Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-Based Voice Assistants by Older Adults
“Phantom Friend” or “Just a Box with Information”: Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults ALISHA PRADHAN, University of Maryland, College Park, USA LEAH FINDLATER, University of Washington, USA AMANDA LAZAR, University of Maryland, College Park, USA As voice-based conversational agents such as Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant move into our homes, researchers have studied the corresponding privacy implications, embeddedness in these complex social environments, and use by specific user groups. Yet it is unknown how users categorize these devices: are they thought of as just another object, like a toaster? As a social companion? Though past work hints to human- like attributes that are ported onto these devices, the anthropomorphization of voice assistants has not been studied in depth. Through a study deploying Amazon Echo Dot Devices in the homes of older adults, we provide a preliminary assessment of how individuals 1) perceive having social interactions with the voice agent, and 2) ontologically categorize the voice assistants. Our discussion contributes to an understanding of how well-developed theories of anthropomorphism apply to voice assistants, such as how the socioemotional context of the user (e.g., loneliness) drives increased anthropomorphism. We conclude with recommendations for designing voice assistants with the ontological category in mind, as well as implications for the design of technologies for social companionship for older adults. CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous and mobile devices; • Human-centered computing → Personal digital assistants KEYWORDS Personification; anthropomorphism; ontology; voice assistants; smart speakers; older adults. ACM Reference format: Alisha Pradhan, Leah Findlater and Amanda Lazar.
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