the monitoring, changes appropriate in Through may the ecosystem be that potential threats can pose very ant dynamicinvasive are naturalpopulations, The interactionsplantations, this betweenfynbos,and ant pine native Park, mostofNational of in the the thrive potential magnitudeitsimpact range and increases. high the abundance andto of generalist thisnature specie meritsattentionfromconfirmed uncertainty This and 2012). (Uys managers ecologists due park . This includes identification of suitable . This identification includes indicatorspecies, proposalofthe suitable ended outcome of the research is a frameworkended a research outcomeis the forlong of a

oring program for the highly invasive Argentine this highlyis to key the ant program Argentine process. invasive for oring insect

and closely related 2010). (Uys closely and ty assemblages ty

biomonitoring benefit potentially the park. could The rway in TMNP. This is achieved TMNP. is in byevaluatingrway This the ,

and associated impacts on fynbos. To ensure that ensure associatedimpactsand onfynbos. To 4

s. As the Argentine ant ant to Argentine continues Ass. the

- term ant - monitoring scheme that

of a threshold ofof threshold a

CEU eTD Collection scheme fo asmonitoring recentlya felleddeveloping in a assemblages pineto acts plantations ant guide challengesbioindicators. of as usingwell ants profiling the Furthermore, and native invasive ants disturbedboth in fynbos indigenous of habitats, ant Argentine alien and of invasive species the is narrowed to research TMNP. Argentinethe in impactthe increasingpressure ant of the Due to determine of order to In the potential insectsbioindicators monitoring, as in using 1.2.2 Field Research research.this of and adequacy utility in inventories protec African South complete invertebrate in management. andinformationpurpose gathering theof prioritizingDuedearth to relative conservation tantamountto not effective effortsand monitoring they an plans, important serve at data, thein formlooking baseline inventories.the While available inven of species in the SANParksQualifying capacity which such may monitoringschemeentails adopt a also 3) 2) 1) are

(recovery or disturbance). (recovery one moreIdentifies as or that can ofhabitat an species state serve indicator either plan pine felled relationships betweenIdentifies the ant negatively affect the ant native that community. measurable of ants Argentine onimpacts impactsDetects ants, native particularly those

surveyed in theOne objectivesurveyed in field. of r SANParks that: r

tations tations tofynbos.are returned natural insect

inventories TMNPpart a objectivein inventories as assessed offirst is the

community habitat and recovery

field monitoringfield 5

ted areas ted(Engelbrecht 2010), areas the

to highlightto feasibility the as i.e. as clear i.e. clear as

the the primary tories are tories CEU eTD Collection community and ultimately promote adaptive management community ultimately and promote adaptive decisions. achieve by to engaged moreinventoryingmonitoring of and TMNP order in robust whether and aProject this,or communitydiscern similar Essentially monitoring ofthe thisinformation. goal theSANParks with what programand does is, determine community partnership and members. further to This explored professionals is what management implicat sent is SANParksdetermineInformation through Iimbovane to gathered and trends associated analyze and and about variables. biodiversity data, think analytically environmental schools antmonitoriIimbovane, conduct local work2009). Project at SouththeUnder science in Iimbovane(Braschler is Africa Outreach membe communitythat involves of program TMNP,inclusion citizen in the capacityanAfter contextualizing and the ofto needs insect SANParksrespect in 1.3. Citizen Science impact of the disturbance and ants. Argentine give developed. It monitoring scheme term accordancethe in with existing of priorities, theneeds, current Within context the management and oflong a capacity TMNP, 4)

Argentine Argentine respect thresholdconcernin basisfora upa developing of the Sets potential to

the third objective ofthe this objective is third to at research look the objectively Iimbovane Outreach ant. s

direction for employing indigenous populations a ant ions. This is ions. is of This the crux citizen

rs in the stages stages monitoring. the of in rs - science is explored. is Citiz science

ng are and taught howidentify species, to process 6

- science, interface the between - BMS based monitoringbasedmay program, be

outlined by outlined SANParks, A of successfulexample citizen en

- science science an is approach s indicators indicators s for habitat - monitoring the insect is invasive invasive

- - CEU eTD Collection because still many unidentified are because there species (Veltman 2012). Insect (Kuhlmanendemism hig knownbe 2009). to is and richness.insect plant there known relationshipProvince is is betweenmost well flowerdiversity, positive a for its (NBSAP Africa South 2005). species been insect butonly have identified this is diversity South in Insect 50,000 relativelyland high surface is country’s Africa area. for the and Perspective 2.1.1 South African Challenges conservationbiology yet protect and well populations faunaacknowledged andis ofmutualismsflora importance their with insect logistics and time,cite costs, incongruity Underpinning this only six last have(Dunn centuries,while 70extinctions documented the actually been 2005 regardin of threatschange andHighlightingawareness use (Samwayslack 1993). a anthropogenic land mind bear in to equally rate the high of continuallyexacerbatedby extinctionthat is beingspecies descr 81.3% constitute animalon ofspecies planet, Insects estimated an all the with 7 2.1 Insect Conservation Chapter 2 g insect biodiversity, biodiversity, estimatedg insect it is extinct gone in ofhave that 44,000species insects –

Literature Review ibed ea

For one, i one, For ch yearch (Samways 1993).

as the limitations to adequate the tostudiesas limitations insect 2005). adequate The (Pickrell

While the is the is challenge t is a centre for centre t a other diversityand is bee pollinating insects ed area managemented area invertebrates. often excludes still Cape Floristic RegionCape Floristic

posed bystudyinginsec 7

thought to be half of the extant be in to species halfofextant thought the

Despite numbers, also important it Despite these is h yet empirically describeh yet to is difficult

in South Africa’s Western Cape South Western in Africa’s Despite the integralDespite the e ts. M any entomologists entomologists any , 000 new insect new insect 000 cological ). ).

CEU eTD Collection and access, Red access, Lists,increasedand of a maintenance African South reporting, lastly, and of species quantitative NBSAP nationalimplementation. targetsfor proposes for allecosystemsas well as BiodiversityStrategy and Plan framework a National forAction (NBSAP) its and system WfWmonitoring implemented macroinvertebrateandsuccessfully a this, Through dragonfly has Water plantspecies (WfW)alien Working for invasive controls watersheds. effecting program taxonomicpromotes records detailed National African establishing South BiodiversityInstitute the (SANBI). and SANBImaintains One positive NEMBA intervention that thing conservationwas insect promote did for National the Environmentalin Management Biod nor BiodiversityAssessmentconservationassessmentSpatial forests, national a of 2004,in from are whynomention to insects included. is ofin reason as cited rarely There insects the National issueHowever, the be which ofdata conservationshould deficiencraised. insect governingbodies manyand thatpromote has organizations Africa biodiversity,South in and 2011b). application the such, being invertebrateconservation species underrepresentedto in monitoringplanningand as and spatialat scale finer whichthe ignores ecosystem dynamicscomprehended. be This can led has spatial scales focus onlarger (i.e. the interaction underpinned monitoringof andis bythe vertebrate well much and biodiversity, ofto importance role insects ofconservationplanning Africa the South in

(Nyoka 2 (Nyoka

special concern. stressesapproach information gathering It collaborative a towards 003)

of insects as bioindicators has not been of ashas been adopted (McGeoch insects bioindicators not widely . The Department of Water. TheDepartment of developed Affairs Environmental and the

and collections of collections and insects 8

between plants and vertebrates), but vertebrates),but and plants largely between

iversity Act ( iversity - known plant species. This results known This species. a results in plant NEMBA

(Samways )

(Samways et al. et

2012) y is the most et al. et . The et al. et

2012)

. CEU eTD Collection 1 clear itsignificant is thata disconnectyet e been by has Recently there SANParksprogress insectmuch ofcurrent conservationcountry (Veldtman the in 2012). Society, other Lepidopterist’s and (SABCA), NGOs the such Association Butterflyas African Conservation taxa butterflies.TheSouth and dragonflies still Cape ProvinceStateof BiodiversityReport. werefirst time for 2012arthropods included the invertebrate conservation. In in conservation reasons appreciation, the proportionally foremphasis as whylittle is on there placed insect against people’s insects mostofprejudices and Samways value lack sites significantly, a that unknown trendis 2012). population (IUCN disclaimer the notwith that theis and list 3listedofupdated for species the Orthoptera invertebrates (Samways a is Africa party. South which towards thesteps bythe achieving targets Diversity laid out Convention on Biological evaluationmonitoring and scheme (Samways There has never been never been has assessmenta African There IUCNList formal comprehensive and South Red of

Orthopterais an orderofinsects that includes gras biased. The Red Listings for insects are predominantly forbiased. insects comprised ofmoreThe Redthe Listings makes their inclusion dauntingtask. a (Samways 1993). (Samways 1993). et et

al.

2012). in20 listedinclude Africa insects South Thered species

However, in same However, in instances t

xists Onexists end. achievingin this considerable shoppers,crickets, and locusts. It It sheernumberstaxais in the of insect Unfortunately et al. et

to include invertebrates in include to 9

2012). This,with2012). along

with one with , m he trend beginning trend is turnhe forto uch offocusuch and the - taxon taxon agendas have influenced

management planning, SANParks’ the Western Western the efforts are efforts are charismatic charismatic

South Africa

(CBD) 1

, that , that the BMS BMS - , to , to are CEU eTD Collection meaning it falls under private or under (The private communalmeaning falls land Natur it protected 19%is classified‘available,’ only more ofhabitat and as halfis approximately the than fynbos major a groups.the forloss environmental insect In Habitat is pressure biome, 2.2.1 Hab species Conservancy CFR2008).the Nature Theeffects (The of threats. Conservation 2.2 Threats to InsectBiodiversity perceived placedi.e. efforts are ‘charis Heidelberg Copper Blue Breton Butterflythe and Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve the Reserve, homethe to for use thatanswered favorably inventories of managementparks invertebrate in planning same the manyand importance time, benefit added recognized wasbelieved thattheir it lackeddetail. or inventories invertebrate completely Atthe inventories The revealed in managementplan. thatprotected used a areas developing results been lacked protecte the received. were 31responses Africa; South areas.protected of researchand into the invertebratein inventories (2010) adequacy utility African South ofimpediment the exposedlack inventories. is byEngelbrecht’s waslargely complete This

are often perpetuates one are as connected, the other.

The primaryinsect threats to are biodiversityAfrica also South twoprimary threats in to itat Lossitat d area at which they work at they which has d area and and A 10 management

butterfly - ques tion survey tion managers numerous wassent ofto in areas protected

(Engelbrecht 20 (Engelbrecht

planning

matic’ invertebrate taxa

first adequatefirst requires knowledge ofperceived the invertebrat

Primarily the questionnaire Primarily questionnaire whether the asked managers 10). in where is linewith current This conservation 10

e inventories e inventories habitat degradation habitat

e e on Based Conservancy 2008). . of having The these inventories.

and, and, the if have inventorie so,

and and alien invasive were

s CEU eTD Collection on rely interactions with fynbos, including the may This effect onthe 2003). cascading biodiversity(Nyoka a local have of that faunaflora and is displace urbanvegetation at to much fringe the likely lowlands fynbos the ofnative in the perpetuating classified and species tree invasive such ofas ( alien acacias accelerating indigenous lossand ofpervasiveness theFurther the habitats suitable in CFR this is species partfrom resulting in of sources tree of alien reduced streamprevalence and flow freshwater the exacerbated be comingwill in thisagriculturalneed, to yearsdue increased population demand, Cape the in Western soils province t where ofheavy alien theinvasive it irrigationnutrientrequires poor spread species, foraccelerate the transformed been biome has agriculturalland (Rouget region to heavilyfynbos. contributes habitat the Agriculture today to loss in Almost26 fragment the habitat. displace, or and will surroundedat amountofleast, any the byshrubland expansion very entirely CapeDespi the and Flats. Cape Town change, use land wit e.g. models fromprojection Rouget

fire - with rates of greater (Nyoka evapotranspiration 2003). resistant pines ( resistant

as sites of disturbance.Disturbed as most to sites areas are vulnerable of fynbos the biological Thusbiological invasion. anthropogenic to due land change, use w

Pinus h roughly 1.6% offynbosh roughly the

species), invade which pristinefynbos and et al et .

(2003), large fynbos(2003), amounts be of to will lostdue intact te area the smallte urban proportion, this relatively is he fynboshe Water located. scarcityin Cape is the arid Acacia indi 11

genous and and genous endemic insects.

species), directly impacted from urbanization of directly impacted from urbanization eucalypts ( eucalypts

et al.et 2003). Notonly this can are are Eucalyptus eventually % of % the original

oody alien oody alien

species), CEU eTD Collection attributes of successful invasive species be invasive can of and identify analyzed to attributes successful used potential future understand, canminimize, to and to use ecologists magnitude propose of the Common invasion. How species. introduced speci a Alongside understandingmonitoring, an of biology invasion predict help impact can ofthe an that more to habitats are vulnerable bo which preventative approach to aliensthrough invasive is inventorying monitoringand appropriate management procedures (McGeoch ofp resource case measures preventative more be from the should in pressure widelyespecially IAS. Instead, used policies management more existing National foror IASto and are response adopted increasing in applied smal successfully and at groups,species ecosystems, many regions, and realized (McGeoch to pathways and second sources ofand the IAS threats, control from C the amount the of nature impacts and are largely underestimated.mandate their under Africa, South supportthe documentation nationalbelieved and international agreements policy ofis IAS, it globalproblemalien a diversity.WhileInvasive (IAS) drives species are down that species InsectSpecies2.2.2 Invasive Alien th th identify help areas and ecological trends ofconcern,such disturbed special as BD must take steps to must to thecontrol impact take steps of are IAS. Therelated targets first to oor oor countries thatmay such Africa South capacityas lack for adaptive et al. et

2010). Whileno 2010). is comprehensive there IAS indicatorthatis all across ler spatial scales spatial scales (McGeochler es es is and is established,information thrives that spreads, invasion

et al.

2010). A way in which South South take2010). a can Africa A which way in .

12 local

indicators ofbeen have invasion developed et al

manage threats that have been . 2010). . 2010).

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Odonota is an order of insects that includes dragonflies Finalranking SA Supporting info for Published keys Trophiclevel diversity Globallymonitored available Baselinedata Practicality methodology Available monitoring collaboration Potential for Available expertise Systematicknowledge ListRed Scale Threat Function Biodiversity Conservationconcern Suitability criteria

Selection cri

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high Medium High High High High High Yes National Yes No Yes Yes Odonata 31 [1] High High 1 Med . 2011b).

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ource: 20 Yes Yes Butterflies 30.5 [2] Medium High 1 High high Medium Medium High High High High Yes National Yes Yes

modified from from modified

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pe managementpe policy, identify and conservation 27

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2002). Eucalyptus,2002). acacia, pinethat and the trees are 29

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1 2

32 ( Afrotemperate forests

gress of with fynbosbe gress can use achieved the 76.51 85.39 99.83 INDVAL 52.11 58.96 67.57 70.09

sive species (Picker sive and

(%)

Tetramorium Ratsirarson

sp. et al.et

that that

was was found 2002) cies cies . CEU eTD Collection 3 CFRthe thesebutterfly as populations drop. al thrivesit feeds as colony carbo onthe Camponotus roleinTheLycaenidae vital ofproteas. maturea pollination larvae innests the ant mutualism between produced byproteas.seeds by pollinators dominating flowerclusters (Holwaynumber may and the 1999), of this reduce has led that to richplantdiversity the in CFR the bynative a burial In they dothis byinhibitingthe ofseeds ants, mutualism protaceous Argentine ants Invasive soil, (Holway deep the exposed in or locations 1999).of trees, requirements rotting nesting or logs. withprefer overlap Their species native base that the donot Griffiths and diversity (Picker 2 movement freeleads to allows nestsand between genetic for greater populations lower with competition is queens.intraspecific little betweenThis There several workers 1999). (Holway Most notably,theygroups. form super offersan foodthe reliable over ants additionaladvantage This source other insectcarbohydrates. to symbiosistheir extend Homoptera with natural predators,from parasites, lack ofhowever, pathogens.This not their and interaction does

Homopterais an orderofinsects including mealyworms andaphids. . 2002). Disruption of this mutualistic of Disruption this relationship floral. 2002). diversityin wouldeffectively impact

species native ants, )

where theywhere receive protection The food and colony. from ant ant the

interfere withestablished interfere the mutualisms ants plants. native and between

Furthermore, large Furthermore, ofnumbers the large ants Argentine may threaten

011). These super These 011). Lycaenidae butterfliesLycaenidae hydrate - coloniesmadese upof 3

that supply Argentine ant colonies with supply antwith Argentine of colonies surplus a that Cape Peninsula. Cape T Peninsula. -

rich larvae honeydewthat the produce (Pierce 33

colonies arecolonies foundlayers the in upper of soil , and proteas., and

veral spatially separated spatially and veral nests hese invasivehese ant

Lycaenidae butterfliesplayLycaenidae s deters (typically et et CEU eTD Collection this research.this forms discussed thischapter along the in rationaleThis, with literature for the justification and uninin and especially natural currently that for call ofspecies a ant TMNP. thisinvasive mustis concern in Abundance monitored, be because is numericalConclusively, ofants Argentine wield it advantage this over ant indigenous competitive ability is numerical Most importantly, their community 1999). (Holway it advantage thethat is to key individuals available to Thisforage. within effectively theseforaging saturates niches a foraging forlong a morefood quickly, donot followability theseobserved trade with for species methodsand allows foraging coexist.exploitive different to ants their Argentine more Thisrecruit quickly than dominant species. competitive trade other better than It territory is species. observed thatsubordinate ant species food locate and struct offunction levela greater thantheofcolony is is that individual. This the super compound defensive biologicalexpense. little at interferenceability ant’s atThe Argentine the ants characteristics. Argentine employrelies morphological, onphysiological, forms. both Interference behavioral and exploitiveability and negativelyinterference ability are Argentine correlated, ants proficiently of native are mostspecies ants to While subject a ure. Onure. food otherhand, the exploitivecompetitionsecuring involves resources and/or

of the Argentine of theant. Argentine , while aggressiveproducechemical and a quite small, are er amounter and day, more of the having time during vaded habitats and its impact measured in in habitatsitsimpact and vaded measured invaded ranges.

- offs. They outcompete native ants by discovering offs. ants native bydiscovering Theyoutcompete 34

competitive trade

- - off, meaning that of f within an ant an f community within - colony CEU eTD Collection discussed to antdiscussed where monitoringat determine recently clear of Cape staff. with Centremanagementwas discussed Research Centre the TheCape Research is of SANParks’ proceedw order to In 3.2 Context emphasizing TPCs community and monitoringinto TMNP’s ofoperationallythis sector management include insect plan, of clear compared that to currentof data state communitywhich was collectedonthe ant fynbos in habitats staff.of from Asurvey interfacing SANParks formedbackbone the field with research the andvegetation, justification the forprogramimpactonnative and a monitor ofthe ants fynbos Argentine to antproposed National Mountain and Table Park t 3.1 Research Design Chapter 3 fice of SANParks operating operating TMNP. thein monitoring programs BMS of within were fice SANParks The10 -

monitoring and framed.of programneeds established capacity was park The the

requirements capacity and wasgathered. The Biodiversity Monitoring System –

the recoverythe ofcommunities felling. after ant pine wasqualified This through

Methodology ith community c monitoring of ant a TMNP, the in first,

- felled pine felled madefor were how Suggestions plantations. to - based monitoring. based he

SANParks B 35

served as the which the served as lens through a - felled pine felled isplantations best lear understandinglear

as CEU eTD Collection management a to posed the member at staff nationalguidequestions useAfrican a South parks for their servedas the and in inventories ofwithin and insect program, adequacy role was inventories the the park investigated. further contextualizingIn capacityto for the SANParks implementmonitoring insect an of research. objectives this atSANParks’monitoringobjectives where entailed looking This incorporated. The survey byEngelbrech The survey used 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. derived adaptedfromand Questions Eng

species used invertebrate Are in checklists the for other purposes park? management decisions? monitoringplans influenced any park?management and/or Havethey for the invertebrate species existing Have the checklists in used formubeen necessary for is inventories more have Do it to youfeel invertebrate groups? Do are that these inventories youfeel completeaccurate? and How, whe for any invertebrate inventories Do any Terrestrialinsect youhave groups?groups? monitoringplans?and/or explicit there ofIs consideration invertebrate managementconservation in park’s the within yourWhat is role SANParks? n, and bywhomand created? theseinventories were n,

t (2010) in obtaining (2010) in t information regarding invertebrate

Cape Centre Research

elbrecht elbrecht (2010): 36

lating any any lating

overlap with the overlap the with

CEU eTD Collection granite recently the clear areas, Southernurban Townnamely selected the and Thesites Cape Suburbs. occurredeiCollection at 3.3.1 Collection park. the in permits from bothresearch ofactivities CapeNature, obtained and were SANParks control which that their impact ants onnative in monitoring TMNP, thatcontinued maintains necessary ensure she to is background data. monitoringparticipanttrained would on asan this entail conducted, park. the limitedin the Due to study, full cannot timeframea be this monitoring exercise of data The purposewasto offield gather onth the survey 3.3 Field Survey fynbos s sites presence does not does affectoffynbos.presence the restoration fieldwork, Before natural beginning

- felled research. Uys’ plantation fynbossurveyed in pine sites granite and Although her results suggest ArgentineAlthough results that the ant her does have not negative a

erved as controls.erved as ght study sites study ght s. Tos. this end, - going, long going,

in TMNP (Table 7 TMNPin (Table Of the pine sites, P1, P2, and P6 were on granite soils, soils, P1,ongranite P2,P6 sites, and were Of pine the the work of 37

term program and either professionals or or term professionals program either and e indigenouse ant invasive and community Charmaine ). ). Figure 3shows proximityFigure the of the

J. Uys served as served Uys J. corresponded to Two

CEU eTD Collection Figure 2 7. Table P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 F2 F1 Site

Prinskasteel TokaiSouth, Steps ConstantiaNek, Path Bridle ConstantiaNek, SpilhausRavine Cecilia, Ravine Cecilia, Ravine Rooikat Cecilia, RavineNursery Kirstenbosch, S Kirstenbosch, .

Lo keleton Gorge Map ofsites andsurrounding urban Location cation ofsites

Rooikat Rooikat

survey 230 280 330 470 300 320 350 330 Elevation Elevation (m (m a.s.l.)

( data s

ource:Uys 2012). 34 34 34 34 33 33 33 33 o o o o o o o o

00' 03.7" S 03.7" 00' S 46.0" 59' S 42.9" 59' S 17.8" 59' S 03.2" 59' areas (source:Google Earth). 03' 59.9" S 00' 31.6" S 00' 19.6" S GPS coordinates GPS 38

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 o o o o o o o o

25' 28.4" E 28.4" 25' 24' 09.8" E 09.8" 24' E 19.4" 24' E 45.4" 24' E 45.6" 24' E 20.8" 25' E 21.6" 25' E 19.2" 25'

Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Granite fynbos Granite fynbos Vegetation ------felled pine felled pine fell felled pine felled pine felled pine edpine

July2003 July2006 April 2008 April 2008 Jan. 2008 May Felling

date 2009

CEU eTD Collection

2004c Figure ; Uys 2010 Uys ; 3 . . Map ofsites and vegetationclassification in the CapePeninsula (d ).

atasource: Rouget et al.

2004a & CEU eTD Collection 14 March, and at sites 7 and 8 on 15 March. All All 7visits made and sites field were 8on15March. at and 14 March, b at sites 1 traps ofWith assistants, help twofield the field. the rainwaterany from t entering preventsvegetation. This disturbancefrom animals, minimizes larger evaporation, and limits that were totraps under discreetand ensure the care was taken Special cover placed of smalla amount,enough bottom fill to the oftra the are backspecimensthey until Ethylenedoes frombrought field. only so the glycol evaporate not containing 50%diameter) ethylene automotivethis theglycol i.e. antifreeze; preserves theof,cups clear in center vegetation a patch.were (1 not Thetraps plastic 5metersto fromleast andavoid dogs, if paths surrounded, any disturbance fromor were humans al. trade communitiessampling ant had site ofEach total a 10pit changetheover in ecological vegetation recovers. sites time natural as 2009.This thein used2003, and informationbe formulate most can to patterna of recent Of access. limited remaining clear the six of theselocations. A fellingclear date at third by Uys, twoclea sites soils whilst P3, onsandstone P4,P5 and were 2002). 2002). - of fs, for instance, antwill not instance, species fs,certain show upin for pit

T r aps were placed were 5meter aps transect.Transectschosen at a were at along intervals r felled r - pine plantations pine were due to with to due easeas oftheir but use, method, collection any are there - he traps.of tapethe marked location the Biodegradable in transects fall traps. Pit - felled pine - fall arecommonly traps a means of employed - omitted due to omitted to due lack of the information regarding felled pine plantationsite felled was dropped to due 40

p, was needed i.e. approximatelyp, wasneededml. i.e. 20 (Figure 3)(Figure - 3 were set on 13 March 2013, at sites 4 sites set on13March2013,at 3 were

plantations, firstwasfelled the site in . Fromsites s original the - fall traps (Schlick

etween 14h00etween and 20 mm 85mm deep, - Steiner Steiner ampled - 6 on et et CEU eTD Collection meaning thatall March, subjec were of traps the (Samways functionalgroups conditions, more e.g.certain CCS or are various HCS, dominant during TCS precipitation and 22 March, mean temperature Universityentomology at ofthe lab the During Cape Town. were left thefor 7 The traps in field after they gathereddays, which thewere brought and to 8. Table been not successful. has six clear the mind in averagedsuch kept when considering data this. as pine variation in sites at groundcover meangreater percentage groundcover Fynbos for four 1x1meterfor ofwasaveraged eacha cover squares had percent site. ground habitat 17h30. Avisit visual wasconducteduponthe assessment to eightsites.first the The

Groundcover Groundcover et al. et - felled pine felled pl

2010). 2010). Range Mean HABITAT SITES assessmentsites for and habitat.

It wasnote It r

antation sites, antation meaning eradication that the of thisinvasive tree alien SD

d area light that the the received rainin morning 18 on15and – compared pi to

although samplingalthough the types unequal ofmust be habitat FYNBOS FYNBOS PINE PINE F2 F1 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

was recorded. Weather affect ants as was recorded. patterns 41

t to similar conditions conditions t similar (Table9 to

ne (Tab ne GROUNDCOVER (%) Pine of saplings presenteach were at le 8 time the traps were out, 13 March to 13to out, were time traps March the ). There muchmore There ). was 58.33 92.50 r 30 90 95 r

90 60 85 30 70 55 50 18.62

- – – 3.54

100 ------

95 85 85 65 90 35 75 60 55 95

). ).

CEU eTD Collection of ant species in the Cape, Natural the in the Historycollections of species IzikoMuseumat ant Africa the South of species ants identificationWhile Peninsula aided the level. in to is there no complete inventory of level, use genus a the ofcollection reference the ants in based Holm and level on taxonomic(Scholtz keys 1985; separated were morphospecies. to first identified subfamily, into Morphospecies thengenus to sorted were the Ants in lab use microscope with of material. reference and Specimens a EstimateS observed weredata usingofCurves (S plotted the species fynbos the and in P2was reached site habitat, likewise The drawn. P2. These F1sites kept and were a so site species separate that could accumulation be curve fromants often pit each the by fromSamples mon the 3.3.2. Identification 9. Table - catch. By

Meantemperatures and precipitation in Cape Town (Weather Underground Inc.).

(Colwell 2013)(Colwell accumulation - catch was mostly comprised ofcatch was spiders, beetles, comprised millipedes. cockroaches, and mostly The 22.03.2013 21.03.2013 20.03.2013 19.03.2013 18.03.2013 17.03.2013 16.03.2013 15.03.2013 14.03.2013 13.03.2013

Date itoring sites were where sites brought tolab antsfrom were the separated itoring the

curve forF1 site served proxy curve a determine as to if sampling saturation

- fall into trapsone aggregated for t were sample, except Mean Temp ( 42

q C)

21 22 20 19 19 18 21 19 24 26

for clear

Hölldobler obs laboratory, laboratory, and of list a known Cape ) ) Chaoand 12formulasin Precipitation(mm) - felled pine plantation felled pine plantation habitat.

and and FromWilson 1990). the

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0

raps from

were were CEU eTD Collection considered reliable. Cluster analysison Cluster reliable. based percentageconsidered sites a of partitions similarity >0.3poor a factor representation Ais stress representation ofgroups. cannot and be the therepresents reliability of communities. thein MDSfactorsimilarity composition ant that species stress a uses scalingmultidimensional based and analyses on (MDS) groupingsof display cluster sites the data root( transformedabundance square and (Clarke 2006).Gorley A Bray ant sites communitiesbetween were at and habitat derived types Primer between software using From differencestatistics moreinformation onthe robust univariate impact on its ant native populations. touches habitats onthe biologyinvasive species form ofmayand help understanding this an of thrives in ant its disturbed habitats, pr both of in abundance ant types Argentine wasalso compared. the habitat the Argentine Because abundanceof and ( takes into calculated account the species evenness TheShannonmean habitat. for fynbos pine and values and forwellthe determined eachcommunity. richness as Abundance, diversity were site provided This understandinganalysis. an initial compositionofant ofcurrent the the ofComparison statistics such univariate species as abundance, richness, diversi and 3.3.3. DataAnalysis specieseach site each at Numbers recordedExcel ofan were spreadsheet. in compiled unpublish has a

of the ordination. Asguide, of a stress a factor <0.05excellent of ordination. an the is ed list ofspecieson list surved 130ant based historical - Curtis coefficientCurtis similarity matrix wasconstructed from

esence, absence, and abundance in various sites abundanceesence, absence,and in various and from Non identical). 100,100being 0to 43

- Wiener di versity index that wasversity index that s, similarities,s, and dynamics Morrison Morrison eys and observations and eys

et al.et - metric metric ty formed the

2008 . A ). The ). . CEU eTD Collection variation affecto the can shape sample order is saturation whenSampling reached curve plateaus the fynbosabundance in species while pineChao and 2is habitats for using done EstimateS software This accumulation formulaswas each calculating curves. trap. Chaoat 1and 2are for accumulation curvesfor siteSpecies plottedontheobserved(S F1P2 and were species based 10. Table inant communitiesdifferences the areage significant between groups. 5 most recently (young, were plantationfelledpine into those sites (old, grouped 7 earliest the change recoveryanalyze possible or ofant communitya the the following disturbance event, pine The six composition. vs. of (pine fynbos)differed groups sites speciesgranite terms significantly in of their data, to definedwas used if ANISOM,test the multivariate modification of ANOVAfor an

Agegroupings ofpine sites based yearon felled. (Colwell and Coddington and 1994).(Colwell -

plantations wereplantations in included w that the survey - 6 years ago)6 years (Table P4 P3 P2 P1 Young

(Colwell 2013)

f the curve, it randomizedformust be to correct 2008 200 2009 2008 Year

8 10

. An ). ANISOM analysis showed). the ANISOM whether analysis 44

P6 P5 Old

alysis of Chao 1givesestimation an ofalysis

i.e. reaches asymptotei.e. an ere felled in different in ere felled years.To 2003 2006 Year

- estimating 10 years ago) 10 yearsago) and felled those

occurrence. . Because arbitrary

obs ) CEU eTD Collection methods,both site to contribution their g andthus site, only abundance value but pine will a high foundone provided with be at indicating contributemore in the abundances, will to similarity thatis pinethan species sites a between and (Clarke 2006).fo species instance,Gorley For ant thatare as group well those identity, thatare within characteristic thatare compared of groups sites SIMPE detector representa 70% (Dufr species greater represent Values 70% percent. characteristica than species valuesbetweenand 50 in undisturbed (granitefynbos)andtype, disturbedclear (recently habitat ( that hab in theby dividing number sites of by divided the sum mean of the species of number A formula:the The indicatorvalue of 3.3.4 Identification species indicator

dicator value withindicator species habitatwas for each group each computed. is the measure of specificity and equal to measureequal and to mean ofnumber the the specificity is of species R is an additional analysis additionalanalysis an PrimerRtool in is that identifies contribute species most to Dufrêne

IndVal

(

IndVal and Legendre 1997) Legendre and

and SIMPER were considered as suitableand as SIMPERconsidered indicator were species. roup similarity. similarity. roup )

for each species within the two for eachtypes species habitat using wascomputed itat ê ne and Legendre and 1997).ne .

Species be to that are identified characteristic through with with species The sites were divided groups were The sites into on based habitat A i j 45

x B

ij for allhabitat groups.

x 100, i

present, by the total number of sites present, bythe numberin total sites of

und in every pine site in site everysimilar pine und in -

felled The pine plantations). i

for in allsites habitat IndVal B

is the fidelity, the foundis

is displayed is as

- j , CEU eTD Collection achievements thus far, thus achievements by greater aimThe monitoringobjectives,the conducted students. of their Iimbovane, High staff. School Peninsula South was visited Iimbovane observewith to monitoringis how participationobservational the in ofThe capacity role and community 3.5 Iimbovane Participation Monroe (Gommerman2012 species and mean2 SDmay requ from the Argentine in TPC ant TMNP.abundance by in for Anincreased monitoring; increase 1 SD calls mean establish to samples.deviationthis from wasused field Thestandard (SD) the limits of the priority. Ininvadeda the of habitats, mean t abundance been ant Argentine asnot are invaded TPC,such have bythe undisturbedthe fynbos habitats that specifically flora, and the indigenous communityfynbos and ant firstof level vegetation. Atthe of density in this will species ofincrease the invasive biodiversity indigenous bothimpact fau 2012). antTMNP Argentine Ain Monroe TPCthe onthe thatan hypothesis for wasbased from st experts, are usedtraditionally understanding TPCs. ofto ecosystemdevelop dynamics lieuof In input was As such, primary this a focus ofresearch andareas. results. Scientific the firm a expertise are ofThresholds potential concern constructivea 3.4 Developing a Threshold of Potential Concern atistical information can support (Gommermanatistical justifythreshold informationsupport and a and can

and with strengths weaknesses of program the discussed the were ire management intervention ire management ofto the intervention control spread invasive

Iimbo - based insectbased monitoringwas realizedby for TMNP vane Outreachvane Project )

outcome of long term monitoring in protected monitoring outcome protected in of term long he Argentine he antArgentine wasdetermined from

and informal interviews with its its interviews informal with and na na CEU eTD Collection section 5.2. section for suggestions Additional increasing discussion capacity monitoringplanin of are the this offersamples information could valuable thatcorresponds to monitoring. ant would augment that arcycles common,fluctuations are in especially communities insect thatare characterized byshortlife for of is must last duration to timeadequate ecosystem. an measure that in trends Natural of researchThe primary limitation this to andfornecessary identify thisthreshold constructstrategy a constructing new a TPC. knowledge Argentine has passedcriticalis that the a ant already threshold ifexpert and so, baselineassumes current is fromstate the develo thatthe to which that invasion hypothesis abundanceand ofArgentine disrupt biodiversity. the ant natural Itwill recover clear itthat the and wasassumed control made assumptionswere theThe key field within a survey. wastreated fynbosas habitat 3.6 Key Assumptions and Limitations evaluated. TMNP was offeasibility monitoring incorporatinga ant Iimbovane’s into long Based project during insightthe whopresent visit. gathered,three were leaders onthis the y. Furthermore, y. Furthermore, powerdevelopment ofonstatistical study TPCof a based this is the and

e o e ften subject to to ften subject seasonality

For For example, a

was time. As previously stated, a monitoringprogram a was time. stated, As previously - felled pine plantationfelled are sites . Given more. Given environmental time,variables additional

comprehensive comprehensive responses in a responses the p a TPC. It may be the case TPC.mayp a case It the be - term monitoring schemetermmonitoring fo vegetation surveysoil and in various stagesin of various nt nt community.

r CEU eTD Collection

fynbos species are fynbos are species monitoring program because that species ar A fifth programme, 7 5 4 1 No. etal 11. Table 1 (Table programmes indicators fouras wasfoundof complywith of to fynbos recovery CapeResearchCentre.Withinmonitoringthe communities thisframework, and ant The programmes SANParks’ under 4.1 SANParks and Insect Monitoring Chapter 4

. 2011a). Habitatrepresentation and persistence Habitat degradation and rehabilitation Al Biodiversitymechanisms

ienand invasive species Applicable Applicable

e Redmaye Listed However,this byIUCN. reconsidered be –

Results Programme biodiversi expected to move to expected Red in uponthe the List future species of special of concern species 1).

fynbos vegetation isfynbos vegetation CapePeninsula endemic the and to many monitoringprogrammes (Personal Communication; descriptionfrom McGeoch BMS

were discussed with Science discussed the were Liaison x x x x x x x x x

Profileof ant community. Maintainingecosystem functions. Ants as bioindicators of Fauna:Argentine ant, Portuguese millipede. Fynbos vegetation supportsendemic species. faunal Habitat fragmentation plantations. Recoveryof fynbos followingclear felling ofpine Flora: Pine, Wattle,Jackson, Port Blue Gum, and Acacia. Nativeants facilitate seed fynbos dispersal. , was originally excluded because there becausethere noant, wasoriginally are excluded 48

How itHow is incorporated?

recoveryprogress. SANParks’

( Bomhard

as part of a part as long

ten et alet

monitoring Officer from

. 2005 ant species species

). ). - term term

CEU eTD Collection 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 12. Table via received responses, email cor CapeCentre. was The to invertebrate in Research inventories protectedsent African areas South based on (2010) Aregarding and questionnaire Engelbrecht the ofadequacy application 4. control mandates the ofspecies.frameworkalien that invasive from concern monitoring.This gathered with information during aligns managementtheir staffCape ResearchCentre of importance a of emphasised the threshold potential also deriving

1.1 Insect 1.1 Insect Inventory Questionnaire purposesin the park? Areinvertebrate species checklists usedfor other monitoringplans for the park? beenused formulatingin any managementand/or Have moreinvertebrate groups? Doyoufeel it is necessary to haveinventories for accurate? youfeelDo that these inventories are complete and created? How,when, and whom by were these inventories groups? Doyou have anyinventories for anyinvertebrate monitoringplans? conservationin the park’s management there Is explicit consideration invertebrateof Whatis your role within SANParks? influenced any managementdecisions?

theexisting invertebrate species checklists Responsesinsectto inventory questionnaire.

Terrestrialinsect groups?

QUESTION

Have they they Have respo

and/or ndence, are(Table1 below ndence,

Not sure. SANPa for priority a is invertebrates aware Not this, of butmonitoring for invasive present. thiscannot be done without knowledge ofspecies Yes, SANParks’mandate is to conserve biodiversity accurate. completeand Not sure whethe DatabaseManager. Literature searcher, ongoing andby ourBiodiversity park. Yes, although no Programme. Health River monitoringprogrammes asSASS5such as part ofthe No, yet. not But invertebrates are certainusedin ScienceLiaison Officer

r the r terrestrial invertebrates are

t sureif there is acomplete list the for 2). 2).

RESPONSE

rks.

CEU eTD Collection 13 Table species abundancesidentified their shownand 14. is Table in only The subfamilyisspecies to summarized data level. were species identified. identified could be genusTen morphospecies only to and level two 663 w total, In ants 4.2 Fiel 9. programmeinformation from Iimbovane CapeCentre: gathered the sent to Research is question toAnwas posed additional CapeResear conservingin biodiversity response numberthe to six inventories insect TMNP. in responses the are of Four from The results confirmis questionnaire improvement the there made be to to that respect in contribution(as a percentage)theto total ab

by by SANParks? is How theinformation gathered by Iimbovane used . Summary ant of data collected from d Survey Species Species antArgentine No. Individuals

ere atere collected fromeight 80 traps

. Ultimately , as SANParks, as recognizes the roleofimportant complete inventories

1 (0.95%) Fynbos undanceis in parentheses.

105 habitat types progress to isprogress needed 19

ch Centrech learning staffthat the after . . Number ofArgentine ants foundis listed and the their in their Informationis circulated to parkmanagement staff for thelists provided fromIimbovane. theresearch. Thespecies list for TMNP is updated from not beenmuch managementimplications apparent from frommonitoringany into management yet, asthere have

91 (16.31%)

Pine 558 sites sites in identificatioTMNP. After 23 unsure formation.Findings have not beenincorporated

in Table 13 and 13and of complete list Table the in

achieve achieve this

and on and

92 (13.88%) e is is e Total 663 31

end. no

. This contras . This

n, 31 ts with with ts

Table 14. Table Tetramoriumregulare Tetramoriumgrassi Tetramoriumcapense Technomyrmex pallipes Tapinoma Rhoptromyrmextransversinodis Plagiolepis Pheidole Pheidole megacephala Pachycondyla peringueyi Myrmicinae Myrmicaria nigra Monomorium Monomorium Monomorium Monomorium modustum Messorcapensis Meranoplus peringueyi Linepithema humile Lepisiotacapensis Formicinae Dorylus Crematogaster Crematogasterperingueyi Cardiocondyla Cardiocondylashuckardi Campono maculatus Camponotus klugii Camponotus Tetramorium Tetramorium

Nu species1 tusniveosetosus s

pecies1 mbersofindividuals within a species found atsite.each Listed alphabetically. species1

species1 species1 species 2 species 1 species 3 species 2 species species 1 species 1

CEU eTD Collection

34 5 1 2 1 7 1 9 1 6 6 3 1 1 1

20 1 1 1 2 1

15 14 19 2 1 2 7 1

51 P2

12 45 4 1 9 2 2 3 8

38 5 5 6 1 7

11 29 25 1 3 6 1

150 4 9 4 4 1 6 1 3 4 7 1

19 35 7

TOTAL 285

17 28 10 35 31 34 92 20 14 9 8 9 5 6 2 4 1 6 5 8 9 3 1 3 1 7 2 1 5 2

CEU eTD Collection diagramPercentage centre. ofthe total species richness shown in parentheses. presence ofpresence low very had of numbers Arge dif distinguishes and richness, abundance, Shanno species Calculating the statistics4.2.1 Univariate Figure 4. characteristi 4 (Figure identified found the only in fynbosare sites. shared between habitat, twospecies the Of the pine 23; six pinefor is 14ofone Of the are sites thesespecies at present the site. only 19species sites and virtuallyplantation is absent from twofynbosThe sites. the Argentine is thatthe found antclear is It clear greaterthe abundance in recently

Venn diagram of spe ). ). figuresimportantThese have implicationsin , eight are on , eightare Lepisiota capensiLepisiota c species, discussed in in 4.2.5. discussed section species, c ferences in composition(Table15ferences in ly present thely in fynbos,anpresent 12only sites, pine ciesrichness. Species that are presentin both habitattypes comprise the centre ofthe

s ntine ants. Thehigh abundancentine ants. , a species, a compris that 52

). Abundance was greatest at P5 although wasgreatestat Abundance ). it es 77.32% es ofabundance at the this site n SIMPER and analysis - Wiener diversityWiener at each index site

at P5 is mostly attributed to the P5 isattributed the at mostly to

aggregate speciesaggregate richness d 11 species in both both in d 11species

identification ofidentification total 31 species 31 species total - felled pine felled , and , and CEU eTD Collection 1 in pine sampled and terms habitats, ofmean fynbos the abundance, assumingtest, unequal variance greater fynbos. diversityis one and the fynbos.) Themeanin An independent richness abu this sites, into account proportipine it Argentine considerable must taken makesupa that the ant comparison clear of fynbos and and richness, abundance, sites (2 6,respectively).plantation meanto of order to types, the In compare habitat values the unequalAn considerationthe important is samplingfelled recently ofand clear pine fynbos t 15. Table diversityvalues. similar very with low thissite. counts at ant d sites; of42.99% th o thetotal o abundance is in parentheses. 6). Shannon Speciesrichness Argentine ant abundance Total

iversity was ndance Table (as in calculated 13

Summaryant of sampling in all ofthesites. Number of Argentine ants foundis listed andthe contribution - WienerIndex e total abundance of total Extremese allsites. seen were fynbos the termsin in diversity of

highest at F1 and at at F2.highest lowest

di versity must versity used. 16 be Table 2. F1 15 79 0 00

- ,

felled habitats. Whilegreater pine is the meanin abundance

shows there nosi is that

(3.8%)

0.9 Pine sites showed sites Pine range a of and intermediate F2 26 6 1

: 16.31% pine: in compared only in to 0.95percent the

(24.1%) 1.41 P1 19 79 7 53

The lowdiversityvalue for F2 wa (42.3%) 1.56 P2 45 86 9 gnificant difference between the

summarizes of the this results

(1.6%) 1.24 P3 62 1 6

richness, diversity(Table or

(7.9%) 1.46 P4 76 7 6

(0.5%) 1.03 194 P5 14 1 relatively

s associated associated s

- tailed tailed t (31.2%) 0.93 P6 19 61 3 on of

CEU eTD Collection Figure 5. plateau1994). Coddington (Colwell and curves bothin habitats species ( w saturation Chao1Fynbos was saturation Sampling fynbos reached not the in terms in seenabundance, as species of 4.2.2 list 16. Table ed andthe ed percent oftotal abundancethey make isup in parentheses. ResultsofT Species Accumulation

Speciesaccumulati Mean abundanc Mean as reached for the abundance in pine abundance in for reached the as (

Shannon Speciesrichness Argentine ant Abundance curve (Figure 5 (Figure curve e, richness,and diversityfound in the habitats. - WienerIn Fynbos Fynbos on curves.

Curve

). ). dex and This links This lowabundance theat F2. links to very sites

Pine ChaoPine 2 (0.95%) Fynbos 1.45 10.5 52.5 0.5

). This is observed is as This evident ). the(S species

Pine Chao1Pine

(16.31%) 15.17 Pine 1.27 7.33 93 ), as well well as of), for occurrence

Mean number ofArgentine ants found is

- testsignificance for (p<0.05). p (0.05)

NS NS NS

Sampling

the the obs )

CEU eTD Collection Figure 6. which influencedcollected, the results. species between shared the twofyn This communities fynbos aremaycomplies thatthere ant withfact two the only variable. be sites 4.2.1. section in The similar tootherpineless sites, the P1 sites MDS ordinationthe meansthatthis gooddelineation a is of Pine the relationship between sites. the illustrates The MDSrela analysis Statistics 4.2.3 Multivariate F1 and distinctfrom sites well F2 are ofpine as the from all another one - P4 and MDS

Ordination ofant communities ofpine and fynbossites

P6 are grouped closelyP6 are together, indicating fairly similar ant communities.

ant comm

unity at P5 is most P5 is to s at similar F1, yet unity due itslarge to as abundance ofcapensis, explained Lepisiota bos sites. However, F2 had very low However,F2very had of sites. numbers bos ants tionship between 6 (Figure tionship sites

). A stress factor of). 0.09in A stress till till quite removed. –

suggesting suggesting that Fynbos

P5 is P5 is

CEU eTD Collection community (Figure 8 community (Figure have sites correlation abundance at not discernable in ant a to the does the Groundcover significant the between ANISOMbetween thet and Independent thesehabitat differences t between for fynbos pine vs. ANISOM analysis Figure 7. anotherone whereas the 17%, more ant sitesapproximately communities pine are ofvarious similar the to mostThecommunities ofthe distinct. twofynb the F1sites and the awayas to arefirst F2thesesites MDSare branch from analysis, others, the the occursat the ofBranching percent similarity offersof illustration another analysis theThe Cluster relationship between (F sites

Clusteranalysis ofantcommunities at sites sampled. (p>0.05) in ANISOM analysis. (p>0.05) in ANISOM analysis. .

earliest felled (old) and and felled felledthe (young) pine earliest (old) moreareplantations not recently ). There is no ). is lineThere ypes are significant (p<0.05). This disparity in significance significantdisparityin ypes (p<0.05).This are groupings indicates groupings indicates thatthe community compositional ar between totalar and groundcover relationship abundance - test will be discussed in section willdiscussedtest be section in 5.2. T

shared 56

os sites have a compositional similarity have sites compositional os a of between sites. Congruent with ofbetween the sites. results

he differences differences he igu re 7 ). ).

CEU eTD Collection ab 9dshows with Figure native lowArgentine halfofsites richness extremely high with the ant ants no each relationship reveals abundancesite ( at linear ant of invaded pi the diversity ismorefynbos. greatest in uninvaded Mean fynbos F1,the site than twice the diversity pine sites, the in excluding ant 77.83, Argentine counts, is the the compared 79in to uninvaded found above that abundance in presen the However, it is uninvaded was absent fynbos richness the where species wasgreater and at (F1) the site Argentine Ant abundance ant Figure 8 in slightlya better,results althoughnon ( = 0.01579). RegressingR 0.01579). the² = and groundcover ofsites foundthe abundance at ants Argentine undance. undance. .

Relationship between groundcover and ant abundance. ant and groundcover between Relationship

, fynbos were less than fynbos lessthan ofclear were the mean the abundance

as compared to the compared the as to in

ne site (Figure 9 site ne (Figure ce of the Argentine six ofArgentine ince the ant all

the uninvaded fynbos site. The uninvaded fynbos meanthe site. abunda c). vaded 9, (Figure fynbos (F2) site Comparing the number of native ant species the ant to Argentine Comparing thespecies number native of - significant 57

inverse

R² = 0.04812 of sites the pine that incre

relationship ( - felled pine plantationfelled sites. a and b). and a Antabundancesat ) (Figure 9d). Although 9d). (Figure ) R 0.22365). ² = nce ofnce the ants native ases the ases the

CEU eTD Collection (c) (a) therelationship between Argentineant abundance and nativeant species richness for each Argentine ant Camponotus 17 Table indicator values The calculated Species 4.2.5 Indicator Figure 9 . . . Bas Comparison ofArgentine ant invasion

forthe differenthabitat types with regardto

maculatu ed on these values, most species onthesevalues, theed suitableinfynbos characteristic is the s .

Lepisiota ( IndVal

capensis ) are listed for each species witare listedspecies for each . Mean (a)abundance, (b) species richness, and (c)diversity , the only foundevery species a at is site, 58

uninvaded and invaded fynbos habitat.

(d) (b)

hin each habitat eachhin habitat type in

of the eight Graph (d Graph

sites. ) shows

of of

CEU eTD Collection 17. Table suitablecharacteristic detectoror species

Camponotus macul Camponotus klugii Camponotus Tetramorium Tetramorium Tetramoriumregulare Tetramoriumgrassi Tetramoriumcapense** Technomyrmex pallipes Tapinoma Rhoptromyrmextransver Plagiolepis Pheidole Pheidole megacephala Pachycondyla peringueyi Myrmicinae Myrmicaria nigra Monomo Monomorium Monomorium Monomorium modustum Messorcapensis Meranoplus peringueyi Linepithema humile* Lepisiotacapensis Formicinae Dorylus Crematogaster Crematogasterperingueyi Cardiocondyla Cardiocondylashuckardi Camponotusniveosetosus

IndVal

Detectorspecies (IndVal = 50 Characteristic species (IndVal>70%)

rium species species

species species results for speciessampled. species Species species species species species species species 1 species

atus**

1 1

2 1

3 2 1

sinodis

- 70%)

IndVal * Argentine ant Argentine * Fynbos

(%) 21.43 69.23 14.29 47.73 21.43 42.86

37.5 4.05 59 1.6 2.1 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

. ** Specieswith Mean 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.5 0.5 4.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5

10 17 1 3 1 3 3 1

IndVal IndVal Pine

(%)

16.67 16.67 16.67 10.26 23.81 16.67 30.63 66.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 33.33 33.33 80.67 be considered be as either 9.52 4.17 0.76 9.52 2.38 81.6 30 50

Mean 15.17 47.17 0.17 1.17 0.67 1.33 0.17 1.67 0.17 5.67 5.17 0.33 0.67 0.17 0.83 1.33 0.5 2.5 4.5 1.5 .67 0.5

CEU eTD Collection habitat types 19 habitat (Table to is also consider specirelevant It the 18. Table identifiedin detector species as the also Tetramorium valuesgreater withcharacteristic 80.Likewise species indicator than humile SIMPER results offynbosandhighest representative sites the scores pineonly an sites the has it in and offynbos Themeanabundance sites. b similarity SIMPERIn analysis, li denoteddiagonal bya as type, detector in the identified areeachspecies habitat presentthat not species in otherhabitat are the forcharacteristic species along the Argentine with invasive pine ant (

both mostboth betweencontribute notablytosimilarity andclear the sites are pine

SIMPERresults similarity for etween the fynbosetween the (Table18 sites

Tetramoriumregulare Tapinoma Linepithema humile Lepisiotacapensis PINE Lepisiotacapensis maculatus Camponotus FYN regulare

are alsowith congruent BOS

C. maculatus

species

Species ). These are ). are species These that are one foundabundance and great in in habitat are the nextare greatestcontributors the similaritywere and to sites, between pine

ne through the cell. throughne the

. IndVal

and

es contributemost dissimilaritiees the that to L. cap L. capensis IndVal IndVal 41.08 10.35

of 2.1. Averagesimilarity ensis ). These only). are the

analysis. analysis. 60 for the pinefor sites, the where

C. maculatus in fynbos lowrelative in is itsabundance very to

are onlyare the twospecies thatcontribute the to IndVal

22.36 1.10 3.97 9.99 5.18 5.18

however, muchmore is of any species in of in fynbos. species The any the two Contribution (%) L. Tapinoma species sharedbyspecies both

humile

L. capensis ). Interestingly, ). 24.33 54.42 species 1a species s betweens 2.68 9.66 50 50

and L. nd CEU eTD Collection is 45 is Argenti merits that intervention ant.Argentine Argentine abundance at ant managers in abundance theincrease ant Argentine cle inhabitat oftypes.ant the Mean mean Argentine abundance limitsEstablishing the o 4.3 Threshold of Potential Concern 45.77 19. Table 85.37%. Tapinoma pine. the of si very in low abundance tes, thetes, contributoris dissimilarity to greatest between pine fynbos.and Themean abundance L. ar % of the total percentage difference between the two groups. two the between difference percentage total the of %

, meaning it is nearing, meaningis it the - capensis felled plantations 15.17.pine is ne ne P5 recorded site state,ant the at current theants in park. abundance Atthe of Argentine

SIMPERanalysis resultsfor dissimilarity. Cardiocondyla shuckardi

that these habitats thesehabitats are that species

Technomyrmex pallipes Tapinoma Meranoplus peringueyi Linepithema humile Cardiocondylashuckardi Lepisiotacapensis in the fynbos sites is 1 thein fynbosis sites

1 onlysites. atis present pine is allsites dissimilarityThe average between

species or absent or another. absent in . In lieu of expert input, 2 standard deviations. 2 lieuofserve as In input, can TPC expert standard a for the Species f a TPC a ant Argentine f for the

threshold more

and

(n=2), vulnerable One standard d One standard Meranoplus peringueyiMeranoplus

t (48.69) Averagedissimilarity 16 for ofTMNP time predefineda period alert should

two standard deviations, two standard

compared to meana abundance of 47.17 The percentcontribution ofthe species 6 listed amounts to L capensis 61

an to increased disturbance of increasedproliferation disturbance and to the

d is possiblyd is area an of concern. eviation eviation valuefrom is this

based on

, while it is the only species present at only present all , whilethe species it is 1.98 0.71 1.05 0.94 1.25 0.92

abundance abundance , are statistical results reliesstatistical results onthe Contribution (%)

only present fynbosonly at present sites; r 33.52, of th

is a greater a concern is is ant ant in is 15.75 4.51 5.65 6.95 8.65 8.77 r

16.76.

(n=283) (n=283) recently

An in in

CEU eTD Collection nature to reserve include parks. brought and These TMNP. two sites within Khayelitsha. monitoring is Often, d the Four educators. visiting are Langa located ofhigh settlementsincluding in and the schools hands such Schools Project. selected generallyIimbovane that Outreach are those ma this in An infor 4.4 Iimbovane Field Trips invasion. TPCs ensure thatthe are adequate to of representative and the dynamicsant Argentine of spatial is Inputalso temporalscale. fromrecommended muchand monitoring on a larger experts managers. supplement onlyguide Theymustbe a function for as TPCsstate communityThese assume current ofant the this baseline the is in and way, should of fynbos the ecosystem. natural integrity 1.92 should or imp level) level) (TPC second habitat mayfor ant this Argentine moreabundance1.21(TPC exceeding prove essential. first that fact of one the suchonly the lowabundanceTPC fynboswasinvaded,at a (n=1), and sites method, in samemean0.5 By abundanceant fynbos ofArgentine the is the

programme. eighteen Capeparticipating are the schoolsin Western There high in the mal interview with Iimbovane staff offered insight mal Iimbovane insight with stafffacu offered into interview the

- on learning i.e. those that may not have resources or capacity may and/or i.e. capacity resources studies those or foron learning thathave field not

one on the school grounds but in some cases students are some students groundsin onthebut one school cases

licate management action in order to maintain to in managementaction the order licate 62

ed with with ed more extensive lties lties methodsand applied y benefit the mostthe from y benefit

0.71. Because of0.71. Because CEU eTD Collection information SANParks. and datato is SANParksdecidewhat University the given upto Itto is dothis been has have species 164ant indentified. ofapproximately been new Recently,a species CapeWestern comprehensive because currentlya does exist. inventory not To date, monitoring programme. An methodsfollowed. wasstarted whyand certain are be It 2006 designedto in ten a is and they the students weather.During exercise, and the whymonitoring ask biodiversity is important emphasize theIimbovane relationships between organizers a for sampling, in and year the thewinter summer. visited Schools a Canadaare Stellenbosch laboratoryin University a twice foror identification. information. Antspecimensthe diff that are given simplified keysare and then createwith for identification taughtto tables and graphs then Traps and vegetationofsite. forcollected.Students do a assessment arefivedays, left each containingfive traps 40glycol. ml Atthe ethylene timethe 50% in traps of digging of placepit students where was biodiversity introduced. It is monitoringaligns the The ant of with curriculum classes the science as concept life in found at the Southfound the PeninsulaStellenbosch kept at Thecollections at HighSchool. are .

- fall traps. traps. fall has site 10metreseachEach transects, apart, twoparallel with

intended outcome of the project create the to an project in outcomeofintended is the atlas ants of

observed that at the school, two sites school,observed thatat onthe the are grounds chosen two sites icult icult identify toareto level sent to species 63

nts and variables such variablessuch and asnts vegetation Paratrechina , students , students - year year

CEU eTD Collection and inventorying. Within this cycle, TPCs and the suitability of selected cycle, inventorying.and Within suitability indic this TPCsof the and selected 10 Figure ( changesProgramme in that tracks the i of as insect Healthin theincluding indicators systems.taxa, part SASS5 aquatic a is River This insects opportunity incorporate as to bioindicators. SANParks uses already invertebrates, been insectsnot While widely have monitoredinventoried and T in management the areas in of protected in planning Africa. South from (2010) findings that highlight Engelbrecht the disproportional prioritization of invertebrates usedof inventories insect inthesent results questionnaire TMNP. The to p Currently, and shortcomings protectedscience a area. management in detected been in have the monand feature, chemical,monitoring. physical, directlytiedtoa biological it or is Together inventorying information environmental of variablefurther state particular or whether a thatis onthe resource, management madebytheir is mandates and evident conservation This biodiversitymeet understandingcommitment the goals. to their in parks their importanceSANParks acknowledgesthe of robustspecies to maintaining ininventories order 5. 1 Chapter 5 Dickens andDickens Graham 2002 Insect Monitoring in Table Moun Table in Monitoring Insect itoring must share a common musta formsinterface and clear and the between share objective this itoring

illustrates illustrates the management and roleofadaptive the monitoring cycle –

Discussion ). ).

nvertebrate community structure nvertebrate communityand structure composition tain National Park National tain 64

frameworks. As inventorying is the basis for frameworks. the As inventorying basis is

MNP, there MNP,is there ark staff align with the staffthe alignwith ark ators shouldators re be , TPCs, indicators, , TPCs, indicators, precedent and -

CEU eTD Collection Figure 10

Adaptive management cycle management Adaptive

(source:modified from 65

Morrison etal . 2008; Oakley etal.

2003).

CEU eTD Collection abundance, richness, or richness, diversitybasedabundance, t onindependent significance of diffe over of otherspecies function a abundance. Samplingas disparityadvantage revealed the in This be thisplan should under to: biology ofinvasive the antArgentine (described study literature,results ofAfter considering the (2010) Uys’ ultimately and invasive commitmentcontrol to conservation.species insect e outlined haspotentialto above the management cycle programme a Devising monitors ant TMNP that communitythe the in adaptive into fits and 5.2 within this cycle that theTMNPis frameworkmonitoringin for ant proposed. is and inventories datascheme make pursued. monitoringmore be Adequate baseline can rob from ofreporting, needs a area the which protected can shown inInventorying is the periodically andevaluated informationthrough to adjusted the fit monitoring. continued gathered 2. 1. Monitoring Proposal invasive ant

pine plantations.pine ofthe Monitor abundance in such recently clear ant invaded as Argentine habitats and; uninvaded of in the ant Argentine habi Prevent introduction

species thrives in disturbedspecies in habitats, competitive a thrives itsinvaded ranges, has in and rences between between rences

cycle following organisationalcycle following Inpartof it fact, is this reporting. fynbos pine and i.e. 66 in section section in 2.7.1),

nhance SANParks’ reinforce and

be addressed. Only addressed. canbe then a no significant difference in - tests ,

results ,

while ANISOM showed while analysis the monitoringthe objectives tats, especiallytats, fynbos natural

from study, this

ant and the

monitoring - fe ust. ust. It lled CEU eTD Collection not sufficientnot foraccumulation fynbos ( curve For one,sites. gr a theants impactArgentine onthe regarding ant ofindigenous recovery communitythe of and pine robustproposed. necessary conclusionsbe before More also is can sampling This made is beeventually co would monitoring sites continued compare 2009.Toentail thatdata properly so can was in these of and richness, diversity pine The sites. abundance, all the P2, cleared site most recently, For instance, plantationtrends. the pine clear in thechanges clear This to monitoring is on be necessary allow fluctuations, fornumberof should a going years. measure responsemust the sufficient ofant a periodofcommunity the over time. This sites. indicatespine monitoring recovery little ofant design community. the A proposed showThe results hig impacts ant. ofArgentine the with more thosethe ofthatstate align neededunderstand long Uysresearch to (2010) is mutualisms antsother native and Thefindingsdisrupt between faunaflora. and communi inhibit of and recovery ant native mightintoinvasion fynbos, it disrupt might sites long have pine community ant difference thesignificant in –

in TMNPin ant in remainsbecausepresence important clear ofArgentine the primarily due to site site primarily to due F2. llected from fromllected out years felling. ten P2 at eater should incor numberofsites be fynbos - felled plantation or pine andsuccession sites identify possible to recovery h levels of Argentine ants, with of little h levels group Argentine reduction theofin older felled - term negative consequences term consequences negative compositional

Chao1 ) is evidence of is thatthe this) abundance in was habitat ants Comparing F1 and F2 showed great variation F1 F2betwee and showedgreat Comparing

ant community habitats. Monitoring of between the ed first,ed ten years lowest showedthe ago, 67

–

e.g. e.g. miit

porated. porated. The species ght act springboard a act foras ght of this study ties, also and ties, Due to natural natural to Due - term - felled

n CEU eTD Collection and to develop to and TPC. a more forperiodof a managementseen 12monthsbefore intervenes (SANParks n.d. National species states Kruger changeinvasive Park that a densityin invasive must in species be ensurethe of to reliability duration a TPC onstatistics. based Monitoring effortsmust mayreflect in fluctuations. only range survey natural increase and isTPC confirmed.Thestatis level ant monitoringis Ultimately, experts,a recommended before with morerobust consultation and 5.2.1 role as a important an because haveis factor ofpH. plays the species impact onsoil size also pine Habitat samples vs. flora. invasive soil beAlso, can focus onnatural collected andfor analyzed pH. This strongmutualisms CFR.the more comp the in A environmental ofAdditional variablesshould recordedcommunity be because along ant with data impact of unde types. comparisonsbetweenMore replicates makesfor habitat needed better in tomonitoring are monitoringmatch number numberofsites the that the fynbos ofsites. uniformity pine This for controlling case makesthe a introduction good a had F1. Theuninvadedabsent in fynbosthe site greatest causethe sites, of which

rstand therstand impl Threshold of Potential Concern Potential Threshold of reasonable

fragmentation ismay commonCFR compositionofcommunities. the the ant in and shift Argentine ant Argentine

temporal scale at which to understand populatio understand attemporal scale to which ications the differences between differences the particularly, fynbosand sites ications the long

invasion may to attributed be the F2 that the and fact ant in Argentine waspresent .

tical of power thisstudy is not

rehensive vegetation needed, survey is a with rehensive

nd spread of the Argentine ant nd spreadofArgentine the

richness, and diversity and richness,

For instance, the TPC instance,For the outlined n trends n ant Argentine fortrends the reliable

enough a ). One year is is a One year ). of any site of site any ,

as aas one . It is proposed . It proposed is - - term term off –

this this for

CEU eTD Collection TPCinvasive a method. a can statistical trees developed using forbe similar data, these useful Not thisas can supplementrange. only to serve environmental variables community ant data to antArgentine this abundance maya reveal presence density alien monitoring, the and canCorrelatingspecies recorded. oftree be invasive species for this deviation respectArgentinestandard in to of large ants the are habitats also priority area.More a robust monitoringofis these sites recommended because biology becauseofCertainly the invasion of Argenti suitable This conditions. bemonitoringat baseline only a scale. can confirmedthrough larger More developed TPCsThese the are have assumingcurrent conditionsbe that that as positiveexplored control. possible indicationofa ant Argentine ofotherhand, On thisspecies. the decreasebe a orspread byone deviations should twostandard atbeyond or engageabundance this threshold management should to intervention prio a ( deviation mean data on multi abundance this study.a in In forthreshold broada a regarding guideline Still, A rity. Twority. deviations standard

TPC +0.71 i s may from morehabitat including replicates s devised be and long is is fromlarge, 1 n fynbos and

- +16.76 45 in pine, and so so and pine, mustbe 45 in forms the second level ofant forms threshold level Argentine and the second the

in pine in ) will alert managers to to alert) where managers an will area monitoring is 69

- level TPC, anbylevel increase standard one

rgentine ant in invasion rgentine TMNP be can relationship ne antsne and data collected,disturbed the

understoo at sites pine

that explains the the that explains la

better . The of range abundance . During ant. During en sampleden form - term term rge abundance mi monitoring. monitoring. tigate

based based

the CEU eTD Collection fynbos seed dispersal (Luruli 2007). (Luruli dispersal fynbos seed Argentine outcompeted bythe ant ant Southin previous studies Africa. Luruli (2007) documented number absent may site are species from pine for fynbos identified indicate detector every research from this vary values (gra asare identified species although indicator inindicators this study(2010), Uys’ the both and of diversity(Pierceindicator floral pr and species butterflies, Lycaenidae pollinating vegetation diversity,and recovery.mutualismrichness, Also, the to due between presence habitats as mayinvaded its increased ecosystem suggest in terms of health species indicationofdisturbance.On an as lowhabitat Camponotus Camponotus m dissimilarity or species specificityand within habitata thatcontribute while SIMPER the identifies to similarity slight fromThe results the both twocharacteristic or onone morefocusing and species a approach. species is detector efficient would As and it costly be impract 5.2.2 ly different features different ly ofcommunity. the Indicator Species Indicator s

of Argentine ofants Argentine

species from species the aculatus

between within habitat. a sites nite fynbos only support

is a clear indicatorforis clear a two also theidentified fynbosUys (2010) sites. IndVal have have to the faculty

only). Uys listed three only). Uys listed maculatus s

C. and SIMPER identify similar species however and they similar highlight SIMPER species identify ical to look insect look the to entire or community,ical at ant instead .

et al. maculatus This is a a is causeThis

2002). 2002). group ascangroup inpresence used indicators be fynbos. Its IndVal

displace these species. as character a - 70 going monitoringshouldgoing look Meranoplus

esence of

for concern due to for to concerndue the role species species as characteristic indicator

identifies species that rank highidentifies thatrank for fidelity species Camponotus istic indicator. The fact that eight indicator.Thefactistic that , Crematogaster Pheidole There is There in is ofevidence this

colonies a is good colonies

ants , and , and

Pheidole , for one, for this species in in for thisspecies Camponotus

Pheidole that large that large s , while , while

plays in plays in being being

data

CEU eTD Collection There are applications of are applications There TCS a and an well with as found be to likely traits They detector species. thanshare with charact are less vulnerable These of groupmajority inpine. functionalgroups detector makesupthe species the functional th pattern a reveals i Classifying ant This representationofoffers than better the composition andindicators a species suitable SIMPER. whe taxon, that SIMPER foundspecies in are fynbosboth sites. lists also must interpreted caution be with SIMPER for results invaded the fynbosF2. site fynbosprogressing. In habitats theespecially Argentine mayant, thatrecovery ofnot indicate vegetation the is natural as sites serveacross can sites, population bioindicators. pine a of In large either thesespecies, not Uysindicators. does clear In e functe disparity - felled habitats, pine ional groups areional groups are known, species three one GMs,and reas in reality there wasonly realityreas in one there may remed be species species n both types 20).habitat (Table Of six the across i.e. habitats across IndVal that have beenthat have

list

of 81.6,

ied by sampling a greater number of fynbos sites. numberof bysamplingfynbos greater a sites. ied L any any indicator species for pine. . capensis , these a ofdiversity,as may ant species indicate loss in was seen or HCS detector species ( species HCSdetector or is a c a is intermediate identified as suitable identified suitable indicators as , and the, and characteristicant Argentine as are identified haracteristic indicator for clear

individual data, at each fynbosthis For site. 71

fidelity and fidelity specificity. fynbos because only were because there two fynbos M. M. peringueyi

L. detector species fynbos in fordetector which

L cape . capensis

is an OPP. an is Likewise, the nsis by eristic specieristic -

and/or the Argentine and/or theant Argentine felled pine habitats and

functional groups functional

as a fynbos a indicator as L . M. capensis M. capensis

es and are es are and

is OPP an ,

IndVal ant ant OPP .

CEU eTD Collection 2010) carefully interpreted. carefully invasion response ant the and of ants,abundancesof must indigenous large any be species is sufficient not to misleading.thebe data in understand trends AsArge absence/presence is sometimes instudies,numbers singledata large a used ant as maycolony mightand represent species this founwas only commonAnother is pest ant South in suggests pests are This Africa. that they species generalist tolerant of disturbance. from virtually Bothwere fynbos Theabsent ant. sites. that were foundThe ants greatestabundancesites were at in pine PINE FYNBOS 20. Table bioindicators of change. climate ofshould couldrespectively). Theresponses studied thesespecies be potentially they as serve

*Speciesthat are identified ascharacteristic ofsite similarity SIMPERin

Indicatorspecies and Detector Characteristic Detector Characteristic Indictor type

d in one pine one withlowabundance site, (n=2). Absence/presence d in very

functional groups withinthe antc Pheidole megacephela

Pheidolespecies Monomorium modustum Messorcapensis Meranoplus peringueyi Crematogasterperingueyi Cardiocondylaspecies maculatus* Camponotus Tetramoriumspecies 1 Tetramoriumregulare* Tapinomaspecies Linepithema Lepisiotacapensis* Tetramoriumcapense Rhoptromyrmextransversinodis 72

humile*

(Luruli 2007)(Luruli

Species ommunity 1 se are are maintwo se household ofthree the

(functional groupsfrom Samways , however, unlike the other unlikethe, however, other two, L. capensis .

, and the, and Argentine GM GM HCS TCS GM SC OPP OPP DD OPP OPP Functionalgroups

ntine ntine etal

. CEU eTD Collection fynbos and pine habitatsfynbos pine and TMNP. in Themonitoringdesign can proposed be bySANParks, participants Iimbovane its and with collaborate monitoringgoals. Iimbovane ownSANParks also their can achieve to Cap Iimbovanewith staff. of and park maintaining mustmanagerinventories charge updating the strong a in have interface SANParks is to since useful data protocol for antstandard of out classroom Iimbovanebiodiversity this a of experience. TMNPstaff that in ensures encounter ofenvironment beauty appreciation they and the as natural for students the and is accessible theeasily schoolsin The park to monitoring TMNP.two Iimbovanein monitoringsites More Iimobvane forstronger and a between calls partnership thereonlyThis SANParks. To date, are inventories,ant Iimbovane itsparticip and havecapacity Incase thatSANParksnot the the does supplementobjective. maintainand to their designing to is any information relevantcrucial a gathering monitoring programmewith stepmonitoringin a forwardfor insect Invenachieves thepartnership park. of as While yet encouraging the to question SANParks’ response the informationregarding from they receive Iimbovane is 5.3 e can be can e Citizen

- . SANParks circulates the. SANParksinv information circulates updatestheir and a great advantage to SANParks. to advantage great a Science Monitoring , there have, there no been frommanagement implicationsarising data, this Iimbovane’s The objective of Iimbovane to compile an atlas of ants in the Western the in Western of compileThe objective atlas of to an ants Iimbovane

monitoring followed areAsis reliable. such, that the and results th

have have the communities capacity monitor resources in and to ant TMNP lack

ants can allevia s completes insect inventories. Thedatabase Cape foster Peninsula.trips awareness will Field

te thisstress. should

entories accordingly.

be created in the park. inpark. created the be torying andtorying is

CEU eTD Collection biodiversity monitoring,theexpenditure in conservationpark. support and future. the in opportunities willteachvaluable empower students, inspireemploymentpark skills, perhapseven possible and SA alongside by curriculum, the fit Iimbovane participatingschools. Working tailored to executed then and NParks staff and being involved staffefforts NParks national involved in a conservation in being monitoring and and

For SANParks, it will of it issues alleviate cos SANParks, For 74

t andt personnel

CEU eTD Collection fynbos and pine habitats.fynbos pine more monitoringscheme and A more for wouldinclude robust sites fynbos andrecommended identified for insuccessfully are park managersmeasuring changes tools in as community composition linkedthat is habit to indicatorspeciesidentified for fynbosdistinct from were clear the difference or or tothis significant cause for as not concern.However,the whether is unclear wasseenant. Argentine abundance It in much in greater the clear monitoringof community theis Future of ant recommendedthe understand impact the fully to themonitoring is both to participantsTMNP. and The insect pursuedof be for other terrestrial taxa. can benefit employi then is to which the sent Cape ResearchCentre to augment Suchan inventories. their approach Project. communitythrough biodiversity. can protect Onewhich wayachieved to in be informedmanagement actions this is Knowing inventories. insect t protected in across areas Not only South TMNP, also in of there dearth but Africa a is complete in invasion underat ofthe SANParksspecificlook theant a Argentine park. Centre and case to Thisrespect insect through wasaccomplished taxa. was aim The broad research to capacity TMNP ofand the in address this monitoring needs with Conclusion

Their antTheir

- monitoring program Western onextant speciesCape, the data ant in compiles - based monitoring. This is seen to be successful in successfulin monitoring. seenbe to thebased is Iimbovane This Outreach he species of species he insects present will in park more the promote at were inspecies at differences someway. Indicator 75

an interface with the with CapeResearch interface an - - felled pine sites, suggesting pinesuggesting sites, felled felled planta pine ng citizen - science in insect insect in science tions but it tions it is but

CEU eTD Collection bioindicators TPCs, and impactan onnative ArgentineSpecifically, merits the ant becauseof increased monitoring in park its the potential conclusion,In of biodiversity the conserve natural fynbos ecos ant Argentine Theassociatedmanagementinvasion. are respondsto goals fynbos recovery with thoseresearch thatweremonitoralign in to how outlined this the i.e. community and ant concernfor theant Argentine developed.of be potential this Theobjectives observed, be can onlyideallyinput and with then, suitable forma threshold can of experts, comparison, an insect monitoring is feasible monitoringis usefulinsect and TMNP’s in managementcycle. adaptive d inclusionenvironmental of long other be variables. It should t assemblagest With associatedfynbos application habitat. the and the of this

monitoring

can servecan conduitto a as effective conservation 76

ystem and control invasive alien alien ystem invasive control invasion. and proposed program - term so that trends term that trends so .

CEU eTD Collection L. and of benchmarks concernas Gillson, Duffin, K.I. 2007.Threshold potential the in protectedEngelbrecht, in inventories I.A.2010.Invertebrate species area are management: extinctions, insect majority. theDunn,2005. Modern neglected R.R. Dufrêne C.W.S., 2002. Dickens, Graham, and P.M. Water (DWA).DepartmentWorking ofWater Affairs N.d. homepage.URL: for biodiversity J. through R.K.,A. terrestrial 1994.Estimating Colwell, Coddington, and R.K.Colwell, 2013. PRIMER manual/tutorial. User K.R. Gorley, PRIMERClarke, & R.N. v6: 2006. J.S., Hughes,G.O., Richardson,D.M.,Bomhard, Donaldson, G.F., B., Midgley, Raimondo, B. 2009.Successfully implementingcitizen Braschler, a A.N.,W.J.,Usin A.D. Griffiths, Andersen, Hoffmann,B.D., 2002. Muller, and References 345(1311): 101 345(1311): extrapolation. 2013].May URL: 9. [consultedfrom Version Persistent samples. purl.oclc.org/estimates on18 Region,1452 11: South ChangeBiology Floristic Global Africa. and use Red change climate statusland onthe List and D.C., M., W.impacts of A.G.,Thuiller, Rebelo, 2005.Potential future Rouget, monitoring in resource a responses. management:bioindicators land in simplifying community assessmentant of Biological SciencesBiological savannahs. management of African useful? they approach.for flexibleasymmetrical a BioassessmentforRapid Rivers. African Method Jour on2Marchhttp://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/default.aspx [consulted 2013]. 19(4): 1030 19(4): , M. and Legendre, P. 1997. Species assemblages Legendre, species: and P. The , M. 1997.Species indicator and need

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