GTNEWS 15 Spring 2021

Research • Conserve • Campaign

Front cover image: Under the shade of the Wisteria bound at William Waterfield’s Clos du Peyronnet, the iconic third generation ‘English ’ in Menton, . See p.26. Photo by Charles Boot. GTNEWS 15 Spring 2021

Join Us If you or someone you know is not a member, please join us! Contents Your support is vital in helping the Trust to protect From the Garden Chair 4 and campaign for historic news & campaigns 6 designed landscapes. Benefits County Gardens Trusts swing into action 6 include GT News, our journal Historic Landscape Project update 8 Garden History, and access Norfolk Gardens Trust’s Unforgettable to exclusive member events. Gardens Conservation Project 9 A special rate is available The Combe, Wells, Somerset 10 to County Garden Trust Bedfordshire Head Gardeners Network 11 members. Join today at: HS2 archaeologists uncover Coleshill Manor 13 thegardenstrust.org/support-us/ New team member – Daniel Bowles 14 Volunteer of the Year Award 2021 15 17th Annual Mavis Batey Essay Prize 16 11th New Research Symposium 16 from our contributors 17 Chiswick House Gardens 17 What happened to British Modernism? 19 in memoriam 25 www.thegardenstrust.org Fiona Garnett 25 William Waterfield 26 The Gardens Trust head office: 70 Cowcross Street, David Marsh - The on-line 27 London EC1M 6EJ phone: 020 7608 2409 general email: GT Events 28 [email protected] The Gardens Trust Annual Conference 34 Company number: 03163187 Study Tour to France – update 35 Registered Charity number: 1053446 Study Tour to Palermo and the West of Sicily 36 other events & news in brief 37 Copy deadline for Summer 2021 Officers 38 Copy deadline for issue 16 1 June 2021 for distribution Events Diary 39 in July 2021 From the Garden Chair Peter Hughes

n this, the bleakest of Imidwinters, thoughts turn to Spring. In our Cumbria garden, the earliest daffodils were in flower on Christmas day, the snowdrops are now in bloom, while the camellias and one of my favourites for early in the season, Corylopsis pauciflora, are just waiting to burst forth. Something else to cheer up the winter is Rhododendron ‘Christmas Cheer’, which this year lived up to its name for us. The promise of Spring is, though, mixed with snow and ice reminding us that it is still Winter. We have a Wollemi pine, grown from one of the first distribution of seed from Kew some years Hughes Peter ago and given to us by a friend. Our Wollemi pine, Wollemia nobilis, flourishing despite the snow. It thrives, producing cones, and withstands what Winter has to Gardens Trust. The programme which the National Trust appeared throw at it, as the picture testifies. will continue throughout 2021 to be heading. We discussed the Although many of us will soon and move on to different parts of leaked draft of its vision plan for have been vaccinated, at least the country. Other series include the future, and the failure of some once, by the time you read this, lectures by leading landscape of their gardens, such as ‘The it looks increasingly likely that it architects and academics on Post- Kymin’ and ‘Rievaulx Terrace’ will be some time before things war Landscapes, Caroline Holmes to re-open when restrictions return to any form of normality on Portraits, Politics and Passion. were relaxed last Summer. I was and gardens are able to open up Literally, something for everyone. given assurances about their for visitors. In the meantime, at In the last GT NEWS, I wrote commitment to conservation and least, we can stay indoors, keep of our concerns about the the maintenance of the gardens warm, and watch the marvellous National Trust’s possible vision in its care, but it will be up to series of webinars that has been for the future of the gardens and all of us in both the GT and the put together by David Marsh landscapes in its care. I reported CGTs to keep a watchful eye, and and his team of lecturers and on the action that we had taken be prepared to hold the National volunteers (see p.27–33). The and the communications I had Trust to account. The real value of Gardens Trust owes all of them a had with National Trust’s Director the meeting was that it established huge debt for all that they have General, Hilary McGrady. As a lines of communication between done to keep us going through result, I had a meeting, by zoom, the National Trust and the GT. these difficult times. A number of before Christmas, with John These will be particularly important County Gardens Trusts have taken Orna-Ornstein, the National for the future, especially as we lose up the idea, and I have thoroughly Trust’s Director of Curation and our seat on the National Trust enjoyed watching the first Experience, and Simon Toomer, its Council in October, as a result of Unforgettable Gardens webinars acting Head of Gardens. This gave their decision to reduce the size of put on in collaboration between me the opportunity to express our the Council. Since my meeting, the GT and Northamptonshire deep concern at the direction in there has been a further meeting

4 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 From the Garden Chair between Linden Groves and Simon Toomer to look at ways in which we can work together, for example on our Unforgettable Gardens project and on training and professional development. We have been at pains to tell the National Trust that we have a wealth of knowledge and experience in garden history and garden conservation, experience which they no longer have, as a result of the recent financial cutbacks and programme of redundancies. I believe that the right approach is to try to form a working relationship, which enables us to express our concerns and, where appropriate, objections to what the Hughes Peter National Trust may be planning, Grizdale Pike from our garden. rather than, simply, adopting a confrontational approach and now buried in Rome in Santa be allowed to start meeting up again. treating them as the enemy. Maria Sopra Minerva – more The relationship between the GT It is apparent, though, that there prosaically, though, he is also a and the CGTs is something to which will be changes resulting from typeface). I realised that I had I attach great importance. One of the pandemic and new financial forgotten to mention two more the tasks I set myself, when I became constraints, not just in National glories of the garden at this time Chairman was to visit as many of the Trust gardens, but more widely. of year Hamamelis mollis, the County Gardens Trust as possible. Pre-booked and timed tickets are witch hazel, and Cornus mas, the There are now thirty-seven affiliated likely to become the norm. They Cornelian cherry. The witch hazel to the GT. I doubt whether I will have the advantage of controlling is covered with yellow flowers, and ever manage to get round them all, numbers and spreading them across the cornus is in bud, and should but I will do what I can. In July, the day. This can be of positive be out in a couple of weeks. my wife and I are looking forward benefit to conservation and to the It is the sight of new growth at this to visiting Suffolk at the invitation enjoyment and appreciation of the time of year that provides us with of Suffolk GT and attending their garden and the character of the hope for the future. Whatever the Summer garden party. Let’s hope place. Some lesser visited gardens pandemic has done to us, there will that by then we can all look forward may only open on certain days still be Spring, and in time we will to a brighter and freer future. or for groups. We will be closely watching developments, and we depend on CGTs to report to us what is happening in their area. As I took a break from writing this piece, I had a wander round the garden with our two flat- coated retrievers, Mungo (who is saintly, and named after Saint Mungo, otherwise known as Kentigern, to whom our local parish church is dedicated) and Bembo (most decidedly not saintly, although his namesake was Hughes Peter an Italian cardinal in the 1500s, The less than saintly Bembo, a good companion on a garden walk.

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 5 news & campaigns County Gardens Trusts swing into action global pandemic does not Aprovide the easiest backdrop for an initiative such as Unforgettable Gardens, which aims to bring people together in collaborative endeavour. Yet its celebration of the value of historic parks and gardens has never been more relevant, and the economic impact of Covid-19 has only made more acute its message that these spaces are vulnerable to neglect, loss or destruction. In fact, the challenging circumstances in which we find ourselves present not only a moral obligation to ensure Unforgettable Gardens makes a real difference, but an opportunity to build on the fresh public appreciation of these spaces. The ultimate aim of Unforgettable Gardens was always to engage Research team in action at Warley Place, Essex. interest from a wider public in Not sure that qualifies as social distancing? enjoying historic designed landscapes and getting involved in the the Fanns’ Community Action which found evidence of the rich protection of their community assets, Fund to produce a Historic social and horticultural history so what better time to press on? Parks and Gardens Inventory of Essex such as lost Spas and Brilliantly, ever-determined for the district of Thurrock. This neglected Ice Houses, vanished County Gardens Trusts are new project, Unforgettable Playgrounds, and trees from Tudor swinging into action, despite the Gardens, will build on the Parks stranded in 20th-century challenging circumstances. valuable work carried out last housing estates. By recording and Essex Gardens Trust has won year, also supported by Essex GT, sharing the historically significant a £5,000 grant from the Land of the GT and Land of the Fanns, garden and landscape heritage

Want to get involved in Unforgettable Gardens, perhaps by organising an event or supporting others to do so? Whether you want to write a simple Tweet or host a Conference, we would love to hear from you. Please email: [email protected] or visit: thegardenstrust.org/campaigns/unforgettable-gardens-saving-our-garden-heritage/

6 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 of Thurrock, the Inventory will ensure these landscapes become truly ‘unforgettable’, strengthening their protection in a part of the county under severe pressure from ongoing development. Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust is running a project called ‘The public parks of Buckinghamshire’, with volunteers doing online banner. Do consider helping your research during the pandemic. local site to open this year – there Once it’s possible to do so, they is heaps of support available, and will scale up the project and 1895/1900 OS showing part of the they are ready to deal with any produce a guide either online or Thurrock area, Essex. Covid-19 contingency! possibly printed depending on the At the Gardens Trust, our health of their finances! Claire de venture for us but we think it’s a Events & Education team have Carle, Bucks GT Vice Chair says: great way of bringing the Sussex leapt into action and with the ‘The Gardens Trust Unforgettable community of all garden lovers, help of an amazing gang of Gardens theme gave us an ideal owners and managers together volunteers are running a long opportunity to research something to celebrate our terrific garden series of lectures themed around different from the wonderful heritage.” Follow them at: Unforgettable Gardens, most private gardens that we had been @SXGardensTrust recently in conjunction with concentrating on for the last seven But it’s not just amongst the Northamptonshire Gardens Trust. years. Public parks and green CGTs that interest is growing. Take a look at what’s coming up at: spaces were very much on the We are very conscious that thegardenstrust.org/events-archive agenda as they became the lifeline heritage organisations face a heap And finally, keeping up with it all of those living in towns and cities of challenges at the moment, so is our E-bulletin, which provides during the periods of lockdown it’s gratifying that many of them a monthly update straight to your in 2020. The Covid-19 pandemic are getting on board where at email inbox, as well as highlighting meant that visits to other gardens all possible. In particular, we are an Unforgettable Garden of the and archives would not be delighted that Heritage Open Days Month in each issue. Sign up by possible, but parks remained open in 2021 will include sites opening clicking the link on our website. and the research for this project under the Unforgettable Gardens Linden Groves could be carried out online and parks remained open, so it became a great way for Bucks GT to keep busy and productive. Our aim is to ensure that ‘the green lungs’ that are our local public parks will be ‘unforgettable’ in the future and continue to provide the much- needed relaxation and recreation areas to urban dwellers.’ For Sussex Gardens Trust, Unforgettable Gardens has provided the impetus to launch themselves on Twitter, with a campaign to highlight their county’s Unforgettable Gardens. For each tweet, Sussex GT is aiming to team up with a local site, so it’s a great way to build links also. They say: “This is a new #UnforgettableGardens, Sussex GT helps celebrate Borde Hill in its Twitter feed.

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 7 Historic Landscape Project update Thank you, CGT volunteers! e were absolutely delighted and to hear about others in the and tips to share. If you would like Wby the response to our first on-going series. to go a step further and present batch of online training for County a short case study, please get in Gardens Trust volunteers. Over Missing our Meet Ups touch with me for our next Meet Up: the autumn and early winter, 436 We are really missing our regional [email protected] of you attended our webinars on Meet Ups for County Gardens We’re planning a further two designed landscape conservation Trusts. It seems unbelievable that Meet Ups in the spring and and the planning system. we have not been able to meet summer to discuss research and Our new series of spring in person since December 2019, recording and ways of broadening webinars, on Monday afternoons, when members of the four south- your CGT’s audience. And will be looking at research and west CGTs enjoyed a day of varied we will also be organising a recording, and continues with: discussion at the stunning Arnos Covid-19 themed Meet Up for Vale Cemetery in Bristol. CGT Chairs and key personnel, “Why are we here?” The success of our first online to discuss ongoing challenges Monday 29 March Meet Up for CGT Chairs of the pandemic on your CGTs Garden Historian Twigs Way last November has, however, and share ideas for overcoming asks “Why are we here?”: how to encouraged us to try a zoom Meet these. Bookings will open shortly approach site visits for different Up open to all CGT members, – again, see our events page for projects (see p.30). on Tuesday 2 March. As this details: will be shorter than our usual thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ All our training webinars are day-long Meet Ups, we will be We look forward to seeing you open to everyone, whether or not concentrating discussion on online, as we move into a warmer, you are a member of the GT or a conservation and planning issues. brighter and hopefully more CGT and will be free to attend. We aimed to hear about your positive spring. Keep an eye on our E-bulletin and recent planning team issues and Tamsin McMillan the events page of our website for triumphs, and participants were HLP Officer more details and a booking link, asked to come armed with stories

Still from Margie Hoffnung’s ‘Threats to Historic Parks and Gardens’ webinar.

8 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 Norfolk Gardens Trust’s Unforgettable Gardens Conservation Project Covid-19 silver linings - Sally Bate

ast year (and 2021, so far!) has the GT’s Unforgettable Gardens Lbeen frustrating for garden theme made them think about history researchers in all our how they could help to protect counties, with archive centres and their county’s historic parks and libraries closed, and travelling any gardens and bring them to a distance for unessential reasons, bigger audience. Norfolk GT was forward to complete the task not permitted. The 16-strong founded in 1988 and not long of typing them up. Each town Norfolk GT Research Group, after its conception, volunteers gardens survey contains a location having completed and published started to record and research the map, and the larger gardens are their findings on ‘Capability’ smaller historic gardens, cemeteries accompanied by a more detailed Brown and Humphry Repton in and other planned green spaces 25-inch map. The new digitised 2016 and 2018 respectively, had in the county’s market towns versions mean that all the gardens turned their attention to Victorian and the City of Norwich. These can have their own large-scale map and Edwardian gardens in their descriptions and site surveys were now with their grounds’ perimeter county. It was decided early on, collated and written up by Anthea marked out in red. in 2019, that this was a vast topic, Taigel between 1997 and 1999 – a They have been fascinating and they should concentrate their truly herculean effort considering documents to read and the investigations into the smaller that the reports contain 408 researchers are champing at the lesser-known gardens that existed, sites between them! Norfolk GT bit to visit the towns and see how from the modest vicarage acre kept a set of the 21 town gardens the parks and gardens are faring to the gardeners’ plots. surveys, and another complete set today. When regulations allow, How did they garden, what did was given to the Heritage Study visiting the sites and describing their gardens look like and what Centre (in the newly built Forum their current condition will be did they grow? Were they inspired building, Norwich). Individual an interesting exercise as many to garden by the achievements town surveys were given to the are thought to have changed at the local grand houses or appropriate libraries, but recent considerably or become neglected. were they fired up by feelings enquiries have shown that they A 2021 update will be added of competitiveness to enter the have become difficult to find and to the original report along many small horticultural shows of course, in lockdown, impossible with photographs and any new springing up in the 19th century? for the public to access. information discovered. It is hoped NGT researchers had started As it has been said, ‘every cloud that they can be posted on the to look at the nurseries in the has a silver lining’ and the Norfolk Norfolk GT website and form the county, the gardens at schools and GT Research Group decided that basis of a new searchable inventory workhouses, the manufacturing digitising these reports was not in a useable form for planning of tools and the only a way of preserving them departments, developers, and local available to order. for the future but also the perfect populations to consult. The arrival of Covid-19 last lockdown activity. Fortunately, the Norfolk Gardens Trust would spring meant the group could NGT secretary has a photocopier like to thank Anthea Taigel for no longer meet to share their and literally hours before the her original work on these reports exciting discoveries and, apart recent lockdown came into force, and, also, the members of the from online searches, other sources the survey reports were copied so Norfolk GT Research Group who were in closed archives or local that they could be posted out to have taken on this Unforgettable museums. The 2020 launch of the volunteers who bravely came Gardens project.

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 9 The Combe, Wells, Somerset Tom Rees discovers a hidden eighteenth-century Pleasure Garden

modest stone-pillared a winterbourne. They overlook in May just beyond the towering Awrought-iron gate at the foot the closely mown floor of the Sequoiadendron giganteum; and in of Bristol Hill, on the main A39 Combe which, while relatively June the white blossoms of Cornus out of Wells, is the anonymous wide at the foot of the hill, narrows ‘Porlock’ and Philadelphus just entrance to one of Wells’s most progressively as it rises to the denser beyond the main entrance. beautiful and unexpected gardens. planting at the top where the path Anonymous because no sign disappears into a thicket of bamboo. “Two generations of Tudways anywhere points you to it, no It lacks the architectural arranged for the valley to be advertisement in a magazine, no which adorn the Hestercombe laid out as a pleasure ground, website boasts of its attractions. valley, but more than makes up for completing the work in 1829” A small sign fixed to the gate them in the magnificent specimen simply says ‘Private Garden’. A oaks, beech, Scots pine, limes, and The arboretum, since that determined push on the gate leads many exotics. On a recent visit a is perhaps the garden’s best you via a shaded tunnel of trees to tall Liriodendron was lighting up a description, is immaculately a long vista up the Combe which lower portion of the grassy valley maintained, and there was extensive gives the garden its name. It is with a blaze of gold, and towards replanting after the great storm of open to the public thanks to the the top of the valley, an Acer was 1990, though many splendid trees generosity of the Tudway Quilter on fire with scarlet. had survived. Although the main family of Milton Lodge, which sits a few hundred yards to the West of the exit to the Combe. The beautiful garden at Milton Lodge (described in a recent issue of Somerset GT Magazine) is listed as of Special Historic Interest at Grade II. This very brief summary is derived from the Historic England description, which is available online.

The Tudway family, who were Rees Tom prominent in the City of Wells in the 18th century, began to acquire A fiery red Acer greeted visitors to The Combe, as autumn got under way last year. land at the end of that century in the long narrow valley which The valley had become A37 road runs up the hill at no led up the hill from the gardens overgrown in the first part of the great distance away, the bottom of of their mansion, The Cedars, 20th century, though not as badly the Combe is always peaceful and which stood and still stands close as at Hestercombe. The present free from traffic noise, and when to the Cathedral and now serves owner’s Father came to the rescue one emerges at the top, the main as the centre of Wells Cathedral of the Combe when he inherited road has disappeared and the path School. Two generations of the property in 1962. The current leads through a quiet gate into Tudways arranged for the valley to planting is skilfully contrived to an orchard before emerging onto be laid out as a pleasure ground, wind up the hill in such a way as a little lane above the hamlet of completing the work in 1829. to reveal its beauties slowly, and Walcombe. The Combe is unsurprisingly in Spring one’s route is flanked The Combe is normally open reminiscent, though on a by a variety of mature flowering from Easter to sometime in substantially smaller scale, of trees and shrubs, most of these December and is free to the Hestercombe with high level planted in the 1960s. Look out visiting public. walks either side and above the for a fine example of Davidia From Somerset GT Magazine, floor of the valley and a rill fed by involucrata on the western terrace Issue 75, Winter 2020, p.19–20

10 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 Bedfordshire Head Gardeners Network Corinne Price, Bedfordshire Gardens Trust

he Bedfordshire Head TGardeners Network is a Bedfordshire Gardens Trust (Beds GT) initiative bringing together gardeners across the county on a regular basis to offer a collaborative approach to caring for Bedfordshire’s green spaces. The overall objective is to provide a supportive forum to share experiences, ideas and challenges which affect the head gardeners in their local environments – and to address wider issues affecting the horticultural industry as a whole, such as climate change, skills and training. With access to up-to-date Cox Torben information and new thinking, Members of the Bedfordshire Head Gardeners Network at Luton Hoo Walled Garden. our head gardeners are better able to help their sites to thrive. Most meetings several times, instigated discussion and the sharing of recently, this small but important by committee members who have experience, skills and sometimes ‘support bubble’ of head gardeners worked as gardeners and head plants! Feedback from these trying to manage their sites in gardeners in the past, experiencing initial meetings was positive, very challenging circumstances has varying degrees of support and and from there, the idea of a aimed to keep all members in the access to information along the more structured network was loop despite some of them being way. Large organisations such as formed. It was acknowledged that furloughed for significant periods. the National Trust and English a Bedfordshire Gardens Trust The network celebrated its first Heritage offer a support network committee member would need to anniversary in February 2019, which stems from having gardens administer the process, gathering with several outcomes already and landscape departments and contact information about head addressing the needs of head a host of skills and experience at gardeners across the county, gardeners working within different a more senior level to draw upon making that first approach and environments, with varying when needed. Such institutions setting up a first meeting. Once levels of support. The network are often at the forefront of we had allayed one or two fears facilitates regular contact between change, and have input into and misconceptions about the the head gardeners, and enables national discussions and decision- meetings (i.e. that the meetings assistance to be provided where making processes which feed into would be very formal, that there it is most needed. It also allows what happens at a more local was a ‘dress code’ and that the for conversations to develop level in the longer term. A local hosting head gardener would between Bedfordshire Gardens network at county level enables a have to chair the meeting – all Trust committee members, whose collective voice to be part of those potentially daunting prospects for mission it is to protect landscapes conversations, as well as providing some hands-on head gardeners), and green spaces across the county, support closer to home. it was not difficult to persuade a historic and otherwise, and the Early trials in 2016 involved good number of head gardeners head gardeners who are at the very arranging informal site meetings that the network was a good idea. heart of their custodianship. between two or more local head In more normal times, the head The idea for a Head Gardeners gardeners, particularly those gardeners take turns to host the Network had been discussed that worked in more solitary meetings, which enables the group at Bedfordshire Gardens Trust environments, to generate to visit and engage with other local

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 11 Bedfordshire Head Gardeners Network sites. Refreshments and a suitable for climate change. The group’s it provides virtually for as long as venue are provided free of charge very first zoom talk was given by is necessary and then in person by the host garden. An open ‘round the Soil Association in November again when that becomes possible. the table’ discussion follows, chaired 2020 with two more speakers in the Bedfordshire Gardens Trust have by either the Beds GT committee pipeline for 2021. The talk topics included regularly attending head member (who also takes minutes) are very much group-led and are gardeners as honorary members of or the hosting head gardener. A designed to cover subject material Beds GT until 2022 as a gesture seasonal update identifying any that the head gardeners feel is of support during these testing particular challenges (last year it was useful to them in the day-to-day times, and to ensure that they are the summer drought) is followed by management of their sites. Minimal receiving updates about gardens discussion around a topic that has costs such as speaker expenses are and landscapes around the county. been agreed at the previous meeting. covered by Bedfordshire Gardens This has led to a few of the head To date, this has included subjects Trust and there is no charge for gardeners contributing articles and such as volunteering, local suppliers, the talks to members. updates about their sites to Beds tree safety and security issues. The network is keen to get Gardens Trusts’s newsletter. A tour of the host garden follows, back to face-to-face site visits A mutually supportive which allows an opportunity to ask and opportunities to share ‘on environment can nurture great for advice about any specific issues the ground’ tours and expertise, things, and the best testimonials being experienced, as well as the but despite the lack of physical come from the head gardeners obvious bonus of showing off the meetings, members have themselves, further evidenced by site and all the good things that continued to be in touch with their repeated attendance and the team are achieving. Hosting each other, and there have been enthusiastic contributions to the meeting also allows the head offers of help to those who have the meetings – one or two even gardener to further engage their been away from their gardens for willing to make this their very site with the network by involving months on end because of the first zoom experience! Network senior managers or marketing various lockdowns. Whereas it member Phil Nicholson, Park and departments, who have so far been isn’t often taken up, just knowing Amenities Manager at Ampthill fully supportive of the group’s the offer is there can make all Park, provided this summary of activities, occasionally providing the difference. The largest group the network’s benefits: lunch or promoting the network on meeting to date involved head ‘It seems to be increasingly their site’s social media channels. gardeners and representatives important that those working A good number of the from 15 gardens – that is a lot of in gardens and parks work meetings to date have involved collective experience sitting around collaboratively not only to share external speakers. These have one table! The fledgling network knowledge and information but included topics such as a moving was a finalist in the ‘Third- to also help promote your site and presentation from Perennial Sector Partnerships’ category for gain inspiration. As many of us about the types of support and Horticulture Week’s Custodian work in small teams and don’t have advice available to those working Awards in the summer of 2019, professional colleagues to turn to for in the horticultural industry, which highlighted the benefits advice, having a network of head apprenticeships from an employer’s such a partnership can offer and gardeners at hand is a great asset.’ perspective, social prescribing and was a great boost to both Beds GT Corinne Price is also Garden wellbeing in the garden, and a talk and network members. Heritage & Audience Development from a representative of Barcham The goal is to continue this Manager at the Shuttleworth Swiss Trees on the best tree selections engagement and the support that Garden, Bedfordshire. The Gardens Trust: Supporting us our ongoing support is invaluable to us to continue our vital work protecting historic parks and gardens Yat this particularly challenging time. Had you thought of membership as a gift for a friend or family member? Ring 01787 249286 and our team at Lavenham can help you organise this over the ‘phone. If you might consider leaving a legacy to the Trust, contact: [email protected] We have now added the facility to easily make donations from our website: thegardenstrust.org/support-us/ This promises to be a vital fund-raising tool now and for the future. We deeply appreciate all levels of support @thegardenstrust #unforgettablegardens

12 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 HS2 archaeologists uncover Warwickshire’s answer to Hampton Court Archaeologists working on the HS2 project have unearthed one of the most exciting garden archaeological sites in England HS2 Press Release – 26 Jan 2021

xcavations undertaken by formal gardens measuring 300 essex Archaeology’s Project EWessex Archaeology for LM (a metres from end to end, to show WOfficer, Stuart Pierson said: joint venture of Laing O’Rourke off his new wealth and status. “For the dedicated fieldwork team & J Murphy) on the HS2 site at Entirely unknown before, the working on this site, it’s a once Coleshill in Warwickshire have preservation of the gardens is in a career opportunity to work revealed one of the best preserved exceptional, with well-preserved on such an extensive garden and late-16th-century gardens ever gravel paths, planting beds, manor site, which spans 500 years. discovered in this country. garden foundations Evidence of expansive formal During archaeological and ornaments organised in gardens of national significance investigations, the remains of a geometric pattern. The site and hints of connections to Coleshill Manor and an octagonal has parallels to the impressive Elizabeth I and the civil war moat were originally picked up by ornamental gardens at Kenilworth provide us with a fascinating air photography. As excavations Castle and Hampton Court Palace. insight into the importance of progressed, the remains of a S2’s Historic Environment Coleshill and its surrounding massive garden dating from HManager, Jon Millward said: landscape. the decades either side of 1600 “It’s fantastic to see HS2’s huge “From our original trench were discovered, alongside the archaeology programme making evaluation work, we knew there impressive manor house. another major contribution to our were gardens, but we had no idea The house was owned by Sir understanding of British history. how extensive the site would Robert Digby, and experts now This is an incredibly exciting site, be. As work has progressed, it’s believe that after marrying an Irish and the team has made some been particularly interesting to heiress, he built his home in the important new discoveries that discover how the gardens have modern style, along with huge unlock more of Britain’s past.” been changed and adapted over

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 13 New to Our Team time with different styles. We’ve been three or four investigations Coleshill Hall, and its previous also uncovered structures such as of gardens of this scale over the occupants point towards a great and some exceptional last 30 years, including Hampton feud between the de Montfort artefacts including smoking pipes, Court, Kirby in Northamptonshire and Digby families. The Hall coins and musket balls, giving us and Kenilworth Castle, but this came into the hands of Simon an insight into the lives of people one was entirely unknown. The Digby in the late 15th century who lived here. garden doesn’t appear in historical and the change of ownership set “The preservation of the gardens records, there are no plans of it, in motion huge alterations to is unparalleled. We’ve had a big it’s not mentioned in any letters or the landscape around Coleshill team of up to 35 archaeologists visitors’ accounts. and the development of the Hall, working on this site over the “The form of the gardens suggest including a deer park and the last two years conducting trench they were designed around 1600, formal gardens in the 1600s. evaluations, geophysical work which fits in exactly with the Excavations have revealed and drone surveys as well as the documentary evidence we have structures dating to the late archaeological excavations.” about the Digby family that lived medieval period, with structural r Paul Stamper, a specialist here. Sir Robert Digby married evidence attributed to the large Din English gardens and an Irish heiress, raising him to gatehouse in the forecourt of the landscape history said: the ranks of the aristocracy. We Hall with its style and size alluding “This is one of the most exciting suspect he rebuilt his house and to a possible 14th or 15th century Elizabethan gardens that’s ever laid out the huge formal gardens date. In a detailed inventory of been discovered in this country. measuring 300 metres from end to the house undertaken in 1628, The scale of preservation at this end, signifying his wealth.” the gatehouse is specifically site is really exceptional and oleshill is an historic market mentioned, further historical is adding considerably to our Ctown on the south east side sources suggest that it was not long knowledge of English gardens of Birmingham. The documentary after this that the gatehouse was around 1600. There have only evidence of the manor, known as pulled down. Daniel Bowles new to our team

s the newest member of the waters and enter the thoroughly GT team as a volunteer editor AGardens Trust’s Conservation interesting world of historic looking after the Instagram team, I must confess my landscapes and gardens. platform, posting about garden background has not focused Bedfordshire born and bred history, current planning exclusively on garden history, and then spending the last few consultations, and promoting having graduated last year from years in London and Lyon has our events and blogs. Joining the King’s College London in French provided many opportunities to Comms team, albeit remotely, and History. Joining the Gardens explore so many wonderful green has been a brilliant insight into Trust has therefore been a great spaces. I’m never happier than how the Trust operates and how opportunity to explore uncharted when a day is taken up with a the wonderful team of staff and good stroll through a beautiful volunteers work so well together. I landscape; even better when there couldn’t have wished for a warmer is the prospect of an antique shop welcome, and thoroughly enjoy browse or a good pint in a cosy hearing so many interesting stories pub thrown in too. As well as the and nuggets of information. In my Gardens Trust, I also volunteer new role I’ll continue to look after with the Greensand Country our Instagram presence, so you can Landscapes Project, recording finally put a face to all the posts people’s memories of the land that come your way. around Woburn, Ampthill, and Starting last month as Old Warden, which has revealed Conservation Casework some fascinating local tales. Assistant, I’ve been logging all the Back in September I joined the consultations that come through

14 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 Gilly Drummond Volunteer of the Year 2021 to the Trust, recording outcomes, getting to grips with how we the CGTs, and I look forward to and communicating updates out process the consultations. meeting more of you and exploring to the County Gardens Trusts. It has been such a great start to some of the sites we’ve contributed The new consultations that I log working with both the GT and to as conditions permit. are then collated to form the GT Weekly Lists. Working closely with all the Conservation Committee Volunteer for the Gardens Trust has been an exposure to such a f you have an interest in further supporting the work of the Gardens wealth of information that I’m still ITrust by volunteering to help, we would love to hear from you. in the process of absorbing; they This need not be time consuming, the amount of time you spend have all been so accommodating as will be up to you. We can always use help in our communications I’m familiarising myself with the efforts, organising events in different parts of the country, and indeed role. I’ve been working particularly worldwide, tracking our planning successes or developing news stories. closely with Alison and Margie, If you would like to learn more, please contact our Administrator, sending on amendments, noting Louise Cooper: [email protected] the GT and CGT responses, and Nominations now open for Gilly Drummond Volunteer of the Year 2021 ur annual Volunteer of the Year or by a member of the GT. We a difference by developing the OAward celebrates the efforts of recommend that the individual capacity of their CGT or the volunteers who have contributed to put forward has the endorsement GT, helped to build resilience the work of their County Gardens and support of a member of the during a difficult year as a result of Trust (CGT) or the Gardens Trust Committee of their local CGT COVID-19, or made a long-term (GT), adding to the enjoyment, and/or a member of the Board of positive contribution… learning and conservation of the GT. Please note that Directors For more information, please designed gardens, parks and of the Gardens Trust are not contact Teresa Forey-Harrison, landscapes. Whilst volunteers may eligible for nomination. Gardens Trust Finance Officer/ not have been so visible in the past All short-listed nominations CGT Coordinator at: twelve months, many have been will be reviewed by a panel of [email protected] extremely busy behind the scenes; judges. Arrangements for the or phone: 020 7251 2610 amongst other things, working on announcement and presentation projects and developing new ways of the award will be confirmed in of reaching out to their existing due course (Covid-19 allowing). and new audiences. If there is an individual or group that you (or your CGT Nominations to be received committee) would like to by Friday 16 July 2021 nominate, please complete the nomination form. This will be sent out from our office in due course Areas of voluntary contributions and will also be available on the that qualify for consideration GT website. include: Administration; Please provide as much Communications; Conservation; information as possible in support Education/Schools/ Colleges; of this nomination. Volunteers Events; Projects; Research. may also be nominated by As an example, the person The rather lovely obelisk shaped award individual members of a CGT nominated might have made in place on one winner’s mantle…

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 15 17th Annual Mavis Batey Essay Prize ur annual essay competition little known gardens, or an aspect Submissions for this year or any Ois intended to encourage of botany, ecology, horticulture, further enquiries should be sent to: vibrant, scholarly writing and archaeology, social history, [email protected] new research, especially by those architecture, design, art history or by 6pm Sunday 2 May 2021. who have not yet had their work sculpture. The annual essay prize was published. It is open to any The prize includes an award of re-named in 2016 in honour of student, worldwide, registered in £250, free membership of The Mavis Batey (1921–2013), who a bona-fideuniversity or institute Gardens Trust for a year and served as both Secretary and of higher education, or who has consideration for publication then President of the Garden recently graduated from such an in our peer-reviewed, scholarly History Society (forerunner of the institution. Submissions must be journal Garden History. All Gardens Trust). It seems a fitting 5,000 to 6,000 words and the only previous winners have been memorial to such an inspirational restriction on subject matter is that accepted for publication, and woman, who did so much to build it must be of relevance to some often the best of the non-winning the discipline of garden history aspect of garden history which entries are invited to submit to the through her various roles in the could include explorations of journal as well. garden history field. Call for Papers 2021 our 11th New Research Symposium he New Research Symposium scholars from overseas, all of academic programme of study Tis open to all researchers and whom we warmly welcome. and the award outcome; or both, scholars, regardless of whether Researchers in all fields of activity where appropriate. they are independent or attached are encouraged to submit a 200- If it is possible for the conference to an academic institution. It has word proposal for a paper whose to take place, the Gardens Trust will been a feature of the Gardens subject is as yet unpublished. Any reimburse each speaker £100 for Trust annual conference and AGM subject relating to Garden History personal expenses and provide lunch weekend (see p.34). However, due will be considered, for example: and tea on the NRS day, Saturday to Covid-19, it may take place via explorations of little known 4 September. Our conference zoom, as it did very successfully in gardens, or aspects of botany, and AGM weekend provides an 2020 when the online audience ecology, horticulture, archaeology, informal opportunity to meet the was over double the size of that social history, architecture, design other speakers as well as members possible at the conference. We and sculpture. of The Gardens Trust’s committees hope to hold the next NRS The paper will be no longer than and board, and provides an at the Richmond Conference twenty minutes (approximately attentive audience eager to learn Room, Holiday Inn Darlington, 2,000 to 2,500 words) and more about your area of research. Richmond DL10 6NR on Saturday illustrated with a PowerPoint (or Proposals should be sent to: 4 September 2021 (see p.34). similar) slide presentation. newresearchsymposium@ Launched in 2011, the ten Applicants are asked to identify thegardenstrust.org symposia have hosted papers from their status as an independent by 6 pm, Sunday, 2 May 2021. forty-two researchers. Many of researcher and/or member of a Full details of how to submit these are members of County County Gardens Trust, or their your proposal can be found on our Gardens Trusts and a third are institutional affiliation, the website.

16 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 contributorsfrom our

Chiswick House Gardens: 300 years of creation and re-creation New book on Chiswick House Grounds David Jacques

hen I was asked to carry images in two series of views, one Rocque, although because much Wout historical research by Rysbrack, the other by Rigaud. had changed, there were some and a survey of Chiswick House These were reproduced in John awkward dissonances at the Grounds in 1982 surprisingly Harris’s Artist and the Country margins: for example the two new little was known about them, House (1979). straight allées in the wilderness particularly outside the time of It was clear from the survey that had slashed through an interesting Lord Burlington. What existed the gardens around the house had meandering path system. had been garnered by the Ministry been reconstructed in the 1950s The historical research was of Works when restoring the house when Frank Clark was involved. showing that past changes to in the 1950s. There was a plan by Basically it was an attempt to the gardens were not simply John Rocque and the stunning re-create the layout shown by unfortunate deviations from

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 17 Chiswick House gardens

Burlingtonian perfection. They Richard Hewlings’s scholarly guide were significant garden-making in of 1989 could incorporate some their own right. Peter Goodchild of our findings and my restoration was unearthing some extremely drawings, John Harris could not interesting material in the when composing The Palladian Chatsworth archives. A contract Revival (1994). A huge row with and plant lists showed that the DoE a decade before was not informalisation was undertaken forgotten. Nevertheless, John has by Samuel Lapidge. A notitiae been a good friend, and I supplied (similar to a Repton red book) him with a copy of the report by Lewis Kennedy (who been ‘under the table’. working at the Empress Josephine’s As the new Inspector of Historic Malmaison at the height of Parks and Gardens at English the Napoleonic War) showed Heritage in 1987 I was the that Chiswick was not just the Inspector responsible for the Burlington Lane Gate allée to bridge reputed location of the start of the restoration of Chiswick House replanted 1996. landscape garden, but was the first Grounds. Disappointingly place to re-introduce a at little was achieved in the 1990s our understanding. I include such a scale eighty years later. but garden archaeology plus the contribution of the late Ted All work for the Department further research for restoration Fawcett with his divining rods! of the Environment (DoE) was drawings by Marylla Hunt and In the late 1990s I no longer deemed its copyright, so whilst Jan Woudstra added much to had any direct involvement, but that changed after 2002 when I was asked to compose the third Management Plan (I had already written two in the 1980s and 1990s), and this was the one approved for a huge grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. I suppose they were fed up with paying me, so I was made a Trustee in 2004. In that guise I took an active part in the restoration between 2005 and 2010. I reflected that my varied career had involved Chiswick on- and-off over a period of thirty years, and I had an idea, that I should have had in the 1980s, for a serious publication. Meanwhile Gillian Clegg was very illuminating on Chiswick as a social venue, and when someone comes to write the history of the Garden Party Chiswick will feature prominently in the early

18 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 Chiswick House gardens

chapters. Emperors, shahs, princes, riginally, Historic England was Whig grandees, generals, kings, Ogoing to publish David’s book, Queen Victoria and a large cast of but when HE’s publication arm potentates enjoyed the tradition was severed its list was picked up by at Chiswick, lasting for a hundred Liverpool University Press. Unusually, years from the time of Duchess LUP is a non-profit outfit, making Georgiana. Another discovery was it less concerned with profit than in the interest in the ensuing thirty covering its costs. It asked David to try years when Chiswick was run as a to secure pre-publication orders, but private lunatic asylum. that didn’t work as local societies are Living in Staffordshire, I could charities that are also ultra-reluctant to enjoy the trip over the Peak take any risk. District to visit the Chatsworth The book needs support, as LUP archives. Although they had been may still withdraw its commitment Burlington Lane Gate allée to bridge repeatedly trawled by architectural to publish. David has launched a replanted 1996. historians, there was plenty left crowd-funding page on GoFundMe respecting the gardens. I felt much Guelfi term of Socrates at Chiswick. (the largest of such websites) in order more confident about charting the to demonstrate demand, much like progress of Burlington’s gardens, to re-creating a Classical garden the old system of drumming-up including a pretty definite account as a whole. He was a patron of ‘subscribers’ whose names would of William Kent’s role. Richard Bradley and his exotic appear inside the book. He is offering I thought I knew everything, plants, and he ordered one of the a significant reduction from the but obviously not. Surprisingly, largest Savery steam engines ever recommended retail price as well, and Burlington had acquired some built to make his cascade work. invites GT News readers to visit: of the Arundel marbles, and Duchess Georgiana created www.gofundme.com/f/chiswick- designed a range of urns himself. the first rosary in the nineteenth house-garden-300-years His 100+ pieces was one of the century, and the sixth Duke’s The campaign has already reached largest private outdoor collections. elephant, Sadie, roamed the £2,000 of its £3,000 target, so if you’d Burlington wrestled with the grounds, gave rides, and could use like to join in, and save £10 on the problem of transitioning from a a broom and uncork bottles. RRP of £40, now is your chance. few Classically-inspired buildings What happened to British Modernism? The Serpents of Moreton Marsh Ed M Bennis ASLA ‘The higher the standard of living that brings a higher standard of personal comfort, brings also a more civilised outlook upon the environment outside the home. We surely can, in time, realise with the Greeks the ideal of “Body, Mind, and Spirit”.’ Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Studies in Landscape Design Vol. II p48 o understand the water background and interests of Sir asset in reconstruction. Originally Tparterre at the Cadbury Bros Geoffrey Jellicoe. The first point designed to employ 450 men and Ltd factory (now Burton Foods) is relatively simple: Liverpool women, the factory at its peak at Moreton in the Wirral, it is and Birkenhead were heavily employed 6000 people, but unlike necessary to reflect on the nature bombed during the war and a the earlier industrial villages such of post-war Britain, as well as the new factory would be a major as Port Sunlight or Bourneville,

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 19 What happened to British Modernism? the fuller schema of life would not Jellicoe’s ensuing oeuvre’.3 a new innovation, ‘The Factory be included. Cadbury’s new plant The war years show Jellicoe Garden’.4 This was not an did not include mass housing, moving to more commercial/ entirely new creation as there was schools, etc. within its plans. industrial work such as Earle’s substantial precedent through While it was a place of work first, Cement Works (Hope Valley, earlier industrial developments it did provide sports facilities, Derbs. 1942), Pitstone Cement such as Saltaire and Port Sunlight, playing fields and a social club for (Bucks. 1944), and ICI (Wilton, however there was a major shift in the workers. There was still a level Yorks. 1945). His post¬war work the nature of the ‘factory garden’ of paternalistic design, but mixed included outline town plans in the post war years. with the remnants of pre-war for Guildford (1945), Hemel Moreton posed enormous modernist design thinking and Hempstead New Town (1947), technical problems as it was new manufacturing technology. and Wellington (Shops. 1946) exposed to the winds off the Irish Why or how Jellicoe was along with several projects in Sea, as well as being low and badly employed on this project is not Zambia. There was growing drained. It was clear that this was a yet known. Prior to the war, he demand and concern for good site Jellicoe did not care for and a practiced as an architect, while landscape treatments for industrial report he prepared in 1963 said: his work as a landscape designer sites, and the Institute of ‘I think the idea behind this was primarily confined to country Landscape Architects (ILA) first scheme points the way to what houses. In 1934, his design for conference in 1957 was titled ‘The I have been trying to suggest the Caveman Restaurant at Landscape of Industry’. Earlier in today-that the imagination can Cheddar Gorge (influenced by 1949, the ILA president Thomas create worlds which do not in fact Eric Mendelsohn’s De La Warr Sharp raised his concern over exist ... From the point of view of Pavilion, Sussex) tagged him as the problem of public utilities, landscape it is a diabolical site. It an innovative modernist, while particularly power stations, in is bare and exposed to the most the landscape by Russell Page was his address titled ‘Temples of violent winds. There is a major as modern as the building. They Light and Power’. The Cadbury drain, now a canal, of great width incorporated a simple rectangular Bros factory fits comfortably and depth cutting the site in half.5 pool of water, not dissimilar to within this timeframe, industrial In the same report, he described Mies Van der Rohe’s Barcelona developments, and Jellicoe’s how he attempted to humanise Pavilion of 1929, although it growing interest in water. the site by breaking it into smaller featured a single jet However, it stands out as perhaps geometric units which could to the centre. Page wrote about his first real design with extensive be used for factory extensions, water that ‘My thought is always concrete water features (1952) and playing fields or housing. He used “How little can I do?”, rather than predates the better known designs the building positions and new how much, to achieve the most of both the on the tree planting to provide shelter telling result’.1 Page’s comment roof of Harvey’s Department and spatial definition (opposite). summarises a modernist approach, Store (London 1956–57) and The leftover heaps of soil from but Jellicoe’s lifelong fascination the Hemel Hempstead water the major drainage channel, along with water is based in the classical gardens (1957–59). Messrs with soil that would be produced Renaissance gardens of . It was Cadbury had a well grounded by the building works, were used here that he and Jock Shepherd reputation for social responsibility to create a mound with the new travelled together and in 1925 that had been demonstrated at trees running along the entire published the results of their tour their Bournville ‘factory in a east-west axis, to the north side Italian Gardens of the Renaissance. garden’. The winter 1936 issue of of the new factory buildings. A Tom Turner wrote that as a design Landscape and Garden referred to second mound was proposed in element, water had dominated this project under an article titled the southeast corner of the site, some of Jellicoe’s most successful ‘Industrial Gardens’ and included along with a wind break to the schemes.2 This point is further information on the forty-three north side. supported by Michael Spens when gardeners and ground staff, as well A developing trademark of referring to Shute House, wrote: as the maintenance equipment. Jellicoe was his use of metaphor; ‘For water, in all its amazing Two years earlier, the same he believed in supplying these and variety, was ultimately to become journal promoted the advantages interesting titles to his features the key formative element in of a good factory landscape as as a means of stimulating the

20 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 imagination. At Moreton, he developed a storyline where the mounds took on the ‘extended shape of two serpents’; he referred to this as a clue to his design, where nature provided the aesthetic quality. The serpent was also a reference to the ‘vast prehistoric monsters’ that would have inhabited the submerged forest that once existed on site. He used the same symbolism of the serpent for the water canal at Hemel Hempstead new town; in this case the serpent was seen as the guardian of the environment.

The metaphor continued into the © Landscape Institute planting where the windward side Master Plan for factory entrance by GA Jellicoe. of the mounds would be ‘armour- plated with tough hardwood or from the raised embankment or would take twenty years before the conifer trees, whereas the inside the adjoining station platform. planting had any real impact, a face (being the soft under-belly) This vividly demonstrates the mature serpent. would be richly planted with exposed and empty nature of flowering trees and shrubs’ 6. the site in its early years. In the The Moreton Ponds A photograph appeared in the National Playing Fields Association Describing the most memorable Architects’ Journal (1954)7, taken report, Jellicoe had said that it feature of the Cadbury factory as ponds undermines both their quality and role in Jellicoe’s portfolio of work. He referred to the water as a barrier between the factory and the public highway, which in part explains their unusual location. Normally such an extensive and expensive feature would be located at the main drive or to the immediate front of the main building entrance, yet it is detached from these areas. Jellicoe’s site planning was comprehensive; it addressed the entire site rather than simply the front door (above and left). He planned sports fields, a bowling green and gardens near the social club. A factory Vol. II p 47 Vol. Design GA Studies in Landscape Jellicoe, horticulture club existed for many ‘The layout is based on wind protection in a dreary and exposed environment. The years. His planning strategy took geometry of the factory is extended by tree planting to form compartments whose account the main approach route future use is undetermined. Such a design by itself would be monotonous, but soil from for the employees. Most would the canal or drain has been remodelled into wind-deflecting hills planted with a variety come by foot or bicycle from of trees; those on the exposed side being hardy and those on the inner side being tender. Moreton or the adjacent train The shape is suggestive of prehistoric animal form’. station. In both cases, they would GA Jellicoe - Studies in Landscape Design Vol. II p 47 walk along the adjacent raised

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 21 What happened to British Modernism?

painter could only allude to. His work and theories were influenced by the paintings and sculptures of Paul Klee, Barbara Hepworth, Ben Nicholson and Henry Moore. He was concerned particularly how as a designer he could give greater meaning by reaching the subconscious of the viewer. His references were not solely with his contemporaries as he drew heavily on his knowledge of history, particularly the Renaissance, along with the writings of Humphry Repton and the role that illusion played in the way we perceive the landscape. Jellicoe incorporated perspective illusions in many of his projects, most notably in the Magritte walk at Sutton Place. When writing about water, he said that ‘distance in the canal can be increased or decreased by adjusting the apparently parallel lines of the

© Landscape Institute perspective. Size can be increased Looking south along the water canal towards the water source. by adjusting architectural details Photo by Susan Jellicoe, 1950s. such as the handrails of bridges whose normal height is familiar. footpath which looked down but rather the casual. It should be Distance can be increased by onto the . Having more than jumping width and too eliminating boundaries ... or arrived at the main entrance into deep for paddling’. He described its suggesting mysteries behind the factory grounds, there is a tradition as based on the cattle moat islands’.9 Illusion plays an powerful vista of the cascades that around an English manor house, important part in the layout of looks up the length of the feature rather than an impregnable castle the water at Moreton. (above). The factory remains at a moat, but in modern society it Moreton has ten pools, nine distance across a large expanse of should be decorative in appearance.8 cascades and four balconies. There grass, a separation of work and Jellicoe, never one to copy is no change in the balcony size leisure. From the factory, there is nature, promoted the abstraction or railing heights, or in the size of no view of the ponds, only some of nature within his designs. the pools. However, rather than distant planting. It is necessary Moreton with its fiat topography using a layout of two parallel to leave the factory in order to was not suitable for a series lines for the length of the feature, see the ponds from the informal of naturalistic cascades, there Jellicoe used an off-set angle to grass areas, or from the road side was insufficient level change. each pool, tapering every one area where there are small viewing Additionally, his interest was individually although at the same balconies overhanging the water. in modern design, not in faux- repeat angle. This creates a sense Jellicoe wrote that ‘the modern nature which would have been of increased distance looking from water barrier corresponds to the wholly inappropriate with the either end as it is impossible to eighteenth century ha-ha, for ideas of the time and for the new read it as a single piece of water, its purpose is to provide a fence factory buildings (designed by or to understand the size of each which, though not invisible itself, CJ Wilkinson, Cadbury’s staff pool. On the factory side, the nevertheless conceals its true architect). Jellicoe approached projecting point of each pond is purpose ... its intention is not to water as an art form, but with anchored to the landscape with keep out the determined attack the quality of movement that a a raised square planter. These

22 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 What happened to British Modernism? planters act as punctuation points eliminated; there is no sense about first use of this detail proceeding in the landscape, taking the eye how extensive the canal might be, Hemel Hempstead by several to the side and pausing to take in where the source of the water is, or years. The other issue was to the detail; more importantly, they what mysteries lie beyond. ensure that the weir was absolutely disguise the boundary of the A range of technical details level or the water would fail to fall and pool edges. It may be that have been developed for artificial evenly, presumably another lesson there were different types of plants water bodies, the most important learned from Moreton and applied used to enhance the deception of being to stop them from leaking, to Hemel Hempstead. scale, although this was probably a current problem at Moreton. Moreton is not a lost landscape too fussy for Jellicoe. So far no The ponds (left and below) are as was Heligan, it is simply one planting plan has been found, the constructed of in-situ concrete that has been overlooked and only reference is the overall site with a black painted lining to give forgotten. It was by chance that plans which indicate shrub and the impression of greater depth the archivist for the Landscape tree areas, but not species. The and to allow for reflection. As a Institute, Annabel Downs, last illusion is at the southern end, low lying site with limited drops happened upon this place having near the train station, and the across the whole length, Jellicoe arrived at the adjoining station. source of the water. The master recognised that the flow of water, Realising this was far from an plan for the area shows the largest even with pumps, was going to be accidental piece of design, or that concentration of trees and shrub limited. He recommended that of an amateur, her research led planting to this area. Effectively, where the flow would be small, her to Jellicoe as the designer. This the plants are green islands that that channels or vertical grooves in then led us to our research and a disguise the end of the top pond the face of the weir could be used, meeting with Alan Minx of Burton and the water inlet, the illusion thus giving the illusion of a greater Foods. The name Jellicoe meant is that the water must continue flow of water.10 He used this detail nothing to the people at Burton past the top pond which is in the weirs, and the viewing Foods, and we had not realised the curved to the left. From the lower balconies, at Hemel Hempstead,11 importance of the mounds and viewpoints, boundaries have been however Moreton appears to be his water gardens within the history of 20th century landscape design and Jellicoe’s work. Moreton is pivotal in the development of Jellicoe’s thinking; it is really the first of his water gardens which combine his theories on perspectives, scale and the use of metaphor. It was his experimental ground for greater things to follow such as Hemel Hempstead water gardens. As of now, work has been carried out on sealing the leaking concrete basins and work on the pipes and pumps has started. In a rare piece of good luck, some of the original plans for the gardens were still at the factory and have since been deposited with the Landscape Institute. It is not known if any drawings of the buildings still exist. There is an important legacy © Landscape Institute for the northwest in terms of Detail drawing of the ponds, weir, and balconies. This drawing and Fig 2 are date both having an unique piece of stamped 14 Nov 1952, either the date Cadbury’s received or approved the drawings. work by Geoffrey Jellicoe, and an Note: Jellicoe was never confident in his own drawing abilities. It was not until he ‘retired’ at the important design piece that has age of 70 that his own style of drawing developed that matched his ideas of landscape. helped to inform modern thinking

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 23 What happened to British Modernism? of our industrial landscapes. Hal Moggridge, who worked for Jellicoe in the late 1950s and the 1960s wrote that ‘Geoffrey Jellicoe’s gift, and his habitual method, was to explore opportunities and expose new possibilities in the design of types of landscape which were about to become more commonplace in professional practice’.12

Notes & References 1 Page, Russell The Education of a Gardener Collins, 1962 p227. Jellicoe and Page also worked on the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park. Their partnership ended in 1939 at the start of war. 2 Jellicoe, Goode & Lancaster (Ed.) The © Landscape Institute Oxford Companion to Gardens Oxford University Press, 1987 p302 The rippled edge to one of the dams, similar to the detail used at Hemel Hempstead. 3 Spens, Michael Jellicoe at Shute Academy Photo by Susan Jellicoe, 1950s. Editions 1993 p11 4 Harvey, S & Rettig, S (ED) Fifty Years of the Community, 6 Nov. 1963. 9 Ibid., p140 Landscape Design The Landscape Press, 6 Ibid., p48 10 Op Cit., p130 1985 p122 7 The Architects’ Journal2 Sept. 1954 11 Jellicoe wrote about this detail in Weddle’s 5 Jellicoe, G A Studies in Landscape Design Factory at Moreton, Wirral, Cheshire Techniques of Landscape Architecture p130, Volume Two Oxford University Press (author not identified) p288 and included a photograph of a detail of the 1966 p46. The original report was 8 Weddle, A E (ED) Techniques of Landscape weir at Hemel Hempstead prepared for the National Playing Fields Architecture Chapter 8, Water by G A 12 Harvey, Sheila Geoffrey Jellicoe LDT Association’s conference on Recreation in Jellicoe; Heinemann, London; 1967, p134 Monograph No 1 LDT, 1998, p21 Ed Bennis Ed Increased tree cover to the north helps shelter the site, and note Jellicoe’s balconies, perhaps echoing the factory roofline.

24 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 in memoriam Fiona Garnett, nee Crumley 1962–2021

he joy of being involved with collection of plants. Ruth Tthe garden history world has Stungo who worked with her been the people I have met as a there thought Fiona ‘the heart result. One of those who lit up of the garden’. Karen Liebreich any gathering was Fiona Crumley, of Chiswick House Gardens as she was when I first met her at remembers ‘At Chelsea, she built the Chelsea Physic Garden, Fiona up a warm and supportive team, as she remained forever onwards. even accompanying one staff She died at home in January, after member to the maternity unit living with cancer for some years. after she realised the husband was wonderful capacity for … calming Fiona was above all a gardener, away; she became godmother to the situation, bringing people studying at Askam Bryan in York, the baby. The baby later acted as together, always having time for in the 1980s, and then going on bridesmaid when Fiona married everybody.’ to work at the nearby Newby Jeremy Garnett.’ Fiona’s horticultural knowledge Hall, North Yorkshire, with its After her years at Chelsea, Fiona was outstanding, and it is to her extraordinary long and richly planted moved on to tackle the problem credit that Chiswick rightfully herbaceous borders running down that had become the gardens regained its place as one of the to the river at their foot. at Chiswick House. She was to country’s great gardens. The She went on to work at the play a prominent role in ‘fixing’ camellias were saved, new cuttings Chelsea Physic Garden in the a complicated garden situation. propagated, and the display period when it began to open up Over her five or so years there, she appeared newly framed within the to the wider public, for fifteen was part of the team overseeing beautifully restored conservatory. years, twelve as Head Gardener. many millions of Lottery and Robin Lane Fox of the Financial Dominic Cole says of that time, other monies. Times dubbed her ‘The Lady of the ‘I met Fiona when she was Head Karen Liebreich takes up Camellias’, when he encountered Gardener at the Chelsea Physic the story, ‘Fiona started work Fiona in the restored Camellia Garden and I was helping with at Chiswick House as it was House there. In 2011, he wrote restoration proposals for the Rock entering a difficult time… The ‘For more than 100 yards under Garden. Although I thought I nationally important camellia glass the most amazing display of knew what I was doing I had the collection was in a poor state in multicoloured flowers glows on sort of feeling you get when you the then dilapidated conservatory, camellia bushes up to 12ft high. I have not quite achieved the right poorly maintained for years. The had never seen anything like them, answer at school… Fiona had renovation of the gardens was to not even in California. The entire a look that said, “are you sure be Fiona’s responsibility, based on conservatory has been reframed about that?”, always delivered plans that would see substantial and reglazed and at last the with charm and clearly giving the change. A fierce rear-guard action camellias have a worthy home... message that you had better be against some of the changes had Fiona enlightened me.’ right! It was a joy working with been fought by local park users. Dominic Cole adds, ‘We met her and it made us all want to do Fiona sailed serenely through some again when she was working the very best we could for her.’ very trying years. She seemed to be at Chiswick House where she It was during this period that responsible for almost everything. was overseeing archaeology and the Garden History Society had For the first few months she restoration works in the gardens. several of its Summer Garden simply listened and observed, She bought her same steely Parties there; Fiona would be before quietly proceeding attention to detail; she would on hand with her team leading with the transformation of watch every move and make it garden tours, answering our many the gardens.’ Said one of the clear to the contractors if they questions on their outstanding Chiswick volunteers. ‘She had a stepped out of line. But again

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 25 always courteous, she was friendly coming from another owner than I’ll leave some closing words to and utterly clear in her delivered coming from me.” Dominic, ‘It was always lovely to instructions. I always hoped that I Fiona held many important roles see Fiona and Jeremy at Garden could poach her as Head Gardener within the world of horticulture. History Society and Gardens Trust for other projects I worked on; the She was Secretary to The Merlin events and to enjoy their company. Head Girl and Big Sister that we Trust, and an active member As a couple they made time for so all would like to run our lives and of several other organisations much charitable work and spread be our friend.’ including the Professional themselves wide, not only for The At a more mundane level, I Gardeners Guild, the Worshipful Gardens Trust and the GHS before. remember Fiona telling us at Company of Gardeners, the The world and our gardens will be a one of several GHS events there, London Gardens Network, and bit less bright without Fiona.’ that the coup had been getting Plant Heritage. For the Royal It is hard to think she has left the dog walkers on side. She had Horticultural Society, she sat on us at such a young age. We know managed to introduce a doggy the Bursaries Advisory Committee all our members who knew Fiona code of conduct with CHOW’s and also judged prison gardens will miss her warmth, generosity, [Chiswick House’s Dog Walkers’ for the RHS Windlesham Trophy. knowledge and good company, Association]: “Dog walkers don’t For several years after leaving her and we extend our most heartfelt seem to mind telling other dog formal role at Chiswick House and sympathies to Jeremy and family. walkers to keep their pets off the Gardens Trust she remained on its Charles Boot, with appreciations by flower beds… It’s much better Advisory Panel. the authors mentioned and others.

William Waterfield 1942–2021

hen my parents moved we were disappointed that many Wto live near Nice in the of the gardens we visited appeared mid-1980s it seemed a good idea sad and neglected, not realising to do some research about what that this favoured coastline had would grow in their new garden, indeed been struck by a un grand a section of an olive field at some gel which left many of the grander 300m above sea level. This led me historic gardens reeling. to the then attic base of the RHS We tracked Mr Waterfield William made the decision to Lindley Library at Vincent Square. down, “Oh, do come along, but move into the house in 1976. The supremely helpful Brent I am afraid I can’t offer you tea.” It had been divided up into Elliott pointed me in the right William explained that he had apartments, which usefully direction, to the then very few inherited the house and garden defrayed some of the costs of modern books on Mediterranean from his Uncle Humphrey running a largish garden laid planting, some wonderful older (1908–1971) who had grown up out over six terraces. The full, if volumes on the same subject, and there and had made some major lightly fictionalised story of the suggested consulting the Country alterations to the pre-war English- earlier Waterfield’s life and garden Life cumulative index, to find out style garden he had inherited from in Menton, can be found in his more about gardens in the area. his parents, who had not survived brother Giles’s book, The Long One of the few of these older, WW2. We followed the route Afternoon. William added many usually grander, gardens still extant around the beautifully maintained artworks and other features to this and visitable, and now in the third garden that Humphrey had very personal garden, but above generation of the same family was devised, as William explained how all was an expert in the growing of ‘Clos du Peyronnet’, in Menton. his uncle, whom he had gardened bulbs and fruit on all of which he The garden is in an older suburb alongside with at his Essex garden kept meticulous records. with views down to the sea, and, too, had been inspired perhaps The garden has since been awarded from some spots, back towards the more by Hidcote than Lawrence ‘historic status’ and William’s wife, old town, high above. Johnson’s nearby, and then Judith Pillsbury and their friends In those early years of the 1980s derelict, Serre de la Madone. will ensure its future. CB

26 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 David Marsh The Shed on-line

’ve had to leave my garden in isn’t going to end when the IFrance and return to London, pandemic dies down and I’m so I’ve not seen much of my real delighted to say that it won’t. of designed landscapes and shed for a few weeks, although While we’re all looking forward conservation and we’re already to be honest it’s probably too to getting back to getting out and thinking about how we can cold right now to do much in it meeting people it doesn’t mean continue and develop this work in anyway. Since I only have 20m2 we have to stop being on zoom the future. Other future courses of garden here in London, my as well. We have every intention are likely to include art and the shed is virtual, but it’s buzzing of continuing to run on-line garden, garden archaeology, the with life and I’d be far too busy events and have already got most life of plants and even one on the to clean flowerpots or sort seeds. of the programme in place until ‘darker side’ of plants. That’s because The Gardens Trust the summer, with more already Some of these series and courses on-line programme has gone from planned in outline for the rest of have been organised by the GT strength to strength. We are now the year as well. itself but we’ve also been working running four or five events a week What’s on the cards? There will in partnership with our County and audiences continue to grow. be regular lectures on current Gardens Trusts, which have They cover an extremely wide research which will continue right showcased the range of works that range of subjects, but we hope through the year, including a many Trusts are undertaking. The there’s something during the week series on ‘Other Voices in Garden enthusiasm has been contagious, for everybody who has even just History’ (p.30) in the late spring. and we’ve ended up not only a passing interest in gardens and Our garden history courses learning a lot but also have a lot of their history. which last year saw us investigate fun along the way. So, a big thank One of the reasons for its success gardens of the ancient world and you to everyone involved from the is, I think, because on-line is mediaeval gardens and currently Yorkshire, Northamptonshire and accessible to so many more people we’re investigating the Tudor London Trusts. We’re delighted than would ever be able to find the garden. Coming next will be the that these partnerships will be time, money and energy to get to a world of the 17th-century garden continuing and at least three more real live event. Only a year ago we and we’re planning to gradually CGTs have already signed up were running lectures and courses complete the cycle and maybe while discussions are under way in London and Birmingham, with even start again! Meanwhile the with several others. In addition to a few occasional events elsewhere. Trust’s Unforgettable Gardens this we’ve been pleased to work These were popular but limitations theme is being served by a lecture helping some other Trusts get of space usually restricted every Wednesday evening and their own local lectures and events attendance to a maximum of that’s intended to carry on into on-line. We’re happy to share eighty in London, more usually next year too. We’ve also had a our zoom licence when it’s not from forty to sixty, with perhaps very successful long course on already being used and by sharing thirty elsewhere, and reached at ‘Post-War Designed Landscapes’ local knowledge and speaker’s most a few hundred people during led by leading landscape architects. expertise with our technical a year. Our average attendance is This followed on from our set-up, free training programme now around two hundred every previous campaign, Compiling and marketing arrangements day with some events attracting the Record, which led to the we’ve been able to make the over three hundred, one recently listing or upgrading of twenty-four venture profitable for both sides as many as three hundred and fifty. post-war gardens and designed by boosting numbers, confidence In the first 6 months of 2020 we landscapes. With audiences of and bank-balances all at the same sold over 7,600 tickets. over two hundred it has opened time. Please don’t hesitate to get I’ve been getting a lot of emails the way to more courses aimed in touch via the GT office if you’d checking that our on-line presence at those working in the field like to discuss the possibilities.

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 27 Lectures GT events Conferences Study Tours

s David explained on the Please note that after making Towards the end of this section, Aprevious page, our Events your on-line booking for lectures you can find details of our ‘actual’ offering this year continues mainly you will be sent a zoom link two study tours and conferences. Our on-line with several lectures weekly. days prior to the start of the event. Annual Conference, postponed Lectures, both in series and one-offs A link to the recorded session will from last year is back on-track are being put together to take us be sent shortly afterwards, for for September this year, with through the summer, so the next few those unable to see it on broadcast, booking opening shortly after pages are only a partial guide to what or simply to watch again, though you receive this publication. That is on offer. To see the full range this lasts only for a limited is followed very shortly by our of courses, series and individual period. This is proving invaluable much-postponed long weekend in events please see our website, especially now that word has got France, and our proposed return and/or sign up for our monthly out and we are getting bookings to Sicily has now been further e-bulletin which aims to keep you world-wide, reminding us of our postponed until Spring 2022. informed of all our latest offerings. international membership reach. Viva la ‘vaccination’! Events 2021 Ian Hamilton Finlay’s Winter Lectures Series 2020/21 gallery walls. Amongst those who ‘Improvement Garden’ at What is Wild? led the way were Charles and Stockwood Park, Luton Dr Kim Wilkie Henry Essenhigh Corke. Don’t Kate Harwood 6pm, Monday 22 March (12 of 12) be put off by the strange name. in association with Essex GT andscape Architect Kim They were a talented father and 10.30am, Saturday 20 March LWilkie, discusses how ‘Wild’ son team who helped put high ate will talk about the myths has become the reflex antidote quality garden art onto picture Kand classical references that to human destruction of the postcards, and into guidebooks. inspired The Improvement environment, but does it mean Their work was so good it is still Garden, laid out by Ian Hamilton any more than just an absence of used a reference point in garden Finlay at Stockwood Park, Luton. Homo sapiens? Historically wild conservation today. Henry was This magical, Grade II* garden was meant hostile to humans; now it also a pioneer of garden and plant inspired by both the classical world mostly means friendly to wildlife. photography, producing images and the 18th century, but with a How is that really achieved and of the highest quality that any distinctive 20th century twist. It is where do human beings now fit modern garden photographer not one of horticultural extravagance within the concept? Do we shuffle would be proud to have taken. but of ideas and subtle hints, off and abandon land or do we live Cost £5, or part of series (£20). blending planting, architecture and in a better way? sculpture to extraordinary effect. Cost: £4 for GT, LGT and CGT The Gardens at Plaz Finlay (1925–2006) was not members, £6 for non-members. Metaxu, North Devon just a gardener but a renowned Alasdair Forbes poet, writer and artist. The The Golden Afternoon of 7pm, Wednesday 24 March (3 of 4) Improvement Garden fuses these Gardens and Artists Series he landscape created by art forms together within an The Essenhigh Corkes TAlasdair Forbes at Plaz imaginative landscape to produce David Marsh Metaxu in North Devon is an what is widely considered today to 10am, Tuesday 23 March (4 of 5) exploration of myth, philosophy, be the most important example of rt has a commercial side and literature and art; of meaning, his work in England. Ait’s easy to overlook those emotion and space; the design of Cost: £5. humbler forms that don’t involve the different spaces and [contd. p.30]

28 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Gardens Trust Events 2021 Gardens of the Early-17th Century series 10am, Thurdays from 18 March

ur Garden History series Omoves on to the early-17th century, where James I and his courtiers oversaw a time of magnificence in architecture and extravagant expenditure on gardens inspired by travel abroad, and all justified by Francis Bacon because gardening “is the purest of human pleasure. [and] the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man, without which, buildings and palaces are but gross handiworks”. ©Victoria & Albert Museum, London We’ll explore how this was reflected Cushion cover, white satin with applied canvaswork motifs, English, about 1600. As well in royal gardens such as Somerset as the noblemen shown here hunting with hawks, we can also see gardeners at their House, Whitehall and Richmond work, gathering fruit and training vines in an orchard of apples, cherries and quinces. and courtier gardens such as Wilton, and how it spread to the the latest fashions in architecture, extraordinary pair: Gardeners to gardens of the rural county gentry. sculpture and garden design and to the aristocracy and royalty, plant But this was also the age when plants employ knowledgeable designers hunters, nurserymen and founders first became consumer desirables, and and engineers from abroad to of the first museum to be open when gardeners like the Tradescants create gardens displaying the latest to the public. Famous in their were first sent out deliberately to ideas from Italy and elsewhere. own lifetimes, and continuously collect them. It was the age too of in the centuries since, their lives increasing scientific awareness, where The Gardens of the Gentry have even been romanticised by a men like John Parkinson began to Jill Francis modern novelist. But how much systematically classify the contents of 10am, Thursday 1 April (3of 6) do you actually know about them? our gardens. All this was set against a here the court leads, the background of intense theological and Wgentry inevitably follows. The Civil War and its Impact political debate which ultimately led We will look at the ways in which Jill Francis to the Civil War, and we’ll examine the gardens of the rural gentry 10am, Thursday 22 April (6 of 6) what impact that had on gardens. attempted to emulate – or not – he English Civil Wars and the the new fashions in gardening. Tinterregnum were a period Overview and Sources of turbulence, hardship and Jill Francis & David Marsh John Parkinson, Gardener and uncertainty. Whilst some were 10am, Thursday 18 March (1of 6) Apothecary of London forced to abandon their gardens Jill Francis altogether, others found they had Royal Gardens and Gardens of 10am, Thursday 8 April (4 of 6) no other choice than to retreat to the Court Circle sing Parkinson’s beautifully their country estates and simply Sally Jeffery Uillustrated Garden of Pleasant ‘cultivate their gardens’. 10am, Thursday 25 March (2 of 6) Flowers as a focus, this session will he beginning of the reign look at how this book also reflects Each talk will be approximately Tof James I in 1603 and the contemporary gardening practice. one hour, with additional time ending of a period of war with allowed for Q & A afterwards. Spain meant that there was The Tradescants The zoom link provided allows renewed freedom to travel to and David Marsh the opportunity to watch the from Europe. Members of the 10am, Thursday 15 April (5 of 6) lectures again for a week after the royal family and their circle were he John Tradescants - original event. eager to acquire knowledge of Tfather and son -were an Cost: £30 for the 6-part series. GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 29 Gardens Trust Events 2021 their relationship to each other vignettes of Sandringham which Other Voices takes one on a spiritual journey were given to Queen Alexandra enriched with a horticultural feast. in an illuminated hand-written Thought-provoking and visually copy of Bacon’s Essay Of Gardens. in stunning, Alasdair will transport In 1918 garden-makers like us through the development Lutyens and Jekyll turned their Garden History of Plaz Metaxu, ‘the place that attention from is between’, the garden he has to memorial gardens, while the 6pm, Mondays developed almost single-handed Imperial War Graves Commission from 12 April over the past thirty years. The created the field that is forever garden has featured in books and England – a collective rather than articles and has been hailed by an individual garden – bringing series of ten weekly on-line Tim Richardson as, ‘probably the era to a sober conclusion. Alectures at 6pm, Mondays the most significant new garden Cost £5, or part of series (£20). from 12 April, celebrating other to have been made in Britain in garden voices. recent decades.’ Alasdair’s book, Heale Garden This series of illustrated lectures On Psyche’s Lawn, The Gardens at Frances Rasch will explore the impact and Plaz Metaxu, on the inspirations 7pm, Wednesday legacy of empire, colonialism and and development of the gardens 31 March (4 of 4) enslavement on western garden was published in September 2020. eale, at Middle Woodford and landscape history. Our aim Cost £5, or part of series (£16). Hjust north of Salisbury is is to bring back some of the a glorious garden of nine acres, voices usually absent from this Why are we here? surrounding a house that remains history, to identify and fill gaps planning site visits to historic largely unchanged since King in our collective knowledge, and parks and gardens Charles II hid here in 1651. The to explore new ways of engaging Twigs Way timeless atmosphere of the gardens with the whole history of gardens, 2pm, Monday 29 March at Heale is the result of the creative landscapes and horticulture. ne of the delights of endeavours of Harold Peto, who The diverse range of topics and Ogarden history research is originally designed the gardens in speakers will offer a new range the opportunity for visiting a 1906 and many generations of the of perspectives on the history of wide range of historic designed Rasch family, each who have left gardens and landscapes and suggest landscapes, large or small, old or their mark. A chalk stream, well more inclusive ways of presenting (relatively) new, immaculately kept stocked with trout, runs through and interpreting their stories. The or positively ruinous! the gardens and under an authentic series does not aim to point fingers The ‘site visit’ has long been Japanese tea house. There is a or to encourage hand-wringing central to the activities and research varied collection of plants, shrubs, but is more a celebration of voices of almost all garden history but musk and other roses growing starting to be heard. with so much available on-line, and in the formal setting of clipped access to sites often increasingly and mellow stonework. Guns and Roses: difficult even before Covid-19, Before her marriage, Frances Humphry Repton at Warley Park should we spend more time asking Rasch worked as a restorer Advolly Richmond ourselves Why Are We Here? specialising in gilding, lacquer work 6pm, Monday 12 April (1 of 10) Free, but please register in advance. and painted furniture. During her he landscape gardener, early years at Heale Anna Pavord THumphry Repton’s The Golden Afternoon of acted as Frances’s mentor, before she working life witnessed great Gardens and Artists Series completed a course at The English social change. He disliked the Towards the Cenotaph Gardening School with Rosemary new money men connected Caroline Holmes Alexander. Frances is currently a with trade and commerce, but 10am, Tuesday 30 March (5 of 5) member of The RHS’s herbaceous reluctantly benefited greatly from dwardian garden glories gave committee. She is actively involved these bankers, industrialist and Eway to war grave memorials, in promoting plants, judging at merchants who profited from but not before their high points shows and working on the trials. war and colonial contracts. The were encapsulated in Sangorski’s Cost £5, or part of series (£16). profits of empire percolated

30 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Other Voices in Garden History through the whole of the British Collecting with Lao Chao land and livelihoods across the Sahel economy and funded the creation Yvette Harvey region, from Senegal to Djibouti. of many gardens and landscapes 6pm, Monday 10 May (5 of 10) This romantic idea of a line of of aspiration. This lecture looks at or many years now, the trees holding back the desert has Humphry Repton’s work for the Fcurators of museums and living been put forward by numerous Quaker gun manufacturer Samuel collections, and their visitors, have politicians and activists, notably Galton Junior at his estate at been programmed to respond including Nobel Prize-winner Warley Woods, Birmingham. to and expect tales of the grand, Wangari Maathai, English forester death-defying adventures of our and conservationist Richard St. Historic Landscapes for All: plant collectors, rather than the Barbe Baker, and Burkino Faso’s Learning to Share realities and injustices of what socialist revolutionary President, Linden Groves really happened on expeditions. Thomas Sankara. In this lecture 6pm, Monday 19 April (2 of 10) Yvette has used the archives of the Camilla Allen will trace the rom 2018–20 the Gardens Trust RHS and the RBG, Edinburgh to voices, stories and myths that have Fran a Lottery-funded project explore the escapades of well-known sustained the Great , called Sharing Repton: Historic plant hunters from the perspective weaving together stories from Landscapes for All. This helped of others on their teams, and to Africa’s past, colonisation, and us learn how to engage new and discuss where credit should lie for independence to explore what is diverse people with historic parks the plant collections that have a so compelling and pertinent about and gardens but was only a small huge impact on what is grown in our this tale of ecological restoration part of a much longer journey. gardens today. The main focus of the and redemption. lecture will be the Scottish botanist Learning from ‘The Blackamoor‘ and plant hunter George Forrest and Working towards inclusive Dr Patrick Eyres will examine the role played by the Botanic Gardens 6pm, Monday 26 April (3 of 10) teams of local Naxi people whom The Royal Botanic Gardens hen William III he employed to collect, process and at Kew and Edinburgh Wcommissioned a pair of label specimens. It will give voice 6pm, Monday 24 May (7 of 10) kneeling slaves for the privy to team leader Zhao Chengzhang he Royal Botanic Gardens, garden at Hampton Court palace, [Lao Chao] and those who worked Tat Kew and Edinburgh, with he initiated a new genre of British alongside him, acknowledging their roots from colonial times, are garden sculpture. As the product of valuable work and tenacity. developing a roadmap for change a culture that valued the profitability and working towards a more of the Atlantic slave economy, ‘The Telling tales about trees: equitable and inclusive botanic Blackamoor’, a.k.a. ‘The Kneeling the voices and stories that gardens. Drawing on current work Slave’, became the most popular of have helped build Africa’s at Edinburgh and Kew, they share all the lead statues made for British Great Green Wall their process and recommendations gardens in the 18th century. Unlike Dr Camilla Allen for best practice. This session will the visualising Blackamoor, the 6pm, Monday 17 May (6 of 10) be presented by a panel of staff source of income remained invisible frica’s Great Green Wall is an from the Royal Botanic Gardens at in landscape gardens – as exemplified Aambitious project to restore Kew and Edinburgh. by Harewood in Yorkshire, where both ‘Capability’ Brown and Humphry Repton were consulted.

The Work of Ingrid Pollard Ingrid Pollard 6pm, Monday 3 May (4 of 10) ngrid will discuss aspects of Iher social practice, which is concerned with representation, history and landscape with reference to race, difference and the materiality of lens based media.

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 31 Other Voices in Garden History thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/

Hearing the Voices from a Human Zoo Jill Sinclair 6pm, Monday 31 May (8 of 10) ing Leopold II of Belgium ran Kthe Congo as his own private colony from 1885 to 1908, treating the local people brutally. With the fortune he made from Congolese ivory and rubber, Leopold embarked on extensive building and landscape projects. The source of his funds was openly celebrated 2.0 BE BY-NC-SA license: CC under the CCA Shared at the 1897 Brussels Worlds Fair, Part of the ‘Congolese Villages’ at the Brussels Worlds Fair, 1897. HP.1946.1058.1-21, where exhibits included 267 people collection RMCA Tervuren; photo A. Gautier, 1897. forcibly shipped from the Congo to be displayed in what were countryside rural space are so linked Professor Corinne Fowler, a effectively human zoos. with the concept of Englishness research expert at the University One of Leopold’s favourite that the presence of minorities of Leicester, director of the designers was the French landscape can be seen as a dissolution of ‘Colonial Countryside: National architect Elie Lainé, whom Jill the English national identity Trust Houses Reinterpreted’ Sinclair has been researching for and will examine arguments that project and author of the book a number of years. Best known in membership of racial groups is Green Unpleasant Land: Creative the UK for his work at Waddesdon ingrained in the structures of Responses to Rural England’s Manor, Lainé worked for the Belgian colonialism and imperialism. Colonial Connections (2020) king from 1889. This lecture will Tiger de Souza MBE, explore some of the issues around Other Voices in Garden Volunteering, Participation interpreting landscapes funded by History: Discussion Panel and Inclusion Director for the (and indeed designed to celebrate) 6pm, Monday 14 June (10 of 10) National Trust. colonialism and enslavement. he series will finish with a Errol Fernandes, senior gardener Tdiscussion of some of the for English Heritage at Kenwood Contested Landscapes: issues and themes that have arisen House, and an artist and art/ Race and the English Rural from the lectures, and a chance for horticultural psychotherapist. Countryside Space the audience to offer reflections Maxwell A. Ayamba and ask questions. Each talk will be approximately 6pm, Monday 7 June (9 of 10) The session will be chaired by Dr one hour, with additional time sing his ethnographic Oliver Cox, Heritage Engagement allowed for Q & A afterwards). Uwork as co-founder of the Fellow, University of Oxford, Cost: £5 each, or all ten Black Men Walking Group, and and the panellists will include: lectures for £40 (students £15). founder of the charity Sheffield Environmental Movement, Maxwell Ayamba will shed light on how the notion of race affects use of countryside spaces. He will explore how the racialisation of spaces has, as argued by Carolyn Finney, ‘the power to determine who actually participates in environmental related activities, whose voices are heard in environmental debates’. The lecture will consider how narratives of the English

32 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Gardens Trust Events 2021

The Gardening Mind than at any time in the last 65 attract and maintain the attention Sue Stuart-Smith million years. ‘Bioabundance’ is of an audience, thereby creating in association with Dorset GT in decline, with recent studies an engaging entertainment. In the 6.30pm, Friday 23 April showing that insects in particular eighteenth century, techniques istinguished psychiatrist and seem to be disappearing fast. If it borrowed from rhetoric were used David gardener Sue Stuart- continues, this will have profound for eloquent persuasion in all the Smith offers an inspiring and consequences for mankind and ‘polite arts’ of painting, poetry, consoling work about the healing for our planet. Dave Goulson will music and architecture. A well- effects of gardening and its ability explain why insects are in decline, educated person would be familiar to decrease stress and foster mental and suggest how we can all help with these strategies and able to well-being in our everyday lives. to tackle this crisis, by turning our appreciate them when presented in The garden is often seen as a gardens and urban greenspaces into works of art. The landscape garden refuge, a place to forget worldly oases for life. He will discuss the provided the perfect space for all cares, removed from the “real” life many things we should do, and manner of events and emotional that lies outside. But when we get those things we should not do, to effects which adorned and our hands in the earth we connect welcome bumblebees, butterflies, manipulated nature, by using art with the cycle of life in nature and a plethora of other wildlife which ‘pleasingly confounds’, but through which destruction and into our gardens and into our lives. was enjoyed when discovered. decay are followed by regrowth His most recent book exploring Judy Tarling is a musician who and renewal. this theme is The Garden Jungle: has been at the forefront of the Drawing on her grandfather’s gardening to save the planet (2019). historical performance movement return from World War I, Cost £5. since the 1970s as a principal Sigmund Freud’s obsession with member of leading groups such flowers and interviews with people Surprizes, varies & conceals as The Parley of Instruments, from gardening projects in prisons, the Bounds: Persuasion in the The Brandenburg Consort and hospitals and in the community. English Landscape The Hanover Band. Her latest Sue will look at how gardening can Judy Tarling book Landscapes of Eloquence? answer to deep existential needs 6pm, Thursday 6 May Finding Rhetoric in the English and discuss findings from recent n his ‘Epistle to Lord Burlington’, Landscape Garden was published in research showing that connecting IAlexander Pope set out ideas for November 2020. to nature alleviates symptoms of a garden which would appeal to the Cost £5. anxiety, stress and depression. ‘man of taste’. Many of these ideas Sue’s recent book, The Well (surprise, variety and deception) This is very much a work in Gardened Mind, (2020) analyses also happen to be devices described progress with more lectures and the relationship between gardening in the classical rhetoric texts to series being added all the time… and mental health. Cost £5.

Why our gardens should change: adapting our gardens for insects Professor Dave Goulson in association with Kent GT 7pm, Tuesday 27 April ave Goulson is Professor Dof Biology at University of Sussex, specializing in bee ecology. He has published more than 300 scientific articles on the ecology and conservation of bumblebees and other insects. We are in the midst of the sixth mass extinction event, with extinctions occurring faster

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 33 Gardens Trust Events 2021 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ The Gardens Trust Annual Conference New Research Symposium and AGM 2021 in and around Richmond and Wensleydale, North Yorkshire Mid-day, Friday 3 September to Sunday 5 September 2021

ood News! Our North GYorkshire Conference is back on track for the first weekend in September 2021, and our partners Val Hepworth and the Yorkshire Gardens Trust are delighted to welcome us. Centred on Wensleydale and the picturesque Georgian town of Richmond, all our visits are to privately-owned historic listed or registered estates and we’ll have access to many areas not normally open to the public. We will be based at the Holiday Inn just off the A1 (M)/A66 at Scotch Corner (DL10 6NR) which has been attractively refurbished

and updated (with efficient double Government Art Collection glazing) and offers ample conference facilities and on-site parking. Aske Hall, Yorkshire. George Cuitt the elder (1743–1818) Darlington station is twenty minutes away by frequent local GT website (via Eventbrite) on Return to hotel for bar and express bus or taxi to the hotel. Friday 19 March. Booking closes dinner and lecture on the Please note: While it is our on Sunday 1 August. inspiration behind the designed intention to fulfil the original If you have any queries landscapes of North Yorkshire. programme we must include a meanwhile, or have a special need caveat: Government Covid-19 to book by email or post, contact Saturday 4 September regulations beyond our control Virginia Hinze: Morning visit to Aske Hall, with may require alteration to the [email protected] elements by Kent and Brown, content, management or even size or: 01273 844 819 lunch at the hotel followed by the of the event; we will endeavour to New Research Symposium 2021 keep you well-informed. Delegate Outline programme and AGM. Conference Dinner at cancellation arrangements as for Friday 3 September The Station, housed in Richmond’s last year and full refunds if the Register at the hotel from mid- Victorian Railway Station. entire event is cancelled day, lunch available at your own Prices remain as for 2020; cost. From 2.15pm afternoon Sunday 5 September see Issue 12 Spring 2020 for excursions depart by coach to Morning visit to Constable details. There are just eighty Richmond. Two alternative visits Burton, lunchtime visit to Bolton residential places available at the are offered (to be selected when Castle and final afternoon visit to Holiday Inn (with some sharing booking): Bolton Hall. Return to Hotel. rooms) plus provision for day- A Tour of Temple Grounds and Finishing time here approx 3.45pm; attendance. Additional overnight its Picturesque landscape. return to Hotel by 4.15pm. accommodation (on a self-book B Tour of Richmond’s Georgian basis) is available at the nearby Theatre, followed by Millgate A Conference programme with Scotch Corner Travelodge House’s exquisite plantsman’s more precise timings will be Booking will open on the garden (latter in timed groups). available nearer the time.

34 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Gardens Trust Events 2021 Study Tour to France Jardins à la Française: origins, variations, reinventions Friday 17 to Monday 20 September 2021 — UPDATE 2 (or is it 3?) Association du Park du Lathan du Park Association

ith the success of the Wvaccine programme we are looking forward to honouring the revised dates of the trip, Friday morning 17 September to the afternoon of Monday 20 September. It will still be led by landscape historian, author and curator, Dr Gabriel Wick with Robert Peel as organiser. The plan is to meet our coach in central

Paris on Friday morning and drive du Lathan du Park Association to Fontainebleau, a key site in A 500m long Canal runs out from the east front of Chateau du Lathan, near Breil. the development of the classical The at the far end of the Canal was restored in 2013/14. French gardens in the late-16th and early-17th centuries. From Chaumont with its long-running Finally, on Monday we shall there to Chateau de Courances, International Garden Festival. visit Chateau de Valmer with its home of the Ganay family, with We will also visit the Pagoda terraced-gardens, vineyards and its renaissance water-gardens, of Chanteloup, that poignant potager, and enjoy a wine tasting reinterpreted by Henri and fragment of one of France’s lost before heading back to to Achille Duchêne in the early-20th 18th-century gardens. connect with the evening Eurostar. century, and restored by the family We shall overnight in Tours, Full details appeared in our in the post-war period. which is conveniently located to Spring 2020 issue. We still have We will then spend the night tour the gardens of three other places available for those who wish in Orléans, before travelling chateaux, Lude, Lathan and Grand to share a room, but no availability along the River Loire, to the Lucé, each significant for their of single rooms. newly reconstituted early 18th- history as well as their pragmatic For more information please century garden at the Chateau de and ecologically driven approaches contact Robert Peel: Chambord, and the Chateau de to planting and maintenance. [email protected]

GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 35 Gardens Trust Events 2022 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Study Tour to Palermo and the West of Sicily Now rescheduled for April 2022 — UPDATE

ollowing our successful study Ftour to Western Sicily in Spring 2019 (see our report on the study tour p.38, GT news 10, Summer 2019), Robert Peel and Cassandra Funsten prepared another one there for members of the Gardens Trust in Spring 2020 – alas this had to be postponed, and remains so, until we know the situation regarding international travel and proposed vaccinations. Once confirmed by the travel agent and when airline schedules are known, revised dates for April 2022 will be sent to those who are still intending to participate and to those on the waiting list from 2020. There may well be space for others so please let Robert Robert Peel Peel know if you are interested Looking out from the terrace of Villa Valguarnera, Bagheria. in being informed of the dates once they are known. In addition, plants of the city allows a thorough arrive in Sicily came with Queen hopefully, the dates will be posted appreciation of the art and botany Maria Carolina, while she resided in the Summer edition of this of its designed landscapes. at Villa Valguarnera. To show her newsletter, and on the website. Revised dates waiting for when disapproval of Napoleon, whose wife The same programme of visits it will be safe and appropriate Josephine famously favoured roses, will be included, with five nights to travel to Sicily. For further the Bourbon queen had chosen the in Palermo, a day in Bagheria, and information, contact Robert Peel: cycad as her specific botanical device. two nights in Trapani, from where [email protected] The Botanical Garden in Palermo to visit Segesta, Mozia, Marsala, now has the largest collection of Mazara and Selinunte. n his report on our earlier Study cycads anywhere in Europe. The aim is to give a full appreciation ITour in 2019, Robert wrote: The owner of Villa Valguarnera is of the range of landscapes and ‘At Villa Valguarnera the preoccupied at threats by the local gardens in western Sicily and the chatelaine has succeeded in turning authority to expropriate that part architectural heritage in its varied the mafia out of her property, on of her estate through which the manifestations through the centuries, re-occupying it after a period when historic entrance drive leads up to from classical Greek, through her family was unable to reside the Bernini-style oval courtyard in Norman, medieval, baroque, neo- there. She conducted us along the front of the house. I volunteered classical and Liberty style. masonic-influenced circuit of her the support of The Gardens Trust Sicily’s climate permits a garden, inspired by the philosophy in any conflict she might find in hedonistic mix of Mediterranean of her mute female antecedent, trying to save the integrity of this and exotic plants from temperate along which we passed challenges to very important 18th-century estate. and tropical parts of other purge our weakness and prepare our Bagheria has already been the continents, as well as a rich range of strength of leadership until reaching victim of too much ill-considered wild flowers, especially prominent the prominent peak of the garden development and The Trust has a in the archaeological sites we visit. from which to survey the disarray of proud inheritance of campaigning Cassandra is based in Palermo and modern Bagheria below. Our hostess for the survival of landscapes that her knowledge of the gardens and convinced us that the first cycad to need our support.’

36 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 other events & news in brief ‘How to Read a Designed Landscape’ Georgian Group online lecture series lectures by John Phibbs MBE hroughout March and demonstrating how ‘gardening TApril the Georgian Group and refined connoisseurship were Farms & Follies are running an on-line lecture the obsession of the age.’ 2pm, Saturday 20 March (3 of 4) series on ‘Georgian Gardens and Landscapes’.The programme of Follies: An Architectural Valleys & Varlets lectures will explore different aspects Journey 5pm, Sunday 28 March (4 of 4) of garden and landscape history Rory Fraser of the long eighteenth century. 6.30pm, Tuesday 6 April o, what is this ‘reading’ and why Cost: £3 GG members, £5 non- Rory Fraser will explore how Sdo I give it so much importance? members.Book via their website: follies, an important feature of These are the two questions that I georgiangroup.org.uk/events-2/ English landscape gardens in the shall address in this series of four long eighteenth century, serve zooms. The talks are free and to Vauxhall, Sex and as focal points for architecture, sign up you just need to e-mail me Entertainment: The invention landscape and literature, creating at: [email protected] of the urban pleasure garden a series of portals through which Prof. Penelope Corfield to understand the periods in A new Directory of Social and 6.30pm, Tuesday 23 March which they were built and Therapeutic Horticulture in enelope Corfield will analyse providing an alternative lens the UK Pthe social dynamics of London’s through which to track and Richard Claxton most popular and celebrated celebrate the English character, ’m working in General Practice ‘Pleasure Garden’ in Vauxhall, culture and love of individualism. Ibut also training in garden which flourished between 1732 design for therapeutic spaces, and and its final closure in 1859. The English Landscape wondered if the Gardens Trust Revolution might be able to help me. Welsh Gardens & the Grand Kim Wilkie I’m trying to collate a directory Tour 6.30pm, Tuesday 13 April of all the organisations out there Bettina Harden Kim Wilkie will chart the that are providing social and 6.30pm, Tuesday 30 March development of the eighteenth- therapeutic horticulture in the Bettina Harden examines the century English Landscape UK. This is so that anybody can links between the Grand Tour Movement, which pioneered a benefit from the amazing therapy and its effect on the Welsh radical new approach to sculpting that gardening can offer. patrons and owners who, on and farming the land, through I’ve been in contact with Thrive, their return from the Continent, some of the projects he has worked who used to keep a directory, and set about bringing something on, from the grand landscapes of also been really impressed by the of what they had seen abroad our finest country houses to more Scottish directory supervised by to their home surroundings, humble manor houses. : www.trellisscotland.org.uk/ It would be great if the Gardens Trust might be able to help helsea Fringe 2021 takes place from publicise the directory, so that any Cthe 15 to 23 May and we hope you’ll readers with knowledge to share put on an event. Can you believe that it could visit the website and use the will be our 10th birthday in May? What contact form to let me know about a strange year for it. People need the joy organisations not yet included: gardening brings even more than ever: gardening4health.co.uk/ chelseafringe.com

GTGT NEWS NEWS 15 15 Spring Spring 2021 2021 37 37 officers

Constance Spry: gardener and florist 1886–1960 now Monday 17 May to Sunday 26 September 2021 hane Connolly, Floral Designer Sand Guest Curator of the Garden Museum’s upcoming Constance Spry exhibition now rescheduled to open in May 2021, is curating an exhibition celebrating Constance Spry and her legacy of flowers, at the Garden Museum. He is still asking for your help. Do you know anyone who trained/worked with Constance Spry before her death in 1960? If so Shane would love to speak to them. Photo by Ron Case - Keystone - Hulton Archive - Getty Ron - Keystone Images Archive Case by - Hulton Photo courtesy Museum of the Garden Please contact Shane directly if you can help with the project: Constance Spy decorates the Queen’s table for the Coronation Dinner [email protected] held at Lancaster House in honour of her Majesty, held on 5 June 1953.

Calling our Gardens Trust Members Many of you are already enjoying our e-bulletin and on-line lectures. But we still would like to contact you by email from time to time and need to ensure our Membership database is up to date. We would be very grateful if you would confirm your current email address by emailing us at: [email protected] including your name and postal address. Thank you very much.

President Ex-officio Members of Board Dominic Cole CMLI FIOH VMM OBE Joanna Davidson Welsh Historic Gardens Trust Vice Presidents Chloe Bennett Scotland’s Garden & Landscape Heritage Dr James Bartos, Mr Alan Baxter, Mrs Susan Campbell, Sir Richard Carew Pole, Mrs Gilly Drummond OBE, Staff Mr Robert Peel, Mr John Sales, Mrs Steffie Shields, Administrator: Louise Cooper Sir Tim Smit KBE, Mr Michael Symes Finance Officer & CGT Co-ordinator: Teresa Forey-Harrison Conservation Officer:Margie Hoffnung Chairman of Board Conservation Casework Manager: Alison Allighan Peter Hughes QC Assistant: Daniel Bowles Members of Board Strategic Development Officer: Linden Groves Christopher Blandford HLP Officers: Tamsin McMillan, Sally Bate Sarah Dickinson Chair, Conservation Committee Dr Marion Harney Editors Virginia Hinze Co-Chair, Education & Events Committee Editor Garden History: Dr Barbara Simms Dr Sally Jeffery Editor GT News: Charles Boot David Lambert Dr David Marsh Co-Chair, Education & Events Committee Membership enquiries Maureen Nolan Honorary Secretary phone: 01787 249 286 Thadian Pillai email: [email protected] Peter Waine GDPR: [email protected] Lisa Watson Vice Chairman; Honorary Treasurer; Chair, Administration & Finance Committee Advertising enquiries: Hall McCartney phone: 01462 896 688 email: [email protected]

38 GT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 GT events diary 2021 Thursday 18 March Overview and Sources: Gardens of the Early-17th Century series Jill Francis & David Marsh Saturday 20 March Ian Hamilton Finlay’s ‘Improvement Garden’ at Stockwood Park, Luton Kate Harwood Monday 22 March What is Wild? Dr Kim Wilkie Tuesday 23 March The Essenhigh Corkes David Marsh Wednesday 24 March The Gardens at Plaz Metaxu, North Devon Alasdair Forbes Thursday 25 March Royal Gardens and Gardens of the Court Circle Sally Jeffery Monday 29 March Why are we here? planning site visits to historic parks and gardens Twigs Way Tuesday 30 March Towards the Cenotaph Caroline Holmes Wednesday 31 March Heale Garden Frances Rasch Thursday 1 April The Gardens of the GentryJill Francis Thursday 8 April John Parkinson, Gardener and Apothecary of London Jill Francis Monday 12 April Guns and Roses: Humphry Repton at Warley Park Advolly Richmond Thursday 15 April The Tradescants David Marsh Monday 19 April Historic Landscapes for All: Learning to Share Linden Groves Thursday 22 April The Civil War and its ImpactJill Francis Friday 23 April The Gardening MindSue Stuart-Smith Monday 26 April Learning from ‘The Blackamoor’Dr Patrick Eyres Tuesday 27 April Why our gardens should change: adapting our gardens for insects Professor Dave Goulson 6pm, Sunday 2 May Deadlines: GT Essay Prize 2021, GT New Research Symposium 2021 Monday 3 May The Work of Ingrid PollardIngrid Pollard Thursday 6 May Surprizes, varies & conceals the Bounds: Persuasion in the English Landscape Judy Tarling Monday 17 May Telling tales about trees: Africa’s Great Green Wall Dr Camilla Allen Monday 24 May Working towards inclusive Botanic Gardens The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew & Edinburgh Monday 31 May Hearing the Voices from a Human Zoo Jill Sinclair Monday 7 June Contested Landscapes: Race and the English Rural Countryside Space Maxwell A. Ayamba Monday 14 June Other Voices in Garden History: Discussion Panel Friday 16 July Deadline: GT Volunteer of the Year Award 2021 3 to 5 September The Gardens Trust Summer Conference NRS and AGM 2021, North Yorkshire 17 to 20 September Study Tour to France, Jardins à la Française 2022 TBC April 2022 Return to Sicily and Palermo, Gardens Trust Study Tour Details and booking information for all these events can be found inside on pages 28 to 36. This is a rapidly evolving programme so please keep an eye on our website for updates: thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/

GT NEWS correspondence and items to The Gardens Trust head office, headed: GT NEWS or email the editor Charles Boot: [email protected] Please make a note of our publications schedule: GT NEWS copy deadlines: 1 February, 1 June & 1 October. Distribution: mid March, mid July with our Journal & Annual Report; mid November with our Journal. GT NEWS ISSN 2398-3248 Editor and layout Charles Boot Printed by Lavenham Press, 47 Water Street, Lavenham, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 9RNGT NEWS 15 Spring 2021 39 BEAUTY & ELEGANCE

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