Daytona State College Environmental Scan Final Draft - January 2019

Prepared by the Daytona State College Planning Council – Fall 2018

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Table of Contents Introduction ...... 6 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Demographic Trends ...... 7 State and Local Growth Predictions ...... 7 Age Trends ...... 8 Baby Boomers ...... 9 Race/Ethnicity Trends ...... 10 Race ...... 10 Ethnicity ...... 11 Other Social Trends ...... 14 Veterans ...... 14 Workplace Diversity ...... 15 LGBTQ+ ...... 15 Immigrants ...... 15 Generations ...... 16 Demographic Implications for Daytona State College ...... 16 Economic Trends ...... 17 Occupational Projections ...... 17 Persistent Poverty ...... 20 International Students and Economic Impact ...... 20 Top Employers in Volusia County ...... 21 Unemployment ...... 21 Economic Implications for Daytona State College ...... 22 Political Trends ...... 22 Florida’s Political Climate ...... 22 Performance-Based Funding Trends ...... 23 Postsecondary Affordability ...... 24

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Federal Focus on Higher Education Institutions ...... 25 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act ...... 25 Title IV Eligibility ...... 25 Title IX ...... 25 2018 Midterm Elections ...... 26 Political Implications for Daytona State College ...... 26 Technology Trends ...... 26 Technology Skills Future DSC Students Possess ...... 27 Technology Currently Used by Daytona State College ...... 27 Emerging Technologies and Their Relationship to Education ...... 28 Mobile Devices ...... 28 Block Chain ...... 28 Big Data ...... 28 Artificial Intelligence ...... 28 Internet (5G and beyond) ...... 28 Robots/Drones ...... 29 Other Technology Trends ...... 29 Addressing Cyber Attacks ...... 29 Social Media ...... 29 Online Education ...... 29 3D Printing ...... 29 Gamification ...... 29 Cloud-Based Computing ...... 30 Technology Implications for Daytona State College ...... 30 Environmental Trends ...... Energy Efficient Buildings ...... 31 Vehicle-Based Pollution Reduction ...... 32 Hazardous Materials ...... 33 Sustainability Committees & College Web Space ...... 33 Consumption & Waste Reduction Efforts ...... 33

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Solar-Powered Technology ...... 33 Thermal Energy Storage Systems ...... 32 Green Space ...... 34 Tree-Campus USA ...... 34 Environmental Stewardship in Local Communities ...... 35 Benefits of Community-Based Research ...... 35 Sustainability Consultants ...... 33 The Problem of Eco-Centricity ...... 34 Environmental Implications for Daytona State College ...... 36 References ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Tables Table 1: Projections of Population by County (Medium) ...... 7 Table 2: Median Age by County ...... 8 Table 3: Volusia and Flagler County Projections by Age ...... 8 Table 4: Age Projections of 65+ by County ...... 10 Table 5: Enrollment of Baby Boomers at DSC ...... 10 Table 6: Race projections for Volusia and Flagler Counties ...... 10 Table 7: Ethnicity Projections for Volusia and Flagler Counties ...... 11 Table 8: Ethnicity Projections by Age for Volusia and Flagler Counties ...... 12 Table 9: Number of Veterans Enrolled at DSC ...... 14 Table 10: Veteran age projections by county ...... 15 Table 11: 2017 Estimates of Foreign-Born Population ...... 15 Table 12: Top Five Industries in Volusia and Flagler Counties ...... 18 Table 13: Fastest Growing Industries in Flagler and Volusia Counties ...... 18 Table 14: Industries Gaining the Most New Jobs in Flagler and Volusia Counties ...... 18 Table 15: Bachelor’s Degree Level Occupations Gaining the Most New Jobs – Florida Statewide ...... 19 Table 16: Poverty in Flagler and Volusia Counties ...... 20 Table 17: Largest Public Sector Employers in Volusia County ...... 21

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List of Figures

Figure 1 ...... 11 Figure 2: Percentage Change in Ethnicity for Volusia County by Age ...... 13 Figure 3: Percentage Change in Ethnicity for Flagler County by Age ...... 13 Figure 4: Projection of Veterans Population for Volusia and Flagler County ...... 14 Figure 5: Generational Profile of Volusia County...... 16 Figure 6: Unemployment Rate ...... 21

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Introduction

Through a systematic strategic planning process, Daytona State College establishes long-term goals and strategies to support its mission and vision. By anticipating key external trends, the institution can better shape its strategic plan, as well as anticipate and respond more effectively to the community and the constituencies it serves. To set the direction for the college during the 2020-2023 planning cycle, the college’s Planning Council identified external changes and influences that have implications for long-range planning and the future.

Methodology

The environmental scan is organized around five major areas of influence: demographics, economics, politics, technology, and environmentalism. Research was conducted using a variety of sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Education, Florida Legislature, and other databases and publications as noted in the text of the document. To align with the primary service area of Daytona State College, much of the research focuses on the state of Florida, specifically Volusia and Flagler counties.

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Demographic Trends

State and Local Growth Predictions According to the US Census, Florida has surpassed New York and is the third most populous state in the nation. In addition, Florida is considered the 9th most densely populated state in the nation. Based on projections by the Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR), Florida’s population as of July 1, 2017 was estimated to be 20,984,400. Volusia and Flagler counties are the main service areas for Daytona State College. Volusia County, with an estimated population of 523,405, is the 11th most populous county of 67 counties, encompassing 2.6% of Florida’s population. Flagler County is the 35th most populous county with 0.5% of Florida’s population and an estimated 105,157 people. Both counties have a combined estimated population of 628,562.

By 2020, the BEBR expects a population increase in Flagler and Volusia Counties to reach 657,000, which is an increase of 4.5% compared to the 2017 population estimate. Volusia County is expected to have a population increase of 3.8%, while Flagler County’s population is projected to increase by 7.9%.

Table 1: Projections of Population by County (Medium)

County April 1, 2017 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Flagler 105,157 113,500 126,400 137,500 147,700 156,900 165,800 Volusia 523,405 543,500 570,000 592,600 612,100 628,300 642,400 TOTAL 628,562 657,000 696,400 730,100 759,800 785,200 808,200 Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018.pdf

Deltona has the highest population in Volusia County with almost 90,000 for 2017, while Palm Coast has the highest population in Flagler County with almost 83,000. According to the BEBR, Palm Coast will see an increase in population of about 22% by the year 2025. Daytona Beach’s population will only see a slight increase of about 4% by 2021, while Deltona is expected to increase in population to about 92,500 by the year 2021.

Based on 2018 Volusia County Department of Economic Development numbers, the population growth rates of the metropolitan statistical area of Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach will average 1.3% until 2042. Volusia County has 16 cities and is easily accessible to major markets such as Orlando, the Kennedy Space Center, and Jacksonville through the easy access to major highways I-4 and I-95. It is also serviced by an international airport. Volusia County is the home of the World Center of Racing, the location of the world’s largest Harley-Davidson Dealership, and is host to special events throughout the year. Notable special events are Speed Weeks in February and July, Bike Week in March and October, and Spring Break in March and April.

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Tourism plays a major part in Volusia County’s economy. Volusia and Flagler Counties are home to high-tech, healthcare, and manufacturing businesses. Volusia County is home to NASCAR headquarters and the Daytona International Speedway, as well as the U.S. Tennis Association and the Ladies Professional Golf Association.

Age Trends Projections and previous data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the BEBR indicate an upward trend in median age, but at a slower rate than previously projected. Currently, BEBR estimates the median age in Flagler County to be around 48 years, while it is approximately 47 years in Volusia County. According to BEBR projections, Flagler County will see a decrease in median age over the next twenty years, while Volusia County will experience an increase in median age by about 3.3%. Short-term predictions for the next few years show the median age for Flagler and Volusia Counties will remain about 48 years.

Table 2: Median Age by County

County 2010 2020 2030 2040 Flagler 47.5 48.9 48.2 46.9 Volusia 45.3 47.7 48.6 49.3 Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018_asrh.pdf The largest decrease in population numbers will be in the 55-59 age group in both Volusia and Flagler counties. According to the BEBR, Volusia County will sustain additional declines in population in the 45-54 age group, and in the 20-29 age group. This decline in the latter age group will have a major impact on Daytona State College, since this is the main age group at the College. The largest growth in population for Volusia County occurs within the 75-84 age group, which echoes increases in Flagler County.

Flagler County will experience growth in nearly all age groups by 2020. BEBR’s predictions show that the 30-34 age group has the highest increase in Flagler County, followed by the Baby Boomer generation age group from 75-85+. Additionally, the 15-19 age group will show marked growth. This wholesale increase in Flagler County population provides an opportunity for growth in enrollment at Daytona State College.

For table 3, projected figures in red show a decrease from 2020 to 2025. The 18-39 age groups cover the majority of Daytona State College students.

Table 3: Volusia and Flagler County Projections by Age

Volusia Volusia Flagler Flagler Age Change % Change Change % Change 2020 2025 2020 2025 Total 543,489 569,960 26,471 4.87 113,491 126,352 12,861 11.33 0-4 25,852 27,255 1,403 5.42 5,257 6,034 777 14.78

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Volusia Volusia Flagler Flagler Age Change % Change Change % Change 2020 2025 2020 2025 5-9 27,533 28,162 629 2.28 6,015 6,437 422 7.01 10-14 28,481 29,617 1,136 3.98 6,118 6,593 475 7.76 15-19 29,775 31,842 2,067 6.94 5,328 6,036 708 13.28 15-17 16,409 17,564 1,155 7.03 3,387 3,831 444 13.10 18-19 13,366 14,278 912 6.82 1,941 2,205 264 13.60 20-24 30,596 30,437 -159 -0.51 5,169 5,244 75 1.45 25-29 29,406 28,439 -967 -3.28 6,556 6,477 -79 -1.20 30-34 29,716 30,569 853 2.87 6,117 8,488 2,371 38.76 35-39 28,553 31,610 3,057 10.70 6,419 7,423 1,004 15.64 40-44 28,173 30,460 2,287 8.11 6,035 7,126 1,091 18.07 45-49 30,446 30,118 -328 -1.07 5,684 6,297 613 10.78 50-54 33,718 32,461 -1,257 -3.72 6,098 6,209 111 1.82 55-59 41,998 36,710 -5,288 -12.59 7,593 7,248 -345 -4.54 60-64 44,743 46,041 1,298 2.90 8,926 9,193 267 2.99 65-69 40,355 46,980 6,625 16.41 8,942 10,162 1,220 13.64 70-74 34,710 38,321 3,611 10.40 8,705 9,109 404 4.64 75-79 24,672 30,927 6,255 25.35 6,717 8,166 1,449 21.57 80-84 16,134 19,652 3,518 21.80 4,200 5,499 1,299 30.92 85+ 18,628 20,359 1,731 9.29 3,612 4,611 999 27.65 Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018_asrh_detailed.xlsx

Baby Boomers. The baby boomer generation refers to the huge number of births that occurred in the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. Nationally, the number of births rose from 2.7 million in 1945 to 4.3 million in 1957 and remained above 4 million through 1964. A total of 77.6 million babies were born in the United States between 1945 and 1964. Florida experienced its own baby boom. The number of births rose from 47,791 in 1945 to 116,683 in 1961 and remained near that level through 1964. More than 1.7 million babies were born in Florida between 1945 and 1964. The largest group of baby boomers in Florida were born from 1955-1959, followed by the age group from 1960-1964. The greatest impact, however, may be yet to come—especially in retirement states such as Florida. The huge national increase in the number of people in their 50’s, 60’s, and 70’s over the next several decades will lead to substantial increases in the number of older persons moving to Florida. There are projections showing large increases in Florida’s older population between 2010 and 2050. The proportion aged 65+ is projected to increase from 21.7% by 2020 to 25.7% by 2030. The population aged 65+ is projected to grow from 3.3 million in 2010 to 6.1 million in 2030 and 7.4 million in 2050.

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Table 4: Age Projections of 65+ by County

County 2017 2020 2025 % Change Flagler 28,862 32,176 37,547 16.7 Volusia 123,596 134,499 156,239 16.2 Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018_asrh_detailed.xlsx According to the BEBR, Flagler and Volusia counties will see an increase in the baby boomer population from 2020 to 2025 of about 16%.

Table 5 shows the current enrollment statistics of baby boomers for college credit, adult education, and continuing education at Daytona State College. Continuing education sees the largest enrollment of baby boomers.

Table 5: Enrollment of Baby Boomers at DSC

Program FA17-SU18 FA18 College Credit 618 (3%) 387 (3%) Adult Ed 326 (10%) 103 (9%) Continuing Ed 740 (21%) 71 (18%)

Race/Ethnicity Trends The U.S. Census Bureau collects race and ethnicity data in accordance with guidelines provided by the Office of Management and Budget. Race and ethnicity are considered two separate categories according to the Census Bureau. Furthermore, the Census Bureau’s definition of race is a person’s self-identification with one or more social groups (https://www.census.gov/mso/www/training/pdf/race-ethnicity-onepager.pdf). Ethnicity is identified by a person’s Hispanic or non-Hispanic heritage. Therefore, ethnicity only has two categories – Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino. People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Hispanics and Latinos are included with their identified race in Table 6 and Figure 1.

Race Table 6: Race projections for Volusia and Flagler Counties

White African-American Non-White County 2017 2020 2025 2017 2020 2025 2017 2020 2025 Flagler 88,658 92,265 105,376 13,445 14,852 17,086 16,499 18,226 20,976

Volusia 445,008 458,498 475,847 65,021 70,440 77,969 78,397 84,991 94,113

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White African-American Non-White County 2017 2020 2025 2017 2020 2025 2017 2020 2025 Total 533,666 550,763 581,223 78,466 85,292 95,055 94,896 103,217 115,089

Source: http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/population-demographics/data/Medium_Projections_ARSH.pdf

In 2020, according to the BEBR, the white population in Volusia and Flagler County will increase to 74% of the total. Non-Whites follow at 14% and African-Americans are projected to make up the remaining 12% of the population.

Figure 1

Source: http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/population-demographics/data/Medium_Projections_ARSH.pdf

Ethnicity The Census Bureau includes Hispanic or Latinos as an Ethnicity.

Table 7: Ethnicity Projections for Volusia and Flagler Counties

Volusia Flagler

Ethnicity 2017 2020 % Change 2017 2020 % Change

Non-Hispanic 383,828 389,010 1.35 78,937 84,266 6.75 White

Non-Hispanic 65,088 7.93 12,551 13,842 10.29 African- 60,307 American 67,629 76,816 13.58 10,831 12,251 13.11 Hispanic

Source: http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/population-demographics/data/Medium_Projections_ARSH.pdf

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According to the BEBR, the Non-Hispanic White population in Volusia County promises to be stagnant by 2020 with a slight increase (approx. 1%), while Flagler County is projected to see an increase of about 7%. The majority increase in population for both counties is projected to be in the Hispanic population. The African-American population does also appear to be increasing in both counties by about 8% in Volusia and about 10% in Flagler.

Table 8: Ethnicity Projections by Age for Volusia and Flagler Counties

Volusia Flagler

Ethnicity Age 2017 2020 % change 2017 2020 % change 0-4 15,202 15,424 1.4 3,275 3,449 5.3 5-17 41,681 41,556 -0.3 9,646 10,146 5.2 18-24 25,790 24,186 -6.2 4,678 4,695 0.4 25-54 126,698 123,02 -2.9 24,758 26,155 5.6 Non-Hispanic White 9 55-64 67,025 69,550 3.8 12,864 13,459 4.6 65-79 78,062 84,891 8.7 18,246 20,110 10.2 80+ 29,370 30,374 3.4 5,470 6,252 14.3 0-4 4,357 4,406 1.1 787 809 2.8 5-17 11,102 11,823 6.5 2,374 2,511 5.8 18-24 9,330 9,812 5.2 1,133 1,130 -0.3 Non-Hispanic 25-54 21,914 23,399 6.8 4,163 4,794 15.2 African-American 55-64 6,669 7,487 12.3 1,260 1,439 14.2 65-79 5,444 6,463 18.7 2,059 2,230 8.3 80+ 1,491 1,698 13.9 775 929 19.9 0-4 4,982 5,318 6.7 769 836 8.7 5-17 15,193 16,994 11.9 2,148 2,368 10.2 18-24 7,438 8,230 10.6 987 1,039 5.3 Hispanic 25-54 25,494 28,733 12.7 4,062 4,748 16.9 55-64 6,691 8,099 21.0 1,118 1,247 11.5 65-79 5,858 7,049 20.3 1,349 1,540 14.2 80+ 1,973 2,393 21.3 398 473 18.8 Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018_asrh.pdf

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Figure 2: Percentage Change in Ethnicity for Volusia County by Age

2017-2020 25

20

15

10

5

0 0-4 5-17 18-24 25-54 55-64 65-79 80+ -5

-10

Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic African-American Hispanic

Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018_asrh.pdf

In Volusia County, the Non-Hispanic White ethnicity, in the age ranges of 18-24 and 25-54, shows a steep decline in population over the next three years. Conversely, the greatest increase in population is predicted within the 55-64 Hispanic age group.

Figure 3: Percentage Change in Ethnicity for Flagler County by Age

2017-2020 25

20

15

10

5

0 0-4 5-17 18-24 25-54 55-64 65-79 80+ -5

Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic African-American Hispanic

Source: https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/Research%20Reports/projections_2018_asrh.pdf

In Flagler County, the only group to show a decrease in the next three years is the Non-Hispanic African-American ethnicity, ages 18-24. However, the greatest increase is also in Non-Hispanic African-American ethnicity, ages 80+.

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Other Social Trends Veterans. According to projections from the Veterans Department, 10% of the population in Volusia County and 11% of Flagler County’s population are currently Veterans. Figure 4: Projection of Veterans Population for Volusia and Flagler County

2018 - 2025 60,000

50,000 52,319 50,865 49,436 48,456 47,473 40,000 46,491 45,508 44,523

30,000

20,000

10,000 11,670 11,633 11,589 11,594 11,592 11,584 11,570 11,550 0 1/1/2018 1/1/2019 1/1/2020 1/1/2021 1/1/2022 1/1/2023 1/1/2024 1/1/2025

Volusia Flagler

Source: United States Department of Veterans Affairs, http://www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp

The projections point to a decrease of the Veterans population in Volusia County by approximately 11% by 2023. Flagler County’s veteran population appears to be stagnant for the next five years.

The projections are in tune with the Veteran headcount at DSC as reported to FLDOE for the last five years:

Table 9: Number of Veterans Enrolled at DSC

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Veterans 1,145 1,222 1,397 1,361 1,307 817

The data shows that over the past three years, Veteran enrollment has decreased at DSC and is projected to stay stagnant in the next five years.

The National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics predicts that the age of Veterans in Volusia County will decrease in each age bracket, but at different rates. The largest decrease will be the 45-64 year old Veterans. Flagler County is projected to have a large increase in the youngest and oldest age brackets. However, there will be a decrease in the middle age brackets (see Table 10).

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Table 10: Veteran age projections by county

Volusia Flagler

Age 2017 2020 % change 2017 2020 % change 17-44 7,232 7,020 -2.93 1,577 1,715 8.75 45-64 15,312 13,658 -10.80 2,984 2,955 -.97 65-84 25,631 23,616 -7.86 5,773 5,443 -5.72 85+ 5,616 5,142 -8.44 1,366 1,475 7.98 Source: National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, https://www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp

Workplace Diversity. Institutions and organizations need to reflect the racial makeup of the population they serve. The trend is for gender and racial equality at colleges and universities. LGBTQ+. Based on a 2017 Pew Research survey, 62 percent of Americans support same sex marriages. With recent legislative changes, gay and lesbian relationships have greater public approval. Younger Americans are more likely than older Americans to be in favor of legal same- sex marriage. Seventy-four percent of millennials say they favor same-sex marriage, compared to 56% of baby boomers. These statistics have implications in academia. Colleges and universities must provide an open and safe environment and support policies that acknowledge and protect the needs of the LGBTQ+ community. Immigrants. Florida is the third largest immigrant-receiving state and ranks fourth in illegal immigration. In Florida, 4.1 million immigrants (foreign-born individuals) comprise 20.6% of the Florida population, while an estimated 4.2% are illegal immigrants. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that Florida will gain 1.9 million additional immigrants between 1995 and 2025. Table 11: 2017 Estimates of Foreign-Born Population

Foreign-born Percentage Foreign-Born Percentage Foreign-Born Percentage U.S. Citizens Non-Citizens Total Total Volusia 2,200 1.9 15,559 0.9 37,562 2.7 Flagler 8,748 3.3 3,367 1.1 12,115 4.5

Source: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF

Currently Volusia County has an estimated 37,562 people who comprise the foreign-born population, with 22,000 naturalized citizens and 15,559 non-citizens. Most of the foreign-born population in Volusia and Flagler counties is from Europe and Asia. Based on the U.S. Census, the percentage of the foreign-born population is projected to increase to 7% for Volusia County and 12% for Flagler County.

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Generations. Baby boomers and Generation Xers comprise 31% of the U.S. workforce, while millennials total 35% of the workforce. Post-millennials, also called Generation Z, are the next generation of college students. They learn by doing and not just by listening to a lecture. They want to be directly involved in the learning process. Post-millennials also tend to be more career-focused earlier on in their college careers. They have different expectations for learning than previous generations. Colleges need to have a solid understanding of the generational differences as they relate to instruction and recruitment. The new generation of students are used to finding whatever they need, whenever they need it, and expect easy access to on- demand services. Figure 5: Generational Profile of Volusia County

Post Millenials 15% Millenials 23% Greatest 11%

GenX 24% Boomers 27%

Millenials GenX Boomers Greatest Post Millenials

Source: http://www.floridabusiness.org/core/fileparse.php/6340/urlt/Esri-Volusia-County-Profile.pdf

Based on information from the Volusia County Division of Economic Development, the generational profile of Volusia County shows that the majority of the population consists of Baby Boomers with 27%, Generation Xers with 24%, followed by Millennials with 23%. Post- millennials are considered digital natives and grew up with the Internet and smart phones. Based on the data, communication gaps between generations may affect several aspects of our society.

Demographic Implications for Daytona State College • The College must monitor the population growth in both Flagler and Volusia counties with an emphasis on Flagler County, which expects a large increase in population of college-aged students. • The College must be more responsive to the increasing Hispanic and Latino populations, especially at its Deltona and Palm Coast campuses.

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• The College must be proactive in working with immigrants and undocumented students. • The largest increase in the 19-34 age group is Latinos and African-Americans. The College must respond to the changing demographics and offer programs that are more diverse. • The College must bridge the racial divide, reflect diversity in its workforce, and advance equal opportunities. • The College must do more to promote inclusivity among different races and ethnicities. • While the increase in Baby Boomers could divert financial resources away from higher education, the College can also capitalize on this growing demographic for alumni support, continuing education opportunities, and community cultural engagement. • The College must continue providing services to veterans and increase its targeted recruitment, especially the 17-44 age group in Flagler County. • The College must provide an open and safe environment and policies that acknowledge and protect the differences of the LGBTQ+ community. • The College must be competitive in the work market and must recruit new talent in Millennials and Generation Xers. • The College needs to address how to close the generation gap by understanding generational differences. • Faculty needs to address the generational differences and make students an active part of the learning process. • The large increases in both counties’ older population will have a substantial impact on demands for healthcare, housing, transportation, and many other types of goods and services.

Economic Trends This section explores key economic trends, including industry shifts and job growth that may impact Daytona State College.

Occupational Projections Florida’s economic state and job market is progressing exponentially. The pace of Florida’s labor market recovery continues to exceed the recovery of the national job market. This will continue to be the case in Florida through at least 2021 (Institute for Economic Competiveness , 2018). However, this outpacing will narrow as higher levels of job growth are expected nationally and Florida’s job growth decelerates somewhat. Although job growth is expected to decelerate through the short run forecast horizon, Florida will continue to outpace national job growth over the entire forecast horizon (2018-2021) by an average of 0.5 percentage points.

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Table 12: Top Five Industries in Volusia and Flagler Counties

Volusia Flagler Health Care & Social Assistance 29,430 Retail Trade 3,861 Retail Trade 26,274 Accommodation & Food Services 3,850 Accommodation & Food Services 23,466 Health Care & Social Assistance 2,830 Education Services 14,289 Admin., Support, Waste Mgmt. 2,393 Construction 11,658 Education Services 1,684 Source: Community Agenda Snapshot, 2018

As Florida’s housing market continues its resurgence, the state’s construction industry is expected to create more jobs than any other industry. The Florida Department of Economic Opportunity predicts that growth in employment from 2017 to 2025 will be driven by the following industries: Construction of Buildings (23.3% increase), Management of Companies and Enterprises (22.5% increase), Nursing and Residential Care Facilities (21.9% increase), Ambulatory Health Care Services (21.4% increase), and Specialty Trade Contractors (20.7%).

Table 13: Fastest Growing Industries in Flagler and Volusia Counties

Employment Change Rank Title 2017 2025 Total Percent 1 Construction of Buildings 1,849 2,579 430 23.3 2 Management of Companies and Enterprises 1,099 1,347 248 22.6 3 Nursing and Residential Care Facilities 6,840 8,335 1,495 21.9 4 Ambulatory Health Care Services 11,866 14,417 2,551 21.5 5 Specialty Trade Contractors 8,003 9,651 1,648 20.6 6 Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and Related Industries 1,469 1,739 270 18.4 7 Building Material and Garden Supply Stores 2,320 2,737 417 18.0 8 Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Investments 491 515 84 17.1 9 Health and Personal Care Stores 1,653 1,925 272 16.5 10 Administrative and Support Services 13,168 115,233 2,065 15.7 Source: Florida Department of Economic Opportunity, 2018

In Flagler and Volusia counties, the five top industries expected to gain the most new jobs between 2017 and 2025 are 1) ambulatory health care services 2) food services and drinking places 3) administrative and support services 4) specialty trade contractors and 5) nursing and residential care facilities.

Table 14: Industries Gaining the Most New Jobs in Flagler and Volusia Counties

Employment Change Rank Title 2017 2025 Total Percent 1 Ambulatory Health Care Services 11,866 14,417 2,551 21.5 2 Food Services and Drinking Places 20,984 23,102 2,118 10.1

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Employment Change Rank Title 2017 2025 Total Percent 3 Administrative and Support Services 13,168 15,233 2,065 15.7 4 Specialty Trade Contractors 8,003 9,651 1,648 20.6 5 Nursing and Residential Care Facilities 6,840 8,335 1,495 21.9 6 Local Government 15,310 16,473 1,163 7.6 7 Educational Services 6,312 7,188 876 13.9 8 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 7,424 8,163 739 10.0 9 Real Estate 3,190 3,647 457 14.3 10 Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers 3,896 4,336 440 11.3 Source: Florida Department of Economic Opportunity, 2018

According to the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity’s 2016 labor market report, between 2016 and 2024, the bachelor’s degree-level occupations gaining the most new jobs in Florida include 1) registered nurses 2) accountants and auditors 3) general and operations managers 4) management analysts and 5) elementary school teachers (except special education).

Table 15: Bachelor’s Degree Level Occupations Gaining the Most New Jobs – Florida Statewide

Employment Change 2016 Annual Rank Occupation Title 2016 2024 Level Percent Median Wage 1 Registered Nurses 178,186 207,016 28,830 16.18 $63,635 2 Accountants and Auditors 84,892 97,776 12,884 15.18 $62,902 3 General and Operations Managers** 77,914 87,729 9,815 12.60 $111,523 4 Management Analysts* 54,161 63,786 9,625 17.77 $69,750 5 Elementary School Teachers, Except 70,443 78,891 8,448 11.99 $47,175 Special Education 6 Software Developers, Applications 33,052 39,700 6,648 20.11 $85,211 7 Secondary School Teachers, Exc. Special 43,358 48,602 5,244 12.09 $49,112 and Voc. Ed. 8 Market Research Analysts and Marketing 23,948 29,150 5,202 21.72 $58,323 Specialists 9 Computer Systems Analysts 21,213 26,054 4,841 22.82 $80,134 10 Middle School Teachers, Exc. Special & 31,552 35,350 3,798 12.04 $47,468 Voc. Education 11 Construction Managers 31,971 35,731 3,760 11.76 $81,170 12 Personal Financial Advisors 14,856 18,320 3,464 23.32 $98,508 13 Human Resources Specialists 31,939 35,218 3,279 10.27 $51,471 14 Civil Engineers 16,259 18,843 2,584 15.89 $80,501 15 Substitute Teachers 20,973 23,466 2,493 11.89 $22,627 Source: Florida Department of Economic Opportunity, Bureau of Labor Market Statistics, Employment Projections Program, Forecast to 2024. Released December 2016.

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Persistent Poverty Poverty is pervasive among America’s youth, and Flagler and Volusia counties are no exception. Research shows that children from low-income families are at greater risk of poor and/or failing grades in school, inadequate health insurance coverage, and even lack of primary health care. They are also more likely to engage in unhealthy behavior (Community Snapshot, 2018). A quarter of all Volusia and Flagler children under 18 live in poverty and two-thirds of all African- Americans and Latinos live in low-income households. In Volusia, 28.4% of unmarried female households with children under five presently live in poverty. Research has documented the rippling effects that poverty has on education, health care and virtually every sector of society. Poor families need more help navigating their way into and through college. It is higher education’s responsibility to make sure they have the infrastructure and support systems in place to help students from impoverished backgrounds.

Table 16: Poverty in Flagler and Volusia Counties

Volusia Flagler Florida Percentage of children under 18 living in 17.4% 15.7% 21.0% poverty Percentage of single parent female 28.4% Not available 37.0% households with children under 5 living in poverty Source: Community Agenda Snapshot, 2018 page 21

International Students and Economic Impact The continued growth in international students coming to the U.S. for higher education had a significant positive economic impact on the United States. International students contributed more than $39.4 billion to the U.S. economy in 2016, according to the Institute of International Education (2018). These international students supported more than 455,000 jobs to the U.S. economy during 2017-2018 academic year (NAFSA, 2018). These figures from Florida are more than $1.5 million and 16,948 total jobs.

Students from around the world who study in the United States also contribute to America’s scientific and technical research and bring international perspectives into U.S. classrooms, helping prepare American undergraduates for global careers, and often lead to longer-term business relationships and economic benefits.

The number of international students in Volusia and Flagler counties in 2017-18 was 1,394, representing an economic impact of $68.4 million and 431 direct and indirect jobs (NAFSA, 2018)

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Top Employers in Volusia County The table below ranks the largest public sector employers in Volusia County.

Table 17: Largest Public Sector Employers in Volusia County

Rank Organization 1 Volusia County Schools 2 Volusia County 3 Daytona State College 4 City of Daytona Beach 5 United States Postal Service 6 City of Port Orange 7 Florida Department of Transportation 8 Florida Department of Corrections 9 City of Deland 10 City of New Smyrna Beach Source: http://www.floridabusiness.org/data/employers.stml

Unemployment The unemployment rate continues to decrease for both Flagler and Volusia counties. According to the 2018 Community Agenda Snapshot, in 2017 the unemployment rate for Volusia County was 4.3%, slightly above the state average of 4.2%. In neighboring Flagler County, the 4.7% unemployment rate reported in 2017 was slightly higher than Volusia county and state average. Recent data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that as of September 2018, the unemployment rate is 3.1% for Volusia County and 3.5% for Flagler County.

Figure 6: Unemployment Rate

Source: Community Agenda Snapshot, 2018

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Economic Implications for Daytona State College • The College must continue to meet the changing demands of the local economy and state mandates and must align degree program offerings to the workforce needs of the community. • The College must ensure that academic programs are expanded, enhanced, or added to support the anticipated growth in employment opportunities in construction, management, and health-care services. • The College must provide academic and non-academic support for students from underserved populations. • Students will benefit if the College increases exposure to diverse cultural experiences through service learning, study abroad opportunities, co-curricular activities, and a larger population of international students. • Due to the low unemployment rate and expanding economy, the College should create more Continuing Education opportunities.

Political Trends

Florida’s Political Climate Accountability remains at the forefront of the Florida College System Strategic Plan, establishing benchmarks and targets for colleges based on system-wide performance indicators. An example of this focus on accountability can be seen in the implementation and continuation of the Florida College System’s performance-based funding model aimed at improving student access, attainment, retention, and success.

The higher education paradigm continues to shift. Florida’s public institutions of higher education will be impacted by the following trends as a result of legislative and administrative policy changes:

• The Four primary objectives for post-secondary institutions in the Florida College System are (1) expanding access, (2) reducing system and student costs, (3) strengthening the link between the labor market and postsecondary education, and (4) enhancing the student experience. • The focus is on enhancing student retention and graduation rates; increasing STEM degree production and degrees in areas of strategic emphasis; and maintaining open access, availability of courses and affordability while decreasing student indebtedness.

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• Institutions of higher education must use national best practices, continuous evaluation of teaching and student support methods to increase student success and shorten time to degree. • The state system of higher education is more closely aligning degree program offerings with the economic development and workforce needs of the state. Matching Standard Occupational Classification codes to Statewide Course Numbering System codes will improve tracking of graduation and job placement, enrollment projections and industry demand.

Performance-Based Funding Trends In 2014, the Commissioner of Education was charged by the Florida Legislature with developing a performance funding model for Florida College System institutions. In January 2015, the commissioner submitted the recommended performance funding model and continued soliciting feedback from college representatives, resulting in a modified model. The Florida Board of Education’s approval of the new performance-funding system for state colleges has changed the way institutions are awarded money. In its 2016 session, the Florida Legislature passed the implementing Bill for General Appropriations Act, HB 5003, which formally establishes by law the Performance-based Funding model for the Florida College System while also requiring the State Board of Education to adopt metrics and benchmarks for retention rates, program completion and graduation rates, post- graduation employment, salaries, and continuing education (Florida Legislature, 2018).

The Performance-based Funding model established standards for excellence among FCS member institutions and created a framework in which institutions can receive an excellence designation and be eligible to receive additional funding. The college is now scored in four equal areas: completion rate, retention rate, placement (job placement or continuing education) and entry-level wages. This model has introduced a new level of uncertainty regarding the amount of state support that can be counted on during the budget planning process and challenges Daytona State College to shift its focus even more diligently on job preparation and placement to meet workforce needs.

During the 2018 legislative session, there were no changes to performance metrics for the FCS for 2018-19 academic year. The state maintained the level of appropriations in the previous year, providing $60 million in performance funding for the Florida College System, with $30 million in state funds, and $30 million deducted from the Colleges’ base funding (AFC, 2018). In addition, the state appropriated $10 million for industry certification performance including proviso language that identified the programs eligible for funding for 2018-19:

• Advanced Manufacturing • Auto Collision repair and Refinishing

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• Automotive Service Technology • Heating, Ventilation, and Air • Cloud Virtualization Conditioning Technicians • Computer Programming • Network Support Services • Cyber Security • Pharmacy Technicians • Electrician • Power Plant Mechanics • Federal Aviation Administration • Public Safety Airframe Mechanics • Welding • Health Sciences

Postsecondary Affordability Passed into law during the 2016 legislative session, CS/SB 7019 requires the State Board of Education and Board of Governors to identify strategies to promote college affordability by evaluating tuition and fees, financial aid, and the cost of instructional materials and textbooks. This also establishes a requirement of both the State Board of Education and Board of Governors to submit reports to the Governor, President, and the Speaker of the House on affordability initiatives. Additionally, CS/SB 7019 requires the state Board of Education and Board of Governors to promote college affordability through strategies focused on reducing the cost of textbooks and other instructional materials. Toward this aim, the legislation mandates that institutions review the cost of textbooks and instructional materials by course and course section each semester to identify variances in costs. Institutions are to push textbook and instructional material requirements by course and section 45 days prior to the first day of class. The language in CS/SB 7019 has now been expanded to the following paragraph:

“The bill (Chapter 2018-4, L.O.F.) establishes the ‘Florida Excellence in Higher Education Act of 2018’ to expand merit-based and need-based financial aid funding available to students; modify university performance expectations to incentivize and reward state university performance excellence and recognition in academics, instruction, research, and community accomplishments and achievements; and expand and enhance policy and funding tools for state universities to recruit and retain the very best faculty, enrich professional and graduate school strength and viability, and bring aging infrastructure and research laboratories into the 21st century” (Appropriations Committee, 2018).

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Federal Focus on Higher Education Institutions Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. Last updated in 2008, the Higher Education Act (HEA) is past due for a major overhaul. A lack of bi-partisan agreement in Washington, D.C., has prevented much progress toward this goal. A major rewrite of the HEA has not occurred. Until then, it is possible that lawmakers may pass smaller bills that have wider bipartisan support. Another possibility is that lawmakers or the President will seek to pass more ambitious higher education changes by attaching them to moving legislation or adopting them through the budget process.

Title IV Eligibility. Title IV aid refers to both federal gift aid and self-help aid programs, including but not limited, to the Federal Pell Grant and Federal Direct Loan programs. The Higher Education Acts of 1965, as well as subsequent amendments are the guiding regulations to determine eligibility for federal financial aid assistance. Clarifying changes were made to the definition of ‘career pathways’ for the purpose of qualifying as an eligible program under the Pell Grant’s Ability to Benefit provision. Ability to Benefit allows students who don’t have a high school diploma or GED to qualify for Title IV student aid if they can demonstrate their ability to undertake postsecondary coursework through testing or successful completion of six credit hours. Ability to Benefit was eliminated in fiscal year (FY) 2011 in order to generate savings for the Pell Grant program. Over the last two appropriations cycles, Congress has partially reinstated Ability to Benefit for qualified students enrolled in career pathway programs. In the FY 2016 omnibus appropriations bill, Congress modified the definition, potentially allowing a broader range of programs to qualify.

Title IX. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 signified a comprehensive Federal focus on gender equality. Title IX mandates that institutions receiving federal financial assistance, including student financial aid, must protect people from discrimination based on sex. Officially, Title IX states “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” (U.S. Department of Education, 2015).

Title IX is widely known for its impact on collegiate athletics. However, some areas in which Title IX applies are admissions and recruitment, counseling, financial assistance, discipline, and employment. Additionally, in 2011 the U.S. Department of Education and Office for Civil Rights released a “Dear Colleague Letter” which further clarified and emphasized the discrimination and harassment aspect of Title IX (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Furthermore, it stated that “The sexual harassment of students, including sexual violence, interferes with students’ right to receive an education free from discrimination…”

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2018 Midterm Elections

Florida received national attention during the 2018 midterm elections with two high-profile elections viewed by many as a referendum on President Donald Trump and the Trump Administration's progress since the 2016 election. In the state’s race for Governor Ron DeSantis, a former Congressman, narrowly defeated Mayor Andrew Gillum of Tallahassee to become the next governor of Florida. During his campaign for Governor, DeSantis spoke of his plans to expand the state’s performance funding system while working to keep tuition as affordable as possible, partly through holding state institutions of higher education accountable for their spending (Postal & Martin, 2018). The race for the U.S. Senate seat triggered a recount following Governor Rick Scott’s thin margin over longtime incumbent Senator Bill Nelson resulting in Rick Scott becoming the Senator-elect.

Political Implications for Daytona State College • The College should continue to monitor state and federal legislative priorities and policy changes. • The College must continue to use system-wide performance-based measurement indicators to guide instructional and operational decisions. • The College must continue to expand access, reduce system and student costs, and strengthen the link between the labor market and postsecondary education. • The College must use national best practices and continuous evaluation of teaching and student support methods to increase student success and shorten time to degree. • The College should monitor the State and Presidential elections each term, as each state official and President that is elected into office will have an impact on Florida’s future and the direction of higher education. • Daytona State College must adhere to the requirements of Title IX in order to continue to receive federal funding.

Technology Trends In today’s modern institutions of higher education, technology plays an ever-increasing role in supporting our mission of teaching and learning. Technology directly impacts our students, faculty, and staff in a myriad of ways and our institutions depend on technology to be competitive, relevant, and secure in an increasingly digital world.

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Technology Skills Future DSC Students Possess Today’s learning environment demands that students possess both access to technology, and the skills required to effectively utilize technology as a tool for learning. As an open access institution, Daytona State College has a diverse student body with a wide range of technological skills.

The K-12 public school system emphasizes the use of technology to personalize learning. Many schools boast a “1-to-1” learning environment, where each student it paired with a personal technological device that is used throughout the school day, while other schools have implemented bring your own device policies. The use of such devices is meant to enhance both the attainment of academic content (input), as well as for students to express their learning (output). The focus of such initiatives is on using technology to foster creativity in teaching and learning, and many school districts also use these strategies to support the study of coding and STEM learning (Kestory, 2016).

Often referred to as Millennial or Generation Z students, these younger and more traditional- age college students have lived their lives as digital natives and often view technology as an everyday tool necessary to work and study in today’s modern world. As such, in the coming years both dual-enrollment and students enrolling with Daytona State College following their high school graduation will have more experience with technology than their predecessors. Some of our more non- traditional aged students may be less familiar with today’s technological tools and require training and support to allow them to become proficient with these tools. Other students may not have access to technology due to social and economic conditions and may also require additional institutional support in order to become competent users.

Technology Currently Used by Daytona State College In higher education today, our modern institutions are dependent on technology in every functional area. From our enterprise systems, learning management systems, cloud-based software, web applications, and the numerous hardware devices ranging from computers to internet routers, switches, and phones, our colleges rely on modern technology to support our mission of teaching and learning. In today’s learning environment, technology needs and uses continue to increase at breathtaking speed. “Aspects as diverse as processing speed, product price, memory capacity, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras have also been progressing exponentially” (Roser & Ritchie, n.d.).

Daytona State College leverages many current technologies in our daily operations. Notable examples include Desire2Learn, our Learning Management System; PeopleSoft, our enterprise system; Civitas, our data analytics system; and Microsoft’s Office 365, our cloud-based

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computing software. All of the College’s academic programs are reliant on technology in some way, those some have more of a technological focus requiring access to cutting edge technologies. Examples include programs in engineering and technology, computer science, audio recording, broadcast production, photography, architecture and construction, health science, automotive, and manufacturing.

Emerging Technologies and Their Relationship to Education In today’s technological world, students, faculty, and staff rely on technology to interact and communicate with each other and in other ways that directly support teaching and learning. Below is an abbreviated list of emerging technologies applicable to education.

Mobile devices. Mobile devices increasingly being used by faculty for communicate and engage with students (i.e., polling, reminders, course delivery, etc.). As technology advances, students are increasingly using their cell phones as their primary digital device. This trend requires colleges to be ensure that their webpages are dynamic so students can view then properly on their mobile devices (Zimmerman, 2018).

Block chain. Block Chain is resistant to modification of data. It is “an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way” (Iansiti & Lakhani, 2017). A bitcoin is an example of a Block Chain.

Big data. Predictive analytics is an example of the use of “Big Data” to help determine behavior (Press, 2016). The college currently uses an analytics software package Civitas to help predict student persistence from semester to semester. Civitas pulls student data in real-time directly from the college’s enterprise system (PeopleSoft) and allows the college to analyze student behavior based on hundreds of variables, and develop “nudge” campaigns, targeted at subgroups of students, in an effort to positively impact their persistence rates

Artificial Intelligence. Voice assistance applications such as, Siri and other devices have become popular with consumers and are reshaping their behavior. Commonly used in automobiles and homes, educators are also seeing uses for this technology in the classroom, with applications ranging from keeping time on tasks to having these devices assist with delivering instruction. However, concerns with privacy have groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union calling for their removal from classrooms (Harold, 2018).

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Internet (5G and beyond). Faster, better, internet is in constant demand as more countries and people become dependent on it. This necessity may drive more innovative options for internet. Robots/Drones. Robots and Drones are being used for all type of industries in today’s market such as, service, military and other industries.

Other Technology Trends Addressing cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks have increased exponentially, and colleges are not immune to those attacks. Recent attacks have been targeted at large corporations (i.e. Yahoo) and the United States Government. Institutions of higher education must take proactive measures to prevent such attacks and have updated breach response plans. Daytona State College conducts ongoing cybersecurity training, including mandatory Biannual training for all employees. Social media. Currently, 81% of adults in the United States use social media with YouTube being number one, followed by Facebook and Instagram (Smith and Anderson, 2018). With the growth of additional social media platforms geared toward the younger generation, such as Snap Chat, higher education must be creative in its use of social media for marketing, instruction, outreach and overall use. Online education. The number of students taking online education classes continues to increase. Based on Babson College’s Survey Research Group’s 2017 report on Distance Education, in the United States, one in every three students is taking at least one course online. Babson’s Survey also found that public institutions have the largest portion of distance education students (67.8%). Furthermore, Babson Survey Research Group’s Survey of Online Learning found that 70.8% of administration agrees that online education is an integral part of college operations; however, only 28% agree that faculty embrace online education. Excelling in the delivery of online learning will be critical to future competitiveness. 3D printing. 3D printing continues to be a trend in education and the workforce. It provides teachers with three-dimensional visual products they can use in their classrooms to illustrate a variety of concepts that might otherwise be difficult for students to understand. It also helps teachers to motivate students when they are actually seeing a three-dimensional product that in the past has been presented in a 2-D format. It promotes hands-on learning by producing realistic three-dimensional models/products that can be used by schools of engineering and architecture to name a few. In biology courses, 3D printing can be used to create 3D models of the human body for more realistic interactive class activities (Pierce, 2016).

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Cloud-Based Computing. Budiawan (2016) reported that cloud computing is a method of computing where “dynamically scalable and virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet.” Cloud computing provides for shared resources, software and information through the Internet (Matthew, 2012). A great advantage of cloud computing is that data and services are made available without losing sensitive information. Benefits of cloud computing in higher education include access to applications from anywhere and support for teaching and learning (Budiawan, 2016). Faculty, staff, and students can be on or off campus to access and use resources (Matthew, 2012). Cloud computing can provide great value and enables colleges and universities to save money (Budiawan, 2016).

Technology Implications for Daytona State College • Daytona State College must prepare for an increase of technology savvy students. Students coming to us directly from the K-12 school system will likely have the expectation that technology will play a heavy role in their education. • The college must continue to maintain and update current technology. This includes technology used for teaching students, as well as technology used to track data and predict future outcomes. • The college should continue to explore emerging technologies, and work to create programs to help our students prepare to live and work in a world that is increasingly dependent on such technological advances. • Daytona State College must continue to expand online education and enhance its effectiveness through faculty and staff training, development, and strategies to increase online student success. • The college can enhance instruction, course offerings, and operations by maximizing emerging applications by integrating 3D printing and gamification into its programs and services. • The college must provide a robust infrastructure to support a growing network of devices that mobilize technology and at the same time must continue to take proactive measures to prevent cyber-attacks and have breach response plans in place. • The college must continue to use, monitor, and enhance its social media presence for marketing, instruction and outreach.

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Environmental Trends Environmental trends related to sustainability and evolving workplaces are impacting colleges at many different levels, including enrollment. What exactly is sustainability? A contemporary definition of sustainability is “meeting contemporary needs without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs” (University of Florida’s Office of Sustainability website, 2018). There has been a recent movement to look at sustainability with a broader lens, no longer viewing it as merely recycling and reducing of consumption. Many institutions are now integrating green practices into “everything from coursework to campus life to the town beyond the campus walls” (Milshtein, 2017). Other examples of sustainability categories include: water efficiency, soil and land management, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, and sustainable sites.

Energy Efficient Buildings LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the “most widely used third-party verification for green buildings, with around 2.4 million square feet being certified daily.” LEED buildings are “safer, greener, and save owner’s on maintenance costs over the life cycle” (U.S. Green Building Council, 2018). Several Florida colleges currently have at least one LEED-certified building are Miami Dade, Santa Fe, Florida Southwestern, Florida State College at Jacksonville, State College of Florida, and Seminole State. Daytona Beach area buildings that are LEED- certified include the Daytona Beach Kennel Club and the NASCAR headquarters (Green Building Wire, 2015). The new Gale Lemerand building scheduled to open in January 2019 at Daytona State College’s Daytona Campus has been built using LEED guidelines and principles. This new building has been designed to let the outside in, and the location was even changed to preserve more green space in the middle of campus.

Green Globe is another esteemed sustainability certification process which on average saves 10% energy and water, improves staff satisfaction by 7%, and can increase customers by 7.5% (Green Globe, 2018). Green Globe Certification “is a structured assessment of the sustainability performance of travel and tourism businesses and their supply chain partners” and “includes 44 core criteria supported by over 380 compliance indicators” (Green Globe Certification, 2018). Daytona State College’s Building 3 in Palm Coast has received Green Globe certification.

Additionally, Daytona State College continually engages in ongoing efforts to reduce energy drains by assessing deterioration of our older building. Since 2016, DSC has removed 3 older buildings, and 85% of the construction debris is recycled from these demolitions. Moreover, 55% of our other existing buildings have been updated to make them more energy efficient.

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Thermal Energy Storage Systems Daytona State College has joined other higher education institutions, such as the University of Central Florida, by building a 2.5 million gallon, 80 foot tall thermal storage system (TEM) tank to help cool the buildings, which allows water to be chilled all night long, as opposed to peak times, saving the College money (Cape Design Engineering Company). This project annually saves Daytona State College a now projected $250,000 in energy costs and $1.1 million in rebates from Florida Power and Light Company (FPL, 2018). A second tower planned for Daytona State’s Advanced Technology College location begins construction in November 2018.

Solar-Powered Technology In 2012, Daytona State College’s Advance Technology Center acquired a 220-watt solar panel with the assistance of a grant. Additionally, 15 new solar-powered emergency call boxes have been installed on the Daytona State College, Daytona Beach campus, and all existing call boxes will be replaced with solar versions by the end of 2019.

Institutions across the nation are purchasing powering stations for mobile devices, mostly in the form of picnic tables with umbrellas laden with solar panels. These are in ideal Daytona Beach, where there is an average of 230 sunny days per year (Best Places, 2018). The tables, made and sold by EnerFusion Inc. for $12,000, seat eight and provide power outlets, USB ports, battery backups, energy consumption monitors, Wifi access, and LED lights for night-time use. “The Solar Power-Dok has been designed to provide self-sustaining GREEN energy wherever it is placed outdoors with access to direct sunlight. Not only is this electronic device charging oasis powered by the sun, it is also made from recycled materials to be an eco-friendly masterpiece” (Enerfusion Inc, 2018).

Vehicle-Based Pollution Reduction Nationally, colleges and universities are continuing to make concerted efforts to promote “greener” ways to get to and from campus by promoting carpooling/ridesharing. In Florida specifically, Miami Dade College has a program, Get2MDC, which promotes mass transit, biking, walking, and carpooling. This program provides carpool matching services, reserved carpool parking, and a “backup ride” program. Their website also includes a “cost of commuting” calculator. Additionally, more colleges and universities are installing electric car-charging stations on campus, and Daytona State College offers electric charging stations at the Advanced Technology Center.

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Hazardous Materials Daytona State College offers programs in which students and faculty need access to chemicals, many of which are hazardous materials. All areas storing chemicals must be in properly ventilated, climate-controlled areas with proper cabinetry. Additionally, they must have the required emergency safety equipment (i.e. eye wash station, emergency shower) needed to ensure chemical emergencies are managed effectively until EMS arrives (DSC Safety Plan, 2018).

Consumption & Waste Reduction Efforts There is an increasing trend toward concerted efforts to reduce consumption and waste on campus. Example initiatives include: recycling competitions statewide and nationwide, with recycling bins across campus; reducing or eliminating the sale of single-use water bottles on campus and installing more water fountains that serve as water-bottle refill stations; composting surplus food; selling recyclable materials for profit; buying “green” products; reducing water usage; planting native, drought-resistant plants and sod (Bahia vs. St. Augustine); building rainwater catchment systems; installing LED lighting and attaching solar panels; affixing occupancy sensors for lighting and cooling; and brushing roof coatings that reflect light and reduce cooling costs.

Sustainability

Sustainability committees & college web space. Many Florida colleges have formed college-wide committees to discuss and implement best practices for sustainability and promote communication between departments and in the community. Furthermore, some dedicated space on their websites to publish their sustainability efforts and results. Additionally, some institutions, such as State College of Florida, have incorporated sustainability into their institutional values and strategic priorities.

Sustainability consultants. In an environment of increasingly tight budgets, cutting energy costs can make a significant impact on the bottom line. However, it is often difficult for facilities managers to pinpoint the energy drains on their campuses. This is where an outside consultant could prove beneficial by analyzing historical utility data as well as identifying equipment problems, inefficient facilities, and poor behavior patterns to save colleges significant amounts of money (Gotham, 2017). There is of course an up-front cost to the hiring of a consultant, but the cost savings over time may make it a wise investment. Seeing the benefits of an external reviewer, Daytona State College has already recently retained an architect to complete a five- year master plan, which looks 20 years ahead at space, building, and energy usage.

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The problem of eco-centricity. When a broad survey of sustainability efforts on campuses nationwide is taken, it becomes clear that the vast amount of time and effort is spent on the environmental protection aspect of sustainability. However, sustainability is a subject that addresses “multiple interconnected human issues such as racial injustice, gender equality, distribution of wealth, integrity, food security, holistic wellness, and community service” (McGrath, Maguire, & Morgan, 2017). Some colleges, such as UC Berkeley, have realized that they need to be less eco-centric in their efforts. Many colleges have determined that the green movement is “too white” and that the questions minority students ask about the environment are far different from the questions white students ask. The questions of minority students tend to deal with “justice, distribution, and power” (Levin, 2018).

Green Space The importance of green space on college campuses, as both a gathering area and a place for quiet reflection, is sometimes underestimated. Campus green spaces “can help students feel better about life and improve learning” (American Society for Horticultural Science, 2008). As college campuses expand, it is important that planners make a concerted effort to maintain as much green space as possible. David Taeyaerts, a vice chancellor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, states that the longstanding plan at UIC is “integrally focused on open spaces, walkways, and the landscape opportunities to try to make the campus a place that’s ‘sticky,’ where students, faculty, and staff want to linger” (Berman, 2018). It is important that physical spaces invite students into informal interactions with each other. These interactions lead to involved students, help to build communities, and “contribute to student persistence and academic success” (Harrington, 2014).

Tree-Campus USA Currently, 14 higher education institutions in Florida, including College of Central Florida and Valencia College, are certified as Tree Campus USA institutions by the Arbor Day Foundation. The benefits of becoming a member are: green spaces that give students, faculty, and staff a place to mingle with others or relax on their own; Instilling pride in the college community; recognition for the campus on a national scale; reduction in the amount of energy a campus needs to generate to stay cool; reduction of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. There are five standards that must be met for Tree Campus USA recognition: (1) Establish a Campus Tree Advisory Committee; (2) Create a Tree Care Plan, (3) Dedicate annual expenditures toward trees; (4) Celebrate Arbor Day, and (5) Engage students in Service Learning (Arbor Day Foundation, 2018).

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Environmental Stewardship in Local Communities One trend among State College System schools emphasizes environmental stewardship. Students and faculty are taking an active role in restoring, protecting, and preserving their local environmental treasures. These projects serve both as experiential learning exercises for undergraduates and opportunities for civic and environmental engagement. For instance, Polk State College students have been engaged in an ongoing Rain Garden project since 2011. Ultimately, they learn about the “connections between the local environment and the environment on a global scale” while helping improve environmental health and rainwater runoff usage on their own campus (Polk State College, 2013). Palm Beach State College’s Reef Hope Project creates opportunities for environmental science, art, engineering, and biotechnology students to come together for a service learning project focused on conserving, managing, and protecting their local reef systems using a STEAM (Science, Tech, Engineering, Art, Math) perspective. This approach recognizes that all academic fields can contribute to the overall mission of environmental stewardship. Northwest Florida State College partnered with the Choctawhatchee Basin Alliance, a local non-profit, to bring local, state, and federal resources together, including the Department of Environmental Protection and AmeriCorps, with the goal of preserving the health of local water resources.

Benefits of Community-Based Research Often students would like to be more involved with their college and community but just do not know how. Some colleges and universities are increasing student involvement in community- based research as a means to increase recruitment, retention, and revenue. According to Beth Ambos, executive officer of the Council on Undergraduate Research, “There’s a strong correlation between participation in research and student success as measured by higher rates of retention and graduation” (Zalaznick, 2018). These research projects can raise the profile of the college in the community and can bring more grant funding to the institution. Furthermore, community-based research projects can help close the achievement gap as well as more effectively engage students with disabilities. Christopher Meyer, Dean of the College of Science and Mathematics at California State University found that opening up research to a broader body of students has had a “democratizing” effect in that it has been closing achievement gaps for first-generation and underrepresented students (Zalaznick, 2018). Landmark College in Vermont is expanding research opportunities to its 450 students with learning disabilities, ADHD, and autism. This initiative has gotten students more engaged with the learning process and helps teach them soft skills (Zalaznick, 2018).

Daytona State College currently offers several courses that incorporate environmental based service-learning components. Currently, work is done with the Marine Discovery Center, Marine Science Center, and the Indian River Lagoon.

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Environmental Implications for Daytona State College • The College should further assess and investigate its sustainability efforts and consider pursuing vehicle-based pollution reduction and consumption/waste reduction efforts. • The College should continue using the LEED and Green Globe guidelines when constructing new buildings. • The College should continue renovating existing buildings, cost permitting, to become more energy efficient. • The College should examine its existing spaces and repurpose effectively to push toward nontraditional learning spaces. • The College should create a plan to designate more “green space” and find ways to make the existing green spaces more inviting, including becoming a TreeUSA institution. • The College should educate students and staff about the basics of energy, water, and soil conservation. • Through campus construction and program offering expansion, the College has the opportunity to enhance local and regional partnerships and support local environmental efforts. • The College should conduct a thorough review of all chemicals stored on all campuses and ensure proper storage and safety protocols are met. • Daytona State should conduct an assessment of all areas containing chemicals and ensure proper storage and safety protocols are met. • Continue offering service-learning opportunities with an environmental focus.

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