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CLIMATE CHANGE page 3 Ocean Health and COVID-19: Environment-Health Nexus

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ENERGY SECURITY page 4

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FOOD SECURITY page 5

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HEALTH SECURITY page 6

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HUMANITARIAN ASSIS- TANCE AND DISASTER RELIEF page 7

——————————- Littered beach, Bali, Indonesia Photo Credits: GRID-Arendal via flickr, under Creative Commons license MIGRATION page 8 IN YEAR TWO of the COVID-19 pan- natural ecosystems. Evidence of this ——————————- demic, while countries are still re- linkage is plenty. Examples include the sponding to or preparing for new correlation between environmental waves of cases, efforts to address pollution and human health problems other global challenges resumed and as well as the zoonotic origin of coro- are moving forward. On June 8, the navirus diseases, such as SARS and UN organised a global virtual cele- MERS. One hypothesis of the origin of bration for the 13th World Oceans COVID-19 is that the virus originated Day. This year’s theme was “The from the nature and transmitted to hu- Ocean: Life and Livelihoods”, reso- mans from animals. nating with the UN’s COVID-19 re- sponse and recovery plan. The con- As part of the ecosystems, the state of vergence reflects the connection of the marine environment has important the two agendas and the need to bearing on human health too. The synergise global action to deal with oceans are crucial for many people’s different challenges. food security, supporting source of nutrition for over three billion people. The global health crisis has prompted The quality of fish and seafood con- extensive reflections on public health cerns food safety. and the notion of planetary health has received increasing public and The inextricable links between human policy interest. Planetary health es- activities and oceans caused serious sentially refers to an approach to consequences on the marine environ- public health that links the health of ment. About 40 per cent of the ocean people with the state of surrounding suffers from pollution, depleted fisher-

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ies, and loss of coastal habi- and Vietnam as among the big- ing, which would most likely tats. Degradation in the marine gest contributors of marine plas- end up in the oceans. As most environment threatens human tic waste in the world. To com- governments prioritise pandem- health. One example is Mina- bat this growing threat, ASEAN ic response over other issues, mata disease in Japan, which adopted the Declara- previous environmental gains was caused by consumption of tion on Combating Marine De- could be reversed during the fish and shellfish contaminated bris in ASEAN Region in June pandemic, such as campaigns with methylmercury. 2019 and launched the Region- to reduce single-use plastics. al Action Plan (2021-2025) last Action to restore and protect month. As social and economic activi- ocean health began to gain mo- ties are gradually getting back mentum globally a few years The COVID-19 pandemic was to normal in several countries, ago. The UN convened the first viewed by some people as a it is important to make sure that Ocean Conference in 2017, window of opportunity for ad- environmental initiatives will during which governments dressing environmental and cli- resume and stimulus packages adopted the declaration, "Our mate challenges, including ma- take strongly into account the Ocean, Our Future: Call for Ac- rine environmental pollution. environmental impacts of eco- tion". This year marks the be- Containment measures such as nomic recovery. The COVID-19 ginning of the United Nations temporary shutdown of activities pandemic is a powerful remind- Decade of Ocean Science for and travel restrictions substan- er to care for the health of our Sustainable Development tively reduced emissions of vari- surrounding environment, in- (2021-2030). ous pollutants. cluding the oceans, as it is closely linked to our health. Southeast has also seen Nevertheless, other forms of the same trend, with a particu- pollution have increased as a lar focus on dealing with marine result of the pandemic re- plastic debris. This region faces sponse, many of which have a daunting challenge from ma- added stresses on the marine rine plastic pollution, with Indo- environment. Lockdowns result- nesia, the Philippines, Thailand ed in a surge in plastic packag-

Suggested Readings

• Nsikak U. Benson, David E.Bassey, and Thavamani Palanisami, 2021 COVID pollution: impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global plastic waste footprint, Heliyon, Vol.7, Iss.2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06343.

• Ankit, Kumar, A., Jain, V. et al., 2021, Environmental impact of COVID-19 pandemic: more negatives than positives, Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s42398-021-00159-9.

• Nguyen Thi Xuan Son, 2020, Policy on Marine Plastic Waste in Asean and Viet Nam, En- vironmental Claims Journal, Vol. 33, Iss.1, pp.41-53, DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1775347.

• UNCTAD, 2020, COVID-19 offers opportunity to save our ocean, 8 June, https:// unctad.org/news/covid-19-offers-opportunity-save-our-ocean.

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CLIMATE CHANGE

NEWS & COMMENTARIES

Biden’s fossil fuel moves clash with pledges on cli- Restoring degrading lands can help us mitigate climate change mate change One in every five hectares of land is unusable. Restoring just Despite President Biden’s pledge to aggressively cut the pollution from 350 million hectares of the degraded land by 2030 could remove fossil fuels that is driving climate change, his administration has quietly greenhouse gases roughly equal to half the world’s annual emis- taken actions this month that will guarantee the drilling and burning of oil sions from the atmosphere. and gas for decades to come. Inger Andersen and Ibrahim Thiaw Lisa Friedman Al Jazeera The New York Times 2 June 2021 28 May 2021 Climate change could ignite a financial crisis, Lower Mekong Basin project underway to ensure wa- IMF official says ter security Climate change poses serious risks to the stability of the finan- A US$15 million project to enhance cross-border groundwater manage- cial system. It could absolutely ignite a financial crisis as eco- ment and strengthen water security in the Lower Mekong Basin is being nomic and financial risks can amplify one another. developed by Cambodia and Vietnam. Matt Egan Lay Samean CNN Phnom Penh Times 3 June 2021 28 May 2021 Summit wraps up with Covid, China, climate Filipino scientist takes first ever journey to third deep- takeaways: G-7 update est ocean trench on Earth, finds plastic G-7 leaders face calls to spell out how much money they will The discovery of plastic in the trench was shocking. The transboundary commit to help developing countries move away from fossil fuels nature of plastic spread in the oceans is having unknown but profound and tackle climate change. consequences on marine ecosystems, and in effect, on the very founda- Bloomberg tions of life on the planet. 13 June 2021 CNA/jb Channel News Asia 29 May 2021

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

The burden of heat-related mortality attributable State of finance for nature to recent human-induced climate change If the world is to meet the climate change, biodiversity, and land degradation targets, it needs to close a US$ 4.1 trillion financing About a third of warm-season heat-related deaths can be attribut- gap by 2050. Investments in nature-based solutions must triple by ed to anthropogenic climate change and that increased mortality is 2030 and increase four-fold by 2050 from the current level. evident on every continent. UN Environment Programme A.M. Vicedo-Cabrera, et al. 2021 Nature Climate Change 2021

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

Asia-Pacific Climate Week 2021 14th International Coral Reef Symposium The event will focus on partnering for whole-of-society engage- This symposium will be a key event to develop science-based ment in implementation, managing climate risks, and seizing trans- solutions addressing the present and future challenges of coral formation opportunities. It will include workshops, virtual exhibitions reefs, which are globally exposed to unprecedented anthropo- and side events. genic pressures. Virtual Event Virtual Event 6-9 July 2021 19-23 July 2021

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ENERGY SECURITY

NEWS AND COMMENTARIES

Biden administration eyes cybersecurity funding Bill Gates' next generation nuclear reactor to be after hacks built in Wyoming The security of the U.S. energy grid has long been a concern for Small advanced reactors, which are powered different fuels than cybersecurity experts. Regional blackouts in 2003 and 2011 ex- traditional reactors, are seen as a critical carbon-free technology posed the vulnerability of the power system. Cybersecurity in the that can supplement intermittent power sources like wind and solar energy sector was highlighted in the wake of the attack on Colonial as states strive to reduce their CO2 emissions. Pipeline Co which shut a critical fuel conduit and triggered panic- Timothy Gardner and Valerie Volcovici buying in some sections of the US East Coast. Reuters 3 June 2021 18 May 2021 The potential of behavioural interventions for op- Concerns grow over China nuclear reactors timising energy use at home shrouded in mystery This article focuses on the potential for enhancing energy efficiency Two reactors being built to generate nuclear power will also pro- with policies and programmes designed to educate consumers and duce plutonium. That plutonium could be reprocessed and used as encourage them to alter their daily habits – without resorting to a fuel source for other nuclear reactors. It could also be used to large-scale structural improvements. produce nuclear warheads. No one outside Chinese oversight International Energy Agency mechanism can confirm if the reactors are solely for peaceful use 4 June 2021 of nuclear energy. Al Jazeera Global supply chain squeeze, soaring costs 19 May 2021 threaten solar energy boom Among the biggest challenges to solar companies is a tripling in Nuclear energy cooperation will power China- prices for steel, a key component in racks that hold solar panels, Russia partnership: China Daily and polysilicon, the raw material used in panels. Rising shipping For China, the development of nuclear energy is essential to help it freight rates along with higher costs for fuel, copper and labour are fulfil its carbon neutrality goal before 2060. While Russia is steadily also pushing up project costs. moving ahead with plans to expand the role of nuclear energy, Reuters including the development of new reactor technologies, it is also Channel News Asia keen to export its technology to other countries. 9 June 2021 China Daily The Straits Times 20 May 2021

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Cyber resilience in the oil and gas industry: A decade of progress after Fukushima-Daiichi: Playbook for boards and corporate officers Building on the lessons learned to further The White Paper presents six principles to help boards at oil and strengthen nuclear safety gas companies govern cyber risk and strengthen their organisa- The IAEA Bulletin contains short articles that discuss new safety tion’s cyber resilience. Adopting them will support the industry in measures that have been promoted and adopted by the IAEA, its efforts to continue delivering safe, affordable and low-carbon operators, regulators, and countries, building on the lessons energy for decades to come. learnt from the Fukushima accident. World Economic Forum Rafael Grossi, et al. 2021 : International Atomic Energy Agency 2021

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

Advancing Buildings Energy Efficiency in South- Launch of Thailand power system flexibility east Asia Webinar study This webinar explored some of the key questions around advanc- This report launch event, organised in collaboration with Electricity ing energy efficiency in buildings in . It marked the Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), was intended to share official launch of the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) new the key findings of the IEA report on Thailand Power System Flexi- online course on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. bility Study and recommendations on enhancing power system Recorded Webinar flexibility. 20 May 2021 Recorded Webinar 4 June 2021

Background Image: Courtesy of Flickr account of Consumer Energy Alliance and used under a creative commons license.

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FOOD SECURITY

NEWS & COMMENTARIES

Philippines cuts rice tariffs to ensure food securi- GT Voice: Inflation, speculation factors behind ty, fight inflation global food price rises should not be neglected Over 90% of the Philippines’ imported rice is from one source The article warns against playing down global price inflation as (Vietnam). To diversify its rice sources while keeping rice afforda- resulting simply from growing Chinese grain/soybean imports. ble, the government has announced a reduction in tariffs for import- Instead, it warns of impacts of expansionary monetary policy on ed rice on 15th May, from 40% to 35%. food price inflation and potential financial market turbulence. Reuters GT Voice The Star Global Times 16 May 2021 6 June 2021

China learns to stop worrying and embrace GMO Trade and food security: When an agreement crops delayed becomes a human right denied China is loosening its restrictions on genetically modified organisms The globalisation of food trade has led to farmers shifting to (GMOs) to meet its food and feed consumption needs through do- higher-value export crops, in place of cheaper food staples. This mestic production, buffer against the risk of trade wars, and in- increases the risks to domestic consumers, thus necessitating a crease resilience to climate change and emerging pest diseases. revisit of commitments to the 1995 Agreement on Agriculture. Yusuke Hinata David Bicchetti, Carlos Razo and Miho Shirotori Nikkei Asia United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- 25 May 2021 ment 7 June 2021 Ministry says national food security action plan can ensure Malaysia’s preparedness during a cri- UAE launches food security project to train sis youth to become agriculture entrepreneurs Malaysia’s Agriculture Ministry released its 2021-2025 National The United Arab Emirates' Ministry of Climate Change and Envi- Food Security Policy Action Plan, to increase the country’s prepar- edness should it face a food security crisis. It aims to increase the ronment is launching a food security project that targets its availability of safe and affordable food, among others. youth. This complements its “whole-of-nation” approach to signif- icantly increase production of selected food items by 2051. Malay Mail Salaam Gateway 9 June 2021 14 June 2021

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic as- pects of food security: Evidence from 45 develop- COVID-19 and food security: Panel data evi- ing countries dence from Nigeria The authors examined the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on This study finds that in the case of a developing country 45 countries with the worst undernourishment levels in the World (Nigeria), COVID-19 has had disproportionately larger impacts Food Programme’s database. They found that higher-income on households relying on non-farm businesses relative to those countries were gravely affected through food trade restrictions and relying on farm businesses, and that it has worsened food inse- currency depreciation, while lower-income countries were impact- curity in the case of those living in areas that had pre-existing ed through food price inflation. vulnerabilities (conflict-affected/remote areas). Vasilii Erokhin and Gao Tianming Mulubrhan Amare, et al. International Journal of Environmental Research and Food Policy, Volume 101, 102099 2021 Public Health 17, 5775 2020

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

Launch Event : 2021 Global Report on Food Transforming Food Systems after COVID-19: Im- Crises plications of the 2021 Global Food Policy Report During this launch, the UN FAO’s Director for Emergencies and for Eurasia Resilience shared about a significant increase in the number of This meeting discussed how COVID-19 is disrupting agri-food people affected by acute food insecurity. Of the 155 million people, 65% of which were from 10 countries in . Across value chains, and the opportunity that 2021 presents to re-think these countries, over 60-80% depend on agriculture/farming and renew efforts to transform food systems so that they are resili- income even amid the pandemic. ent, inclusive, and healthy in the long term. Recorded Webinar Recorded Webinar 6 May 2021 27 May 2021

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HEALTH SECURITY

NEWS & COMMENTARIES

Leading biologist dampens his ‘smoking gun’ Japan city uses tsunami lessons for COVID-19 vac- Covid lab leak theory cinations A Nobel prize-winning US biologist, who has been widely quoted The 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster taught Soma, a rural city describing a “smoking gun” to support the thesis that COVID-19 was 240km north of , the importance of laying out and communi- genetically modified and escaped from a Wuhan lab, has said he cating clear plans, working closely with local medical professionals, overstated the case. gathering affected people in concentrated places - and not waiting for Peter Beaumont a plan to come down from Tokyo. The Guardian Reuters 9 June 2021 CNA What Covid-19's long tail is revealing about dis- 11 June 2021 ease G-7 to donate 1 billion Covid-19 vaccine doses to Many months after their initial infection, some COVID-19 patients are poorer countries still suffering a baffling constellation of symptoms. More than a year British Prime Minister Boris Johnson expects the Group of Seven (G- since the pandemic began, scientists are starting to unravel what is 7) to agree to donate 1 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses to poorer causing long Covid and how they can treat it. countries during its summit, and help inoculate the world by the end David Cox of next year. BBC Reuters 10 June 2021 The Straits Times 11 June 2021 Commentary: How COVID-19 lab-leak theory went from conspiracy theory to politically accepted pos- Indonesia’s dengue fever study offers hope in dis- sibility ease battle The conversation around COVID-19’s origins has shifted markedly in Dengue fever infections dropped dramatically in an Indonesian study recent weeks. Suddenly, the idea that the virus could have come where a bacteria was introduced into disease-carrying mosquitoes, from an accidental lab leak, once dismissed as a “conspiracy theory”, offering hope in the battle against an illness that sickens millions is considered a possibility – even a likelihood, by some. annually around the world. Jemima Kelly AFP Channel News Asia The Straits Times 11 June 2021 11 June 2021

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

COVID-19-related misinformation on social media: a Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne trans- systematic review mission of SARS-CoV-2 Social media play an increasingly important role in spreading both This study lays out ten streams of evidence that collectively support accurate information and misinformation. The findings of this review the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted primarily by the air- may help health-care organisations prepare their responses to subse- borne route. quent phases in the COVID–19 infodemic and to future infodemics in Trisha Greenhalgh. et al. general. The Lancet, Vol. 397, No. 10285 Elia Gabarron, et al. 2021 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 99, No. 6 2021

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

Webinar: Coping during COVID, Strategies on Webinar on COVID-19 Vaccination and Internation- Managing Stress al Travel To address the stress and the social and emotional impacts asso- This webinar was on the role of the vaccination passport and im- ciated with COVID-19, subject matter experts on mental health munity certificate in reviving the tourism economy in the Eastern provided perspectives that included communities of color and Caribbean. various faith traditions. The webinar presented strategies and/or Recorded Webinar resources that will be applicable to all participants. 9 June 2021 Recorded Webinar 25 May 2021

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HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND DISASTER RELIEF NEWS & COMMENTARIES

Aid agency security is a disaster waiting to hap- Finding a new approach to water security in pen Southeast Asia A growing phenomenon is the use of private security companies by Framing and addressing water-security challenges using a disaster aid agencies. These companies that provide night guards and X-ray governance lens can create alternative pathways for pooling re- scanners may not seem as problematic as military-style operators, sources, building political will, preventing conflicts and promoting but they present a package of human rights and reputational risks transboundary cooperation to secure water and build resilience. that is all too often underestimated Angelo Paolo Trias Jamie Williamson The Interpreter 4 June 2021 18 May 2021 UK ends bilateral aid to more than 100 countries, Shining a spotlight on country-based humanitarian territories The British government has ended direct bilateral aid to more than reform: Have we been looking in the wrong plac- 100 countries and territories. Individual countries and territories that es? will apparently no longer receive development assistance directly In the lead up to the next iteration of the Grand Bargain, it is particu- from the U.K. include Iraq, Jordan, the Palestinian territories, and larly important to explore the relationship between local, national Lebanon — all of which are dealing with crippling humanitarian cri- and global processes to understand how reform has occurred. ses. Eleanor Davey, Jesse McCommon, and Puji Pujiono William Worley and Raquel Alcega Humanitarian Advisory Group Devex 25 May 2021 7 June 2021 Data-driven environmental decision-making and Renewing the Grand Bargain, Part 1: Old goals, a action in armed conflict new path This article outlines how remote environmental data collection and The Grand Bargain, a sweeping reform deal between donor nations field research are used and incorporated in international advocacy and the main international aid organisations, was intended to allow to boost the momentum for mainstreaming a robust environmental, a more efficient and effective response to emergencies around the peace and security agenda and ultimately reduce environmental globe. But five years on, the plan is due for a rethink, and signato- damage in conflict. ries are preparing to hammer out version 2.0 this month. Wim Zwijnenburg Jessica Alexander Humanitarian Law and Policy The New Humanitarian 1 June 2021 10 June 2021

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Accountability to affected populations in times of Grand Bargain annual independent report 2021 the pandemic This report analyses the progress that has been gained since the This report looks at the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Grand Bargain was established in May 2016. It examines the chal- accountability of humanitarian, development and risk reduction lenges faced and the longer-term outcomes achieved in 2020, as sectors. With pandemic having caused the global economy to slow well as provides recommendations for the Grand Bargain 2.0. down, leading to a funding crunch for civil society organisations, Victoria Metcalfe-Hough et. al these organisations have had to re-negotiate the meaning of ac- : Overseas Development Institute countability. 2021 All India Disaster Mitigation Institute 2021

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

Learning from COVID-19 to Strengthen Gender- Digital Dilemmas Debate #5: From Food to Wifi - responsive Disaster Risk Reduction Connectivity as Aid With COVID-19 having affected all of society, it is extremely im- In this roundtable, experts will discuss the opportunities granted by portant that the responses to the pandemic too have a similar “whole increased digital connectivity in humanitarian settings. Looking at -of-society approach”, particularly in terms of gender. This webinar examples of how establishing connectivity can help people better brought together stakeholders to discuss how a gender-responsive access information and opportunities, they will tackle what consid- approach to COVID-19 recovery can build resilience and reduce erations can be applied to make sure that the most vulnerable future disaster risk. sectors are not excluded. Recorded Webinar Webinar 23 April 2021 30 June 2021

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www.rsis.edu.sg/research/nts-centre June 2021

MIGRATION

NEWS & COMMENTARIES

Indian migrant workers at risk of being left out of IOM strengthens preparedness efforts ahead of vaccine drive Cyclone and Monsoon season in Cox’s Bazar Despite calls for prioritising India’s migrant workers, they are being As monsoon season looms, the refugee camps in Cox’s bazaar left out of national vaccination campaigns. Reasons include a are being prepared to deal with cyclones, a regular feature of the shortage in doses as well as a lack of awareness as to where and monsoon season. Already facing a rise in COVID-19 cases and how to get vaccinated. still recovering from the devastating fire that destroyed parts of the Anuja camps, this year’s monsoon season is especially worrying. Al-Jazeera International Organization for Migration 24 May 2021 4 June 2021

A perfect storm – when conflict and climate col- On COVID vaccinations for refugees, will the lide world live up to its promises? While 2020 was a year of government-mandated movement re- The increase in COVID-19 cases in the Rohingya camps in Bang- strictions, over 40 million people were forced to leave their homes ladesh exemplifies the continued danger faced by displaced popu- – the highest in a decade – for reasons ranging from conflict to lations, further illustrating the importance of including them in natural disasters. As climate change may worsen the occurrence national vaccination campaigns. The reasons behind the low rate and intensity of future disasters, learning how to address overlap- of vaccinated refugees include lack of supplies and social discrim- ping conflict and disaster displacement crises is increasingly vital. ination. Alexandra Bilak and Barbara Essig Eric Reidy Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The New Humanitarian 28 May 2021 8 June 2021

Taiwan activists slam 'discriminatory' COVID-19 Migrants, refugees will face digital fortress in migrant curbs post-pandemic EU A local county government in Taiwan has come under fire for Technology is being used to prevent migrants and refugees from imposing a ‘discriminatory’ stay indoors order on all migrant work- crossing the EU borders. This aggressive migration strategy, ers unless they are commuting to work. The local government has which includes the use of digital technologies such as AI-powered defended its position by pointing out the significantly higher num- lie detectors and virtual border-guard interview bots, is being test- ber of cases among migrant workers, as compared to domestic ed during the ‘quiet’ months of the COVID-19 pandemic. workers. AP, Al-Jazeera AFP 31 May 2021 Channel News Asia 10 June 2021

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

COVID-19 and the state of global mobility in 2020 Labour migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID- This report analyses the travel measures and border closures that 19 crisis and the post-pandemic future were implemented by governments worldwide as a response to This report analyses labour migration trends in Asia in the context COVID-19 in 2021. It also examines the humanitarian impacts for of the disruption wrought by COVID-19. By examining the policies different groups of people, including migrants, as well as the effective- in the major origin and destination countries of labour migrants, it ness of these responses. provides recommendations for building back better post- Meghan Benton, et al. pandemic. and Washington DC: International Organization Asian Development Bank Institute, Organisation for for Migration and Migration Policy Institute Economic Co-operation and Development, and Inter- national Labour Organization 2021 2021

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

The effects of refugee policy externalisation on COVID-19 and Forced Displacement in the Glob- target countries and international institutions: al South | Economic Well-being and Integration Diluting or diffusing international norms? This webinar brought together a panel of experts who shared With a focus on norm diffusion, this webinar examined externali- their insights on the economic well-being and integration of forci- sation policy and its potential as a trigger for the indirect diffu- bly displaced populations in the context of COVID-19. sion of refugee protection norms to institutions not connected to Recorded Webinar the international refugee regime. 2 June 2021 Recorded Webinar 2 June 2021

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