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Malaysia's Changing Media Environment and Youth Political Engagement—Student Voices from 2010 a Dissertation Presented To Malaysia's Changing Media Environment and Youth Political Engagement—Student Voices from 2010 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Animesh S. Rathore April 2016 © 2016 Animesh S. Rathore. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Malaysia's Changing Media Environment and Youth Political Engagement—Student Voices from 2010 by ANIMESH S. RATHORE has been approved for the School of Media Arts and Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Drew O. McDaniel Professor of Media Arts and Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii ABSTRACT RATHORE, ANIMESH S., Ph.D., April 2016, Mass Communication Malaysia's Changing Media Environment and Youth Political Engagement—Student Voices from 2010 Director of Dissertation: Drew O. McDaniel This dissertation explores the roles played by media toward political engagement and disengagement among students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), an affirmative action university in Malaysia, during 2010. In doing so, this study examined perceptions regarding Malaysian media and politics, and the roles played by both mainstream mass media and online media in fostering political engagement and disengagement among UiTM students. The ethnographic fieldwork for this study was conducted during 2010—a critical year in Malaysia’s political history, which preceded the repeal of the country’s controversial laws including the Internal Security Act University and the University Colleges Act (UUCA). Before its repeal in 2012, UUCA banned university students and academicians from joining political parties, which presented a key challenge in obtaining informant feedback during the fieldwork. The findings revealed a distrust of mainstream media among many of the informants, including the politically engaged and the disengaged, during 2010. The alternative media online had helped disseminate oppositional messages and had encouraged both engagement and disengagement. Moreover, social media, including Facebook and Twitter, had led to an unprecedented form of engagement between youth and political leaders and issues, which, in turn, had led to enhanced interactions—thereby increasing student involvement in the country’s political discourse. While both iii government controlled media and alternative media online had resulted in multiple political discourses, the overall environment for youth political engagement and disengagement was shaped by multiple factors, including parental influence, peer influence, role models, and establishment, along with media. Moreover, issues such as continued corruption in the country had contributed further to a distrust of mainstream media and political leaders, and had, thereby, contributed to the growing political disengagement among many UiTM students. The students’ reactions were later justified in government actions to resist a change in the country’s political leadership. Keywords: Malaysia, political engagement, political disengagement, university students, online, social media iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not come to fruition without the help of individuals from different parts of the world. First of all, I am truly grateful to the informants of this study, who entrusted me in sharing their innermost thoughts and candid opinions on complex and potentially sensitive issues. I earnestly wish for a bright and prosperous future for all of them and for Malaysia. Conducting this study would not have been possible without the support of the people at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UiTM). I sincerely thank all of them, especially my friends from Japan, Indonesia, Iran, and Yemen, and the local Malaysian students, who helped me in numerous ways during my stay in Shah Alam. At Ohio University, I greatly appreciate the useful guidance, time, and continued support, from the School of Media Arts & Studies, especially Dr. Roger Cooper, Dr. Greg Newton, Dr. Joseph Slade, Ms. Judy Wilson, and Ms. Paula Carpenter, along with other outstanding faculty and staff. I am really thankful to Dr. Karen Riggs, Dr. Hong Cheng (Virginia Commonwealth University), and Dr. Haley Duschinski (Anthropology, Ohio University) for serving on my dissertation committee and for their valuable insights, support, and teaching me research skills. The completion of this dissertation would have been far more challenging in absence of a comprehensive library collection on Malaysia. Here, I would like to acknowledge the help and support provided by people at the Vernon R. Alden Library, especially I wish to thank Mr. Jeff Ferrier (Curator, International Collections & Reference Librarian), Ms. Edie Luce (Staff), Ms. Lucy Conn (Staff), Mr. Jeff Shane (Reference Librarian), Dr. KengWe Koh (Shao You-Bao Center), Mr. Scott Seaman (Dean), and many others. I am thankful to Dr. Adah Ward-Randolph (Educational v Studies), who taught me qualitative interviewing, and to Dr. Donald Dudding (English Department), who took time out of his busy schedule to offer proofing help, for their continued support and words of encouragement. While I sincerely thank all the teachers throughout my academic journey so far, my deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Drew McDaniel, who, as the director of this dissertation and as my mentor and advisor for many years, has remained a constant source of inspiration and has brought out the better in me. There is no way I can thank Dr. McDaniel enough for the exceptional training and continued support, and for the valuable feedback on my research. Although this dissertation has been greatly shaped by the help and guidance I have received from others, I take full responsibility for the errors and inconsistencies. Despite rough patches and inevitable challenges, I am excited about finishing this dissertation. I am eternally thankful to my mother, sister, and other family members for their understanding and strong support. Colleagues, friends, and elders, I thank you all for your support, and more importantly for keeping me motivated by showing confidence in me. I am unable to include all the names here, and words are hardly enough to express my gratitude satisfactorily toward all the people who either directly or indirectly contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Thank you once again! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiv List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Malaysia—a Brief Background ...................................................................................... 2 Location and Governance ........................................................................................... 2 Demography ................................................................................................................ 5 Colonial Economic Policy and its Impact ................................................................... 8 May 13, 1969 ............................................................................................................ 11 The New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1971 ............................................................... 11 Malaysian Higher Education ........................................................................................ 14 The Beginning ........................................................................................................... 14 Post-Independence Developments ............................................................................ 16 Key Issues ................................................................................................................. 16 Impressions from a University Campus ........................................................................ 19 Malaysian University Students and Political Engagement ........................................... 20 The Year 2010 in Malaysia’s Political History ............................................................ 23 Why Study UiTM? ........................................................................................................ 27 About this Study ........................................................................................................... 29 Purpose of this Study ................................................................................................ 29 Key Terms ................................................................................................................. 30 Dissertation Outline .................................................................................................. 31 Chapter-Wise Summary ............................................................................................ 31 Chapter 2: The Development of Malaysia’s Mainstream Mass Media ............................ 38 Emergence of Mass Media ........................................................................................... 38 Early Newspapers and Press Freedom
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