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CARIBOU Rangifer Tarandus Original Prepared by Deborah Cichowski, Trevor Kinley, and Brian Churchill

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CARIBOU Rangifer Tarandus Original Prepared by Deborah Cichowski, Trevor Kinley, and Brian Churchill CARIBOU Rangifer tarandus Original prepared by Deborah Cichowski, Trevor Kinley, and Brian Churchill Species Information Description Woodland Caribou are a large, dark subspecies Taxonomy with short, heavy antlers (Banfield 1961) occurring Rangifer tarandus includes seven extant subspecies: in parts of boreal, cordilleran, and southeastern Reindeer (R. tarandus tarandus), Wild Forest arctic Canada. There has been no scientific Reindeer (R. tarandus fennicus), and Svalbard description specific to the three caribou ecotypes Reindeer (R. tarandus platyrhynchus) in Eurasia; and in British Columbia. Barren-ground Caribou (R. tarandus groenlandicus), Alaskan Caribou (R. tarandus granti), Peary Caribou Distribution (R. tarandus pearyi), and Woodland Caribou Global (R. tarandus caribou) in North America. Rangifer tarandus has a circumboreal distribution. In The Woodland Caribou includes several ecotypes, northern Europe and Asia, this species is known as which have no formal taxonomic designation but are Reindeer, and includes domestic, semi-domesticated, defined on the basis of distinct patterns of habitat and wild populations. In North America, the species use and diet/feeding behaviour. The three ecotypes is known as Caribou and exists primarily in the wild. described in this account are known as Mountain Extant wild subspecies in North America are: Caribou, Northern Caribou, and Boreal Caribou 1. Barren-ground Caribou from just south of the (Heard and Vagt 1998) and can be distinguished treeline northward in northernmost from each other by the combination of three inter- Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the Northwest related features (Table 1). Table 1. Features of caribou ecotypes in British Columbia Feature Mountain Caribou Northern Caribou Boreal Caribou Occurrence Mountainous deep-snowpack Mountainous and adjacent Peatlands (muskeg) in lowland portion of southeastern plateau areas with relatively plateau portion of northeastern British Columbia known as low snowpacks in west- British Columbia, east of the the Interior Wet Belt central and northern Interior Rocky Mountains, with relatively British Columbia low snowpack Winter diet Consists almost entirely of Consists mostly of terrestrial Consists mostly of terrestrial arboreal hair lichen, with use lichens with use of arboreal lichens with some use of of terrestrial lichen and other lichens dependent on snow arboreal lichens ground-based foods only in conditions early winter Seasonal Generally involve little Generally involve both Generally involve horizontal movements horizontal distance but strong horizontal distance and distance but no strong elevational shifts elevational shifts elevational shifts although for some local populations, winter and summer ranges may overlap 1 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 1 2 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 Territories, Nunavut, and western Greenland, occurrences between the Morkill and Wood rivers. totaling over 1 million; They also occur in the Columbia Mountains, 2. Alaska Caribou in northern Yukon and much of including parts of the Cariboo Mountains, Quesnel Alaska, totalling ~1 million; Highlands, Shuswap Highlands, Monashee 3. Peary Caribou on the Arctic islands of the Mountains north of Whatshan Lake, Selkirk Northwest Territories and western Nunavut, Mountains, and parts of the Purcell Mountains totalling ~2000; north of Highway 3. 4. Woodland Caribou in southern Yukon, southwestern Northwest Territories, northern, Northern Caribou occur in west-central British west-central and southeastern British Columbia, Columbia, in and around the Itcha, Ilgachuz, extreme northeastern Washington, extreme Rainbow, and Trumpeter mountains as well as in northern Idaho, west-central and northern and around northern Tweedsmuir Provincial Park Alberta, boreal portions of Saskatchewan and and Entiako Provincial Park and Protected Area. Manitoba, and the boreal and arctic portions of They also occur in the Telkwa Mountains and Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and around the northern part of Takla Lake. Northern Labrador, totalling over 1 million. Caribou are somewhat contiguous in distribution Of the three Woodland Caribou ecotypes in British from the Williston Lake area north to the Yukon Columbia, Mountain Caribou occur in part of the border and northwest to Atlin, and southeast along Columbia Mountains, Idaho, and Washington, and a the east side of the Rocky Mountains to the Alberta small portion of the west slope of the Rocky border near Kakwa Park. Mountains in British Columbia. Northern Caribou Boreal Caribou are found in approximately 15% of are found in mountainous and adjacent low eleva- the province east of the Rocky Mountain foothills tion plateau areas in west-central British Columbia from the Yukon border east of the Liard River as far and in northern British Columbia west of and in the south as the Wapiti River Drainage downstream of Rocky Mountains. Boreal Caribou are found in its junction with the Red Deer River. The western relatively flat boreal forests east of the Rocky boundary is indistinct but is approximately along Mountain in northeastern British Columbia. the Liard River from the Yukon, North West British Columbia Territories’ boundary upstream as far as the junction with the Dunedin River, and then generally south- Mountain Caribou in British Columbia occur east to Fort St John. No caribou were likely to have regularly in portions of the Rocky Mountains’ west or will live in the drier aspen forests along the slope from the Anzac River to the Morkill River, and lowlands near the Peace River although the occa- from the Wood River drainage to the Bush Arm of sional transient has been seen in these areas. Kinbasket Lake, although there are sporadic 3 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 3 Forest regions and districts Mountain Caribou Northern Caribou Boreal Caribou Region District Region District Region District Southern Interior 100 Mile House Southern Interior Chilcotin Northern Interior Peace Arrow Boundary Quesnel Fort Nelson Central Cariboo Norther Interior Fort Nelson Columbia Fort St. James Headwaters Mackenzie Kootenay Lake Nadina Okanagan Shuswap Peace Quesnel Prince Geroge Rocky Mountain Skeena Stikine Vanderhoof Northern Interior Prince George Coast North Island Ecoprovinces and ecosections Mountain Caribou Northern Caribou Boreal Caribou SBI: HAF BOP: HAP, KIP BOP: CLH, HAP, KIP SIM: BBT, BOV, CAM, CCM, CPK, EPM, CEI: BUB, BUR, CHP, NAU, NEU, TAP: ETP, FNL, MAU, NKM, NPK, QUH, SCM, SHH, UFT WCR, WCU MUP, PEP, TLP COM: CRU, KIR, NAB, NAM NBM: CAR, EMR, HYH, KEM, LIP, MUF, SBP, STP, TAH, TEB, TEP, TUR, WMR SBI: BAU, ESM, HAF, MAP, MIR, PEF, SOM SIM: FRR TAP: MUP Biogeoclimatic units winter and summer. In the northern part of British Columbia, low elevation forested winter ranges ICH, ESSF, and AT occur over the majority of occur in the BWBS zone and higher elevation ranges Mountain Caribou range and are used to varying occur in the SWB. In north-central British degrees. Caribou in the northern end of the distri- Columbia, Northern Caribou low elevation winter bution (Hart Ranges, Narrow Lake, George ranges occur in SBS and BWBS, with high elevation Mountain, Barkerville, and North Cariboo ranges in ESSF. In west-central British Columbia, Mountains local populations) use the SBS instead of low elevation winter ranges occur in SBS, SBPS, and or in addition to ICH. In portions of the South to some extent in the MS with high elevation ranges Purcell local population, the MS zone occurs in place in the ESSF. In addition, some Northern Caribou of ICH, but there is very little use of the MS there. summer range in west-central British Columbia lies Northern Caribou use a wide range of biogeo- within the MH at higher elevations and CWH at climatic subzones and variants, partly because of the lower elevations. extent of their distribution throughout northern and Boreal Caribou can occur in all of the variants of the west-central British Columbia. AT is used by most BWBS with the possible exception of the BWBSdk2. Northern Caribou local populations during both 4 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 However, the majority occur in the BWBSmw1 and Broad ecosystem units BWBSmw2, which contain the wetter site series that Degree of use of broad ecosystem units (BEUs) include “peatlands” or “muskeg.” varies between local populations. Mountain Northern Boreal Mountain Northern Boreal Caribou Caribou Caribou Caribou Caribou Caribou ESSFdk BWBSdk1 BWBSmw1 AHa MEc AC HP BB ESSFmm BWBSdk2 BWBSmw2 AM RDc AS LP BG ESSFp BWBSmw1 BWBSwk2 ANb REb,c BA LS BL ESSFuna BWBSwk1 BWBSwk3 ESSFvc BWBSwk2 AT RR BB MI BP b c ESSFvv CWHws2 AU SF BK OW LP ESSFwc ESSFmv2 AV SK BS RD LS ESSFwk ESSFmv3 EF SM CD RE PR ESSFwm ESSFmv4 ER TA b CF RR WL ICHmk (limited) ESSFwc3 EW TCb CS SP ICHmm ESSFwk2 FP TRb CW SR ICHmw ESSFwv GLb WBc FR TA ICHvk ESSFwv1 IH WG FS TF ICHwk MHmm2 IS WPc GB UR MSdk MSxv LLb GL UV SBPSmc LSb SBSvk SBPSmk SBSwk SBPSxc a Units in bold are used most consistently among local populations. SBSdk b Units used for travel or resting only. SBSmc2 c Units used by three or fewer local populations. SBSmc3 SBSmk1 Elevation SBSmk2 Mountain Caribou activity is most concentrated in SBSwk2 SBSwk3 the upper portion of the ESSF zone, at ~1500–2100 SWBmk m. However, elevation use varies by local population, SWB (undiff) year, season, and individual. Local populations occurring near the centre of current range and in a A distinct subzone or variant occurs in some locations between the ESSF proper and the ESSFp, with a lower areas with greater extremes of elevation tend to boundary where alpine larch and heathers begin make more extensive use of elevations as low as (T. Braumandl, pers. comm.). This “undifferentiated” subzone has not yet been named but tentative site series for it have 600 m for foraging, particularly in early winter and been identified in parts of the Kootenay region. spring. Caribou in other locations are more likely to use lower elevations mainly as they cross valleys between high-elevation ranges.
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