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Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality.Docx Running Head: Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality By Angie Wallace Masters in Interdisciplinary Studies Southern Oregon University 2018 Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 2 Table of Contents Abstract Page 3 Introduction Page 4 Research Questions Page 6 Literature Review Page 7 Methods Page 22 IRB Page 25 Results Page 25 Figures 1, 2, and 3 Page 30 - 31 Discussion Page 31 Research based Art Piece Page 37 Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 Page 41 - 42 References Page 43 Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 3 Abstract This paper explores the social construction of heterosexual female sexuality through visual social narratives in the form of advertisements and artistic photographs. The purpose of this study it to produce an art piece based on my findings. The problems I encountered during my research include my own bias and limited subjects. Since, I am a woman who identifies as heterosexual I have my own preconceived ideas along with personal experiences. In addition, the limited data set provides its own drawbacks. If I were to broaden my scope, the data may or may not have revealed other themes. That being said, for my purposes the themes that have emerged include the following; (1) the male gaze, (2) gender performance, (3) body as a commodity, and (4) sexual harassment. Through the process of visual ethnography and methodology, my design study is to analyze these images as a heterosexual female and combine this analysis with the literature. During this process, I have concluded that heterosexual female sexuality is contingent on how we recognize and interpret visual culture. The data I collected provided a framework for my multimedia sculpture titled, Fracture. Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 4 Introduction “Our eyes are truly wondrous windows on the world. The last of our senses to evolve and the most sophisticated, they are our main source of information about the world, sending more data quickly to the nervous system than any other sense” (Barry, 1997, p. 15). The objectification of female sexuality is collectively accepted across media sources in our culture. The purpose of this study is to better understand heterosexual female sexuality in Western culture; specifically, how fine art and advertisements affect our inner worlds. As a heterosexual woman I am interested in understanding how images affect our own sexual identities and how this is imitated in social situations. In order to gain a deeper understanding of how the male gaze influences female sexuality we need to study the way in which visual culture represents women. The aim of this research is to collect provocative advertisements and artistic photographs that provide contrasting visual commentary on social narratives of female sexuality. These visual artifacts will help in the understanding of the scholarly data as well as provide new ways of seeing and understanding social attitudes of femininity. The importance of this topic is universal with regard to our binary social structure and the masculine hierarchy that influences this point of view. Connell (2009) notes, legislators, parents, teachers, business owners, TV personalities, etc. continuously reinforce socially accepted gender-appropriate behavior. With that said, a greater awareness of visual culture will help contextualize implicit actions from both individual and collective views, that exemplifies the role of women in Western culture. The literature has provided some key concepts that I will address. In Western culture female sexuality is influenced by heterosexual masculinity, this one-sided opinion governs how Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 5 society views woman. This along with audiencing (Rose, 2016) persuades how women are represented in visual artifacts. The influences of visual culture informs societal stereotypes and therefore informs Western culture. Over the years, art and advertisements have preserved the concept of hegemonic masculinity as a way to commodified female sexuality (Butler, 1990; Connell, 2009; Fahs, 2011; Goldman, Heath, and Smith, 1991; Seidman, 2010; Smith, 1974; West & Zimmerman, 1987; Westbrook & Schilt, 2014). My primary interest is how a masculine hierarchy influences female sexuality; reinforced by visual narratives displaying gender normative behavior in a binary society. In other words, studying gender performance will provide clues about heterosexual female sexuality by identifying subliminal messages in visual narratives. As my subjects, I have chosen three American Apparel advertisements and three works from artist Cindy Sherman (see Figures 1 through 3). I will address these images from my viewpoint as well as scholarly sources to draw conclusions on social narratives that construct gender norms. Through my research four themes have emerged; (1) the male gaze, (2) gender performance, (3) body as a commodity, and (4), sexual harassment. These four components of human experience will assist in the understanding of female sexuality along with the six images. In order to better understand social gender construction of heterosexual female sexuality through visual narratives, I will draw parallels between what is real and imagined. To achieve this, I will juxtapose Figures 1 through 3 to help articulate themes about heterosexual female sexuality. Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 6 According to Barry (1997) and Rose (2016) how we understand visual culture affects how we create social narratives, construct meaning, and try to make sense of the world. However, we cannot take an image at face value without also acknowledging sociopolitical categories such as class, gender, race, sexuality, etc. These categories affect how spectators filter visual information while also reinforcing the implicit political landscape that is accepted as truth. Continuing my artistic exploration of female sexuality from a heterosexual viewpoint I will create an art piece that confronts the male gaze. By combining materials, representing both feminine and masculine qualities I aim to invoke contemplation on dominate visual narratives in a masculine system. I challenge my audience to reimagine their positions in society as well as learn new ways of seeing. As the visual ethnographer in this study, my class, gender, race, and sexuality will affect the interpretation of the data. I will focus on; the male gaze, gender performance, body as a commodity, and sexual harassment through my personal lens as a heterosexual woman in Western Culture. These concepts will help synthesize the main themes. To achieve this, I will be addressing the following questions. Research Questions 1. How does the male gaze influence female sexuality and femininity? 2. How do visual narratives influence and construct female sexuality? 3. How do subliminal messages in visual images affect our relationship to self? Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 7 Literature Review Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality Heterosexual female sexuality is contingent on the social interaction between men and women; this negotiation is regarded as a private activity based on individual desires and values (Baumeister and Vohs 2004). However, they suggest that there is a hierarchical exchange between the two genders, this is based in the cultural value of sex and women are the suppliers. Though men and women are participating in the same activity they are socially experiencing sex as a supply and demand commodity. In Western culture female sexuality has developed into a product created by the dominance of masculinity, several facets influence this system; for the purpose of this study my focus is on visual culture. Visual Artifacts such as art and advertisements influence Western culture and these symbols are linked to gender construction. Over the years, art and advertisements have preserved the concept of masculine hegemony and have turned female sexuality into a commodity as a way to regulate gender norms. The literature has provided a foundation for understanding heterosexual female gender construction and the limitations associated with sexual freedom in a masculine hegemonic culture. The historical context of art and feminism suggests that visual art and media influence female sexuality; additionally, the masculine ideal dominates, informs, and maintains this canon. As a result, female sexuality is restricted to specific behaviors based on heterosexuality. Several scholars suggest; gender heteronormative behavior is performed continuously based on previously learned behaviors. This behavior is conditioned through the eyes of men; thus, Visual Narratives of Heterosexual Female Sexuality 8 women internalize gender normative heterosexuality. These constructs permeate everyday life and preserve masculine homogony (Butler, 1990; Connell, 2009; Fahs, 2011; Smith, 1974; West & Zimmerman, 1987; Westbrook & Schilt, 2014). In other words, female sexuality is determined, maintained, and regulated by gender paradigms constructed by a heterosexual social structure. Historical Framework Art. Throughout the centuries artists have depicted women as objects rather than subjects; in addition, these visual narratives continue today in the form of advertisements. According to Lucie-Smith (1993) and Butkowski and Tajima (2017) women have been portrayed as decorative objects in art. They go on to say, wealth and status influenced how women presented themselves in society as a way to submit
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