IEAA EDUCATION ACROSS BORDERS: TRANSNATIONAL EDUCATION SIG FORUM

Southeast Asia’s Changing Higher Education Landscape: Transnational

Mien W. Cheng Sunway Education Group, Malaysia 17 July 2015

Overview: . Changing higher education spaces: - SEA; ASEAN Economic Community (2015) - Malaysia; Economic Transformation Programme (2011) & National Higher Education Strategic Plan (2006, 2011)

. Transnational higher education (TnHE) sites and typologies: - Curriculum typologies & enrolment data

. Current developments in transnational education: - Growth of international schools - Dual degrees between Malaysian & UK universities - Emerging transnational TVET opportunities

. Points on sustainable models in international education

July 21, 2015 Slide 115 SEA (ASEAN) Higher Education Space

Association of SEA Nations (ASEAN): • Formed in August 1967; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore & Thailand as founding members • Comprises 10 member states including Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), 2015: • Following adoption of ASEAN Economic Blueprint 2007 • Total Population = 620 Million (ASEAN 2014) • Total GDP = US$ 3 Trillion; average GDP per capita = US$ 3,750 (World Bank 2012, ASEAN Secretariat 2014) • ASEAN is vibrant and growing; ASEAN Business Advisory Council’s survey on competitiveness (August 2013) → 48% of respondents say their organization has an ‘ASEAN strategy’ in mind.

Picture credit: http://mapsof.net/map/map-of-southeast-asia#.UiRYmX_kaSo 4 Pillars of the AEC 2015

• Single Market & Production Base; free flow of goods, services, investment, capital, and skilled labor • Competitive Economic Region; consumer protection, intellectual property rights, competition laws, connectivity (highways, rail links, and airports) • Equitable Economic Development; business incubator & innovation centres, and economic sub- regions (e.g. Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle) • ASEAN’s Integration into Global Economy; “ASEAN+1” free trade agreements with China, Japan, Korea, Australia, NZ, and India Transnational Education - Trivia I

Q1. How many higher education institutions are there in ASEAN? A1. 6500

Q2. What is the student population in ASEAN’s 10 member states? A2. 12 Million

Transnational Education - Trivia II

Q1. How many international branch campuses (IBCs) are there in SEA? A1. 34 – Cambodia (1); Indonesia (2); Laos (1); Malaysia (13); Singapore (13); Thailand (3); Vietnam (1)

Q2. How many IBCs in Malaysia? A2. 13 – Home countries; Australia (3), China (1), Egypt (1), Netherlands (1), Singapore (1), UK (6)

Q3. How many Australian IBCs in Malaysia? A3. 3 (Monash, Curtin, Swinburne)

[Source: Global Higher Education, June 2015. http://www.globalhighered.org/branchcampuses.php ] Map of Transnational HE Sites in SEA: IBCs

LAOS: Soochow University (China) VIETNAM: RMIT International University (Australia)

CAMBODIA: LimKokWing University (Malaysia)

MALAYSIA • Monash, Curtin, Swinburne (Australia) • Nottingham, Newcastle, Reading, Southampton, Heriot-Watt (UK) • Netherlands Maritime Inst. Tech. (Europe); MDIS (S’pore)

SINGAPORE: • James Cook, Curtin, Newcastle (Australia) • INSEAD, ESSEC (France) • Chicago Business School, NYU, CUNY (USA)

Source:July 21,Retrieved 2015 on 30.08.13 from Global Higher Education Services, http://www.globalhighered.org/branchcampuses.php Slide 120 Picture credit: http://mapsof.net/map/map-of-southeast-asia#.UiRYmX_kaSo List of IBCs in Malaysia

Institution Name Host Country Curtin University of Technology Australia Monash University Malaysia Australia Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Australia Xiamen University Malaysia China (commenced July 2015) Al-Azhar University Egypt (pending development) Royal College of Surgeons UK (Ireland) Management Development Institute of Singapore Singapore Newcastle University of Medicine Malaysia United Kingdom University of Nottingham Malaysia campus United Kingdom University of Southampton Malaysia campus United Kingdom Heriot-Watt University Malaysia campus United Kingdom University of Reading Malaysia United Kingdom Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology Netherlands Transnational Education Trivia III

Q1. How many international schools in SEA (in 2014)? A1. 729

Q2. What is the enrolment in international schools in SEA (in 2014)? A2: Approximately 270,000

Q3. How many international schools in Malaysia? A3. 126 (in 2014); 142 (in 2015)

Q4. What is the enrolment in international schools in Malaysia? A4. 45,000 (in 2014); 56,000 (in 2015)

[Sources: ISC Report 2014 and SEG Market Report 2015]

Distribution of International Schools in SEA

Source: ISC Research Ltd Report, March 2013 Transnational Education - Trivia IV Q1. What types of TnHE programs are offered in Malaysia? A2. Credit Transfer, External (Tuition Provider), Twinning, IBCs, Dual Degrees [since 2007; between Malaysian and UK universities]

Q2. How many graduate from Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET) yearly in Malaysia? A2. About 40,000 each year [and growing] (ETP Annual Report 2014)

SEA’s Higher Education Space1 • Supra-national space of transnational partnerships, academic networks, S-S and N-S mobilities, virtual connectivity, etc. • ‘SEA-Europe’ shared historical and post-colonial space; Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia are former colonies of Portugal, Netherlands (Holland), UK (Britain), and Vietnam of France • ASEAN Higher Education Area2; harmonisation agenda (2009) and forming a ‘Common Space of HE in SEA’ (2015) • ASEAN Economic Community3 (AEC) 2015; integration & collaboration of SEA countries

1 Novoa & Lawn (2002), Robertson et al. (2020, Waters & Brooks (2011) 2, 3 ASEAN Secretariat, April 2014 SEA’s Higher Education Space • Asians account for 52% of all students studying abroad worldwide (OECD 2012) • Growing numbers of ‘glocal’ students in ASEAN countries – students staying in home country/region while gaining a foreign education (Choudaha, 2012) • By 2020 – 100 million people with middle-class spending patterns across ASEAN (BCG & McKinsey, 2013)

“What do these data mean to us in terms of future TNHE initiatives?” July 21, 2015 Slide 126 ASEAN Higher Education Agenda • 2009 - Plans initiated to support integration of universities across SEA • Inspired by European regionalization, e.g. Bologna Process & formation of EHEA (Morshidi, 2009, 2012; Olds and Robertson, 2014) • 2015 - Harmonization of HE systems; 4 main priorities, i.e. student mobility, credit transfers, quality assurance, and research clusters (Morshidi, 2009; ASEAN Secretariat, 2014)

“What role/s can we play in these areas?” Malaysia’s Higher Education Space • National (government) level: - ‘Liberalisation’ (1980s-1990s) to ‘Internationalisation’ (2000s-2010s) - Transformation strategies; Economic (ETP, 2010) and Educational (NHESP, 2006, 2011) → Towards developed (high income) nation status by 2020 → Through public/private partnerships → Private sector as ‘growth engine’ to internationalise HE → Focus on English and STEM

• Sub-national (institution) level: - Upgrading of private colleges to university-colleges & universities - Transnational curriculum building, e.g. dual degrees by Malaysian & UK universities - Public-private partnerships, e.g. International - Wales Nat. Higher Education Strategic Plan (NHESP 2006, 2011) Thrust # 5: Intensifying Internationalisation • Collaborative networking with foreign HEIs • Average 10% of overall enrolment consists of international students (especially private HEIs) • 5% international students in competitive courses • 15% of teaching staff form foreign countries for research universities • Student mobility with credit transfer • Malaysia International Scholarship

Malaysia’s Economic Transformation Program (ETP, 2010)

• Education to increase total GNI by RM34 billion, i.e. reach RM61 billion in 2020 cf. RM27 billion in 2009 • Foreign student enrolments to reach 200,000 by 2020, cf. 70,000 in 2010 • Concentration/specialisation initiatives to promote ‘discipline clusters’, i.e. networks of academic institutions & industry partners • Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET); scaling up skills based training • Human capital development to sustain economic growth July 21, 2015 Slide 130 Malaysia’s ETP Annual Report 2014

ETP KPIs/Targets Present (2014/5) Growth / Sustainability • Education to increase • More than 500 private HEIs • Incremental GNI impact; target increase of total GNI; from RM27 • 2013 moratorium on RM33.6 billion by 2020 billion in 2009 to establishment of new private RM61 billion in 2020 HEIs – pending 2015 review • International student • 2014: international enrolments • Improve effectiveness of ‘Education enrolment to rise from at 135,502 (U/G) and 27,812 Malaysia Global Services ‘ (EMGS) – the 70,000 in 2010 to (P/G) government’s one-stop centre for 200,000 in 2020 international students • Establishment of 87 • 2014: 126 schools • Liberalisation of education industry; locals international schools • 2015: 142 schools turn to international schools by 2020 • Student flows; East Asia (China, Korea, Japan); South Asia (India, Sri Lanka); SEA (Indonesia, Vietnam); Middle East • Emphasis on Technical • Returns from private TVET skills • Government’s allocation to National Skills Vocational Education training institutions estimated to Development Fund was RM 832 million & Training (TVET); be RM100,000 per student (2011-2014) target of 16,000 int. • 2,700 international students students by 2020 enrolled in TVET • Concentrations to • Aim to develop collaborative, • Objectives overlap with Agensi Innovasi promote ‘discipline commercialization-focused and Malaysia (AIM); KPIs transferred to AIM clusters’ industry-linked hub to boost engineering, science, and innovation Source: ETP Annual Report 2014, retrieved from http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/annualreport2014/upload/12_NKEA10_ENG_Education.pdf ETP Annual Report 2014 - EDUCATION

A strong TVET workforce with high-value and specialised skills will improve innovation and productivity of industries which will be integral to Malaysia’s transformation into a high income nation by 2020 TnHE Typologies in Malaysia • Education Hubs: - Iskandar EduCity; KL EduCity • International Branch Campuses: - Australia: Monash University (1998); Curtin University (1999); Swinburne (2000) - UK: Nottingham (2000); Newcastle (2011), Southampton (2012), Heriot-Watt (2013), Reading (2014) - Singapore: Raffles (2014); Management Development Institute of Singapore (2015) - Europe: Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology (2011) - East Asia (China/Korea): Xiamen (2012), Hanyang (pending) • Dual Degrees (Malaysia & UK universities): - & Lancaster University - Taylor’s University & University of West England - Asia Pacific University & Staffordshire University - University & Oxford Brookes University • Offshore Campuses of Malaysian Universities: - Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (Sri Lanka, India), - LimKokWing University of Creative Technology (Cambodia, Botswana, UK) - International University College of Technology TwinTech (Yemen) • Public Universities - Private Enterprise: - International University of Malaya-Wales • Twinning Programs - Ongoing developments; e.g. Victoria University and (U/G and P/G programs) July 21, 2015 Slide 133

Case I - Iskandar EduCity Began in 2006 … today (2014) it has student population of about 2822

(H) Amerıcan Cınematıc Art School / Pınewood Studıos

Sources: http://www.iskandarinvestment.com/master-planned-development-projects/educity/ and http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/pdf/cdp/1._CDP_Cover.pdf July 21, 2015 Slide 134 Case 2: Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC)

• Launched in 2007 by the Malaysian Government via the Prime Ministers’ Department and Ministry of Higher Education as a private–led project aimed at achieving Malaysia’s goal to become a regional hub for higher education. • KLEC partners include Epsom College, University of Cambridge Judge Business School, and Heriot-Watt Putrajaya campus (2013) KLEC Projects Location

Source: http://www.klec.com.my/klecgroup/group-about-05.html

July 21, 2015 Slide 135 Case 3: International Branch Campuses (Australia)

Commenced - 1998

Commenced - 1999

July 21, 2015 Commenced - 2000Slide 136 Commenced - 2000 International Branch Campuses (UK)

Commenced - 2013

Commenced - 2013

Commenced - 2013 Commenced - 2012

July 21, 2015 Slide 137 Case 4: Dual Degrees - 1 Program / 2 Certificates (by Malaysian & UK universities)

Business, Computer Technology, Communications, Psychology, and Sciences

Business, Computer Security, Forensic Computing, Information Technology

Business & Management, Computing & Technology, Engineering

July 21, 2015 Slide 138 Conclusion • TnE experiences in Malaysia & SEA higher education spaces : - Commercialization of education; private sector driven; it is about ‘what sells’ - ‘West is best’; preference for UK/British - European influence over curriculum design/development, governance, and policies → a ‘re-Europeanisation’ of the HE space

• Spaces and signs for sustainable growth: - Affordable means for obtaining Western qualifications locally - Internationalization of curriculum (Local + West); employability and mobility - Human capital development to serve developing countries’ socio- economic needs

• Opportunities for cross-border/offshore/transnational education and training: - Transnational TVET - Specialized workforce development & skills training

More References Brooks, R., Fuller, A., & Waters, J. (2012). Changing spaces of education. In R. Brooks, A. Fuller & J. Waters (Eds.), Changing spaces of education: New perspectives on the nature of learning (pp. 1-17). London: Routledge. Choudaha, R., & Chang, L. (2012). Trends in international student mobility: WES Research and Advisory Services. Morshidi, S. (2012). Harmonising higher education systems in Southeast Asia: Malaysia's perspective. Paper presented at the International Higher Education Conference on "Transnational education - Opportunities and challenges in the 21st century: Malaysian and European perspectives", Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Myeulink/documents/conference-invitationupdated.pdf Novoa, A., & Lawn, M. (2002). Fabricating Europe: The formation of an education space. In A. Novoa & M. Lawn (Eds.), Fabricating Europe: The formation of an education space (pp. 1-13). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. OECD. (2012). Education at a glance 2012: Highlights Education at a glance Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag_highlights-2012-en PEMANDU. (2010). Economic transformation programme: A roadmap for Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Prime Minister's Department, Government of Malaysia. Robertson, S. (2008). 'Europe/Asia' regionalism, higher education and the production of world order. Policy Futures in Education, 6(6), 718-729. Robertson, S. L. (2007). Regionalism, 'Europe/Asia' and higher education. Retrieved from Bristol BS8 1JA, UK website: http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/people/academicStaff/edslr/publications/16slr/ Waters, J., & Brooks, R. (2011). International/transnational spaces of education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 9(2), 155-160. doi: 10.1080/14767724.2011.576933

July 21, 2015 Slide 140 Q & A Thank You Email: [email protected]

July 21, 2015 Photo credit : http://www.airlineroutemaps.com/maps/Malaysia_Airlines Slide 141