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Series Editor: Michael Beaney Series Editor: Michael Beaney Titles include : Stewart Candlish THE RUSSELL/BRADLEY DISPUTE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR TWENTIETH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY Annalisa Coliva MOORE AND WITTGENSTEIN Scepticism, Certainty and Common Sense George Duke DUMMETT ON ABSTRACT OBJECTS Sébastien Gandon RUSSELL’S UNKNOWN LOGICISM A Study in the History and Philosophy of Mathematics Gregory Landini FREGE’S NOTATIONS What They Are and What They Mean Sandra Lapointe BOLZANO’S THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY An Introduction Omar W. Nasim BERTRAND RUSSELL AND THE EDWARDIAN PHILOSOPHERS Constructing the World Ulrich Pardey FREGE ON ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE TRUTH An Introduction to the Practice of Interpreting Philosophical Texts Douglas Patterson ALFRED TARSKI Philosophy of Language and Logic Graham Stevens THE THEORY OF DESCRIPTIONS Nuno Venturinha ( editor ) WITTGENSTEIN AFTER HIS NACHLASS Pierre Wagner ( editor ) CARNAP’S LOGICAL SYNTAX OF LANGUAGE Pierre Wagner ( editor ) CARNAP’S IDEAL OF EXPLICATION AND NATURALISM Forthcoming: Andrew Arana and Carlos Alvarez ( editors ) ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS Rosalind Carey RUSSELL ON MEANING The Emergence of Scientific Philosophy from the 1920s to the 1940s Giusseppina D’Oro REASONS AND CAUSES Causalism and Non-Causalism in the Philosophy of Action Anssi Korhonen LOGIC AS UNIVERSAL SCIENCE Russell’s Early Logicism and Its Philosophical Context Sandra Lapointe (translator) Franz Prihonsky THE NEW ANTI-KANT Consuelo Preti THE METAPHYSICAL BASIS OF ETHICS The Early Philosophical Development of G.E. Moore Erich Reck (editor ) THE HISTORIC TURN IN ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY Maria van der Schaar G.F. STOUT: ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History of Analytic Philosophy Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–55409–2 (hardcover) Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–55410–8 (paperback) ( outside North America only ) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Frege on Absolute and Relative Truth An Introduction to the Practice of Interpreting Philosophical Texts Ulrich Pardey Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany © Ulrich Pardey 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-137-01222-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-43653-8 ISBN 978-1-137-01223-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137012234 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 To Barbara, Eva and Katja This page intentionally left blank Contents Series Editor’s Preface xi Preface xiv Acknowledgments xix Texts and Translations xxi List of Logical Symbols xxiv 1 Introduction: In Tarski’s Shadow 1 1.1 Frege’s critique of the correspondence theory 1 1.2 Six incredible errors 4 2 The Context: The Question of Truth Bearers 6 2.1 Psychologism – Frege’s major target 6 2.2 Relative and absolute truth 7 2.3 Excursion: relativizations of truth 9 2.4 Regions of truth 12 2.5 Two notions of truth 13 2.6 The truth of pictures and ideas in terms of correspondence 15 3 Frege’s Text and Its Argumentative Structure 17 3.1 The text 17 3.2 Discussion of the structure: demarcating the arguments 20 3.3 Three definitions of I-truth in terms of correspondence 24 4 The First Argument: Scientific Truth Is Absolute 26 4.1 The text 26 4.2 The absoluteness of scientific truth 26 4.3 Soames’s and Künne’s criticisms of Frege’s first argument 29 5 The Second Argument: Scientific Truth Is Perfect 34 5.1 The text 34 5.2 The perfection of scientific truth 34 5.3 Soames’s reconstruction of the second argument 36 5.4 Stuhlmann-Laeisz’s critique 38 vii viii Contents 6 The Third Argument: Scientific Truth Is Independent 41 6.1 The text 41 6.2 The connection between the second and third arguments 43 6.3 The dependency of I-truth 44 6.4 The omnipresence of truth and Dummett’s alleged regress 49 6.5 The distinction between I-truth and S-truth 53 6.6 The independence of scientific truth 55 6.7 The game and its potential restart 56 6.8 The connections between the first three arguments 58 7 Parallels in Frege’s ‘Logik’ 62 7.1 Similarities between the parallel arguments 62 7.2 The connection between the two arguments 66 7.3 Differences between the definitions 69 7.4 Proof structure of the arguments 74 7.5 The error in the circle objection in ‘Logik’ 77 7.6 The transition from ‘Logik’ to ‘Der Gedanke’ 80 7.7 The respective contexts in ‘Logik’ and in ‘Der Gedanke’ 83 7.8 Concluding comparison of L and G 87 7.9 The treadmill 88 8 The Fourth Argument: The Circle Objection 96 8.1 The text 96 8.2 An analytic definition with two one-place predicates 97 8.3 The inapplicability of the circle objection to a non-analytic definition 102 8.4 Künne’s critique 110 8.5 A generalization of the circle objection 114 9 The Omnipresence of Truth 118 9.1 The circle in the application process 118 9.2 Propositional questions (1) 119 9.3 Decisions and applications 121 9.4 Propositional questions (2) 123 9.5 The form of assertive sentences 124 Contents ix 10 Dummett’s Regress 126 10.1 Dummett’s reconstruction and critique of Frege’s arguments 126 10.2 Dummett’s and Soames’s neglect of Frege’s definitions 128 10.3 Dummett’s way of connecting the third and fourth objections 129 10.4 Dummett’s regress as a beginner’s mistake 130 11 The Reduction of I-Truth to S-Truth 134 11.1 The text 134 11.2 True ideas and true friends 135 11.3 The reduction of I-truth to sentence truth 135 11.4 The relativity of sentence truth 136 11.5 The truth we really mean 140 11.6 The answer to the initial question 144 12 The Fifth Argument: Frege’s Regress 145 12.1 The text 145 12.2 The regress argument 145 12.3 On the distinction between circle and regress arguments 152 12.4 The context: Frege’s major thesis in ‘Der Gedanke’ 155 13 The Road to a Novel Interpretation 158 13.1 Contrapositing an interpretation 158 13.2 A road to the first argument 162 13.3 A road to the third argument 172 14 Absolute or Relative Truth? 181 14.1 A generalized formulation of Frege’s objections 181 14.2 Absolute truth of thoughts versus relative truth of predication 184 14.3 Another objection 186 14.4 The liar as the key witness against absolute truth 187 15 Tarski’s Definition of Truth and Frege’s Critique 191 15.1 Frege’s absolute truth and Tarski’s hierarchy of languages 191 15.2 The impact of Tarski’s recursive definition of truth 195 x Contents 15.3 Tarski’s recursive definition versus Frege’s analytic definition 197 15.4 Frege’s critique and Tarski’s definition of truth 199 16 Conclusion I: Absolute versus Relative Truth 204 16.1 Absolute and relative truth 204 16.2 The blind spot in the misinterpretations 206 16.3 Frege, Tarski and Tarski’s shadow 208 17 Conclusion II: Two Modes of Interpretation 210 17.1 Six important rules that an interpretation should follow 210 17.2 Apologetic interpretations 215 17.3 Incriminating interpretations 217 17.4 Refutation by way of interpretation 219 17.5 On the uses and the morals of interpreting 221 Appendix: Synopsis of Relevant Frege Passages and Their Various Translations 223 A.1 ‘Der Gedanke’ 223 A.2 ‘Logik’ 228 A.3 Some remarks on the translations 229 Notes 231 Bibliography 236 Index 239 Series Editor’s Preface During the first half of the twentieth century analytic philosophy gradu- ally established itself as the dominant tradition in the English-speaking world, and over the last few decades it has taken firm root in many other parts of the world.
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