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The Paleostress History of the Central European Basin System

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The Paleostress History of the Central European Basin System STR09/06 Judith Sippel The Paleostress History of the Central European Basin System Scientific Technical Report STR09/06 ISSN 1610-0956 Judith Sippel, History The Paleostress of the Central European Basin System www.gfz-potsdam.de Judith Sippel The Paleostress History of the Central European Basin System Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften an der Freien Universität Berlin 2009 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Onno Oncken, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Freie Universität Berlin 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Reicherter, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Mitglieder der Kommission: Prof. Dr. M. Handy, Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. S. Shapiro, Freie Universität Berlin Dr. M. Scheck-Wenderoth, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Impressum Telegrafenberg D-14473 Potsdam Scientific Technical Report STR09/06 Gedruckt in Potsdam August 2009 ISSN 1610-0956 Die vorliegende Arbeit in der Schriftenreihe Scientific Technical Report (STR) des GFZ ist in elektronischer Form erhältlich unter www.gfz-potsdam.de - Neuestes - Neue Publikationen des GFZ Imprint Telegrafenberg D-14473 Potsdam Printed in Potsdam, Germany November 2008 ISSN 1610-0956 This work is published in the GFZ series Scientific Technical Report (STR) and is open accessible available at: www.gfz-potsdam.de - News - GFZ Publications Judith Sippel The Paleostress History of the Central European Basin System Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften an der Freien Universität Berlin 2009 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Onno Oncken, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Freie Universität Berlin 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Reicherter, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Mitglieder der Kommission: Prof. Dr. M. Handy, Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. S. Shapiro, Freie Universität Berlin Dr. M. Scheck-Wenderoth, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Impressum Telegrafenberg D-14473 Potsdam Scientific Technical Report STR09/06 Gedruckt in Potsdam August 2009 ISSN 1610-0956 Die vorliegende Arbeit in der Schriftenreihe Scientific Technical Report (STR) des GFZ ist in elektronischer Form erhältlich unter www.gfz-potsdam.de - Neuestes - Neue Publikationen des GFZ Scientific Technical Report STR 09/06 DOI: 10.2312/GFZ.b103-09069 Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Imprint Telegrafenberg D-14473 Potsdam Printed in Potsdam, Germany November 2008 ISSN 1610-0956 This work is published in the GFZ series Scientific Technical Report (STR) and is open accessible available at: www.gfz-potsdam.de - News - GFZ Publications to my family Scientific Technical Report STR 09/06 DOI: 10.2312/GFZ.b103-09069 Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Scientific Technical Report STR 09/06 DOI: 10.2312/GFZ.b103-09069 Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Paleostress analysis 7 1.2 Geological Setting of the CEBS 8 1.3 Study areas 11 1.3.1 The southern margin of the CEBS 11 1.3.2 The Oslo Graben area 16 2 Fault-slip analysis and paleostress reconstruction 20 2.1 Basics 20 2.1.1 Multiple Inverse Method (MIM; Yamaji, 2000) 23 2.1.2 PBT-axes Method (PBT; Sperner et al., 1993) 24 2.2 A new strategy for stress inversion from (heterogeneous) fault-slip data 25 2.2.1 Stress Inversion Via Simulation (SVS) 25 2.2.2 Stress inversion by MIM and simulation - a comparative test 29 2.2.3 Discussion 31 2.2.4 Summary 32 2.3 From local fault-slip data to regional stress fields 35 2.3.1 Data acquisition 35 2.3.2 Data presentation 36 2.3.3 Data correction 36 2.3.4 Stress inversion 36 2.3.5 Constraints on the chronology of stress states 37 3 Structural evolution of the CEBS – state of the art 42 3.1 Initial rift phase 42 3.2 Post-rift phase of thermal subsidence 43 3.3 Mid-Triassic – Jurassic phase of E-W extension 45 3.4 Mid-Jurassic phase of uplift 46 3.5 Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous phase of localized subsidence 47 3.6 Late Cretaceous – Early Tertiary phase of inversion 48 3.7 Cenozoic subsidence and transition to present-day stress conditions 50 3.8 Salt tectonics 51 4 The southern margin of the CEBS 53 4.1 Estimated paleostress tensors 53 4.2 Analysis of chronological indicators 62 4.2.1 Faulting vs. folding 63 4.2.2 Stress states vs. large-scale structures - the Osning Lineament area 71 4.2.3 Oblique stress states 72 4.3 Cross-outcrop correlation of paleostress states 77 4.3.1 Consistencies between folding and faulting 77 4.3.2 Locally estimated chronologies of paleostress states 78 4.3.3 Consistencies in the directions of principal axes 81 4.4 Regional vs. local phenomena 84 4.4.1 Compressional stress states 84 Scientific Technical Report STR 09/06 DOI: 10.2312/GFZ.b103-09069 Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ 4.4.2 Strike-slip stress states with a N- to NE-directed maximum compression 86 4.4.3 Strike-slip stress states with a W- to NNW-directed maximum compression 88 4.4.4 Tensional stress states postdating compressional or strike-slip stress states 90 4.4.5 Local phenomena 91 4.5 Discussion 93 4.5.1 Chronology 93 4.5.2 Mechanisms 96 4.6 Summary and conclusions 100 5 The Oslo Graben area 101 5.1 The Oslo Graben as part of the Oslo Rift System 101 5.1.1 Geometry and structure of the Oslo Rift System 101 5.1.2 Permo-Carboniferous rift evolution 102 5.1.3 Post-rift evolution 103 5.2 Estimated paleostress states 103 5.2.1 Direct constraints on the relative timing of stress states 109 5.2.2 Regional implications 109 5.3 Discussion 123 5.3.1 Chronology 123 5.3.2 Mechanisms 124 5.4 Conclusions 127 6 Synthesis 129 7 References 135 8 Acknowledgements 149 Parts of Chapters 2 and 4 are already in press in the following journal: Paleostress states at the south-western margin of the Central European Basin System - application of fault-slip analysis to unravel a polyphase deformation pattern Sippel, J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Reicherter, K. and Mazur, S. Tectonophysics (in press), available online since April 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.010 Scientific Technical Report STR 09/06 DOI: 10.2312/GFZ.b103-09069 Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Abstract The Central European Basin System (CEBS) in North Central Europe is a complex intracontinental system of sedimentary basins that evolved through several geodynamic phases since Late Carboniferous times. At present, the basin system is framed by the Tornquist Zone in the north and the Elbe Fault System in the south. The main structural configuration of the basin system is well established due to decades of scientific research and intense industrial exploration for mineral resources. The scope of this PhD thesis is to assess which paleostress fields controlled the evolution of the basin system. The base for the present study is provided by fault-slip data (striated fault planes with known sense of slip) measured in outcrops of two structural domains: along the Elbe Fault System as part of the inverted southern margin of the CEBS (906 fault-slip data) and in the Oslo Graben area located north of the Tornquist Zone (2191 data). The first part of this thesis (Chapter 2) introduces a new strategy for estimating paleostress states from heterogeneous sets of fault- slip data (Stress Inversion Via Simulation, SVS). This stepwise technique combines two well established methods, the PBT-axes-Method (Sperner et al., 1993) and the Multiple Inverse Method (Yamaji, 2000), with a final simulation of stress states (Yamaji & Sato, 2005). The simulation allows interactively fitting the parameters of a ‘reduced stress tensor’ comprising (1) the directions of the principal stress axes, σ1, σ2, σ3 (with σ1≥σ2≥σ3) and (2) the ratio of principal stress differences, R=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3), to a set of fault-slip data. One improvement of SVS compared to former stress inversion techniques is that an estimated stress tensor fulfils both the criterion of low misfit angles (Wallace-Bott slip criterion) and that of high shear-to- normal-stress ratios (Mohr-Coulomb criterion) for the associated faults. In the second part of this thesis (Chapters 4 and 5), estimated paleostress tensors – 77 tensors from the Elbe Fault System area and 194 tensors from the Oslo Graben area – are presented. It is demonstrated, that based on occurrences of stress states in different stratigraphic formations, chronological constraints derived from field observations, and consistencies in the reduced stress tensors, most of the locally estimated stress states can be related to a small number of regionally traceable stress fields. A compressional stress field with a horizontal NW-SE-directed maximum compression (σ1) characterises the Caledonian imprint in the Oslo Graben area. The most prominent regional stress field reconstructed in the Oslo Graben area is tensional in character with a horizontal WNW-ESE-directed σ3 and related to the stages of Permo-Carboniferous rifting. The youngest stress states detected correspond to a wrench regime with a roughly N-S-directed σ1 and a maximum age of Permian. The absolute timing of this stress field is poorly constrained because of the lack of any exposed rocks younger than Permian. Possibly, the Oslo Graben area remained widely unaffected by any major tectonic activity during much of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The oldest and predominant regional stress fields reconstructed for the Elbe Fault System area are related to the Late Cretaceous - Early Tertiary phase of inversion that affected much of the CEBS. The phase of inversion was controlled by a horizontal N-S- to NE-SW-directed σ1 which characterised both an older compressional stress field as well as a younger strike-slip stress field.
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